1. Principles of organizing general and specific prevention of infectious diseases.
2. Specific means and methods of immunoprophylaxis.
3. Strategy for health measures and elimination of infectious diseases.
Tables - slides.
1. Types (types of vaccines)
2. Features of 4 types of vaccines and their effect.
3. Methods of administering vaccines.
4. A comprehensive method for diagnosing infectious diseases.
5. Laboratory diagnosis of infectious diseases.
6. Types of diagnoses.
7. Quarantine diseases.
8. Restrictive diseases.
Literature.
1. General and specific prevention of infectious diseases.
Prevention is a system of measures to prevent the occurrence and spread of information security in farms and the country as a whole.
Taking into account the complexity of this state task and the need to solve it using various methods of general and special focus, preventive measures are conventionally divided into General and special (specific).
General prevention is a set of organizational, economic, veterinary and sanitary measures aimed at preventing IB.
These measures to prevent the occurrence of information security are aimed at solving 4 main tasks:
· Protecting the country from the introduction of cybersecurity pathogens from outside.
· Protection of farms from the introduction of infectious disease pathogens from disadvantaged areas.
· Carrying out measures to increase general resistance.
· Improving the veterinary and sanitary culture of livestock farming.
· We previously spoke in detail about these issues, but now I’ll just remind you.
General prevention includes a set of the following basic measures:
1. Periodic (at least once a month) clinical examinations of animals, clinical examination (2 times a year), timely identification and isolation of sick animals.
2. Preventive quarantine (30 days) of newly arriving animals.
3. Routine research of animals (tuberculosis 1-2 times a year, brucellosis 1 time a year, glanders, leukemia, leptospirosis, etc., depending on the zone).
4. Preventive cleaning and disinfection of areas (at least once a year).
5. Closed operation of large livestock enterprises, adherence to the “empty-occupied” principle.
6. Organization of control at animal control stations.
7. Monitoring the condition of pastures and their sanitation.
8. Organization of control over the keeping, feeding, watering and exploitation of animals.
9. Measures to combat vectors (disinsection and deratization).
10. Control over the movement of animals.
11. Timely cleaning and disposal of corpses, animal waste and manure.
The nature of the action of general preventive measures is universal for all information security, so they should be carried out everywhere and constantly.
Specific prevention is a special system of measures aimed at preventing the occurrence of specific information security problems.
The nature of specific preventive measures is determined by the characteristics of individual diseases, the epizootic situation of the farm and its environment.
Specific prevention includes:
· Carrying out Special diagnostic studies ( Including quarantine, isolation, clarification of diagnosis).
Application Therapeutic and prophylactic agents special areas (premixes, aerosols, immunomodulators, feed antibiotics, probiotics, etc.).
· Immunoprophylaxis using specific agents - vaccines, serums, immunoglobulins.
The system of general and specific preventive measures within farms is generally reduced to 3 areas.
1. Selection and genetics – creation of breeds, lines, etc. resistant to IB.
2. Increasing natural resistance.
3. Specific prevention - preventive vaccination.
(Reveal the prospects of each direction)
Preventive (preventive) vaccination– carrying out vaccinations in a healthy farm in order to create immunity in case of possible infection of animals later. (In Ukraine, vaccinations against a number of diseases are mandatory, regardless of the threat of infection.
In accordance with this, plans for veterinary preventive and special anti-epizootic measures are developed in every farm that is secure in terms of information security (which we discussed in more detail in the previous lecture).
2. Specific means and methods of immunoprophylaxis.
The method of specific immunoprophylaxis is based on the phenomenon of immunity, which we discussed earlier. This method is strictly specific for IB (hence the name specific prevention).
Currently, effective biological products have been developed against most infectious diseases to protect animals from diseases.
Vaccination (immunization) of animals has become firmly established in the complex of anti-epizootic measures and veterinary practice. For some diseases it is the main and most effective method. (in particular with SA, emkar, foot and mouth disease, listeriosis, erysipelas, plague, etc.).
There are 3 types of vaccination depending on the method of immunity formation.
· Active – the use of vaccines, while immunity is produced by the body itself.
Vaccines are antigenic preparations obtained from microorganisms, their components or waste products.
· Passive – the use of serums or immunoglobulins, while ready-made antibodies (obtained by immunization of other producing animals) are introduced into the body.
· Mixed (passive-active) - in which passive vaccination is carried out first, and after some time active. The simultaneous use of vaccines and serums (simultaneous vaccinations) is currently not used because it is known that passive antibodies in the body negatively affect the formation of active immunity.
Live vaccines are most effective– rapid formation of immunity, small doses of antigen, usually a single vaccination. The negative side is reactogenicity and residual virulence (post-vaccination complications and illness of some animals, especially hatcheries, are possible). Widely used (SA, brucellosis, tuberculosis, etc.)
Inactivated vaccines(phenol - formol - heated, alcoholic) are usually less effective than live ones. They usually require the administration of large doses, repeated vaccinations, to strengthen the depositing substances (adjuvants), but are safer.
Subunit and genetically engineered vaccines are not yet widely used in veterinary medicine (salmonellosis, colibacillosis, brucellosis, foot-and-mouth disease).
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Types of vaccines |
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Inactivated (killed) |
Subunit (chemical) |
Genetic engineering |
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Obtained from live weakened attenuated strains of microorganisms that have retained antigenic properties, but have almost lost their virulence |
Obtained by inactivating (killing) microorganisms without destroying them |
Consisting of antigens obtained by extracting various antigenic fractions from microorganisms: polysaccharides, proteins, surface and envelope antigens |
Products of molecular biology and genetic engineering by synthesis of antigens or introduction of the genome into other cells |
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Monovalent Polyvalent Associates |
Viral Cultural Embryonic Fabric |
Bacterial Bacterina Anatoxins |
Formolvaccines Phenol vaccines Alcohol Deposited: Alum GOA vaccines Emulsified |
Passive immunization methods:
· Administration of serums – seroprophylaxis.
· Introduction of immunoglobulins(concentrated antibodies). Advantages: more antibodies, less ballast, less reactogenicity.
· Colostral immunization – Active immunization of mothers, but passive transmission through colostrum to offspring. Examples: colibacillosis, salmonellosis, viral diseases.
Terms of formation and duration of immunity:
When vaccines are administered, immunity is formed within 5 to 30 days and lasts from 6 months to 2 years (depending on the type of vaccine).
When administering serums, immunity is formed within 1-3 days and lasts for 2-3 weeks.
With colostral immunization, immunity lasts up to 1-1.5 months.
Organization and implementation of vaccinations. Follow the following 6 rules:
1. Animal vaccinations are carried out in strict accordance with Instructions for use A drug that specifies the method and place of administration, dose, frequency of vaccination, possible adverse reactions, etc.
2. Before vaccination, the suitability of the drugs for use is determined (by appearance, integrity of packaging and closure, presence of impurities).
3. When vaccinating, special attention is paid to animals that are sick, weakened, exhausted, pregnant or in the first days after birth. In some cases they are not vaccinated.
4. When carrying out vaccinations, the rules of asepsis and antiseptics are observed.
5. After vaccination, a report is drawn up.
6. Vaccinated animals are monitored and if complications occur, in some cases appropriate therapy is carried out and a complaint is submitted to the manufacturer of the biological product.
4. Health measures and elimination of infectious diseases.
When IB occurs, it is crucial to establish what kind of disease it is and identify all IVIs (i.e., assessing the 1st link of the EC and influencing it, as we said earlier). These issues are resolved with the help of Diagnostics.
The diagnosis of IB is established in a complex manner.
Without laboratory diagnostics, a final diagnosis cannot be made.
With an integrated methodological approach, however, the main (decisive) diagnostic method must be used to make a final diagnosis.
Most often this Detection and identification of the pathogen in pathological material, which confirms the preliminary diagnosis. Sometimes a bioassay, the results of serological studies, allergic studies, and a pathological autopsy are sufficient, which is determined by the instructions for individual diseases.
However, a negative result does not always exclude the disease; repeated, additional studies may be needed. That is, the principle applies: YES à YES, NO à not always NO.
In each EC IB (problematic farm), it is necessary to carry out measures to ensure the destruction of pathogens and eliminate the possibility of the emergence of new cases of the disease and its spread beyond the boundaries of the EC, affecting all 3 links of the EC.
When information security is detected, the farm (point) is declared unfavorable and quarantine is imposed (restrictions, or neither, depending on what kind of disease it is).
Quarantine is a system of anti-epizootic measures aimed at the complete separation of disadvantaged animals and the areas where they are located, in order to eliminate the disease and exclude the possibility of its spread beyond the boundaries of the EO.
The list of quarantine diseases is presented in the table (TABLE).
Restrictions - a less strict separation system used for infectious diseases that do not have a tendency to wide epizootic distribution.
The list of restrictive diseases is presented in the table (TABLE).
The decision to impose (introduce) quarantine or restrictions is made by local authorities on the recommendation of the veterinary service and this procedure is determined by the relevant instructions.
For some particularly dangerous diseases: foot-and-mouth disease, SAD, cattle and camel plague, ASF - A threatened zone is established around the quarantined area.
Under quarantine conditions it is prohibited:
· import (entry) and export (exit) of susceptible animals from the unfavorable zone,
· grazing and export of products, fodder and raw materials of animal origin,
· travel through disadvantaged areas,
· behavior of exhibitions, fairs, markets, regrouping of animals within the farm,
· on the roads leading to a disadvantaged point, posts, special signs, barriers, disinfection barriers, etc. are installed.
The duration of quarantine or restrictions during recovery is determined by the duration of the incubation period and microbial carriage after illness. They are removed after complete recovery (slaughter, death) of the last animal, completion of final veterinary and sanitary measures, thorough cleaning and disinfection, and after the expiration of the period specified in the relevant instructions.
Responsibility for compliance with quarantine and restrictive measures rests with farm managers and local authorities, and for the organization and implementation of special anti-epizootic measures - with the veterinary service.
When imposing quarantine (restrictions), it is applied Animal isolation, i.e., separating patients and those suspected of disease from the rest of the conditionally healthy people. To do this, farms must be equipped with isolators (based on the placement of % of the adult livestock). Isolation can be group or individual.
In the fight against information security, it is also important Specific prevention(vaccination). But unlike protective (preventive) vaccinations in prosperous farms, in disadvantaged ones it is called Forced vaccination. The same means and methods are used for it, with the difference that for a number of diseases it is necessary to examine animals before vaccination to exclude microbial carriers.
Lecture No. 5
Topic: “Prevention of infectious diseases”
1. Main tasks and principles of anti-epizootic work.
2. General and specific prevention.
3. Specific means and methods of immunoprophylaxis.
Main tasks and principles of anti-epizootic work.
The main task of anti-epizootic work is to create a stable welfare in infectious diseases of animals in order to prevent diseases and deaths of livestock, ensure the planned development of livestock farming and increase its productivity, as well as protect the population from zooanthropozoonoses.
In practice, this work is carried out in three directions:
1) carrying out preventive measures in disadvantaged areas, farms, districts, regions, territories and republics to protect them from the introduction of pathogens of infectious diseases from the outside and to prevent the spread of diseases in the specified administrative territories;
2) carrying out health-improving measures in disadvantaged areas aimed at eliminating a specific disease;
3) protecting people from infection by pathogens common to humans and animals.
Anti-epizootic work is based on certain principles: state nature and mandatory registration (reporting) of infectious diseases; preventive focus; planning; complexity and identification of the leading link in the epizootic chain.
The state nature, mandatory registration (reporting) of infectious diseases and the implementation of basic anti-epizootic measures are determined by the Veterinary Charter - a law that provides for the tasks of the veterinary service, the rights and responsibilities of veterinary specialists, the responsibilities of livestock owners, managers of farms, organizations and enterprises in the prevention and control of animal diseases . In addition to the Veterinary Charter and in its development, instructions, manuals, rules and guidelines are issued regulating anti-epizootic work carried out by the veterinary service, local authorities, heads of farms, enterprises and organizations, regardless of their departmental subordination. All these documents are combined into Veterinary Legislation. Local authorities can issue mandatory regulations on the implementation of anti-epizootic measures, based on the epizootic situation of specific territories and the characteristics of livestock farming.
The Veterinary Charter obliges heads of farms and animal owners to immediately inform the veterinary staff serving the farm (settlement) and local authorities about all cases of sudden death or simultaneous illness of several animals (birds), and the veterinarian of the farm (site) must urgently notify about this higher veterinary authorities, take measures to establish a diagnosis and exclude the possibility of spreading the disease. Information about the emergence of outbreaks of particularly dangerous diseases within 24 hours must be reported by telephone, telegraph, teletype (symbols).
Throughout the country, all cases of infectious diseases are subject to mandatory registration by veterinary institutions. Such records are kept according to special veterinary reporting forms approved by the Central Statistical Office of the Russian Federation. Analysis of veterinary reports for a certain period of time makes it possible to predict the development of epizootics, determine the main directions for the prevention and elimination of infectious diseases and improve anti-epizootic measures.
The basis of anti-epizootic work is the prevention of infectious diseases. Planning of anti-epizootic measures is carried out at the level of the farm, veterinary site, district, region, republic and country as a whole. Since the plans are of a directive nature, veterinary specialists planning anti-epizootic work must have a fairly good knowledge of livestock development plans, production technology, and the specific epizootic situation.
The principle of comprehensiveness of anti-epizootic measures consists in a combination of measures aimed at all three driving forces of the epizootic process: 1) isolation and neutralization of the source of the infectious agent; 2) rupture or elimination of the pathogen transmission mechanism; 3) increasing the general and specific resistance of animals. All this should also be reflected in plans for anti-epizootic work.
General and specific prevention
Prevention of infectious diseases is a system of government measures that ensure the prevention of the occurrence and spread of diseases in prosperous farms and throughout the country as a whole. Preventive measures nationwide include:
a) protection of borders from the introduction of pathogens of infectious animal diseases into the territory of the country from abroad;
b) sanitary and epizootological supervision during the procurement, movement of animals and transportation of raw materials of animal origin by road, rail, water and air transport;
c) sanitary and epizootological supervision of bazaars, markets, exhibitions, procurement bases and other points of temporary concentration of animals;
d) sanitary and epizootological control over meat processing plants, slaughterhouses and slaughterhouses, as well as over enterprises and organizations for the procurement, storage and processing of raw materials of animal origin;
e) protection of livestock farms from the introduction of pathogens of infectious diseases from disadvantaged areas, as well as the organization of preventive measures in specific farms and settlements;
f) veterinary educational work and animal insurance.
In anti-epizootic work there are general And specific prevention.
General prevention. This is a series of permanent and universally implemented veterinary, sanitary, organizational and economic measures aimed at the prevention of infectious diseases. It includes:
a) protective and restrictive measures for the transportation and movement of animals and raw materials of animal origin, as well as control over the acquisition of farms, the formation of herds, herds and flocks;
b) preventive quarantine of animals newly entering the farm or country;
c) selection of animals (breeds) with hereditary resistance to diseases;
d) complete and rational feeding, normal placement and operation of animals, strict adherence to the “all occupied - all empty” principle when using premises, as well as other technological processes;
e) planned veterinary control over the health of animals, timely isolation, isolation and treatment of patients;
f) regular cleaning and disinfection of premises, territories and equipment;
f) timely cleaning, disinfection and disposal of manure, animal corpses, industrial and biological waste;
g) regular deratization, decontamination and disinfestation;
h) maintaining pastures, cattle routes and animal watering areas in proper sanitary condition;
i) the functioning of livestock farms (farms) on the principle of closed enterprises with a closed on-farm cycle or inter-farm production, i.e. reproduction, cultivation and exploitation of animals;
j) providing service personnel of farms, complexes and poultry farms with overalls, footwear and personal hygiene items;
k) construction of livestock buildings and their placement, which meets all-Russian standards for the technological design of livestock enterprises and veterinary and sanitary requirements.
General preventive measures should be carried out constantly, regardless of the presence of an infectious disease. Underestimating their epizootic significance is very dangerous, especially in the conditions of modern intensive livestock farming.
Specific prevention. This is a special system of measures aimed at preventing the emergence of a specific infectious disease. The nature of specific preventive measures is determined by the characteristics of the infectious disease, the epizootic situation of the farm and the surrounding territory (region).
Specific prevention includes:
a) conducting special diagnostic studies (tuberculinization, serological diagnosis of brucellosis, etc.); preventive isolation, forced quarantine and observation to clarify the diagnosis;
b) the use of special-purpose therapeutic and prophylactic agents (for example, premixes and aerosols for the prevention of nutritional and respiratory infections);
c) immunoprophylaxis through the use of various specific agents - vaccines, serums, immunoglobulins, etc. It is carried out according to plans for anti-epizootic work in prosperous farms, the livestock of which must be protected from a specific infectious disease. This type of administration of biological drugs to animals is called protective. The introduction of biological drugs into a dysfunctional herd in the presence of sick animals is called forced.
Specific means and methods of immunoprophylaxis
Creating immunity with the help of biological preparations is of great importance in the prevention and elimination of infectious animal diseases. Artificial immunization, with the exception of a small number of diseases, is strictly specific. Therefore, immunization in the system of anti-epizootic measures is classified as specific measures aimed at the third link of the epizootic chain - susceptible animals.
Effective biological products have been developed against most infectious diseases to protect animals, prevent the occurrence of diseases and stop their further spread. Immunization of animals, especially vaccination, has become firmly established in the complex of anti-epizootic measures, and for most infectious diseases it has no equal measures in terms of effectiveness (for anthrax, foot-and-mouth disease, emkar, erysipelas and swine fever, etc.).
The arsenal of means for the specific prevention of infectious diseases includes vaccines, serums, globulins and phages. Depending on this, there are two main types of immunization: active and passive.
Active immunization. It is the most common type of immunization and is achieved by administering vaccines and toxoids to animals. A vaccine is an antigenic preparation obtained from microbes or their metabolic products, upon the introduction of which the body forms immunity to the corresponding infectious disease. According to the method of preparation they distinguish alive And inactivated vaccines.
Live vaccines- preparations prepared from live weakened (attenuated) strains of microbes that lack the ability to cause disease, but retain the ability to multiply in the body of animals and determine the development of immunity in them. The advantage of live vaccines over inactivated ones is that they are administered once and in small doses and ensure the rapid formation of fairly stable and intense (long-term) immunity. However, some live vaccines have pronounced reactogenic properties, as a result of which a weakened animal can react to their administration with a clinically significant illness.
Inactivated vaccines obtained by inactivating pathogenic, especially virulent microorganisms, without destroying them using chemical and physical methods (thermal vaccines, formol vaccines, phenol vaccines, etc.). These are, as a rule, weakly reactogenic biological products, the epizootological effectiveness of which is inferior to live vaccines. Therefore, they are administered to animals in large doses and repeatedly.
To increase the effectiveness of both inactivated and live vaccines, the deposition method is used, which consists of adding adjuvants to them during the production process, which slow down the resorption of the vaccine introduced into the body and have a longer and more active effect on the immunization process (deposited vaccines). Depositing substances include aluminum hydroxide, alum and mineral oils.
Chemical vaccines are inactivated preparations consisting of soluble antigens extracted from bacteria. They contain the most active specific antigens (polysaccharides, polypeptides, lipids) sorbed on water-insoluble substances (for example, chemical vaccines against salmonellosis and brucellosis).
Anatoxins- these are the same inactivated vaccines, which are toxins (derivants) of microorganisms neutralized by heat and formalin, which have lost their toxigenicity, but retained their antigenic properties (for example, tetanus toxoid).
When live vaccines are administered, immunity in animals to the corresponding pathogens occurs after 5-10 days and lasts for a year or more, and in animals vaccinated with inactivated vaccines - on the 10-15th day after the second vaccination and lasts up to 6 months.
Active immunization is divided into simple And comprehensive. With simple (separate) immunization, a monovaccine is used, and the body becomes resistant to one disease. For complex immunization, mixtures of monovaccines prepared before use or factory-produced associated vaccines are used. The administration of several monovaccines can be simultaneous (in a mixture or separately) or sequential. In these cases, the body develops immunity against several diseases.
The supply of vaccines to the veterinary network is carried out through the Zoovetsnab system and its local branches.
The success of vaccination depends not only on the quality of vaccines, but also on the most rational way of using them.
Based on the method of introducing vaccines into a living body, parenteral, enteral and respiratory methods of immunization are distinguished.
To parenteral The method includes subcutaneous, intramuscular, intradermal and other methods of administering biological products, bypassing the digestive tract. The first two methods are the most common.
At enteral method, biological products are administered orally individually or in groups with food or water. This method is convenient, but biologically difficult due to the presence of a gastric protective barrier in animals. This method of administration requires a large consumption of drugs, and not all animals develop immunity of the same intensity.
Respiratory (aerosol) The vaccination method allows you to immunize a large number of animals in a short time and create intense immunity on the 3-5th day after vaccination.
Due to large volumes of vaccinations and the transfer of livestock farming to an industrial basis, group vaccination methods have been developed by aerosols or feeding of biological products specially designed for these purposes. Group vaccination methods have found wide application in poultry farming, pig farming and fur farming.
The maximum effectiveness of preventing infectious diseases through vaccination can be achieved only with its planned use and mandatory combination with general preventive measures.
Passive immunization. This is also a specific prevention of infectious diseases, but through the administration of immunosera (specially prepared or obtained from recovered animals), globulins and immunolactone; This is essentially seroprophylaxis, capable of creating rapid (in a few hours), but short-term immunity (up to 2-3 weeks).
A type of passive immunization is the acquisition by newborn animals from immune mothers of specific antibodies through the lactogenic route and the formation in this way of collostral, or lactogenic (maternal), immunity.
For prophylactic purposes, immunosera are administered in small doses, most often when there is an immediate threat of an infectious disease, as well as before transporting animals to exhibitions and other farms. In large-scale farms, passive immunization has found wide use as a therapeutic and prophylactic measure for a number of respiratory and nutritional infections of young animals (salmonellosis, colibacillosis, parainfluenza-3, etc.).
Mixed (passive-active) immunization includes a simultaneous vaccination method, in which immunoserum and vaccine are administered simultaneously or separately. Currently, this method is rarely used, since the negative effect of immune serum on the formation of active immunity has been established.
Organization and implementation of vaccinations. Before vaccination, the livestock must be examined to determine the health status of the animals and their well-being regarding infectious diseases.
Vaccinations are carried out strictly in accordance with existing instructions on the use of vaccines. Only healthy livestock are vaccinated. Animals sick with non-contagious diseases or weakened due to unsatisfactory feeding or maintenance are vaccinated after their health improves, and if specific serum is available, they are first vaccinated passively, and after 10-12 days or later they are vaccinated.
Each animal must be vaccinated with a sterile needle; The injection site must be disinfected before administering the vaccine, and in some animals it must be clipped first.
After vaccinations, a report is drawn up indicating the name of the farm or locality where vaccination was carried out, the type of animals that were vaccinated, the disease against which the livestock was vaccinated, the name of the vaccine indicating the dose, date and place of its manufacture. The act is signed by the veterinarian who carried out the vaccination, and by representatives of the farm involved in organizing the vaccinations.
After vaccination, the livestock is monitored for 10-12 days in order to identify possible post-vaccination complications in individual animals. When such animals are detected, they are separated from the general herd and treated. Cases of severe or widespread post-vaccination complications are carefully examined and reported to the VGNII for control, standardization and certification of veterinary drugs, with 2-3 bottles of the vaccine that caused the complication being sent at the same time.
Planning is one of the essential functions of veterinary management and an important element of its organization. All work of veterinary authorities is based on appropriate plans. Planning of veterinary activities is mandatory for all levels of state and industrial veterinary services in the country.
The objects of planning in veterinary medicine include: prevention and elimination of infectious and invasive animal diseases; prevention of non-communicable diseases; logistics and financing; development of veterinary science and implementation of its achievements in practice; personnel training; development of a network of veterinary institutions.
In districts, cities and agricultural enterprises, mainly preventive, health-improving and veterinary-sanitary measures are planned, as well as their material and technical support.
When starting to plan veterinary activities for the next calendar period, it is important to analyze the results of similar activities over the past year. Attention should be paid to the effectiveness of the means and methods of their implementation. Means and methods that provide high preventive, health-improving and therapeutic effects should be used more widely.
When drawing up plans for veterinary activities, they are guided by the following principles: unity, complexity, democracy, identification of a leading link.
The unity of plans provides for the mandatory planning of veterinary activities on specific issues in a certain territory, regardless of the departmental affiliation of farms.
Complexity involves a combination in terms of special preventive and therapeutic measures and organizational and economic measures. Only a comprehensive implementation of the entire scope of work can guarantee the veterinary well-being of the facility.
Democracy involves planning veterinary activities from the bottom up, i.e., the development of primary plans, starting with agricultural cooperatives, joint-stock companies and other enterprises and organizations of the agro-industrial complex and ending with the governing veterinary bodies. In some cases, executive authorities of constituent entities of the Russian Federation give instructions on the implementation of specific activities for the planned period.
Identification of the leading link in the complex of planned activities is the definition of a priority, or main, activity, without which it is impossible to implement other elements of the planned plan.
In livestock farms, districts, cities, regions, territories, republics, annually, depending on the epizootic state of the area, a plan of preventive anti-epizootic measures for the coming calendar year is developed. The plan consists of three sections: diagnostic studies, preventive immunization and therapeutic and prophylactic treatments.
To draw up a plan for preventive anti-epizootic measures, the following data is required: the number of animals, the estimated number of animals at the beginning of the planned year, as well as the expected supply of offspring during the year; information about the epizootic state of farms, settlements and the region (presence of infectious and invasive animal diseases); data on diseases requiring diagnostic tests, preventive vaccinations, therapeutic and prophylactic treatments; availability and required quantity of appropriate biological and chemotherapeutic drugs.
At the beginning of each year, the farm draws up a plan for the prevention of contagious and non-contagious diseases based on the annual report on internal non-contagious diseases and an analysis of the epizootic situation over the past three years. Based on this plan, a range of activities is determined for each month.
Conducting mass diagnostic tests in the rearing workshop is not provided.
Precautionary vaccinations are planned against the following diseases:
Porcine erysipelas and Aujeszky's disease;
Swine plague.
If there is a threat of the introduction of particularly dangerous or quarantine diseases of animals from disadvantaged regions, the plan for conducting diagnostic studies, veterinary preventive and anti-epizootic measures for the coming year is adjusted.
In addition to a plan of special preventive anti-epizootic measures, livestock enterprises are developing a scheme or technological map for veterinary treatment of animals.
When drawing up technological maps for veterinary treatment of animals at complexes, the technological schedule of product production is taken as a basis, reflecting the movement and number of animals in the workshops.
The technological map is a document in accordance with which planned veterinary measures are carried out in each workshop of the complex. The target figures for the annual plans for anti-epizootic and treatment-and-prophylactic measures are communicated to the performers in the form of annual production tasks.
The rearing workshop draws up its own technological map of veterinary treatments.
In addition, medical examination at the enterprise is important.
Clinical examination is a system of planned diagnostic, treatment and preventive measures aimed at timely detection of subclinical and clinical signs of the disease, disease prevention and treatment of sick animals. The purpose of medical examination is to preserve the health of animals, prevent a decrease in their productivity, and create optimal conditions for the expanded reproduction of breeding stock that are resistant to adverse environmental factors. Medical examination must be carried out 2 times a year.
In order to prevent mass diseases at the enterprise, the main attention should be paid to observing the rules of quarantine, disinfection, preventive breaks after regrouping animals, and observing microclimate parameters.
Clinical examination is divided into three stages:
The clinical stage involves a general examination of each animal. Due to the large number of pigs in the rearing workshop, the clinical examination is carried out by the operator responsible for the sector;
At the second stage of medical examination, all sick animals are subjected to a repeated thorough examination to clarify the diagnosis and prescribe treatment;
The third stage involves eliminating the causes that caused or are responsible for the disease in animals.
Based on the above, we can conclude that all necessary preventive and anti-epizootological veterinary and sanitary measures are carried out in the rearing workshop in accordance with the accepted production technology.
Measures against infectious animal diseases (so-called anti-epizootic measures) carried out in our country are a combination of precautionary or prophylactic measures with measures to eliminate the disease if it appears.
Preventive measures. There are measures of general and specific prevention of infectious diseases.
General preventive measures consist primarily of increasing the resistance of the animal body to the effects of infectious agents. This is achieved by adequate feeding and normal living conditions for animals, and good care for them. The better these conditions, the stronger the animal’s body and the more successfully it fights infection.
These same measures also include measures to protect farms and herds of animals from the introduction of pathogens of infectious diseases into them, as well as to destroy the infectious principle in the external environment surrounding the animals. A mandatory 30-day preventive quarantine has been established for animals introduced into the farm.
Specific prevention consists in the fact that vaccines and serums made against certain infectious diseases artificially increase (or create) the immunity (immunity) of animals to these particular diseases. Timely vaccinations prevent the occurrence of infectious diseases. To ensure timely detection and removal of sick animals from the herd, systematic diagnostic examinations of animals and poultry are carried out as planned.
Health measures. If infectious diseases occur among farm animals, a quarantine is imposed on the dysfunctional farm or farm, and restrictive measures are taken on the farm. At the same time, the removal of animals and the removal of products from the farm is prohibited. In case of certain diseases, it is prohibited to introduce healthy animals into such a farm. For certain diseases, quarantine is not imposed, but some restrictions are imposed regarding the export of products from a disadvantaged group of animals.
All animals on a dysfunctional farm are divided into three groups.
- Group 1 - animals that are clearly sick. They are transferred to an isolation ward until recovery, slaughter or destruction.
- Group 2 - animals suspicious for the disease, with unclear clinical signs of the disease. They are kept separately until a final diagnosis is made.
- Group 3 - animals suspected of being infected. They remain in their places; They are monitored and, if necessary, their body temperature is measured.
In a dysfunctional household, a calendar plan is drawn up for carrying out health-improving measures to ensure the elimination of an emerging infectious disease. The main attention is paid to measures to destroy the source of infection.
The source of infection is considered to be a place in the external environment in which the infectious principle, i.e., the causative agent of the disease, has been preserved. As long as the source of infection exists, as long as the accumulation of pathogens (sick animals, their corpses, contaminated objects, manure, bedding, feed, pasture areas, etc.) remains in a disadvantaged area, as long as the source of infection remains and there is a danger of new outbreaks and further spread of the disease. That is why it is important to focus on the complete isolation of the source of infection from the rest of the affected area or from the surrounding territory, to create conditions that completely exclude the possibility of the spread of infection, up to the final elimination of the infectious principle (destruction or cure of patients, destruction of corpses, infected manure and etc., disinfection of the skin and limbs of animals, as well as contaminated products, feed and various objects - feeders, cages, floors, walls, vehicles, etc.).
In accordance with the plan, a thorough disinfection of livestock premises with the adjacent territory is carried out (see the section Basics of veterinary disinfection), vehicles and other objects that have come into contact with sick animals or contaminated with their secretions. Infected manure is also neutralized. Susceptible animals from a troubled farm and endangered farms located near a troubled farm are vaccinated with a vaccine or serum for many diseases.
A dysfunctional farm is considered healthy only after the disease has been completely eliminated and the entire range of health measures provided for in the plan has been carried out. After this, the quarantine is lifted and the restrictive measures taken in connection with the disease are lifted.
Planning of anti-epizootic measures. All anti-epizootic measures in Russia are carried out as planned. For each infectious disease, veterinary legislation contains appropriate instructions. Such instructions outline preventive and health measures, as well as various instructions that should be followed in practical work.
The complex of preventive measures according to the plan (it is drawn up for a year and quarterly) provides for the following.
- 1. Diagnostic studies (clinical, studies with specific drugs, blood tests, etc.) depending on the need.
- 2. Preventive vaccinations (vaccination) in disadvantaged areas where there is a constant risk of disease.
When drawing up a plan of preventive measures, it is necessary to have information about the number of animals subject to diagnostic testing and vaccination.
According to the plan of health measures drawn up in the presence of infectious diseases in the areas, depending on their nature, the following is provided.
- 1. Diagnostic studies to determine the degree of ill-health of the affected animal population (tuberculosis, brucellosis, glanders, etc.) and identify patients.
- 2. Immunization of susceptible animals in unfavorable areas and in threatened farms.
- 3. Disinfection of contaminated livestock buildings with the surrounding area, other contaminated objects and disinfection of manure.
In case of diseases transmitted from animals to humans, rules of personal prevention for persons serving sick livestock are developed together with medical workers.
When eliminating certain infectious diseases (tuberculosis, brucellosis, etc.), separate action plans are drawn up for each disadvantaged farm.
Correct planning of anti-epizootic measures is possible only on the basis of a comprehensive study of the epizootic state of a dysfunctional farm over the previous few years. They find out what diseases were on the farm, how many animals were sick, the most likely source of infection, what measures were taken, etc.
Preventive and forced vaccinations. Preventive vaccinations are carried out in areas that are permanently (long-term) unfavorable for infectious animal diseases, as well as in safe farms or on forms (in populated areas) located near unfavorable areas, when there is a threat of infection from these areas. Animals are also vaccinated in cases where they are to be driven or transported through a contaminated area by rail or road transport. This protects animals from possible infection.
To form long-lasting and stable immunity in an animal, vaccines are used - live, weakened and killed, as well as other biological preparations. After their introduction in the animal’s body, after 10-12 days, specific antibodies are formed - substances of a protein nature that can act on microbes, immunity is created lasting from several months to a year, sometimes more.
To obtain short-term immunity during forced vaccinations of animals suspected of infection, as well as for the treatment of patients, specific (against a given disease) sera are used, obtained from animals immunized with a culture of the pathogen, or blood serum from recently recovered animals. Immunity occurs immediately, but its duration does not exceed 12-14 days.
Antiviruses, bacteriophages, antibiotics and various chemotherapeutic drugs are also used for treatment of infectious diseases. At the same time, treatment is carried out aimed at strengthening the body's defenses and eliminating the most severe symptoms of the disease.
In endangered farms (located close to the problem farm), all susceptible animals suspected of infection are vaccinated with vaccines or simultaneously administered hyperimmune serum in a prophylactic dose and a vaccine (combination vaccinations). A quick and lasting immunity is created.
Preventive vaccinations are scheduled in advance, depending on the epizootic situation in a disadvantaged farm or area. They are carried out in early spring, 2-3 weeks before the start of the grazing season, or in the fall, before placing animals in stalls. It is necessary to take into account the condition and nutrition of the animals to be vaccinated, as well as the duration and intensity of immunity, especially required in the summer, when infectious diseases most often occur.
In animals after vaccination, a reaction is observed, manifested by a slight increase in body temperature or slight swelling at the site of vaccine administration. Sometimes complications are possible (if the vaccination rules specified in the instructions for the use of vaccines are not followed). In these cases, serums are used in therapeutic doses. Sick animals are isolated and clinically monitored with thermometry.
In case of zoonoses, it is necessary to follow the rules of personal prevention to avoid possible infection of people. A report on the vaccinations performed is drawn up indicating the number of animals vaccinated and biological products used, as well as the date of vaccinations.
Pet owners need to learn to recognize the main signs of disease. By these signs you can distinguish a sick animal from a healthy one.
Thus, sick animals can take a standing position for a long time (tetanus, brain diseases, etc.) or lie down more, which is especially typical for pigs with many diseases accompanied by fever. In this case, the pigs burrow into the bedding. Fur-bearing animals, dogs, cats lie huddled in a corner.
Sick animals take unnatural poses, for example, take the pose of an unnaturally sitting dog or stand against a wall or a feeder, take a urination pose, throw their heads back, etc. With some diseases, forced involuntary movements are possible.
Animals can wander aimlessly, stumble, climb walls, feeders, stop in a daze, and suddenly change direction. With some diseases, the animal uncontrollably strives to move forward or tries to move backward, which leads to a fall.
With unilateral brain damage, animals move in a circle in one direction and cannot change their movement in the opposite direction. This movement can continue for hours until the animal falls. It is possible to rotate around one leg clockwise or counterclockwise.
The disease of an animal can be judged by the mucous membranes of the oral or nasal cavities, conjunctiva of the eyes, and genitals. The visible mucous membranes of healthy animals are usually pale pink, sometimes with a faint yellowish tint.
If the animal is sick, the mucous membranes become pale, yellow, blue or red. The mucous membranes become swollen, various erosions, overlays, cracks, frames, blisters, ulcers, etc. appear.
Swelling may appear in various areas of the skin. Some diseases, such as Aujeszky's disease, may cause severe itching of the skin. The disease is indicated by the appearance of a rash on the skin in the form of various spots, nodules, erosions, bumps, blisters, crusts, blisters or ulcers.
When examining an animal, you should pay attention to the condition of the subcutaneous lymph nodes. In sick animals, the lymph nodes may be enlarged, painful, inactive, and dense.
Almost all infectious diseases in animals increase their body temperature. Body temperature is determined with a veterinary or medical thermometer in the animal's rectum. In birds, temperature is determined in the cloaca. In females, temperature can be measured in the vagina. As a rule, such actions should be performed by a veterinarian who knows how to properly restrain animals, since when measuring temperature they can behave restlessly and injure a person.
Healthy animals have the following temperature indicators:
Cattle up to 2 months - 38.5–40.2
cattle up to 6 months - 38.5–40.5
cattle older than one year - 37.5–39.5
Sheep under one year old - 38.5–41.0 sheep over one year old - 38.5–40.5
Horse under five years old - 37.5–38.5 horse over five years old 37.5–38.0
Pig up to one year old - 39.0–40.5 over one year old - 38.0–40.0
Dog - 37.5–39.0
Cat - 38.0–39.5
Rabbit - 38.5–39.5
Chicken - 40.5–42.0
Duck - 40.0–41.5
Goose - 40.0–41.0
Turkey - 40.0–41.5
Dove - 41.0–44.0
If an animal is sick, its pulse and breathing rates change, so it is necessary to learn how to determine the animal’s pulse.
In cattle, the pulse is examined in the transverse facial artery, and sometimes in the middle caudal artery.
In small cattle, the pulse is examined in the femoral or brachial arteries.
In horses - on the external maxillary artery in the vascular notch of the lower jaw.
In pigs - on the femoral artery.
In carnivores, the femoral artery on the inner surface of the thigh or the brachial artery on the inner surface of the humerus above the elbow joint is examined.
Count your heart rate for a minute or 30 seconds.
Pulse rate (bpm) in healthy animals
Cattle
in a newborn - 120–160
in adult animals - 50–80
In horses
in a newborn - 80–120
in an adult animal - 24–42
In small cattle
in a newborn - 145–240
in adult animals - 70–80
In a newborn pig - 205–250; in an adult animal - 60–90
In a newborn dog - 180–200; in an adult animal - 70–120
In a newborn cat - 230–260 In an adult cat 110–130
In a newborn rabbit - 180–300; in an adult animal - 120–200
In an adult bird - 120–130
The animal's respiratory rate is determined by counting the respiratory movements within one minute. Respiration rate per minute in healthy animals Cattle - 12–25
Sheep and goat - 16–30
Pig - 15–20
Horse - 8–16
Dog - 14–24
Cat - 20–30
Rabbit - 50–60
Chicken - 12–30
Goose - 9–20
Duck - 16–30
Dove - 16–40
The frequency of defecation and the characteristics of feces indicate the state of the animal's digestive system. In healthy cattle, defecation occurs every 1.5–2 hours, in horses - every 2–5 hours.
When bleeding in the posterior intestine, uncoagulated blood gives the stool a cherry-red color. If there is bleeding in the anterior intestine, the stool may turn dark brown. If there is bleeding in the stomach or duodenum, the stool will be black and tarry in color. With intestinal diseases, especially with diarrhea, stool is usually foul-smelling.
In cattle, the normal frequency of urination is 10–12 times a day, in small cattle 3–5 times, in pigs 5–8 times, in horses 5–7 times. In healthy ruminants, urine may be light yellow to light brown in color; in horses, the urine is pale yellow to brownish-yellow; in pigs, the urine is light yellow. Freshly excreted urine is clear, except in horses.
In painful conditions, cloudiness, pus or blood may appear in the urine. The smell of urine changes, the smell of ammonia, acetone, putrid odor, etc. may appear.
Serious illness is indicated by drooling. For example, with rabies, botulism, and stomatitis, quite a lot of saliva is released from the oral cavity. Saliva can be thick, sticky, foamy, viscous, transparent, cloudy, red, or grayish.
With many diseases, several animals become ill at the same time. Thus, with foot and mouth disease, up to 95% of animals become ill.
Main types and methods of therapy
The action of various drugs and physical agents can be directed at one or another link of the pathological process: the cause of the disease, the main pathogenetic mechanisms or symptoms of the disease. Depending on this, etiotropic (causal), pathogenetic and symptomatic therapy is distinguished. The first two types are considered the main ones; symptomatic therapy is used in cases where it is necessary to eliminate symptoms that threaten the life of the animal. Replacement therapy occupies an intermediate place between etiotropic (causal) therapy and pathogenetic therapy, since in some cases its action is aimed at eliminating the cause, in others - at various pathogenetic links of the disease.
Etiotropic therapy
Etiotropic (causal) therapy is aimed at eliminating the cause of disease. It is used if the etiological factor continues to adversely affect the animal’s body. In some cases, this may be: violations of the conditions of keeping, feeding, exploitation of animals, acting as the main cause of the disease or factors that reduce the body’s resistance, in others - causative agents of various diseases, in others - toxins, foreign bodies, etc.
Etiotropic therapy includes the use of the following agents:
antimicrobials;
specific hyperimmune serums;
immunoglobulins;
anaroxins;
bacteriophages;
probiotics;
antidotes for poisoning;
surgical operations to remove foreign bodies from the mesh, pharynx, esophagus.
Pathogenetic therapy
Pathogenetic therapy is aimed at:
mechanisms of development of the pathological process;
restoration of functions of organs and tissues;
normalization of the composition of the internal environment by influencing the nervous and endocrine systems;
stimulation of adaptive and regenerative processes, nonspecific resistance.
Based on knowledge of the pathogenesis of the disease. Pathogenetic treatment includes:
therapy regulating neurotrophic functions;
nonspecific stimulating therapy (protein-, organ- and tissue);
reflexology;
immunostimulating therapy,
physiotherapy;
diet therapy.
Replacement therapy
Replacement therapy is a treatment based on the introduction into the body of substances whose production has decreased or stopped altogether. Replacement therapy includes:
vitamin therapy;
mineral therapy;
enzyme therapy;
hormone therapy;
blood transfusion.
Replacement therapy is closely related to both etiotropic and pathogenetic therapy. This connection can be seen especially well in the example of vitamin therapy. Hypovitaminosis can develop due to insufficient intake of provitamins or vitamins from feed. In such cases, the use of vitamin preparations to treat sick animals is an element of etiotropic therapy. At the same time, many diseases in the body disrupt the absorption, synthesis and storage of vitamins. For example, with liver and kidney diseases, the synthesis of biologically active metabolites of cholecalciferol decreases; with gastroenteritis, hepatitis, and hepatosis, the synthesis, absorption, transportation and deposition of vitamin A decreases. In such cases, the use of vitamin preparations is considered as an element of pathogenetic therapy.
Symptomatic therapy
Symptomatic therapy is the use of means aimed at eliminating or weakening the most life-threatening symptoms of the disease. Examples of symptomatic therapy may be:
elimination of pain in case of significant injuries or diseases occurring with colic syndromes;
the use of astringents for diarrhea if dehydration threatens the life of the animal;
antitussives if the cough causes oxygen deprivation;
administration of lobeline for severe oligopnea.
Symptomatic therapy is carried out in combination with etiotropic and pathogenetic therapy, since the elimination of symptoms of the disease is not an indicator of recovery. Sometimes it is part of pathogenetic therapy, since the body is an integral system and the effect on the symptom of the disease can be directed at any link in the pathogenesis.
Basic therapy methods
The main treatment methods are:
diet therapy;
pharmacotherapy;
physiotherapy:
electrotherapy;
inhalation therapy;
hydrotherapy;
thermotherapy;
mechanotherapy.
Diet therapy
Diet therapy is specially organized feeding of sick animals for therapeutic purposes. Its main tasks are:
elimination of the pathological process through balanced feeding;
regulation and stimulation of the functions of various organs and metabolism (pathogenetic therapy);
replenishment of the deficiency of macroelements and microelements, vitamins, essential amino acids necessary for the body (etiotropic and replacement therapy).
When prescribing diet therapy, you should adhere to the following rules:
take into account the functional state of the stomach, intestines, liver, excretory organs and, in case of their dysfunction, limit the intake of those feeds, the digestion or excretion of which is difficult and is accompanied by intoxication;
provide dietary feeding that meets the species and age characteristics of animals;
determine the diet therapy regimen taking into account the individual characteristics of the animals and the nature of the disease;
provide variety and change of feed in the diet;
combine diet therapy with eliminating the causes of the disease, means of pathogenetic therapy, improving the maintenance and care of sick animals.
Diet therapy includes:
selection of necessary feed;
preparation of dietary feed (yeasting, sprouting, grinding, steaming, etc.);
development of rational norms and feeding regimen.
Pharmacotherapy
Pharmacotherapy is a set of treatment methods based on the use of drugs for specific diseases. As a method, pharmacotherapy is used in etiotropic, pathogenetic, replacement and symptomatic therapy. Most often, complex pharmacotherapy is used.
With the help of medicines, you can purposefully influence the functions of individual organs and systems and restore metabolism. For example, certain medicinal substances affect the central nervous system (hypnotics, sedatives, tranquilizers, antipsychotics, analgesics, anticonvulsants, blocking autonomic ganglia, neuromuscular transmission of impulses);
excite the central (caffeine, strychnine, corazole) and autonomic nervous systems (N- and M-cholinomimetics, N- and M-anticholinergics, adrenomimetic agents);
stimulate the heart (cardiac glycosides, antiarrhythmic drugs);
enhance the excretory functions of the kidneys, motor and secretory functions of the digestive organs;
regulate metabolism (hormones, vitamins, enzymes, minerals and other substances);
have an antibacterial effect, etc.
Currently, up to 35% of all medicines used are derived from plants. They are the main ones for the treatment of diseases of the cardiovascular system, they are used as expectorants, enhance appetite and intestinal motility, choleretic, diuretic, etc. In practical veterinary medicine, they are returning to such ancient methods as herbal medicine and apitherapy.
Physiotherapy
Physiotherapy is a treatment method based on the use of natural forces: sun, air, water, light, heat, cold, electrical energy, magnetic field, ultrasound, X-ray and radioactive radiation, etc., that is, natural or artificial environmental factors . During physiotherapeutic procedures, energy (light, electrical, mechanical, thermal) is introduced into the body, which irritates the receptors and causes a response from the body: the permeability of cell membranes changes, chemical interaction is activated, active hyperemia develops, metabolism increases, and immunoglobulin synthesis increases.
Physical factors soothe, eliminate pain, tone, increase resistance and the formation of biologically active substances in tissues (histamine, acetylcholine, vitamin D, etc.), some have a bactericidal effect. Physical factors have a local, reflex and reflex-segmental effect on the body. The local effect is manifested by hyperemia, swelling of the skin, pain, etc.
The reflex effect begins with irritation of the exteroreceptors of the skin, which enters the cerebral cortex or subcortical centers of the visual thalamus and is then transmitted to the working organs using sensory-visceral reflexes through the autonomic nerve plexuses, from where impulses enter the body.
In addition to physical therapy, the method of physical prevention is often used by exposing animals to active exercise, radiant energy, and creating an artificial environment.
There are the following main methods of physiotherapy:
phototherapy, or phototherapy (natural and artificial irradiation;
electrotherapy;
thermotherapy (compresses, heating pads, paraffin therapy, ozokerite therapy, mud therapy, psammotherapy, clay therapy);
creation of an artificial air environment (aero- and hydroaeroions, aerosols, electric aerosols);
hydrotherapy (showering, bathing, dousing, washing, baths, rinsing);
mechanotherapy (massage, vibration, ultrasound).
Prevention of infectious animal diseases
The cause of infectious diseases in farm animals is the penetration of pathogenic microorganisms into the body. These microorganisms can be bacteria, spirochetes, microplasmas, rickettsia, chlamydia, viruses, microscopic fungi, etc.
Most pathogenic microbes multiply and accumulate only in a sick animal or human body, causing tuberculosis, foot-and-mouth disease, smallpox, etc. However, there are also those that can multiply in the environment - pathogens of botulism, stachyobytriotoxicosis, etc.
An object that serves as a place of natural residence and reproduction of pathogens, in which the process of accumulation of an infectious principle takes place and from which the pathogen can infect healthy animals in one way or another is a source of the infectious agent. As a rule, such an object is a sick animal or person. The source can also be healthy carriers of pathogenic microbes.
Microbes are released from the source at different periods of the infectious process. For example, with rabies, the virus is released in the animal’s saliva 10 days before the appearance of clinical signs of the disease, that is, during the incubation period. With foot and mouth disease, the virus is released in 3–7 days, with swine fever - in 3–4 days, etc.
The greatest intensity of microbial release is observed during the clinical manifestation of the disease. Animals that have recovered from the disease are also dangerous to others, since many of them remain carriers of the pathogen for the rest of their lives. The pathogen is excreted in milk, saliva, urine, feces and other secretions. The corpses of fallen and forcedly killed animals, as well as the raw materials obtained from them - skins, hair, bones, hooves, horns - also contain and transmit infectious agents to the external environment.
The pathogen can be transmitted from a sick to a healthy animal through food, water, animal care items, soil, manure, air and other ways. There are the following routes of transmission of the infectious agent:
contact path;
air route;
stern path;
waterway;
transmission path;
vertical path.
The contact route of transmission of the infectious agent occurs through contact (contact) of a sick animal with a healthy one. Thus, transmission of the rabies pathogen occurs through a bite. Transmission of the causative agent of brucellosis and stonelobacteriosis occurs during mating, transmission of the causative agent of smallpox, foot-and-mouth disease, ringworm - by contact, etc. Indirect contact of transmission of the pathogen through harness, care items, clothing and shoes of service personnel, etc. is also possible.
Airborne transmission of the pathogen occurs through the air in the form of an aerosol of liquid or solid particles containing pathogenic microorganisms. In this way, microorganisms of influenza, tuberculosis, paterellosis, etc. are transmitted. When sneezing, coughing, snorting, a sick animal releases the pathogen with tiny droplets of sputum and mucus. With air currents, the pathogen moves over considerable distances. The pathogen can be found in large quantities in dust.
Many diseases (nutritional) are characterized by feed and water transmission of the pathogen. In this case, pathogenic microbes enter the water and feed with the secretions of sick animals, with particles of infected soil and manure. Nutritional infections often occur after feeding non-neutralized kitchen waste, meat and bone meal, non-neutralized skim milk and milk.
Live carriers (lice, ticks, mosquitoes, fleas, horse flies, etc.) carry out the transmission route of transmission of the pathogen.
Transmission of the pathogen of one disease is possible in several ways. For example, with anthrax, the main route of infection is nutritional (usually through feed, less often through water). Transmissible, aerogenic and contact routes of infection are also possible.
With vertical transmission, the pathogen is transmitted from parents to their offspring through the egg, milk, placenta or colostrum.
Thus, the occurrence of an infectious disease is possible if there is a source of the pathogen, a mechanism of transmission and a susceptible animal. Only with the presence of these links is an epizootic process possible. All preventive and health measures must be carried out taking into account these components of a single chain of the epizootic process.
One of the most important measures for the prevention of infectious diseases is to prevent the introduction of the pathogen. To do this, when purchasing animals to replenish the herd or for breeding purposes, you must make sure that they were bred in a prosperous farm and examined for chronic diseases such as leukemia, brucellosis, tuberculosis, etc. This must be recorded in the veterinary certificate.
The purchased animal must be kept in isolation for 30 days. During the period of preventive quarantine, veterinary specialists conduct clinical and other studies for the presence of latent (hidden) infections, and also, if necessary, carry out preventive vaccinations.
If it is necessary to purchase feed, it can only be purchased from farms that are free from infectious diseases. Particular care must be taken when purchasing animal feed and food industry waste from meat processing plants, dairies, creameries, canteens, etc., since meat and bone meal, skim milk, whey, rejected offal, etc. may contain pathogens of dangerous diseases.
The carriers of pathogens are often stray and wild animals - foxes, rats, mice, stray dogs and cats. Therefore, protection against access of these vectors to the territory of farms and livestock complexes is essential in prevention.
Rodents, carriers and vectors of many pathogens, can be found in feed warehouses and animal housing facilities. Systematic and constant control of rodents is one of the important preventive measures.
Strangers can also introduce pathogens to the farm, so access of strangers to the territory of the farm or farm should be limited. Personnel caring for animals must be provided with shoes and overalls. All farm workers must undergo a medical examination and strictly observe personal hygiene rules.
Of great importance in the prevention of diseases is the presence on the farm of an isolation ward, a maternity ward, a dispensary, a slaughter area, a manure storage facility, a biothermal pit, a warehouse for storing feed and a warehouse for storing livestock products.
The system of measures aimed at preventing diseases in a prosperous farm involves increasing the general immunoreactivity and natural resistance of animals with simultaneous sanitization of the environment, as well as carrying out specific immunoprophylaxis.
Increasing the immunoreactivity and natural resistance of animals is achieved in the following ways:
feeding that is complete in nutrients and balanced in microelements, macroelements and vitamins;
providing animals with quality water;
compliance with zoohygienic requirements for the care and maintenance of animals;
fight against rodents and insects;
timely removal and disinfection of manure and biological waste;
disinfection.
The following substances are used for disinfection:
bleach;
chloramine B;
slaked lime;
alkalis (caustic soda, caustic soda);
phenol (carbolic acid);
formaldehyde, etc.
Bleaching powder
Bleach is a gray-white, hygroscopic powder with a pungent odor of chlorine. Has antimicrobial and deodorizing effects. For disinfection, a solution containing 2–5% chlorine is used.
Method for preparing a 2% solution of active chlorine:
To prepare a 2% solution, you need to take 8 kg of lime and dissolve it in 98 liters of water.
Method for preparing a 5% solution of active chlorine:
To prepare a 5% solution, you need to take 20 kg of lime and dissolve it in 95 liters of water.
To increase the antimicrobial activity of the solution, a 10% sodium chlorine solution (table salt) is added to it. Solutions are prepared in a wooden barrel.
During disinfection, the solution strongly irritates the mucous membranes of the eyes and upper respiratory tract. Therefore, when disinfecting animals, it is necessary to remove them from the premises. Due to the high aggressiveness of the drug, cotton fabrics and metal products cannot be disinfected. Bleach and other chemicals containing chlorine are used for disinfection in the following infectious diseases:
erysipelas and swine fever;
tuberculosis;
brucellosis;
comibacteriosis;
salmonellosis;
pasteurllosis;
Aujeszky's disease;
listeriosis;
rabbit diseases;
washing horses, etc.
Bleach should be stored in a hermetically sealed wooden container. It is prohibited to store it in bulk due to possible spontaneous combustion and explosion. Explosive and flammable substances cannot be stored in the same warehouse with bleach.
Chloramine B
Chloramine B is a white, slightly yellowish crystalline powder with a faint odor of chlorine. It dissolves well in water. Used to disinfect any objects in the form of 1–10% solutions.
Slaked lime
For disinfection and whitewashing of walls, ceilings, feeders, troughs, manure chutes, cages, fences, machines, etc., use a 20% slurry of slaked lime by whitewashing three times with an interval of 2 hours. Consumption of the drug: 1 liter per 1 sq. m.
Alkalis (caustic soda, caustic soda)
Unpurified caustic soda - caustic soda - is used for disinfection. In a 3–4% concentration, the drug is used for viral infections such as foot and mouth disease, swine fever, parainfluenza-3, influenza, etc.
The solution is used hot (80 degrees Celsius) and left for three hours. A 10% hot solution with the addition of a small amount of 10% sodium chloride solution is used for disinfection against anthrax.
A mixture of 3% sodium hydroxide solution and 3% formaldehyde solution in a 1:1 ratio is used for tuberculosis and fungal infections.
When working with caustic soda, you must strictly follow safety precautions and be very careful. If it comes into contact with the skin, the drug causes a deep burn. If the drug gets inside, poisoning occurs, which is accompanied by vomiting, bloody diarrhea, severe pain, and difficulty urinating. To prevent eye damage, it is necessary to wear safety glasses when working.
The antipode is weak organic acids, for example a 1–2% solution of boric acid.
Phenol (carbolic acid)
Phenol is colorless, hygroscopic crystals with a specific odor. The crystals are soluble in water, alcohol and oil. When exposed to air and light, the crystals turn pink.
A 3–5% phenol solution is used to disinfect livestock buildings, wastewater, and animal care items. It is impossible to use phenol and its preparations (cresol, creosote, creolin, etc.) in premises where dairy cows and animals are kept before slaughter, since milk and meat retain an unpleasant odor for a long time.
Formaldehyde
A 2–4% solution is used for disinfection for the following infectious diseases: foot and mouth disease, swine fever, erysipelas, Aujeszky's disease, pasteurellosis, salmonellosis, chicken culorosis, sheep pox, as well as tuberculosis, dermintoses, etc.
The room temperature during disinfection should be 25–30 degrees Celsius, humidity 95–100%. The solution consumption is 100–200 ml per 1 cubic meter. with exposure 10–24 hours. To fill disinfection barriers, use a mixture of 3% formaldehyde solution and 3% sodium hydroxide solution.
In addition to formalin, other formaldehyde preparations are used for disinfection: paraform, lysoform, thiazone, metaphor, phospar, etc. For bacterial, spore, fungal, and viral infections, glutaraldehyde is used, which is a light yellow liquid with a characteristic odor. For preventive disinfection, it is used in the form of a 0.3% solution at the rate of 1 liter per 1 square meter.
0.5% solution at the rate of 0.5 l per 1 sq. m. Glutaraldehyde is used for the following infectious diseases:
swine fever;
combacteriosis;
pasteurellosis;
listoriosis;
brucellosis;
foot and mouth disease, etc.
1% solution, 1 liter per 1 sq. m. when kept for 4 hours, it is used for tuberculosis;
2% solution, 1.5 liters per 1 sq. m. with an exposure of 3 hours, use twice for Siberian;
4% solution, 1 liter per 1 sq. m. and exposure for 24 hours is used for ringworm and aspergillosis.
Glutaraldehyde preparations, glac and glac C, are also used to disinfect infectious diseases.
Prevention of non-communicable animal diseases
Currently, the greatest economic damage to livestock production is caused by internal non-communicable diseases of farm animals. The cause of diseases is non-compliance with the standards of conditions for keeping, feeding and using animals in specific farms. Consequently, the basis of general prevention takes the leading place in activities aimed at preventing internal non-contagious diseases of animals, creating scientifically based conditions for their keeping:
ensuring an optimal microclimate - air gas composition, temperature, humidity, illumination of livestock premises;
regular active exercise;
adequate and regular feeding;
proper care of animals;
compliance with zoohygienic and sanitary-veterinary rules;
constant veterinary monitoring of the health of animals;
conducting clinical examinations;
conducting routine medical examinations;
constant control over the quality of roughage, succulent, concentrated feed and drinking water, etc.
Feeding should be carried out taking into account the species, age and physiological state of the animal. Often internal diseases arise due to poor water quality and non-compliance with the drinking regime. The health of animals and their productivity depend on physiologically sound exploitation, and cows also on regular milking and timely start-up.
The successful solution of the main problems of livestock farming to obtain high-value food products and high-quality agricultural raw materials is constantly associated with reliable protection of animal health, increasing their service life and increasing productivity. To carry out these tasks, veterinary specialists of farms and livestock complexes periodically send feed samples to veterinary and agrochemical laboratories to determine the content of nutrients, vitamins, microelements, macroelements, residual amounts of mineral fertilizers, herbicides, mycotoxins, and pesticides. When assessing the quality of haylage and silage, their acidity and the ratio of organic acids are important. The conclusion of veterinary and agrochemical laboratory specialists serves as the basis for prohibiting the use of substandard feed and water.
To ensure general prevention of internal non-communicable diseases, the following measures must be taken:
introduce protective and restrictive measures for the transportation and movement of animals;
introduce control over the recruitment of farms, the formation of herds, herds and flocks;
preventive quarantine of newly arriving animals;
selection of breeds with hereditary resistance to diseases;
regular cleaning and disinfection of premises;
maintain pastures, cattle routes and watering places in proper sanitary condition;
carry out timely cleaning, neutralization and disposal of manure;
promptly remove and neutralize animal carcasses, industrial and biological waste;
regularly carry out deratization, decarization and disinfestation;
provide service personnel of farms, livestock complexes and poultry farms with special clothing and personal hygiene items;
build livestock buildings that meet modern technological design standards and veterinary and sanitary requirements.
For most animal diseases, the nature of the action of general preventive measures is universal. They must be carried out everywhere and constantly. Underestimating them, especially in conditions of intensive livestock farming, is dangerous for the development of not only non-contagious, but also contagious animal diseases.
Private prevention - specific and nonspecific - is also aimed at preventing specific diseases, for example, diseases of the digestive system, cardiovascular, respiratory, macromicroelementosis, hypovitaminosis, etc. Prevention of cardiovascular and respiratory diseases through active exercise and regulation of indoor microclimate is non-specific prevention. Prevention of specific hypovitaminosis, microelementosis and macroelementosis is specific. Specific prevention also includes active and passive immunization of animals against many infectious diseases.
Private prevention should be aimed at preventing various poisonings, gastrointestinal diseases, overheating, hypomagnesemia, etc., especially during the grazing period. Before moving animals out, veterinary specialists need to carry out cleaning and trimming of hooves, filing of horns, and necessary vaccinations. It is necessary to inspect the runs and grazing areas and, if necessary, clear the pastures of foreign objects and poisonous grasses, prepare watering sources, and places of shelter from the sun and wind. In addition, farm workers and animal owners should be instructed how to provide emergency pre-medical care in cases of illness during the grazing period.
Every year, to prevent animal diseases, veterinary specialists are required to draw up preventive action plans, breaking them down by quarter and month for a specific farm. Before drawing up a plan, you should analyze statistical data on animal morbidity over the past few years and last year, the reasons for the death and disposal of animals, and economic damage. The plan must be realistic and feasible, therefore, when drawing it up, one should take into account the food supply, the condition of livestock buildings, their microclimate, the density of animals, herd reproduction rates, mortality and safety of young animals, the effectiveness of treatment and preventive measures over the past year and the results of dispensary examinations.
Dispensary examination
Clinical examination (dispensary examination) is the basis for general and private prevention of internal diseases of animals. Clinical examination is a set of planned diagnostic, preventive and therapeutic measures aimed at creating healthy, productive herds of animals with a strong constitution.
The main goal of medical examination is the timely detection of disorders in the body of animals in the early stages of the development of the disease, which makes it possible to quickly eliminate and prevent the spread of the disease. Most often, medical examinations are carried out for dairy cows, stud bulls, breeding gilts and boars.
Being an important part of the technological process, clinical examination does not exclude daily zootechnical and veterinary monitoring of the health of animals, and the implementation of current and planned activities. Dispensary examination of animals is included in the annual plan of veterinary activities. In veterinary laboratories they do blood tests and determine the quality of feed. Agrochemical laboratories determine the nutritional value of feed.
Clinical examination can be basic and intermediate (current). The main medical examination is carried out, as a rule, twice a year when animals are placed in stalls and before being put out to pasture. Between these periods, every quarter an intermediate medical examination of breeding bulls, boars, sows, rams, sports horses, ewes, etc. is carried out. The main medical examination includes:
studying the conditions of feeding, keeping and exploitation of animals;
analysis of the causes of morbidity and culling of animals in previous years;
analysis of the effectiveness of treatment and preventive measures;
laboratory testing of blood, urine, milk, etc.;
preventive and therapeutic measures.
Interim medical examination includes the same activities, with the exception of analysis of production indicators for livestock and veterinary medicine. Organizationally, clinical examination is divided into three stages:
diagnostic;
prophylactic;
medicinal.
The diagnostic stage of medical examination includes:
analysis of production indicators for livestock farming;
study of feeding conditions for keeping and exploitation of animals;
analysis of the causes of morbidity, culling of animals in previous years and the effectiveness of treatment and preventive measures;
veterinary examination and clinical examination of animals;
laboratory tests of blood, urine, milk, etc.
When analyzing production indicators for livestock farming, they determine the general condition of animals by analyzing production indicators on farms and cattle complexes, that is, milk productivity, feed costs per unit of production, the incidence of animals with non-communicable and contagious diseases, the yield of calves per 100 cows and their live weight , percentage of stillborns, fallen and forcedly killed, duration of the service period.
In beef production farms, attention is paid to the duration of completing sections, the number of supplying farms, their well-being for various diseases, the average daily increase in live weight, feed costs per unit of production, the safety of young animals, the duration of the technological cycle and the average weight of bulls sent for slaughter.
In pig farms, it is necessary to take into account the cost of an increase in one centner of live weight, the number of piglets obtained from one sow, their average weight at birth and weaning, the duration of the suckling period, the number of farrows per year, morbidity by age and physiological groups.
When analyzing the conditions of feeding, keeping and exploitation of animals, it is necessary to pay attention to:
state of the food supply;
feed quality;
level and type of feeding;
diet structure;
feeding and watering regime;
water quality;
When analyzing the causes of morbidity and the effectiveness of treatment and preventive measures, it is necessary:
examine statistical reporting on animal morbidity;
find out the causes of morbidity, retirement and culling of animals;
determine the effectiveness of treatment and preventive measures in previous years.
Analysis of economic indicators for livestock and veterinary medicine is very important for the diagnostic stage of medical examination.
When performing a veterinary examination and clinical examination of animals, during the main medical examination you should examine the entire population of cows, heifers, stud bulls, main sows and boars, breeding ewes and rams. Animals of other groups are examined selectively (10–15% of the total livestock). During a veterinary examination of animals, attention is paid to their general condition and fatness, the condition of the coat, bones and hooves, reaction and behavior when distributing feed, watering, grazing, etc.
In 15–20% of cows and heifers of the control groups, a full clinical examination is carried out, which includes cows in the first three months of lactation, then cows in the 7th month of lactation and pregnant dry cows, as well as heifers 3 months before calving. Define:
fatness;
condition of the lymph nodes;
state of cardiac activity;
frequency and depth of breathing;
rhythm and strength of contractions of the rumen and other digestive organs;
liver condition;
bone condition;
state of movement organs;
condition of teeth, horns, udder and genitourinary organs.
If there are signs of illness, the temperature is determined. It is also measured in hot weather.
Laboratory studies make it possible to determine the state of metabolism, predict and at an early stage diagnose various pathological conditions and diseases, and monitor the effectiveness of treatment and preventive measures.
Simultaneously with the clinical examination, blood, milk, urine, feces and, if necessary, rumen contents are analyzed in 7–10 cows. The content of hemoglobin, erythrocytes and leukocytes is determined in the blood. In the blood serum, reserve alkalinity, the level of total protein, total calcium, inorganic phosphorus, carotene, and vitamin A are determined. If necessary, the content of ketone bodies, glucose, magnesium, vitamins and microelements is determined.
Urine and milk are examined using express methods, determining density, pH, the presence of ketone bodies, sugar, protein, and bile pigments. The presence of ketone bodies and fat content in milk is determined, and tests are performed to detect hidden mastitis. If necessary, they study acidity, density, the presence of somatic cells, the level of protein, vitamins, microelements, macroelements. By examining the contents of the rumen, the physical and mechanical properties and microflora are determined.
Preventive and therapeutic stage
Based on the results of the medical examination, organizational, economic, zootechnical and veterinary measures are determined aimed at preventing and eliminating the identified pathology. Veterinary specialists, taking into account the planned activities, conduct group prevention and therapy, as well as individual treatment of sick animals.
Main types of veterinary sanitation
The main types of veterinary sanitation are disinfection, disinfestation, and deratization.
How to perform deratization
Preventive measures to combat harmful rodents consist of creating conditions that prevent rodents from accessing food, as well as depriving them of shelter where they could breed. The main preventive measure against rodents is cleanliness and compliance with sanitary requirements in livestock buildings and on farms. To do this you need:
timely remove manure and feed residues from the premises and territory of farms and farms;
store concentrated feed in rat-proof rooms and containers;
seal all openings (hatches, vents, windows, etc.) located in the lower part of the building with a metal mesh with a cell diameter of no more than 12 x 12 mm;
constantly monitor the condition of floors, walls, doors and window frames and promptly repair them;
seal all cracks and holes with iron, cement or clay with glass (9 parts cement and 1 part broken glass);
get rid of unnecessary waste in livestock buildings, warehouses, storerooms
containers and other items that can serve as a refuge for rodents;
prevent the territory of farms and farms from becoming overgrown with weeds and other weeds;
fill up unnecessary holes, ditches and cellars;
liquidate abandoned and deteriorating buildings.
Rodents are exterminated by chemical, biological and mechanical means.
Before starting to exterminate rodents, farms, individual premises and places inhabited by rodents are inspected. In this case, it is necessary to find out where and what food rodents use, the main routes of their movement, what methods of deratization and given conditions should be used, and prepare the necessary means for deratization.
In addition, rodent burrows are taken into account, as well as the average daily consumption of unpoisoned test bait. To record residential burrows, all discovered burrows are covered with earth at night, covered with clay or filled with tampons made of tow, paper, or straw. The holes that were opened in the morning are residential.
To take into account the amount of test bait eaten by rats on average per day, the bait is accurately weighed and laid out overnight in 4–6 places of the object inaccessible to animals. The bait must be prepared without poison. In the morning, the remains of the bait are collected and weighed. The bait is laid out and its edibility by rodents and for 3 days in a row are taken into account, then the average nightly edibility is calculated. Laying out a trial unpoisoned bait is necessary to determine the population of objects with rodents and attract them to the places where the poisoned baits will be laid out.
After determining the degree of population of objects by rodents, calculate the amount of deratization agents and products necessary to prepare bait for all premises and territory to be treated.
The degree of population of an object by rodents is determined by counting the number of residential burrows and the ingestibility of a test bait per 100 square meters. m of room area. With a large population, the average daily consumption of test bait per 100 sq. m area is approximately 0.5 kg, and more than five residential burrows are found in this area. If it is small - 0.1 kg or one hole, respectively.
Before deratization, it is necessary to explain to farm workers how to exterminate rodents, the properties of poisons and precautions for this work. In all cases, the corpses of rodents are removed and burned.
On livestock and poultry farms, fast-acting poisons (zinc phosphide, thiosemicarbazide, fluoroacetamide, etc.) and slow-acting poisons (anticoagulants) are used to exterminate mouse-like rodents.
Zinc phosphide is a dark gray powder, with a faint odor of garlic, insoluble in water. 3% of the drug is added to the bait; it is dangerous for animals and humans. Repeated use of this drug is recommended no earlier than after 3.5 months.
Calcium arsenite is a soft light gray powder, insoluble in water, odorless. It is used in field farming by pollinating green baits.
Sodium arsenite is a dark powder, highly soluble in water. It is used in food baits by soaking the grain in a 5% solution.
Fluoroacetamide is a white crystalline powder, odorless and tasteless, highly soluble in water. 0.25–0.5% is added to baits. All uneaten bait is collected and burned in the morning. When working with the drug, strict safety precautions must be observed.
Anticoagulants
Anticoagulants are zoocoumarin, penocoumarin, ratintsan, etc. Death of rodents occurs within a few days.
Zookoumarin is a white powder, tasteless and odorless, insoluble in water, has cumulative properties, contains 0.5–1.0% of the active substance. Used as food bait and by pollination. 2% of the drug is added to the bait.
Bactocoumarin is a preparation containing rodent typhoid bacteria and the sodium salt of zoocoumarin, and looks like wet grain. Cooked with grains (wheat, oats, etc.). Used as regular bait. Relatively safe for animals.
Penocoumarin is the sodium salt form of zoocoumarin; contains 2% active ingredient. It is a foam-forming composition in aerosol packaging, used mainly for blocking burrows with poisonous foam, as well as for preparing food baits.
How to perform pest control
In addition, preventive disinsection and decarization at poultry farms is carried out at any time of the year, before each new acquisition of workshops, poultry houses, etc., with chickens and adult birds. Disinsection and decarization consists of preliminary thorough mechanical cleaning of livestock buildings and farm areas from manure and debris, washing feeders and cages, all equipment and implements with hot water, followed by treatment with insecticides or acaricides.
All activities involving the use of insecticides must be carried out in accordance with sanitary rules for the storage, transportation and use of pesticides (pesticides) in agriculture. Workers are required to strictly monitor compliance with personal hygiene and safety regulations.
One of the main methods of disinfestation is the chemical method. It is based on the use of insecticides with different mechanisms of action on arthropods. The main ones are:
Baytex (fenthion, leibacid, tiguvon) is a colorless or brown liquid with a specific odor, poorly soluble in water. Moderately toxic for warm-blooded animals. Recommended for treating bitops of mosquito larvae, for creating insecticidal barriers to protect caged fur-bearing animals from mosquitoes and midges;
Hesachloran (HCCH) is a white crystalline powder, insoluble in water. It is one of the most effective insecticides against many types of insects, but its use is limited due to its accumulation in the body and excretion in animal milk. Recommended for creating insecticidal barriers to protect caged fur-bearing animals from midges and mosquitoes.
Diphos (abath) is a white crystalline substance or
brown liquid. Insoluble in water. Low toxicity for warm-blooded animals. It is the most effective insecticide against mosquito larvae and winged insects.
Karbofos (malathion) is a yellowish or brown liquid with an unpleasant odor. Insoluble in water. Moderately toxic. It is used for the treatment of fly breeding bits, treatment of premises, insecticidal barriers in the area, against winged insects.
Oxamate is a light yellow or light brown liquid. Slightly toxic. Used as a repellent on cattle and horses.
DDVF (dichlorvos, vapona) is a colorless liquid with a specific odor. Let's dissolve in water. Highly toxic in contact with skin and inhalation. It is a fast-acting insecticide with a wide range of applications. It is used to exterminate insects locally and indoors by spraying and aerosols.
Cyodrine is a straw-yellow liquid. Practically insoluble in water. It is a potent substance for warm-blooded animals. Used against flies for treating premises and cattle by spraying or aerosol.
Chlorophos (trichlorfon) is a crystalline or paste-like substance. It dissolves well in water. With systematic use, insects develop high resistance to its actions. An alkaline solution of chlorophos is used, since in weakly alkaline solutions it turns into DDRP. The ratio of chlorophos and alkali in such solutions should be 5: 1. It is used against various arthropods.
Benzimine (hexamide-B) is a clear, slightly yellowish liquid. Low toxic. Almost insoluble in water. Used as a repellent (insect repellent) for treating cattle and horses.
Trichlorometaphos-3 is a colorless or brown oily liquid with an unpleasant odor. Insoluble in water. Moderately toxic. It has a wide spectrum of action and cumulative properties (excreted in the milk of treated animals). Highly effective against fly larvae, as well as winged mosquitoes and other insects.
How to disinfect
Disinfection is the destruction of environmental objects or the removal from them of pathogenic and opportunistic microorganisms. In agriculture, the objects of disinfection are:
territories of farms and farms and all livestock, auxiliary and household premises located on them, other structures and equipment available in them, vehicles used for transporting animals, feed, raw materials and products of animal origin, equipment and animal care items, clothing and footwear service personnel, manure and other objects with which animals or service personnel may directly or indirectly come into contact and which may be a factor in the transmission of pathogens from sick animals or bacteria excretors to healthy ones. Disinfection can be forced and preventive.
Preventive disinfection is carried out in animal (poultry) farms that are free from infectious diseases to prevent the introduction and spread of pathogenic microorganisms within them, as well as the accumulation of opportunistic flora in livestock buildings and other objects.
Forced disinfection, current and final, is carried out in farms that are vulnerable to infectious diseases of animals (poultry) to localize the primary source of infection, prevent the accumulation of pathogenic microorganisms in the external environment and their spread within the farm and beyond. Current disinfection is carried out periodically throughout the entire period of recovery of the farm or farm to reduce the level of contamination of environmental objects with pathogenic microorganisms and reduce the risk of reinfection of animals within the farm and the spread of the disease beyond its borders.
The frequency of current disinfection and the list of objects subject to disinfection are established taking into account the nature of the disease, the epizootic situation for this disease, the specifics of production technology, natural and climatic conditions and other features of the unfavorable point or zone of its location, as well as the requirements of current instructions for combating this disease. or other illness.
In a healthy farm, after stopping the isolation of sick animals and taking measures to ensure the elimination of the source of the causative agent of an infectious disease, final disinfection is carried out.
Final disinfection consists of two sequential operations:
thorough mechanical cleaning;
actual disinfection.
Before starting cleaning and disinfection work, the room or part of it is cleared of animals (birds), equipment that can be damaged by water and disinfectant solutions is removed from it or covered with plastic film, if necessary, the surface is moistened with a disinfectant solution, then using a scraper and a stream of water remove the bulk of manure, feed residues and other contaminants. This performs pre-cleaning.
Thorough mechanical cleaning is a degree of cleaning at which the nature of the surface and the color of its material are clearly visible and large particles of manure, feed or other mechanical contaminants are not visually detected even in the most inaccessible places. For disinfection, use products approved for use by the veterinary department that have manufacturer certificates certifying their compliance with the requirements of state, industry standards or technical specifications.
Premises, equipment, inventory and other objects are treated with solutions of chemical disinfectants by uniformly irrigating surfaces until they are completely wetted. Aerosols obtained from disinfectant solutions are also used to disinfect enclosed spaces. Individual objects are disinfected using other disinfection methods - thermal, gas, radiation, air, steam, steam-air, steam-formalin and other disinfection in accordance with current instructions.
For one-time irrigation, depending on the nature of the object, the degree of its cleaning and purpose, disinfectant solutions are prepared at the rate of 0.3–0.5 l/sq.m. m of the total area of the facility.
At the direction of the veterinary specialist responsible for disinfection, in justified cases, the consumption rate of solutions may be increased. When determining the total area to be moistened with disinfectant solutions, the area of the floor, walls, ceilings, partitions, external and internal surfaces of all elements of equipment of livestock buildings and other objects are taken into account.
The surface of the premises is treated with disinfectant solutions in the following order: first, starting from the end of the room closest to the entrance, the floor in the machines, inter-machine partitions, equipment, walls are evenly moistened, then the ceiling, and the floor in the aisle.
At the same time, animal care items and equipment used in this room are disinfected. If a suspension of freshly slaked lime is used for disinfection using the whitewash method, first treat the walls, interstitial partitions, ceiling and other objects to be whitewashed, and then irrigate the floor, feeders, premises and equipment with another disinfectant solution. After applying disinfectant solutions, the premises are closed for 3–12 hours.
After disinfection is completed, the room is ventilated, drinking bowls, feeders, and manure removal channels are cleared of drug residues. Areas of the surface of premises and equipment accessible to animals are washed with water. The building is ventilated until the smell of the drug completely disappears.
Equipment removed before disinfection is wiped with a rag moistened with a disinfectant solution, and after one hour, wiped again with a rag moistened with water. After this, the equipment is installed indoors. The concentration of working solutions of disinfectants is determined based on the purpose of disinfection (preventive or forced) and the belonging of the pathogen to the group corresponding to its resistance to the action of chemical disinfectants.
Based on their resistance to chemical disinfectants, the causative agents of the main infectious diseases of animals and poultry are divided into several groups:
low-resistant;
sustainable;
highly resistant;
especially resistant.
The low-resistant group includes:
pathogens of leukemia, brucellosis, leptospirosis, Aujeszky's disease, pasteurellosis, salmonellosis, trichomoniasis, campylobacteriosis, trypanosomosis, toxoplasmosis, infectious rhinotracheitis, parainfluenza and viral diarrhea of cattle, contagious pleuropneumonia of sheep and goats, edema disease, infectious atrophic rhinitis, AI, transmissible gastroenteritis , balantidiasis, hemophilus pleuropneumonia and erysipelas of pigs, rhinopneumonia of horses, pollurosis-typhoid, poultry mycoplasmosis, myxomatosis of rabbits, diarrheal diseases of young animals caused by opportunistic microflora (Proteus, Clubsiella, Morganella, etc.).
The sustainable group includes: causative agents of adenovirus infections, foot dispensers, smallpox, tularemia, ornithosis, diplococcosis, staphylococcosis, streptococcosis, rabies, plague, necrobacteriosis, aspergillosis, candidomycosis, trichophytosis, microsporia, other mycoses of animals and poultry, chlamyzia, rickestsiosis, enterosias infections, influenza of farm animals and poultry, catarrhal fever, peripneumonia, actinomycosis of cattle, infectious bluetongue, foot rot and infectious mastitis of sheep, vesicular disease of pigs, infectious anemia, infectious encephalomyelitis, epizootic lymphangitis, glanders and horse washing, duckling hepatitis, viral enteritis of goslings, infectious bronchitis, laryngotracheitis, Marek's disease, Gumboro's disease, infectious encephalomyelitis and Newcastle disease of birds, viral enteritis, Aleutian disease, pseudomonosis and infectious hepatitis of carnivores, viral hemorrhagic disease of rabbits.
According to the regimes of the second group of pathogens, disinfection is also carried out for diseases caused by unclassified viruses.
The causative agents of tuberculosis in animals and poultry and paratuberculous enteritis in cattle are highly resistant to the action of chemical disinfectants.
Particularly resistant pathogens include anthrax, anaerobic dysentery of lambs, anaerobic enterotoxemia of piglets, bradsitis, malignant edema, infectious enterotoxemia of sheep, emakara, other spore infections, and coccidiosis.
According to the regimes of the next, fourth, group of pathogens, disinfection is carried out for acute infectious diseases of animals (poultry) of unknown etiology. For rare infectious diseases, disinfection is carried out in accordance with current instructions for combating these diseases.
Disinfectant concentrations:
formalin, paraformaldehyde, bleach, neutral calcium hypochlorite, glutaraldehyde, Lysol, phenosmolin, technical solution of sodium phenolates, DP-2, preparations based on peracetic acid and fresol are indicated by the active substance, and sodium hydroxide, desmol, iodine monochloride and soda ash indicated by the drug. Solutions of sodium hydroxide, soda ash and fresota are used hot (90 degrees Celsius). A suspension of freshly slaked lime and soda ash are used only for preventive and routine disinfection.
For paratuberculosis and tuberculosis, sodium hydroxide or fresot, formalin or paraform are used in the form of an alkaline solution of formaldehyde containing 3% alkali and 3% formaldehyde, and for mycoses - 1% and 2%, respectively.
For avian aspergillosis, all disinfectants, except desonol, are used after moistening the surfaces with a 0.5% solution of OP-7 or OP-10 at the rate of 0.3% l/m2. or they are added to the disinfectant solution. When washing horses, bleach and neutral calcium hypochloride are used in a concentration of 4%. For dermatophysotitis and aspergillosis in birds, 4% glubaraldehyde is used.
When disinfecting vehicles after transporting animals with tuberculosis, 3% glutaraldehyde and fresot (without formaldehyde) are used. Solution consumption - 0.5 l/sq.m. Exposure - 1 hour. For final disinfection in case of tuberculosis, the drug DP-2 is used at a concentration of 5%. For anthrax of fur-bearing animals, a 7% (based on active substance) solution of hydrogen peroxide with the addition of 0.2% lactic acid and the same amount of OP-7 detergent is used to disinfect shads and cages. The treatment is carried out twice every 1 hour.
In case of rabies in fur-bearing animals and dogs, metal cages are burned with a blowtorch, observing fire safety measures. In case of streptococcosis of nutria, premises freed from animals are disinfected with a 2% solution of sodium hydroxide with the addition of 2% sodium metasilicate, 2% solution of formaldehyde or chloramine, and mesh walks in premises occupied by animals in case of streptococcosis and colibacillosis are treated with a 2% solution chloramine or desmol.
When disinfecting the surfaces of a room, for the 1st group of resistance of lime pathogens, burnt quicklime consumes 10 g/m2, for the 2nd group - 20, for the 3rd group - 40 g/m2, and when disinfecting with DP-2 preparations, bleach, neutral calcium hypochlorite, according to the groups, the consumption of active chlorine should be 1 g/m2, 2 g/m2, 3 g/m2.
How to neutralize manure
Manure is a very valuable organic fertilizer. However, manure from sick animals can contain pathogens of many infectious diseases, so untimely cleaning and disinfection of manure can contribute to the spread of infectious diseases.
Manure from sick animals and those suspected of having anthrax, emphysematous carbuncle, glanders, infectious anemia, rabies, encephalomyelitis, epizootic lymphangitis, bradzot, rinderpest is first moistened with a disinfectant solution and then burned.
For foot and mouth disease, swine fever and erysipelas, salmonellosis, tuberculosis, brucellosis, leptospirosis, invasive diseases, etc., manure is subject to biothermal disinfection. Biothermal disinfection of manure occurs due to the high temperature created by thermophilic microorganisms that multiply in manure.
Disinfection is carried out in manure storage facilities. To make a manure storage facility, a pit 3 m wide and 0.5 m deep is dug on the site. The bottom of the pit must be compacted with a layer of clay 15 cm thick. Then a layer of straw or uninfected manure 35–40 cm thick is laid out. Next, the manure to be disinfected is laid in height 2–2.5 m, length - arbitrary, angle of inclination of the sides 70 degrees.
The stacking of manure is loose. Stacks of manure are covered on all sides and on top with uncontaminated manure or a layer of straw 10 cm thick, then with a layer of earth or sand - 10 cm. For biological disinfection, the manure is kept in the warm season for 1 month, in the cold season - 2.
To increase the resistance of animals to infectious diseases, vaccines, serums, immunoglobulins and other drugs are used. When these drugs are used, immunity against a specific pathogen is formed in the animal’s body.
Vaccines are made from microorganisms, individual structural components of microbes, or from their metabolic products. Vaccines can be live or inactivated (killed). Live vaccines contain live, weakened, that is, with a sharply reduced pathogenic ability, microorganisms. When used, the immune system is strengthened and has a high level of protection for a long period. The vaccine is administered once, in a small amount.
However, the use of live vaccines has a number of disadvantages:
in weakened animals, complications are possible due to residual virulence;
1–2 days before vaccination and 7 days after vaccination, when using live vaccines, you cannot use drugs that act on the vaccine strain (antibiotics, sulfonamides, nitrofurans and other drugs), as this interferes with the formation of immunity;
If the technique of vaccine administration, transportation, storage is violated, or if vaccine residues and utensils are insufficiently disinfected, the vaccine strain of the microbe may spread into the environment.
Inactivated, that is, killed vaccines, are prepared from whole virulent microorganisms killed by physical (high temperature) or chemical (formalin) methods, as well as from toxic products neutralized in various ways.
Inactivated vaccines do not harm the animal's body, but their immunogenicity is much lower compared to live ones, and the duration of immunity is shorter. To increase immunogenicity, killed vaccines are administered to animals in larger volumes and two or three times with an interval of 7–14 days.
After using inactivated vaccines, immunity is formed 8–14 days after the last vaccine administration. The use of live and killed vaccines makes it possible to create immunity to diseases for 6–12 months.
Hyperimmune serums are used for preventive and therapeutic purposes. They are prepared in biofactories by repeatedly administering a large amount of vaccine to producing animals, first, and then virulent microorganisms. In producing animals (horses, oxen, donkeys, sheep), a large amount of protective bodies - immunoglobulents - accumulate in the blood serum, which are used for the prevention and treatment of animals.
When hyperimmune serum is introduced into the animal’s body, immunity occurs within 2–4 hours and lasts from 8 to 15 days.
For the prevention and treatment of animals in veterinary practice, gamma globulins are used, which are obtained from hyperimmune sera. Gamma globulins are widely used against anthrax, foot and mouth disease, Aujeszky's disease, etc.
Natural resistance to disease can be increased by using normal globulins. Normal (nonspecific) globulins are a complex of gamma globulins and beta globulins obtained from normal animal blood serum. Vaccines, serums and globulins must be administered by veterinary specialists.
How to neutralize toxic fungi from food
Many diseases of farm animals arise from the use of poor-quality feed and water, as well as from violation of the rules of feeding and watering animals. Such diseases are called nutritional. Molds can render food unusable. As a rule, they reproduce on hay, straw, crumb, grain and its processed products. Most often, feed is affected at high humidity and stored in poorly ventilated structures.
Molds reproduce most intensively when the feed moisture content is 18–30%. The optimal temperature for food to mold is 18–25 degrees Celsius, but many toxic fungi can grow at temperatures of 0–10 degrees Celsius. On well-dried hay or straw at a moisture content of 14%, mold fungi usually do not develop. Growing on feed, molds produce toxins. The breakdown products of proteins, fats and carbohydrates in feed as a result of exposure to fungi can also be toxic. Fungal toxins cause mycotoxicosis.
The species of mushrooms and their toxicity are determined in a veterinary laboratory. More often, fungi affect alfalfa, vetch, clover, and pea hay. The grain affected by fungi is in most cases puny and matte. A black, pink, yellow or brown coating is found on its surface. Some fungi can cause potato mycoses.
Phytoflora, dry rot, rhizotopia, and scab are quite common. In this case, round or nodular ulcers covered with brown scabs, dry grayish-brown hard spots, and sometimes the skin is covered with a white coating are visible on the surface of the tuber.
Horses, chickens, geese, and ducks are very sensitive to mycoses and mycotoxicoses. Cattle and sheep are less likely to get sick. Recommendations for the prevention of mycotoxicoses and mycoses, as a rule, are given by a veterinary doctor who has specific results of laboratory tests.
Animal owners can take effective measures on their own. First of all, when preparing feed, it is necessary to dry it to a humidity level at which the fungus does not develop.
If roughage is heavily affected by toxic fungi, it should not be used for feeding or bedding. At the initial stage of fungal development, hay can be disinfected by additional drying in the sun, ventilation, shaking, and mechanical removal of affected areas.
If the damage is significant, hay can be disinfected by heat treatment. To do this, feed is placed in wooden, metal, concrete, etc. containers in layers of 40–50 cm, watered evenly at the rate of 80–100 kg per 100 kg of feed, and compacted. The container is covered with a lid or tarpaulin and steam is released through the holes in the bottom of the container. Steam treatment is carried out for 40 minutes, starting from the moment the steam jet leaves the container. After this time, the food is kept in the steamer for another 8 hours and given to the animals.
Roughage can be processed chemically. To do this, 15 kg of soda ash is dissolved in a small amount of warm water, then the total volume is brought to 300 liters and 1 kg of table salt is added. Then chopped hay is placed in the solution, it is well moistened and transferred to a concrete area or wooden flooring, kept for 24 hours, after which it is fed to the animals without washing. The solution can be used several times.
It is best to disinfect grain feed by boiling or steaming it in a feed steamer at 100 degrees Celsius for 2 hours in a 0.1% solution of soda ash.
Root tubers (potatoes, etc.) affected by fungi and bacteria can be fed boiled. Before cooking, the tubers are sorted, damaged ones are removed and washed well with running water. After cooking, drain the water.
How to improve your farm's health from infectious diseases
If there is a suspicion of an infectious disease in animals, it is necessary to immediately inform veterinary specialists. Veterinary specialists will work to establish an accurate diagnosis.
Based on the results of the epizootological study, they will identify the source of introduction of the pathogen and the routes of spread of the disease. If necessary, they will give instructions on isolating sick and suspected animals, declare the farm unsafe for an infectious disease, and decide on the imposition of quarantine; will take measures to treat sick animals; organize disinfection, deratization, disinfestation; will carry out other veterinary activities.
To combat infectious diseases, an important measure is the identification and isolation of sick carriers and microbial carriers. Sick and suspected animals are isolated from the main herd in a separate isolation room.
The isolator must be no closer than 200 m from residential and livestock premises. Separate stalls, stalls, pens, etc. are installed in the isolator for animals. A disinfection barrier is installed at the entrance to the isolator. To disinfect hands, there must be a washbasin, soap and a disinfectant solution in the room for service personnel.
To eliminate the source of infection for some diseases, sick animals, and sometimes all susceptible animals, are slaughtered. Animals must be slaughtered for the following diseases:
rabies;
tuberculosis;
bovine para-tuberculosis;
equine infectious anemia;
swine fever;
chicken pox-diphtheria;
phintosis of birds.
Depending on the epizootic situation, animals are slaughtered for foot and mouth disease, brucellosis and other diseases. In particularly dangerous cases, the entire livestock of a dysfunctional farm is slaughtered. In case of a number of infectious diseases, a quarantine is imposed on a dysfunctional farm or restrictive measures are taken.
Quarantine is a complex of organizational, economic and veterinary-sanitary measures aimed at completely separating groups of animals unfavorable for an infectious disease and the territory where they are located from safe farms and territories in order to eliminate the disease and prevent its spread beyond the boundaries of the epizootic focus. Quarantine is established for the following diseases:
anthrax;
vesicular stomatitis;
porcine vesicular disease;
rinderpest;
glanders of horses;
trichinosis;
sheep and goat pox;
Newcastle disease;
bird plague;
classical swine fever;
African swine fever;
peste des petits ruminants;
contagious pleuropneumonia of cattle.
In disadvantaged farms, under quarantine conditions, it is necessary to:
isolate sick and suspected animals;
prohibit the introduction and removal of susceptible animals from the farm;
prohibit the export of products and raw materials of animal origin, fodder and other crop products;
prohibit the holding of bazaars, exhibitions, fairs, and travel through it;
the farm should immediately begin to carry out health-improving measures in relation to a specific disease.
In case of particularly dangerous diseases such as foot and mouth disease, swine fever, etc., it is necessary:
stop ties with other farms;
suspend the movement of private transport;
cancel bus routes;
to intern persons located in an epizootic outbreak;
prohibit the export of animals and livestock products from railway stations, airports, and seaports;
stop accepting parcels with livestock products.
The procedure for quarantine, restrictions and implementation of health measures in disadvantaged farms and populated areas is determined by the relevant instructions. On roads leading to disadvantaged areas it is necessary to:
organize quarantine posts;
install barriers and bypass road signs;
equip disinfection barriers and transfer areas. At quarantine posts, security guards must work around the clock.
In cases of infectious diseases that do not tend to spread widely, such as cowpox, necrobacteriosis and others, restrictive measures are taken. Restrictions for a period of up to one year are also introduced in case of especially dangerous diseases after quarantine is lifted.
