Analysis of the potential of Finnish economic resources

2.1.2 Minerals

In the depths of Finland there are nickel (Kotalahti deposit), titanium (Vihanti deposit), tungsten, selenium, silver and gold (mines near the city of Parkano). Uranium deposits were discovered near the cities of Porvo and Uymaharju...

Brazilian plateau

Minerals

In the central and south-eastern parts of the Brazilian Plateau, the largest deposits of iron ore, beryl, niobium, and rock crystal are concentrated, in reserves of which Brazil ranks first in the capitalist world...

Carpathian Mountains

2.3 Minerals

The Carpathians are rich in ores of various metals. The largest reserves are concentrated in Romania. In the western spurs of the mountains in Banat there are deposits of magnetites, along the outskirts of the Transylvanian plateau there are rich reserves of polymetallic ores...

Karelia – as a natural territorial complex

2.7 Minerals

Karelia does not have significant mineral resources that are attractive to investors and have a significant impact on the economy of the republic. More than 50 types of minerals have been identified in the depths of Karelia...

Omsk region

3. Minerals

The peculiarities of the geological structure of the territory of the Omsk region determined the formation of minerals of only sedimentary origin. Non-metallic minerals predominate among them - clays, loams, sands...

Nature of the islands of Oceania

4. Minerals

The mineral resources of Oceania are due to the origin and geological structure of the islands. Most of the islands of Oceania have no mineral resources, only the largest of them are being mined: nickel (New Caledonia)…

Natural resource potential of Russia

2.3 Metal ore minerals

Metal ore minerals occupy second place after fuel and energy resources in the material sector. Ferrous metal ores include iron, manganese and chromium…

Problems of protection and rational use of natural resources in the Caspian region

1.2 Geology and minerals

The geological structure of the Kazakh part of the Caspian region is determined by two large structural elements - the Caspian depression in the north and the Turan plate in the south. Pre-Caspian depression or syneclise...

Location of Ukrainian infrastructure facilities

3 Minerals

Ukraine is rich in ore minerals, primarily ferrous metal ores. Up to 20% of the world's manganese ore resources (including almost 50% of high-grade ores) and over 5% of iron ore reserves are concentrated on the territory of the republic...

Republic of Iraq

6.1 Minerals

The main mineral resources of Iraq are oil and gas, the deposits of which stretch from the northwest to the southeast of the country along the Mesopotamian foredeep and belong to the oil and gas basin of the Persian Gulf...

Republic of Karelia

2.2 Minerals

The oldest crystalline rocks of the Baltic Shield contain deposits of almost all metals mined on the planet, various chemical raw materials and valuable building materials. Republic of Karelia…

Scandinavian Peninsula

1.2 Minerals

Among the mineral resources of the Scandinavian Peninsula, the most important are iron ores - magnetites, which occur in Archean rocks and contain 60-70% iron...

Country Kenya

1.6 Minerals

The country's subsoil contains reserves of gold, barites, rubies, and limestone (Appendix B). Among metallic fossils, the main place belongs to non-ferrous metals...

Regional characteristics of Japan

1.3. Minerals.

In the depths of the Japanese islands there are numerous deposits of various minerals, representing important mineral and fuel resources...

Economic and geographical characteristics of Greenland

2.6. Relief and minerals

More than three quarters of the country is covered by glaciers. Under the central part of the ice sheet there is a vast plain, bordered on the eastern and western sides by a belt of mountain ranges...

The European Union (EU) occupies a special place in the world economy. It accounts for 28% of the total GDP (20% in terms of purchasing power of currency) and 6.4% of the world's population. It does not represent a "superpower" in economic and political terms. The European Union is the most developed and perfect integration grouping in the world. The European Union currently includes 27 states, which differ in territory size, population, natural resources, economic, scientific and technical potential.

Its creation was due to the fact that it was in Western Europe after the Second World War that the contradiction between the international nature of modern production and the narrow national-state boundaries of its functioning manifested itself most forcefully.

In addition, until the beginning of the 90s. Western European integration was pushed forward by the direct confrontation on the continent of two opposing social systems. An important reason was the desire of Western European countries to overcome the negative experience of two world wars and to exclude the possibility of their occurrence on the continent in the future.

In its evolution, the EU has gone through all forms of integration: a free trade area; customs union; economic and monetary union; political union (the formation of the third and fourth forms has not yet been completed), developing in depth and breadth.

At the same time, the official and unofficial names of this integration group were repeatedly changed, which reflected its evolution.

In its evolution, the EU has gone through all forms of integration: a free trade area, a customs union, an economic and monetary union, a political union (the formation of the third and fourth forms has not yet been completed), developing in depth and breadth.

Integration in breadth means an increase in the number of full members of the Union and associate members. Development in depth is the formation of a regional economic mechanism in Western Europe and the expansion of areas subject to interstate regulation and unification. At the same time, the official and unofficial names of this integration group were repeatedly changed, which reflected its evolution.

The emergence of the EU was aimed at creating a common market and, on this basis, increasing economic stability and living standards. The EU Treaty determined the sequence of measures: 1) abolition of customs duties, import and export quantitative restrictions, as well as all other trade restrictions on the movement of goods within the community; 2) introduction of a common customs tariff and a common trade policy in relation to third countries; 3) free movement of factors of production (capital and labor), freedom to create branches within the EU and free trade in services between member countries; 4) implementation of a common agricultural and transport policy; 5) creation of a monetary union; 6) coordination and gradual convergence of the economic policies of the participating countries; 7) unification of tax laws; 8) alignment of domestic legal norms that are important for the common market

Western Europe occupies a special place in the world economy.

It accounts for about 23% of total GDP and 7% of the world's population.
Western Europe includes 24 countries that differ from each other in territory size, population, natural resources, economic, scientific and technical potential. The formation of the EU (1957) and the European Free Trade Association (EFTA, 1960), the signing of agreements between them on free trade in industrial goods, and in 1992. and the agreements on the European Economic Area (EEA) marked the beginning of the formation of a free trade area and regional economic complex in Western Europe.

The SES unites 19 Western European countries and establishes freedom of movement of goods, services, capital and people. A market with 380 million consumers is being created, which accounts for almost half of world trade, and traditional bilateral relations are being replaced by multinational ones. The increasing internationalization of production and the established mechanism of economic cooperation provide Western Europe with an important role in the world economy and politics.

At the present stage, the countries of Western Europe belong to the group of economically developed countries with the same type of economy. They are characterized by a fairly high level of economic development, ranking 2–44 among countries in the world in terms of GDP per capita.
Based on the level of economic development, economic structure, and scale of economic activity, Western European countries are divided into several groups.

The main economic power of the region comes from four large, highly industrialized countries - Germany, France, Italy and Great Britain, which account for 50% of the population and 70% of the gross domestic product. These powers largely determine the general trends in the economic and socio-political development of the entire region. Other states are classified as small industrialized countries. The special place occupied by small countries in the region and the world is determined by a high level of specialization in the production of technically complex, high-quality products.

A separate group consists of the so-called “dwarf states” - Monaco, San Marino, Andorra, Liechtenstein. The listed countries differ quite greatly from each other in terms of their level of economic development.

For example, in Ireland, Greece, Spain, national income per capita does not exceed 60% of the average for all EU countries, and in Portugal - half of the EU average.

No less significant are the differences in the structure of the economy. In Italy, Greece, and Portugal there is a fairly high share of agriculture, while in dwarf states the service sector dominates. Statistical data demonstrate the shifts that have occurred in recent decades in the position of Western European countries in the world economy. Thus, their share in the total world GDP for 1970-1980. increased from 25% to 31%, and then decreased by the mid-90s to 23%.
Another group of countries - part of the small countries - slightly increased their share in the industrial production of industrial countries.

Differences in economic growth rates are explained by the peculiarities of their economic structure. At the present stage in Western Europe the potential for scientific and technical research is very great.

Leading countries spend over 2% of GDP on these purposes. But it should be borne in mind that the costs of Western Europe represent the sum of the costs of individual states. Their overall effect is reduced by duplication of studies, so the real value of this indicator will be lower than the nominal value. However, EU member states allocate 16% less to civilian research than the US, but twice as much as Japan.

At the same time, spending in Western European countries is largely focused on basic research.
The countries of the region lag behind in such key industries as integrated circuits and semiconductors, the manufacture of microprocessors, supercomputers, and biomaterials.

In other areas, Western European companies occupy the forefront. This is the construction of nuclear power plants, the production of pharmaceuticals, communications technology, certain branches of transport engineering, etc.

d. But these types of equipment and products have little impact on the technological structure of production. Therefore, the narrower market for high-tech products in Western Europe, compared to the United States, is formed to a lesser extent by domestic production.

Among the factors negatively affecting the course of economic development of Western Europe, mass unemployment stands out - up to 30 million people. More than 80% of the unemployed are concentrated in EU countries. The modern economic development of Western European countries is taking place under the sign of structural changes.
Shifts in industrial production are not uniform. While in some countries its role decreased, in the southern and a number of northern countries (Iceland, Finland, Ireland) the share of industrial production in GDP increased.

The process of industrialization continued in these countries, and new general-purpose production facilities were created.
At the present stage, shipbuilding, ferrous metallurgy, textile and coal industries have experienced a structural crisis.

Minerals of Europe

Industries such as the automotive industry, chemistry, and electrical engineering are faced with a reduction in domestic demand and changes in the international division of labor. The most dynamic industries include the electronics industry, in which the production of industrial and special-purpose equipment, primarily computers, has gained priority.

As data on the structure of the manufacturing industry shows, mechanical engineering and heavy industry have developed in the leading countries of the region. The share of chemistry is also significant. Many Western European countries are large producers of consumer products. The share of the light industry sector in Italy, Greece, and Portugal is 18–24%.

Most countries in the region are characterized by an increase or stabilization of the role of the food industry (both in production and in employment). Modern mining represents less than 1% of total GDP (Greece - 4%, Spain - 1.3%). About 30 types of minerals are mined, but only 3-4 of them in quantities significant on a global scale (zinc, bauxite, potash, nickel).
The most significant differences are in the structural indicators for the share of agriculture in the formation of GDP - from 1.5 to 8%.

Western Europe accounts for about 20% of world agricultural production.
Over the past years, serious changes have occurred in the fuel and energy balance of Western European countries. As a result of the implementation of comprehensive energy programs aimed at maximizing savings and increasing energy efficiency, there has been a relative reduction in energy and oil consumption.

A feature of the current stage of capital centralization is the broad international nature of transactions. An example of this is the formation of the giant Swedish-Swiss electrical engineering concern and other international companies

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Natural resources of Eastern Europe

Country name

	BELARUS	forests, peat plantations, small amounts of oil and natural gas.
	LATVIA	at least; amber, peat, limestone, dolomite, water energy, fields.
	LITHUANIA	peat, fields.
	MOLDOVA	Brown coal, phosphorites, plaster, fields.
	UKRAINE	iron ore, coal, manganese, natural gas, oil, salt, sulfur, graphite, titanium, magnesium, kaolin, nickel, mercury, wood, field.
	ESTONIA	slate, peat, phosphorite, amber, blue clay, limestone, dolomite, fields.

Using the Map of Mineral Resources of Foreign Europe in the Atlas, Compare Countries' title='Using the Map of Mineral Resources of Foreign Europe in the Atlas, Compare Countries' />Block of acquiring knowledge and skills 2 Topic 1. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE WORLD BLOCK OF ACQUIRING KNOWLEDGE AND SKILLS Task 1. Based on the political map of the world in write out the atlas and business cards of the countries on the endpapers of the textbook in notebook A.

B. 1. 1 countries of the world with a population of over 1. C. examples of peninsular and island countries, archipelagic countries D. Use the results of the work to specify the text of the textbook. In your opinion, what provisions of the textbook do they confirm? State budgetary educational institution of primary education. Vocational education Pskov. Topic: Economic, geographical location and nature. Additional task for fun Make a crossword puzzle of a country in the worldTask 2.

Using the textbook text and the political map of the world in the atlas, write down in your notebook several examples of developed and developing countries belonging to different subgroups. Check each other's assignments. Task 3. I use the text of the textbook, materials from periodicals, radio and television programs, give vivid examples illustrating A. B, conflict situations that lead to their aggravation Task 4.

Based on the business card of the countries on the endpapers of the textbook, create a systematizing, concise reference table of the Governmental system of the countries of the world, using the following form Form of government. Form of administrative territorial structure: republics, monarchies, unitary states. Federal states are constitutional absolute. Additional task. In each column, write down the names of several countries as complicated examples. Use the results of the work to specify the provisions of the textbook.

Review Table 2 in the Appendices. Using your knowledge of history, explain why countries with a monarchical form of government are most numerous in foreign Europe and foreign Asia, and there are none at all in North America. Task 5. CreativeUsing various sources of information, give examples of important geopolitical problems that face the world at the end of the 20th and beginning of the 21st centuries. Task 6 final. Analyze the main text of the topic 1. Trace its division into paragraphs, subparagraphs, and separate semantic parts.

Understand why spacing, italics, and highlighting of keywords are used in this text. BLOCK OF SELF-CONTROL AND MUTUAL CONTROL How will you explain 1. How is the diversity of the modern world expressed? How do the countries of the world differ in their forms of government.

What do the following countries have in common? USA, Germany, France Which of the countries listed below can serve as examples of a countries that have a republican form of government Bulgaria, Poland, Great Britain, France, Japan, Saudi Arabia b countries that have a federal administrative-territorial structure Great Britain From the lesson you will learn about natural resource potential of Foreign Europe, get acquainted with the main resources that various European territories are rich in.

Natural resources of European countries

The teacher will tell you. The recreational resources of France, Spain, Italy and other European countries are of global importance. Using the map of mineral resources of foreign Europe in the atlas, compare the countries of the region in terms of the richness and diversity of fuel, ore and non-metallic minerals.

Apply a standard plan for characterizing the natural prerequisites for the development of industry in a country in the region, see Can you 1. Draw on a contour map from memory the following countries mentioned in the text or on text maps: Russia, France, China, Japan, Saudi Arabia, Nigeria, USA, Canada , Brazil, Australia Indicate which of the countries listed below dobi Give examples of two or three countries that are under Name examples of newly industrialized countries Define the terms sovereign state.

The main features of the formation of the political map of the world in modern times. The main countries of Eurasia, Africa, North and South. Geopolitical position of modern Russia. Changing the post-war world order, character. Entry into the international arena of more than a hundred countries in Asia, Africa and Latin America.

The diversity of the modern world and types of countries. A new stage of international relations and its reflection. Political geography and geopolitics. Key words of the topic 1 sovereign state, 2 economically developed country, 3 developed. GEOGRAPHY OF THE WORLD'S NATURAL RESOURCES.

POLLUTION AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION. BLOCK OF ACQUISITION OF KNOWLEDGE AND SKILLS Task 1 creative. Based on knowledge from previous geography courses and on topic 1 of this textbook, give examples of countries that are poor in natural resources, but have achieved a high level of economic and social development. Draw a conclusion about the role of resource availability in the life of society. Task 2. Analyze the data in tables 1,3,4 and 5. Calculate how many years the world's general geological and proven reserves of coal, oil, natural gas and iron ore will last at the current level of their production, see

Explain what problems this raises. The additional task is more complicated. Analyze Figure 4 and Table 2. Calculate how much mineral raw material was extracted from the bowels of the Earth in 1. Compare the four indicators, establish a trend and explain it. Task 3. Using the text of the textbook, the map of the world's mineral resources in the atlas and tables 3 and 4 in the Appendices, analyze the distribution of fuel minerals.

Name the countries with significant reserves of coal, oil, and largest basins. What conclusions can be drawn based on this analysis Task 4.

Review Figure 7, the World Land Resources Map in the Atlas, and Table 6 in the Appendices. Compare the provision of individual regions and countries with arable land. Give examples of land-rich and land-poor countries.

Based on knowledge from the course on the geography of continents and oceans, explain the reasons for such differences. Prove your opinion. Task 5. Using Figure 8, compare the provision of large regions of the world with river flow resources. Give examples of countries that are most and least endowed with fresh water resources.

Using the map in the atlas, consider the location of the world's major reservoirs, draw conclusions and use them to support the text of the textbook. The additional task is more complicated. Analyze the data in Table 7 in the Appendices and give a comparative description of the hydropower potential of large regions of the world.

Task 6. Analyze Figure 9. Using this figure, as well as the main text, characterize the two main forest belts of the planet. Assess the security of individual countries, highlighting countries that are very rich and very poor in forest resources. Please also use Table 8 in the Appendices. Task 7. Analyze the map of mineral resources of the World Ocean in the atlas. Give a general description of these resources. Identify the areas of the continental shelf and deep ocean floor that are richest in mineral resources.

Based on the analysis, is it possible to outline prospects for the development of the offshore mining industry? Additional complicated task. Using the text of the textbook, create a classification scheme in your notebook for Natural Resources of the World Ocean. Apply it to prove the point that the World Ocean is a storehouse of various natural resources.

Task 8 is creative. Based on knowledge of the physical, economic and social geography of your republic, region, region, give examples of 1 recreational medical, 2 recreational health, 3 recreational sports, 4 recreational educational territories. Whenever possible, use your own observations and impressions.

Prepare a banner album dedicated to this territory. Are there any World Heritage Sites in your republic, region, region Task 9. Sample Certificate of Bank Opening Form here. Using various media data, give several examples of a the positive results of environmental activities and the implementation of environmental policies b the negative impact of anthropogenic interventions in the natural environment.

Task 1. 0 final. Based on the acquired knowledge, name the reasons for the following phenomena in the second half of the 20th century. Formulate at least three problematic questions based on the text of the topic. Offer answers to them and discuss them with your friends. Study text maps and atlas maps describing the world's natural resources.

Natural resources of Central European countries

Country name

	AUSTRIA	iron ore, oil, magnesite, lead, coal, brown coal, copper, water, wood.
	HUNGARY	bauxite, coal, natural gas, fertile soil, fields.
	GERMANY	iron ore, coal, potash, timber, lignite, uranium, copper, natural gas, salt, nickel, fertile soil.
	Lichtenstein	hydropower potential, deposits.
	POLAND	coal, sulfur, copper, gas, silver, lead, salt, fields.
	SLOVAKIA
	CZECH REPUBLIC	anthracite, bituminous coal, kaolin, clay, graphite, wood.
	SWITZERLAND	hydroelectric power stations, forests, salt.

3. Oil, gas, and coal industries are the basis of world energy.

The oil industry is particularly important.
Oil has been known to man since ancient times. Its use for lighting, heating, and making medicines was mentioned by Herodotus and Plutarch.

In the 19th century The stimulus for the growth of its production was first the invention of the kerosene lamp, and then the internal combustion engine. In the 20th century No other type of primary energy resource has had as great an impact on the economic and social development of mankind as oil.
Nowadays oil is produced in more than 80 countries around the world.

Minerals of Norway

Global production (approaching 3.5 billion tons) is distributed approximately equally between economically developed and developing countries. Slightly more than 40% of it falls on OPEC countries, and among some large regions, foreign Asia especially stands out - primarily thanks to the countries of the Persian Gulf.

Example. The Gulf countries account for 2/3 of the world's proven oil reserves and about 1/3 of its global production.

Four countries in this region produce more than 100 million tons of oil per year each (Saudi Arabia, Iran, UAE, Kuwait). And Saudi Arabia ranks first in the world in this indicator.

The remaining regions, according to the size of oil production, are distributed in the following order: Latin and North America, Africa, the CIS, foreign Europe, Australia and Oceania.
40% of all oil produced is traded internationally.

In the world economy, a huge territorial gap has formed between the areas of its production and consumption. To overcome it, powerful—primarily ocean-based—freight flows emerged—real “oil bridges.”
The global gas industry has also undergone significant development. This is explained by three main reasons: the presence of large proven reserves of natural gas, the relative cheapness of its transportation, and also the fact that gas is an environmentally “cleaner” fuel than coal and oil.

That is why in the second half of the 20th century. World natural gas production increased more than tenfold, exceeding 2.2 trillion m3. Judging by forecasts, it will continue to grow in the future.
Not so long ago, almost all natural gas was produced in the Nordic countries, primarily in the USA and Canada, in foreign Europe and the CIS.
But recently, some countries of the South, mainly in Southeast Asia, North Africa and Latin America, have also become major producers.

15-20% of produced natural gas enters world trade.

The bulk of it is exported via gas pipelines from Russia, Turkmenistan, the Netherlands, Canada, Algeria and other countries. The rest is sent for export in liquefied form, in special methane tankers. Liquefied natural gas is exported mainly by developing countries, which has already led to the formation of sea “gas bridges”.
The coal industry, despite competition from oil and gas, remains important, and the level of global production in the 90s.

fluctuates between 4.5-5 billion tons. Among individual regions of the world, foreign Asia, North America, foreign Europe, CIS countries stand out, and from individual countries - China, USA, Germany, Russia, India, Australia.
Coal is consumed primarily in the same countries where it is mined, but still approximately 10% of it enters the world market. Australia, the USA, as well as South Africa and Canada most specialized in the export of thermal and coking coal. As a result, this industry has also formed its own stable sea “coal bridges”.

Russia is also one of the exporters of hard coal, but the size of exports is not as large as before.

Foreign Europe has a fairly diverse range of fuel, ore and non-metallic minerals. However, the reserves of only a few of them, in terms of their significance, can be classified as global or at least pan-European. Thus, according to estimates by Moscow State University geographers, in world reserves this region is most prominent in coal (20%), zinc (18%), lead (14%), and copper (7%). Its share in the world reserves of oil, natural gas, iron ore, bauxite is 5–6%, and other types of mineral raw materials are represented in foreign Europe by smaller volumes of resources. When characterizing the resource base of the region, it is necessary to take into account the fact that for the most part the basins and deposits of mineral raw materials in foreign Europe were developed a long time ago and are now severely depleted. Therefore, the region is very dependent on the import of many types of mineral raw materials - oil, natural gas, manganese and nickel ores, copper, bauxite, uranium concentrates, etc.
The distribution of mineral resources across the territory of foreign Europe is characterized by significant unevenness, which is predetermined by the geological – primarily tectonic – features of the structure of the region’s territory. Within its boundaries, five main tectonic structures are usually distinguished: the Baltic shield, the Caledonian fold belt, the North-West European depression, the Epi-Hercynian platform and the Alpine folded region. However, with a more generalized approach, they can be combined into two main groups, coinciding with the northern and southern parts of the region (Fig. 2).
The main feature of the northern part of the region is that it has a predominantly platform structure, although it is far from homogeneous. The most ancient and stable territory within its boundaries, composed of crystalline rocks, is, as is known, formed by the Baltic Shield. In the east, the very ancient, Precambrian East European Platform, covered with a thick cover of sedimentary rocks, also enters the borders of foreign Europe. Most of the remaining territory is occupied by a younger, so-called epi-Hercynian platform, formed on the site of the Hercynian folding, which occurred during the Carboniferous and Permian periods. It is characterized by a mosaic combination of platform areas with intermountain depressions and marginal troughs. These features of the tectonic structure primarily determine the composition and distribution of minerals. Generalizing, we can apparently say that they are genetically connected, firstly, with the crystalline foundation of the platform, secondly, with its sedimentary cover and, thirdly, with marginal and intermountain troughs.
Minerals associated with the crystalline basement of the platform and having a pronounced igneous origin are most characteristic of the Baltic Shield. An example is the iron ore deposits in Northern Sweden - Kirunavar, Gällivare, etc. Mineralization here extends from the surface to a depth of 2000 m, and the iron content in the ore reaches 62–65%. Within the same shield in Finland, Sweden and Norway there are also deposits of non-ferrous metals. A variety of ore deposits of igneous and metamorphic origin are also found within the Epihercynian platform in the Federal Republic of Germany, France, Spain and some other countries.
The mineral resources that owe their origin to the sedimentary cover of the platform are even greater and more diverse. Thus, in the Paleozoic (Permian) copper ore basins of Poland and Germany were formed.
In Polish Lower Silesia, copper ore deposits were discovered in 1957. The average copper content in cuprous sandstones located at a depth of 600-1000 m here is 1.5%; in addition, the ores contain silver, nickel, cobalt, lead, zinc and other metals. Total copper ore reserves are estimated at 3 billion tons, which is equivalent to more than 50 million tons of metal. This puts Poland first in Europe and fourth in the world. Numerous deposits of rock salt (salt domes) in Poland, deposits of potassium salts in Germany and French Alsace are also associated with Permian deposits left by the so-called Zechstein Sea.
In the Mesozoic (Jurassic), iron ore deposits estimated at 4 billion tons arose in trough-like depressions in Lorraine (France). However, the iron content in Lorraine ore is quite low (25–35%), and it also contains an admixture of phosphorus. All this is only partly compensated by its shallow occurrence, which allows open-pit mining.
The main mineral of the Cenozoic age associated with the sedimentary cover of the platform is brown coal, which has come down to us in the form of numerous basins of Paleogene and Neogene age in the Federal Republic of Germany (Lower Rhine, Lausitz), Poland (Belchatow), and the Czech Republic (North Bohemian).
Among the mineral resources that owe their origin to marginal troughs, the main role is played by coal, oil and natural gas. The coal basins of the region form a kind of latitudinal axis, stretching from Great Britain through the basins of northern France and southern Belgium, the Ruhr and Saar basins of Germany to the Ostrava basin of the Czech Republic, the Upper Silesian and Lublin basins of Poland. (We would like to add that further east on the same axis is the Donetsk Basin.) This arrangement of the Carboniferous basins, which together form one of the largest coal accumulation belts in the world, is explained by the fact that during the Carboniferous period the northern marginal trough of the Epi-Hercynian platform passed here. Therefore, in structural and tectonic terms, the basins of this belt show great similarity, which can be illustrated by the examples of the largest of them - the Ruhr (general geological reserves of about 290 billion tons, area 5.5 thousand km2) and the Upper Silesian (120 billion tons, 4.5 thousand km2).
Both of these basins are of the paralic type, formed in large tectonic basins. Throughout the Carboniferous period, there was a gradual subsidence of these depressions, accompanied by intense sedimentation, as well as repeated marine transgressions.


However, the formation of coal is associated only with Upper Carboniferous deposits, which in the Ruhr basin reach a thickness of 5000–6000 m, and in the Upper Silesian basin 3000–7000 m. This means that the mining and geological conditions for the occurrence of coal in the Upper Silesian basin are more favorable. In addition, the depth of development in it is less than in the Ruhr. However, in terms of the quality of coal and especially in the share of coking grade coals, the Ruhr Basin is ahead of the Upper Silesian Basin.
Oil and gas basins explored in the northern part of foreign Europe are, as a rule, very small in size. Genetically they are associated with small intermountain depressions of the Epihercynian platform. The only large basin in this region is the North Sea. It arose within the North Sea syneclise, where the thickness of sedimentary deposits of Paleozoic, Mesozoic and Cenozoic ages reaches a thickness of 9000 m. This sequence is characterized by an abundance of oil-bearing reservoirs and oil-gas-resistant seals.
The main feature of the southern part of the region is that it lies within the geologically much younger folded zone, which is part of the vast Euro-Asian geosynclinal belt. The differences between this part of the region and the northern part are: the significantly younger geological age of most minerals, the origin of which is associated primarily with the era of Alpine orogeny; the predominance of ore minerals of igneous and metamorphic origin; lower territorial concentration of mineral resources.
Ore basins and deposits in the southern part of the region (chrome, copper, polymetallic, mercury ores) are of igneous origin and are mostly associated with volcanic intrusions. The exception is bauxite, deposits of which form a wide Mediterranean belt stretching from France to Greece. They were formed here in lacustrine and marine conditions under the dominance of a humid subtropical climate and are associated with eluvial red-colored rocks - laterites (from the Latin later - brick).
Deposits and basins of coal, oil and gas, and native sulfur were also formed in sedimentary deposits. Among the coal basins, brown coal basins predominate, primarily of its lowest-grade type - lignite (for example, Kosovo in Serbia, East Maritsky in Bulgaria). In most cases, they formed in small intermountain and intramountain depressions under lacustrine sedimentation conditions. Small petroleum-bearing basins also arose in intermontane and intramontane depressions, and the largest of them, the Ciscarpathian Basin in Romania, formed within a vast foredeep stretching along the Southern and Eastern Carpathians. More than 70 oil and gas fields located in Cenozoic and Mesozoic sediments have been explored in this basin. However, oil production began here in the middle of the 19th century, and now the deposits are severely depleted. Oil exploration and production have long been directed not so much “in breadth” as “in depth”, and the depth of wells reaches 5000–6000 m.
The countries of foreign Europe can serve as a clear example of the “incompleteness” of the set of minerals. Thus, Poland has large reserves of coal, copper ores, and sulfur, but almost no oil, natural gas, or iron ore. In Bulgaria, on the contrary, there is no coal, although the reserves of lignites, copper ores, and polymetals are quite significant.

I remember well from my school geography lessons that the bulk of mineral resources lie in central Europe. In addition, during the lesson the teacher specially focused attention on the mineral resources of the Scandinavian Peninsula - its intensive development began relatively recently, in the third quarter of the 20th century. However, the deposits in Europe are the longest developed and are approaching depletion.

Mineral resources in foreign Europe

For a long time, Europe was the “center of the world” and, accordingly, the natural resource deposits located there began to be developed a long time ago. Despite the emergence of cheaper energy sources for heating, such as gas, Europe continues to use “the old fashioned way” those resources that it is rich in and that can still be mined, for example, brown coal. The leaders in production are the following minerals:

• Brown coal.
• Iron ore.
• Potassium salts.

The leaders in mineral extraction are, first of all, the developed countries of Central Europe, while Eastern European countries either do not have sufficient capabilities or the deposits on their territory are not very rich.

For example: the same Romanian Rompetrol is ¾ dependent and produces production with the help of foreign partners. Thus, although the mineral resources of European countries are diverse, they are not numerous and are unevenly distributed across its territory.

Mineral resources of Europe in historical perspective

Basically, Europe has always been rich in metal ores, because it is not for nothing that even the great Russian scientist M.V. Lomonosov went to Sweden to study mining.

The transition to a heating system from wood fuel to brown coal was also invented by Europeans and they still use this method. The paradox for Europe has always been that technology has developed rapidly, but the provision of resources has not kept pace with such a pace. For example, since the beginning of the century, Europeans have been using imported energy for heating. The same gas produced by the Scots on the sea shelf is not enough even for Great Britain itself.

In various parts of Europe there is a huge amount of valuable natural resources, which are raw materials for various industries and some of them are used by the population in everyday life. The relief of Europe consists of plains and mountain ranges.

Fossil fuels

A very promising area is the extraction of petroleum products and natural gas. A lot of fuel resources lie in the north of Europe, namely on the coast washed by the Arctic Ocean. About 5-6% of the world's oil and gas reserves are produced here. The region has 21 oil and gas basins and about 1.5 thousand individual gas and oil fields. The extraction of these natural resources is carried out by the UK and Denmark, Norway and the Netherlands.

As for coal, in Europe there are several largest basins in Germany - Aachen, Ruhr, Krefeld and Saar. In the UK, coal is mined in the Welsh and Newcastle basins. A lot of coal is mined in the Upper Silesian basin in Poland. Brown coal deposits are found in Germany, the Czech Republic, Bulgaria and Hungary.

Ore minerals

Different types of metallic minerals are mined in Europe:

• iron ore (in France and Sweden);
• uranium ores (deposits in France and Spain);
• copper (Poland, Bulgaria and Finland);
• bauxites (Mediterranean province - basins of France, Greece, Hungary, Croatia, Italy, Romania).

In European countries, polymetallic ores, manganese, zinc, tin and lead are mined in varying quantities. They mainly occur in mountain systems and on the Scandinavian Peninsula.

Non-metallic minerals

Among non-metallic resources, Europe has large reserves of potassium salts. They are mined on a huge scale in France and Germany, Poland, Belarus and Ukraine. A variety of apatites are mined in Spain and Sweden. The carbon mixture (asphalt) is mined in France.

Precious and semi-precious stones

Among precious stones, emeralds are mined in Norway, Austria, Italy, Bulgaria, Switzerland, Spain, France and Germany. There are varieties of garnets in Germany, Finland and Ukraine, beryls in Sweden, France, Germany, Ukraine, tourmalines in Italy and Switzerland. Amber is found in the Sicilian and Carpathian provinces, opals - in Hungary, pyrope - in the Czech Republic.

Even though Europe's mineral resources have been heavily exploited throughout history, some areas have quite a lot of resources. If we talk about the global contribution, the region has quite good performance in the production of coal, zinc and lead.

Minerals of Europe

RELIEF

Task 3. Learn the following nomenclature.

Mountains, plateaus, plateaus, hills	Lowlands, plains	Volcanoes
Alps Andalusian Apennines Ardennes Bavarian Forest Balkan Bernese Alps Beskydy Vosges Eastern Alps Eastern Carpathians High Tauern Harz Grampian Mountains Dobruja Dinara Plateau Western Alps Iberian Calabrian Apennines Cumberland Cantabrian Carpathians Karst plateau Catalan Mountains Cambrian Dolomites Manselka Lesser Poland Masurian Lakeland Mak Lenburg Lakeland Meseta Mont-Dore Low Tauern New Castile Norland Plateau Norman Elevation Olympus Parnassus Peninsky Pindus Pyrenees Rhine Shale Rhodopes Rila Ore Savoy Alps Salpausselkä North. Northern Apennines Scottish Highlands Cevennes Scandinavian Småland Asc. Stara Planina Old Castile Sudetes Suomenselkä Sierra Morena Tatras (West Carps) Southern Carpathians Transylvanian Plateau Thuringian Forest Franconian Alb Franconian Jura Center. Posted on ref.rf Apennines Center. Posted on ref.rf Cordillera Center Posted on ref.rf French Massif Bohemian-Moravian Highland Swabian Alb Swabian Jura Black Forest Šumava Southern Apennines Jotunheimen Plateau	Andalusian Aragonese Greater Poland Upper Thracian Garonian London Basin Lower Danubian Lower Thracian Padanian Parisian Basin North German Central European Central Danubian Central Swedish Central Scottish Central Irish	Vesuvius Hekla Hvannadalshnukur Etna

Topic 4. Climate of Western Europe

Target: identify the climate-forming factors of Western Europe and the climate features of the continent; develop skills in working with thematic climatological maps, tables, diagrams.

Task 1. Answer the following questions:

1. What is “climate”?
2. What determines the distribution and regime of solar radiation?
3. What is radiation balance? How is the radiation balance distributed in the Northern Hemisphere?
4. What factors determine climate formation?
5. What are the centers of action of the atmosphere? How are they formed?

Task 2:

I. Characteristics of the climates of the winter and summer seasons of Europe:

It is more convenient to do this task in the form of a table:

Task 3. Determine the areas of Europe in which the maximum amount of precipitation is observed in winter, in the summer season, and areas that are characterized by low precipitation amounts. Give an explanation for these phenomena based on circulation processes and the prevailing air masses during a given period.

Task 4. Analyze the map of average monthly temperatures in January and July in Europe. Determine the course of the isotherms in January and July. Identify areas of Europe that experience maximum temperatures in winter, summer, and areas that experience minimum temperatures in winter and summer. Give an explanation for these phenomena.

Task 5. On the contour map, draw the boundaries of climatic zones with a solid line, and the boundaries of climatic regions with a broken line. Explain the patterns of the strike of climatic zones, and within their limits - climatic regions. Give a brief description of the types of climates according to the plan:

Geographical location;

The dominant type of air mass;

Temperatures in January, July;

Precipitation

Fig. 1 Types of climates in Europe

Subarctic belt: 1 – humid, 2 – semi-humid;

Temperate boreal subbelt: 3 - humid, 4 - semi-humid;

Temperate subboreal subbelt: 5 - humid, 7 - semiarid;

Subtropical zone: 8 - semiarid, 9 - subarid

Topic 5. Surface waters of Europe

Target: establish the dependence of the hydrological regime of rivers on the natural conditions of the basin; application of comparative analysis in characterizing large river systems of Europe, study of genetic classification and characteristics of lakes in Europe.

Task 1. Using physical maps, identify areas with dense and underdeveloped river networks. Indicate the reasons for the varying degrees of development of the river network in these areas.

Task 2. Individual task. Describe the river according to the plan: 1) name of the river; 2) length in km; basin area, thousand km2; 4) location of sources; 5) location of the mouth; 6) main tributaries; 7) average annual flow at the mouth, m 3 /s; 8) main power source; 9) hydraulic structures; 10) the main settlements on the river; 11) environmental problems.

Rivers of Europe, Glomma, Thames, Garonne, Loire, Seine, Rhine, Vistula, Danube, Guadiana, Po, Tiber, Prut,

Task 3. Fill out the table

Task 4. Learn the following nomenclature.

Topic 6. ʼʼPHYSICAL-GEOGRAPHICAL ZONING OF EUROPEʼʼ

Target: mastering the peculiarities of the relationship of natural components that predetermine the physical and geographical unity of the region.

Task 1. Plot the main units of the physical-geographical zoning of Europe (subcontinents and physical-geographical countries) on the contour map.

Task 2. Using physical-geographical and thematic maps, textbooks a) Vlasova T.V. Physical geography of continents. M., Education, 1976; b) Pritula T.Yu., Eremina V.A., Spryalin A.N. Physical geography of continents and oceans: Textbook. A manual for students. higher textbook institutions.- M.: Humanit. ed. VLADOS Center, 2003.- 688 pp., characterize the physical and geographical countries of Western Europe according to the plan:

1. The name of the subcontinent and physical-geographical country;
2. Geographical location, boundaries, coastline and surrounding seas.
3. History of formation and tectonic structure.
4. Features of the relief - morphostructure and morphosculpture.
5. Climatic conditions.
6. Features of hydrography as a reflection of the history of formation and climatic conditions.
7. Natural areas within which the region is located.
8. Natural and mineral resources of the region.

Subcontinents and physical-geographical countries of Europe:

I ARCTIC: 1-European sector of the Arctic, Spitsbergen.

II NORTHERN AND CENTRAL EUROPE: 1 - Fennoscandia; 2 - Central European Plain; 3 – Mountains and plains of Central Europe (Hercynian Europe); 4 – British Isles; 5 – Alpine-Carpathian country.

III MEDITERRANEAN 1 – Iberian Peninsula; 2 – Apennine Peninsula; 3 – Balkan Peninsula;

The relief of Foreign Europe is characterized by significant fragmentation, which is determined by the geological structure and paleogeographical events. The features of the modern relief make it possible to distinguish the following large orographic regions in Western Europe:

1) plains of epiplatform regions (highlands and lowlands of Fennoscandia, Central European Plain, plains of France);

2) mountains and plateaus of epiplatform regions (medium mountains and plateaus of Central Europe and the Scandinavian mountains);

3) folded mountains of the epigeosynclinal belt (high and middle mountains of the Alpine geosynclinal belt);

4) plains in the epigeosynclinal belt (Padan, Aquitaine, etc.);

5) protrusion of the mid-ocean swell (Iceland)

Plains of epiplatform areas. Platform structures of various ages (Precambrian, Hercynian) in Western Europe are dominated by plains. Οʜᴎ include areas of low and high relief in the central and eastern parts of Fennoscandia, the British Isles (without the Scottish highlands), the Central European Plain, the lowlands of northern and western France, and the Castilian plateaus of the Iberian Peninsula.

In Finland and most of Sweden the predominant denudation basement plains and hills. Tectonically, this territory includes the structures of the Baltic Shield and the Caledonian anteclises. Long-term denudation led to the formation of peneplains. The surface of the plains is uneven, complicated by ridges, ridges, and shallow depressions. During the neotectonic stage, the western regions of the Baltic Shield (Norland Plateau) rose to heights of 800-1000 m, in the east the uplift was minimal, and subsidence was observed in the Gulf of Bothnia region.

The Norland plateau descends in giant ledges towards the Gulf of Bothnia. The ledges are dissected by faults running from northwest to southeast. Along the lines of these faults there are river valleys with an undeveloped longitudinal profile. This is the area of ​​development of forms of glacial gouging.

The Maanselkä hill (northern part of Finland) is a vast dome, up to 750 m high. The hill is complicated by ledges. Rocky ridges called “tunturi”, composed of hard quartzites, with traces of fresh glacial processing, are often found here.

The Småland upland has a maximum height of 377 m (southern Sweden). The river valleys of the upland are formed along faults. The largest lakes in foreign Europe—Vänern, Vättern, and Elmaren—are confined to grabens processed by glaciers.

The southern part of Finland is low basement plain , 100-250 m high. In this area there is a unique accumulation of lakes for Europe, which are filled with melted glacial waters of the last stage of glaciation. From the south they are closed by ridges of terminal moraine deposits of Salpausselkä and Suomenselkä. Within these plains, the cloak of moraine deposits becomes thicker, and eskers, drumlins, kamas and other forms of glacial-accumulative relief appear.

The coast of the Gulf of Bothnia is swampy, has a flat topography and is still poorly developed by humans.

The most extensive lowland in Europe, the Central European Lowland, is tectonically a deep tectonic trough filled with a thick layer of sedimentary deposits. This - accumulative-denudation strata plains with hilly-hollow and or wavy-depression relief. Quaternary glaciations determined the main morphosculptural forms of relief. East of the river valley
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Elbe a wide strip of terminally moraine ridge-hollow relief arose. It is worth saying that it is characterized by moraine hills and ridges of different heights, and many lakes filled with melted glacial waters. A significant part of the Polish and eastern German plains is occupied by flat, often swampy lowlands composed of outwash sands.

At the foot of the Central European Middle Mountains are located accumulative-denudation piedmont sloping plains, covered with loess-like loams.

The Paris Basin and the London Basin are monoclinal-layered denudation plains . In tectonic terms, they are syneclises of the Epihercynian platform, filled with limestones, sandstones, and clays. As a result of denudation processes, cuesta ledges (a striking feature of the relief of these plains) and plateaus armored with dense limestone were formed here.

In the Central European midlands and on the Iberian Peninsula there are basins, in tectonic terms - syneclises of the Epihercynian platform. These are the Swabian-Franconian and Thuringian basins, which are monoclinal-stratal plains . It is dominated by sloping limestone plateaus with karst surfaces and steep cuesta cliffs.

Structural plateaus Old and New Castile have a flat topography, complicated by deep river valleys.

Mountains and plateaus of epiplatform regions. The mountainous relief arose as a result of recent tectonic uplifts of platform-type structures of the Caledonian, Hercynian age, which experienced activation or revival. These include:

- block and vault-block Scandinavian, North Scottish mountains, which arose during the Caledonian era of mountain building. As a result of orogenic renewal, plateaus of different heights (fields) arose here, above which rocky pointed peaks rise; ancient tectonic cracks in the northwestern and northeastern directions, later partially turned into fjords, river valleys and lake baths. On the highest massifs of the Scandinavian mountains, residual ice cover has been preserved. The highlands of Scotland and the western slopes of the Scandinavian Mountains drop steeply to the sea, forming high rocky shores with a dense network of fjords. Forms of ancient volcanism are widespread (basalt plateaus of Ireland, Scotland).

- rejuvenated folded-block mountains, massifs and plateaus : Massif Central of France, Rhine Slate Mountains, Ardennes, Iberian Mountains. The surface of the plateaus decreases towards the periphery. In the highest areas (more than 1500 m), relict mountain-glacial forms (circles, troughs, moraine deposits) and volcanic formations (eruptive cones, lava plateaus, calderas) have been preserved.

- horst massifs include the Central Cordillera, Castile Mountains, Harz, Thuringian Forest, Šumava, Sudetenland, Ore Mountains, Bohemian Massif. The massifs have steep fault slopes and flattened peaks, which are remnants of Mesozoic and Cenozoic planation surfaces.

Mountains of epigeosynclinal regions occupy the southern and southeastern sector of Europe. These are high- and mid-mountain systems that arose as a result of Alpine orogenesis and neotectonic uplifts. Alpine folding and mountain building were superimposed on more ancient Hercynian structures and, in connection with this, alternate in relief folded and vault-folded mountain ranges of alpine age and block and folded-block massifs and plateaus of Hercynian age.

Folded and vault-folded mountains occupy the main territory of Alpine Europe. The Alps form a central system from which mountain ranges radiate. In the northeast, the Alps transform into the arc of the Carpathians and Stara Planina, in the southeast they continue in the form of the Dinaric Highlands, the Pindus Range, the Peloponnese Mountains, the islands of Crete and Cyprus.
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Adjacent to the Alps from the southwest is a mountain arc consisting of the Apennines, the mountains of northern Sicily, the Beta Cordillera on the Iberian Peninsula, the mountains of the Balearic Islands and eastern Corsica. The Pyrenees also belong to them.

Mountain systems of alpine age have common features of geological structure: crystalline rocks in the axial part of the mountains, limestone and flysch deposits along the periphery, the development of volcanic forms and the presence of “alpine” mountain-glacial relief on the highest ridges and massifs. These features are most classically expressed in the Alps. The Pyrenees and Northern Apennines are dominated by the crystalline zone; in the Beta Cordillera, Central Apennines, and Stara Planina, limestones predominate; in the Carpathians (especially in the Eastern) there are flysch deposits, and therefore the relief here has smoothed rounded outlines of the ridges ( planinas and meadows) And deep steep valleys. Only in the high regions of the Carpathians did mountain-glacial forms develop (Western and Southern Carpathians).

The west of the Balkan Peninsula (Dinaric Highlands) is composed exclusively of limestones, with which various forms of karst relief are associated.

Block and folded-block mountains and plateaus were formed as a result of neotectonic uplifts of the middle Hercynian massifs. This group includes the Calabrian Apennines, the plateaus of Sardinia, western Corsica, the Rilo-Rhodope massif, and the mountains of Macedonia. It is worth saying that they are characterized by flattened summit surfaces and steep steep slopes.

Plains of epigeosynclinal areas found along with mountain ranges and massifs within the epigeosynclinal belt of Europe.

Stratified accumulative-denudation plains on sedimentary deposits of the middle Hercynian massifs are represented by the Upper, Middle and Lower Danube plains. Οʜᴎ formed in extensive depressions that continue to sink. It is worth saying that they are characterized by flat and wavy-hilly terrain. Loess plateaus and plains are characteristic. In post-glacial times, various aeolian forms formed.

Accumulative plains of advanced alpine troughs were formed as a result of the filling of troughs with thick molasse strata, and in relief they are represented by narrow elongated lowlands that border mountain systems. These plains include Aragonese, Andalusian, Aquitaine, Padanian, and Upper Thracian.

At the foot of the mountains there are high piedmont sloping accumulative-denudation plains, composed of pebbles, crushed stone, coarse sand and therefore dry.

Alluvial-accumulative lowlands clayey, with difficult natural drainage, usually swampy and occupy the central areas of the plains.

Plateaus and plateaus of the mid-ocean swell. The island of Iceland is a protrusion of the North Atlantic mid-ocean ridge - an arched rise, fragmented in the central part by faults, with active volcanism and seismic phenomena. Basaltic lavas formed a series of step-like plateaus and plateaus on the surface of the island, complicated by cones of active and extinct volcanoes. It is worth saying that the low coastal plains are characterized by modern glacial-accumulative and periglacial landforms. At the same time, Iceland is an area of ​​intense ancient and modern glaciation.

The mineral resources of Europe are closely related to tectonic structure.

Baltic shield and Caledonian structures. Deposits of igneous origin predominate here, caused by the introduction of intrusions along fault lines. These are the deposits concentrated in the north and central regions of Sweden: Kiruna, Luossavara, Gellivara, Gränsberg, with an average iron content of 62%.

These are the deposits of titanomagnetite ores in the north of Fennoscandia, as well as copper pyrite ores that are found throughout the region.

Caledonian structures in Norway contain small concentrations of nickel, cobalt and copper.

North-West European Basin. In tectonic terms, it is a submerged part of the European Platform, composed of a thick layer (up to 10 km) of sedimentary rocks.

The lower (Paleozoic) structural horizon of the cover includes the largest accumulations in Europe oil and natural gas. The deposits were discovered mainly on the North Sea shelf in the early 1960s. Onshore, the most significant gas deposit has been discovered in the Netherlands.

The middle structural horizon of the platform’s sedimentary cover is distinguished by huge reserves salts The most important are sodium and potassium salts. Their main deposits are confined to the Permian deposits of the German-Polish Lowland, where there are underground salt domes with large stocks extending from them. Salt deposits in the tertiary deposits of the Carpathian region are of considerable importance.

The upper horizon (Cenozoic) is characterized by reserves brown coal and lignites. Οʜᴎ are found mainly in the area between the Vistula and Elbe (basins of Saxony and Upper Silesia). These high-quality coals lie close to the surface and can be mined by quarrying. Smaller basins are confined to the Greater Poland Plain.

About 26% of the world's reserves are concentrated in southern Poland near the city of Tarnobrzeg. sulfur.

Epihercynian platform. In its north, in the contact zone of Precambrian and Hercynian structures, the Carboniferous province of Europe was formed in the Carboniferous: this is coal fields of Great Britain, North French and Belgian basins, Lower Rhine-Westphalian, Upper Silesian, Ruhr, Saar and Lorraine basins, Poland. Coal is found in Spain (Asturias).

The Upper Silesian and Ruhr basins are the largest basins in Europe.

The fuel resources of the Epihercynian platform also include uranium-bearing province of the French Massif Central. There are also small reserves of uranium in Portugal, Spain, and Italy.

The Epihercynian platform is rich iron ores sedimentary origin. Οʜᴎ are confined to the syneclise of the Hercynian basement. The ore-bearing stratum lies in Jurassic sandstones. Its occurrence is associated with the erosion of laterite formations and the deposition of erosion products in coastal areas of the sea. The iron content in the ore is from 30 to 50%. The iron ore province is located in Lorraine, Belgium, and Luxembourg. There are small deposits in Germany and Spain.

Unique concentration on a global scale cuprous pyrites is located in the southwest of Spain (the largest deposit, Rio Tinto, has been developed for over 3 thousand years). The deposits are of hydrothermal origin.

Polymetallic ores(lead-zinc-silver) are confined to fault lines and faults of the Hercynian structures.
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The deposits belong to the hydrothermal post-magmatic type. These are the deposits of the Ore Mountains, the southern outskirts of the Spanish Meseta.

The largest deposit is located on the Iberian Peninsula mercury(Almaden). On the western outskirts of the Apennine Peninsula, mercury deposits are associated with volcanic activity and occur most often among effusive sediments.

Alpine folded region. Igneous and metamorphic deposits of metal ores gravitate toward young structures and middle Hercynian massifs, and deposits of sedimentary origin gravitate toward intermountain or forward troughs. Among the latter, deposits stand out oil and gas. Oil deposits are confined to Paleogene deposits of the foothills of the Alpine mountains (Aquitaine, Padanian Plain, Adriatic Sea shelf). Significant deposits are concentrated in flysch strata along the outer arc of the Carpathians (in Poland and especially Romania). There are also oil reserves in the western marginal zone of the Dinaric Mountains in Albania, where, in addition to oil, there are deposits bitumen. Numerous deposits are found in intermountain troughs brown coals and lignites. They lie close to the surface and are convenient for quarrying. Found in Bulgaria, Hungary, Serbia.

Located in the European Mediterranean bauxite province, stretching from west to east from the south of France through the Apennine Peninsula to the Dinaric Highlands and Pindus. Another chain of bauxite deposits is located to the north - in Austria, Hungary and Romania. The largest reserves of bauxite are in Greece and Croatia. The formation of bauxite is associated with lateritic weathering of rocks rich in alumina and, which is especially typical for deposits in Western Europe, with the redeposition of lateritic covers in marine or lacustrine basins. Due to their sedimentary origin, bauxite deposits are represented by strata deposits.

Igneous deposits polymetals are being developed on the Balkan Peninsula, Serbia, and Bulgaria.

In Sicily there is one of the world's largest deposits of sulfur of sedimentary origin, confined to Tertiary deposits.

Minerals of Europe - concept and types. Classification and features of the category "Mineral Resources of Europe" 2017, 2018.