As many people know, the participial phrase has the meaning of an additional predicate, therefore it is isolated and separated by commas. This usually does not cause difficulties for students. However, there are cases when the participial phrase does not need to be isolated. We will now consider these cases in more detail.

1. Participial phrase(most often this is a turn with the meaning of an adverbial manner of action) does not denote an additional action, but on the contrary, being closely connected with the predicate, it itself becomes the semantic center of the statement. In this case, it cannot be removed or moved without distorting or losing the meaning of the sentence.

He stood with his neck slightly craned, sad and thoughtful.(the main thing is that he didn’t just stand, but stood with his neck slightly stretched).

She usually read with her head bowed and the tip of her tongue sticking out.(the point is how she read, not what she read at all).

This exercise must be done while sitting on the floor.(the point is exactly how this exercise is performed).

2. The participial phrase is a phraseological unit.

The boy hurried headlong to call the rescuers for help.

The printer worked tirelessly.

After receiving the news, the girl spent the night without closing her eyes.

Here are some of these phraseological units: carelessly, barely taking a breath, scream without taking a breath, rush with your tongue hanging out, lie staring at the ceiling, sit with bated breath, work with your sleeves rolled up, rush around without remembering yourself, listen with your ears hanging open, etc.

Some adverbial phraseological combinations act as introductory ones, then they are isolated.

To be honest, the exercise could have been done much better.

Apparently, you can already hit the road.

3. When there is an intensifying particle I before the participial phrase.

It was possible to report this without starting to quarrel.

A humble person remains humble even after defeating a strong enemy.

You can go home without waiting for the exam result.

4. If the participial phrase is broken by the word included in a subordinate clause or in a simple sentence. This usually applies to subordinate clauses with a conjunctive word which. Also, similar cases can be found in some poetic texts.

There was a door to the left, through which it was possible to get into the dressing room.

Jim Jarmusch's new film was released yesterday, and after watching it it is not difficult to understand his creative growth.

Raven, perched on the spruce tree, was just about ready to have breakfast, but became thoughtful... (I. A. Krylov).

But Shibanov, keeping his slavish loyalty, gives his horse to the governor (A.K. Tolstoy).

5. A gerund may lose its verbal meaning, then it is not separated by commas. Usually in such cases it can be omitted without affecting the meaning of the sentence.

The post office is located not far from Vosstaniya Square.

Universities have been accepting applicants under new rules since the end of last year

You can start the task starting tomorrow(the word starting can be omitted, the structure and meaning of the sentence will not change).

However, if the turn with the word starting is not associated with the concept of time or serves to clarify, clarify, then it is isolated.

Everything seemed suspicious to us, starting with his intonation

The captain, starting from the Crimean War, participated in all military operations except Japanese(the word starting cannot be omitted, the structure and meaning of the sentence will change).

Revolutions based on And depending on in most cases they are not included in the participial construction and are not isolated.

The assignment is based on your wishes.

We will act according to the circumstances.

6. The participial phrase appears together with the usual non-isolated circumstance and they are homogeneous. In this case, the participial phrase is not separated by commas.

We will teach you how to solve examples and problems with ease and without resorting to reference books.

The boy ran quickly and without looking back.

The second lieutenant answered inwithout embarrassment.

However, in this case, isolation is possible if the author wants to put a semantic emphasis or give a related explanation.

A little guilty and sobbing, mother psaid goodbye to Alyosha.

In the dark sky, tired and not sparkling, yellow droplets of stars appeared (M. Gorky).

As you can see, not everything is simple with punctuation marks in adverbial phrases, but we hope our explanations helped you. If something remains not entirely clear, you will always find help from our tutors!

Good luck to you and a beautiful, competent, understandable Russian language!

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The participial phrase, as a rule, is isolated regardless of the place it occupies in relation to the predicate verb, for example: Walking next to him, she was silent, looking at him with curiosity and surprise (Gorky); Joy, entering one house, introduced inescapable grief into another (Sholokhov); ...Heavy clouds rushed around all day, now revealing the sun, then again covering and threatening... (Prishvin).

An adverbial phrase, standing after a coordinating or subordinating conjunction or a conjunctive word, is separated from it by a comma (such an adverbial phrase can be torn off from a conjunction and rearranged elsewhere in the sentence), for example: He never spoke about the revolution, but, somehow smiling menacingly, was silent about her (Herzen); Life is arranged so devilishly that without knowing how to hate, it is impossible to sincerely love (Gorky); You could hear the water dripping from the tap, counting down the seconds with the precision of a metronome (Paustovsky).

The exception is those cases when the adverbial phrase comes after the adversative conjunction a (the adverbial phrase cannot be torn away from the conjunction and rearranged to another place in the sentence without disturbing the structure of the latter), for example: While still in the rooms I heard that the samovar was humming unnaturally angrily, and when I entered the kitchen , I saw with horror that he was all blue and shaking, as if he wanted to jump off the floor (Gorky); It is necessary to make an urgent decision, and having made it, strictly implement it. However, when contrasting the corresponding homogeneous members of a sentence, a comma is also placed after the conjunction a, for example: The element of the old quality does not disappear, but, transforming in other conditions, continues to exist as an element of the new qualitative state.

Two participial phrases, connected by a non-repeating conjunction and, are not separated by a comma, like other homogeneous members of the sentence in similar cases, for example: Once, walking along a noisy, cheerful avenue and feeling cheerful along with the crowd, he experienced the happy pleasure that the annoying bitterness of the action had passed (Fedin). But if a conjunction connects not two participial phrases, but other constructions (two predicates, two simple sentences as part of a compound sentence), then a comma can appear before and after the conjunction, for example: The horses stood with their heads down and occasionally trembled (Pushkin) ; The steamer shouted and, slapping its wheels, dragged cargo barges past (Serafimovich); Alexander Vladimirovich silently pushed forward, pushing his wife aside, and, going down two steps, looked down on the battlefield (Fedin) (the first adverbial phrase refers to the preceding predicate squeezed through, and the second refers to the subsequent predicate looked around).

Note. Participial phrases are not isolated:

a) if the phrase (usually with the meaning of the circumstance of the manner of action) is closely related in content to the predicate and forms the semantic center of the statement, for example: She sat with her head slightly thrown back, thoughtful and sad (it is indicated not simply that “she was sitting”, but “she was sitting with head thrown back"); The boy walked with a limp on his left leg; This exercise is done not only by listening to lectures, but also by doing practical work; You can shoot without even touching your shoulder; He usually wrote with his head tilted and his eyes narrowed. Wed. from Gorky: The Artamonovs lived without meeting anyone; I do not humiliate myself, but I speak with pain in my heart; Huge height, rare strength, hairy, he walked on the ground with his head bowed like a bull; You can live without showing off your intelligence, without these conversations... Wed. as part of another construction (the adverbial phrase is not separated by a comma from the participle to which it is closely adjacent): The coachman, who was sleeping leaning on his elbow, began to five horses (Goncharov); Even Laska, sleeping curled up in a ring at the edge of the hay, reluctantly got up (L. Tolstoy);

b) if the phrase is an idiomatic expression, for example: Day and night across the snowy desert I rush to you headlong (Griboyedov); He worked tirelessly (Gorky). Wed: scream without taking a breath, rush with your tongue out, lie staring at the ceiling, sit with bated breath, listen with your mouth open, work with your sleeves rolled up, rush around without remembering yourself, spend the night without closing your eyes, etc. The exception is frozen expressions in the form adverbial phrases that act as introductory combinations, for example: To be honest, I expected better results; Apparently, spring will be early;

c) if the gerund has as a dependent word a conjunctive word which is part of the subordinate clause (such a gerund is not separated from the subordinate clause by a comma), for example: The old factories faced dozens of serious problems, without solving which it was impossible to move on to new methods of building ships ( Kochetov). Among the classical poets in poetic texts, there are adverbial phrases that include a subject that is not distinguished within the phrase by commas, for example: Hearing the count of her gait and cursing his lodging for the night and the wayward beauty, running turned shameful (Pushkin); Having called the satyrs for help, I will persuade them, and everything will go smoothly (Lermontov);

d) if the participle has lost its verbal meaning. Thus, the combinations starting from (in the meaning “from such and such a time”), proceeding from (in the meaning “based on”), depending on (in the meaning “in accordance”) and some others, acting as complex prepositions, do not form (together with related words) adverbial phrases and are not isolated, for example: You can start work starting next week (the word starting can be omitted without damaging the meaning and structure of the sentence); Statistical indicators are derived based on many data (the word based can be omitted); We will act depending on the circumstances (the important thing is not that “we will act”, but how to “we will act”). The possibility of isolating such phrases is related to the conditions of the context. Thus, a turn with words starting with is isolated if it is in the nature of clarification, incidental explanation, or if it is not associated with the concept of time, for example: Anosov, starting with the Polish war, participated in all companies except Japanese (Kuprin); With the mistress of the house was an elderly lady, all in black, from her cap to her boots (Goncharov); It rained all week, starting from Sunday.

The phrase based on the words is isolated if the meaning refers to the performer of the action, who can “start from something” (a specific or uncertain person), for example: The accountant made a calculation based on the data presented to him; Based on these premises, a number of practical conclusions can be drawn.

A turn with words depending on is isolated if it performs a connecting function, for example: Vacation can be used to practice various sports, depending on the time of year. In addition, such a turnover, like other prepositional-case combinations that have adverbial meaning (see below, paragraph 4), can be isolated in the appropriate context, for example: Rowers, depending on the size of the boat, range from 4 to 8 and even up to 12 people (Goncharov); These imaginary pictures were different, depending on the advertisements that he came across... (Chekhov);

e) if the phrase acts as a homogeneous member paired with a non-isolated circumstance, for example: Alyosha looked long and somehow narrowed his eyes at Rakitin (Dostoevsky); ...Suddenly she screamed with a tearing scream and burst into tears (Dostoevsky); At first, Mishka removed the tanks while lying down and squatting, then, becoming insolent, he climbed out to his full height (Simonov).

Wed. also in combination with a single gerund: The janitor looked at Raskolnikov (Dostoevsky) with bewilderment and a frown; The spindles made noise evenly and incessantly from different sides (L. Tolstoy); Prince Andrei looked at Timokhin, who looked at his commander (L. Tolstoy) in fear and bewilderment; He answered him without embarrassment and frankly (Pomyalovsky). But it is possible to isolate such a construction on the same grounds on which circumstances expressed by adverbs are isolated (see below, paragraph 5), for example: In the dark sky, tired and not sparkling, yellow specks of stars appeared (Gorky); Guilty and coughing, the mother said goodbye to us (Leonov). This also applies to combinations of an adverb with an adverbial phrase, for example: Katerina Ivanovna (Dostoevsky) spoke quietly and as if turning a little pale; Incredulously, but still smiling with all his being, he went to her (Leonov). Two single gerundial participles are distinguished, acting as homogeneous circumstances, for example: The key of youth, the key is fast and rebellious, runs, boils, sparkling and murmuring (Pushkin); Grumbling and looking around, Kashtanka entered the room (Chekhov). But: At that same moment, an old woman, whitened and rouged, decorated with flowers and tinsel, entered singing and dancing (Pushkin) (close connection with the predicate, see above, paragraph 1, note “a”). A single gerund is isolated if it retains the meaning of verbality, acting as a secondary predicate and indicating the time of the action, its cause, condition, etc. (but usually not the manner of action); more often such a gerund comes before the predicate verb, less often - after it, for example: “But it’s time to sleep,” said Burkin, getting up (Chekhov); “Yes, I haven’t washed for a long time,” he said, undressing (Chekhov); Thanks to the Cossack in a deliberately nasal voice, the grandfather, groaning, climbed into the cart (Gorky); Having rested, he got ready to leave... (Fedin); Satisfied passengers fell silent and admired the sunny day (Fedin); Beyond the line, the sun languished without rising (Sholokhov); The Cossacks looked at him restrainedly, parting (Sholokhov) (that is, they looked and parted); He, smiling, squinted from the light, still smelled of smoke, covered in dust (Shchipachev); Without studying, you can’t weave bast shoes; By asking, you will cross the mountains; Without knowing, one could really think that...

Note. Single gerunds are not isolated, usually directly adjacent to the predicate verb and close in function to adverbs of manner of action (such gerunds answer the questions: how? in what way? in what position?), for example: Those seeking manifestations of strength turned inward and withered away (Goncharov ); Veretyev sat bending over and patting the grass with a branch (Turgenev); Classes had to go on without interruption until two o'clock (L. Tolstoy); He slept without undressing (L. Tolstoy); She returned from there having lost weight (Gorky) (cf.: she returned having lost weight); Dmitry listened to him with a frown... (Gorky); He looked at one point for a long time without blinking (O. Forsh); At first I answered with a ruffled face (O. Forsh); She [Aksinya] entered the hall without knocking (Sholokhov) (cf.: entered without knocking).

The dependence of isolation on the place occupied by the gerund in relation to the predicate verb and on other conditions is shown by a comparison of the following examples: A squat, short-legged, round-headed man walked slowly across the courtyard. “We ate dinner slowly and almost silently.

Wed. also: The wave rolled off with a ringing sound (cf.: rolled away with a ringing sound); We stood motionless for about five minutes; The young man rushed to help without hesitation; I'm not suggesting this in jest; The sniper fired without aiming; We ran without looking back; The rain poured without stopping, etc. For semantic highlighting or, conversely, only incidental explanation, circumstances expressed by nouns in indirect cases (usually with prepositions) can be isolated, especially if these nouns have explanatory words, for example: Apparently, and the Chichikovs , for a few minutes in life, they turn into poets... (Gogol); ...I fell behind a little, then, with the help of a whip and legs, I dispersed my horse (L. Tolstoy); And then he met her in the city garden and in the square, several times a day (Chekhov); In the morning he woke up early, with a headache, awakened by noise... (Chekhov); And the silence, over time, became more and more ominous (Gorky); One evening, having picked porcini mushrooms, on the way home, we went out to the edge of the forest (Gorky); She will go there on the first of December, I, for the sake of decency, at least a week later (Bunin); Having kept Ragozin in prison for a year, he was sent – ​​for participating in street riots – to three years of exile (Fedin) (the use of dashes instead of commas is optional).

Most often, such constructions are formed by nouns with prepositions or prepositional combinations due to, as a result of, thanks to, because of, like, similarly, provided, in the presence of, in spite of, in spite of, for lack of, according to, with consent, in order to avoid, etc. ., for example: Bulba, on the occasion of the arrival of his sons, ordered to convene all the centurions and the entire regimental rank (Gogol); As a result of this incident, Vasily no longer saw his parent (Turgenev); Thanks to the excellent weather and especially the holiday, the street in the village of Maryinsky became lively again (Grigorovich); Even the old mayor, for all his kindness, was at knifepoint with the doctor... (Pisemsky); However, due to lack of time, we will not deviate from the subject of the lecture (Chekhov); Car horns quack like fat ducks (Gorky); We drove only during the day, in order to avoid any road accidents (Prishvin); Davydov decided to go to the field of the first brigade to check whether the brigade, contrary to his instructions, was actually harrowing along the furrow (Sholokhov).

Ever since school, many people have retained the idea that, unlike participles, gerunds are always separated by commas, regardless of the presence of dependent words and place in the sentence. In fact, this idea is not entirely correct - the separation of gerunds and participial phrases has its own characteristics. Within the framework of this article, we will consider the isolation (and non-isolation) of single gerunds. Read about it in the corresponding article.

The general rule is - single gerunds are isolated (set off with commas on both sides) if they express an additional action, and are not isolated if they express a shade of the main action. For example:

* “She opened the door, laughing” (two actions - “when she opened the door, she laughed”).

* “He walked along the road slowly and listened to the birds singing” (“slowly” is a connotation of the main action).

First of all, such shades become gerunds, which, in principle, have practically lost their verbal meaning and are perceived more like adverbs - “silently”, “slowly”. The situation is more complicated with those participles that are isolated or not isolated depending on the context. For example, “She opened the door laughing.” This participle can be seen as a connotation of an action (how exactly did she open the door?) or as an independent action (when she opened the door, she laughed). Accordingly, a comma will or will not be placed depending on the meaning that the author puts into the sentence.

The following can serve as a kind of hint when deciding to place a comma: as a rule, shades of action are expressed by gerunds coming immediately after the verb. However, they can be replaced with an adverb or a noun with a preposition. For example, “without stopping” - “without stopping”, “without haste” - “without haste”, “smiling” - “with a smile”. Some sources also indicate that participles ending in “-a” and “-o” are more often shades, while those with “-v” and “-vsh” are additional actions.

Participles separated from the verb are often isolated.

Compare:

* “She greeted smiling.”

* “She greeted with a smile.”

* “Smiling, the girl in a beautiful dress handed him the ball.”

Now let's pay attention to some subtleties regarding the placement of commas with isolated gerunds. In particular, if two homogeneous (that is, relating to the same verb) single gerunds are connected by the conjunction “and” (as well as “either”, “or”, etc.), then commas are not placed around this conjunction - by analogy with homogeneous members of the sentence. For example, “By running and doing pull-ups, she quickly got into shape.” The same applies to the isolation of the participle phrase and the solitary participle. Separated in relation to the entire phrase, these members of the sentence are homogeneous among themselves (for this participle they must necessarily refer to the same verb).

Also, commas are not placed if the conjunction “and” connects an adverb and a gerund referring to the same verb - such members of the sentence are also considered homogeneous (plus, such gerunds often express shades of action). For example, “He answered quickly and without thinking.” In this case (by analogy with homogeneous members of a sentence), if there is no connecting conjunction or there is a conjunction “a” or “but,” then a comma should be placed between the adverb and the gerund: “He answered quickly, without thinking.”

If a gerund begins a subordinate clause and has the word “which” as a dependent word, then this gerund is not isolated. The same is true if the gerund has other dependent words. “I dream of such a dress, when I find it I will feel like a queen.”

Purpose of the lesson: repeat known information about gerunds, participles; determine its boundaries; correctly use punctuation marks when separating gerunds and participial phrases.

Lesson Objectives:

• Educational: consolidate students’ knowledge on this topic; repeat the rules associated with participial phrases, the conditions for their isolation and use in speech.
• Developmental: develop cognitive interest in the subject “Russian language”; develop students’ teamwork skills in combination with independent work; develop imagination, associative and logical thinking, develop linguistic flair, a sense of the beauty of language.
• Educational: to cultivate hard work, accuracy; increase responsibility not only for one’s own knowledge, but also for the successes of the entire team, cultivate the ability to listen and hear carefully, and respect other opinions.

Lesson type: lesson on using ZUN.

Lesson format: workshop

Methods and techniques: reproductive, partially search, syntactic analysis, game, training exercises, creative dictation.

Lesson progress

I. Organizational moment. State the topic and purpose of the lesson. (Slides 1–2)

Today, guys, we will once again talk about participles and participial phrases, we will learn to determine its boundaries and put punctuation marks correctly.

II. Parsing a sentence(one student works at the board).

(We characterize the sentence orally. This sentence is narrative; non-exclamative; simple, two-part; subject - we, expressed by a pronoun, predicate (homogeneous) - went down and went out, expressed by verbs; common, secondary members of the sentence - circumstances of place and image and method of action; complicated by the adverbial turnover).

What is included in the sentence? (Adverbial phrase)

III. Repetition. (Slide 3)

Tell us about isolated circumstances expressed by participial phrases and single participles. (Slide 4) (Through the house)

• Circumstances expressed by participial phrases and single participles are highlighted with commas in writing.
• Not separated (not separated by commas in writing)
• single gerunds, if they come after the predicate at the end of the sentence and are a circumstance of the manner of action;
• single gerunds close to adverbs (lying, sitting, standing, etc.);
• participle phrase, single participle after the conjunction A;
• participial phrases, which are phraseological units (headlong, breathless, etc.).

IV. Training exercises.

1. Exercise : write down, using punctuation marks, sentence 8 from ex. 327(I). Graphically indicate the main members of the sentence and the isolated members of the sentence (one student works at the board).

Explain why after And there is a comma before And not worth it? (And connects homogeneous predicates, and then the border of the participial phrase). (Slide 5)

How many isolated circumstances are there? (Two, separated by a comma).

Rework and write down the sentence, connecting two separate circumstances with a conjunction And. Explain punctuation marks.
The train reached the crossing and, turning its wheels heavily and breathing with all the power of its fire into the darkness, passed a lone man with a lantern.

Two participial phrases connected by a non-repeating conjunction and are not separated by a comma if they refer to the same member of the sentence.

2. “Come on, guess!” (Slide 6)

Guys, very often gerunds can be found in riddles. Find gerunds and participial phrases, underline them with one line and solve the riddles.

1) Having been born in water, he is afraid of water all his life. (Salt)

2) The little black dog lies curled up;

Doesn't bark, doesn't bite, and doesn't let him into the house. (Lock)

3) Before dawn he went, bent over, from the yard. (Yoke)

4) After eating, the horse fell into the manger. (Knife)

Grandmother Andreevna,
Sits hunched over
She expanded her little hands,
Everything wants to be grabbed. (Sokha)

3. “Decipher the proverb” (Slide 7)

One day I asked the guys to encrypt a well-known proverb that contains an adverbial phrase. This is what they did. Try to decipher the proverb. (Don’t fill up an old well, don’t dig a new one.)

What does this proverb teach us, how do you understand its meaning?

4. Game “Who, what and how?” (Slide 8)

And now we will play with you the game “What, where and how?”

Insert adverbs similar to gerunds into these lines.

What am I? King or child? –
He says not... (jokingly)

Here …. drove me crazy
Such a good guy -
Thought the Sheep. (reluctantly)

We retreated for a long time,
It was a shame, they were expecting a fight. (silently)

I'm probably a pasha -
He said..., -
I am the father of the sovereign,
I give you an order. (slowly)

Here's a sweet child
Stepping back...
And, overturning, he fell. (without looking)

5. “Who is faster?” (Slide 9)

Transform the sentences using adverbial phrases. The fastest one will win.

1) When you drink water, remember the source. – After drinking water, remember the source.

2) When you travel, you acquire a lot of knowledge. – When traveling, you acquire a lot of knowledge.

3) Friends are not afraid of death when they trust each other. – By believing in friends, death is not scary.

4) When you go after bad things, you will find bad things. – When you follow the bad, you will find the bad.

6. “Put it back in place.” (Slide 10)

From Russian poetic creativity, stable figurative expressions that we use in our speech came to the modern Russian language. What are they called? (Phraseological units)

The Russian language is one of the richest in the world in terms of its stock of phraseological units. Now let’s try to “collect” phrases you know. (Remember that they are not separated, not separated by commas).

Listen...... mouth (opened, gaping)

Screaming……..breathing (without translating)

Work ……. sleeves (later, rolled up)

Run…….. headlong (at breakneck speed)

7. Creative dictation. (Slide 11)

Write down the sentences under dictation, then replace the adverbial phrase with a stable combination of words, choosing the appropriate one on the slide:
Headlong, without closing your eyes, holding your breath, not remembering yourself, opening your mouth, slurping without salt.

1. The scouts lay in ambush all night, not falling asleep for a moment. “The scouts lay in ambush all night without closing their eyes. 2. The petitioners left without achieving anything. - The petitioners left without a meal.

8. Task (Slide 12): determine whether these members of the sentence are isolated or not. Fill out the table (write down the sentence numbers).

(Slide 13)

1. The wind tears off the leaves, going wild.
2. The pilot smiled and joked, but looked at the old woman without looking away.
3. The boat gave a signal and, picking up speed, walked along an oblique line towards the shore.
4. Laughing and joking, we ran to the river.
5. I solved the problem jokingly.
6. The enemy retreated, firing back.
7. He didn't turn off the light when he left.
8. He ran down the corridor headlong.
9. After some thought, he solved the problem.
10. I've reluctantly driven myself crazy.

V. Lesson summary. (Slide 14)

• What did we talk about in class today?
• What punctuation rules were repeated?

Homework.

• ex. 325 (2 hours);
• find proverbs that contain gerunds or participial phrases.

The participle and the words related to it (depending on it) represent an adverbial turnover. As in the case with, the placement of commas in adverbial phrases has its own subtleties.

Our starting point will be the general rule: “Adverbial phrases on both sides are separated by commas.” But what should you consider besides this?

* If in a sentence two homogeneous (that is, related to the same verb) participial phrases are connected by the conjunction “and” (as well as other coordinating or disjunctive phrases - “or”, “either”, etc.), then by analogy with other homogeneous members of the sentence do not use commas around “and”, “or” and other similar conjunctions. The same applies to single gerunds and participial phrases. “He approached the house, dreaming of rest and thinking about the future dinner.” However, remember, this rule applies only to those cases where the adverbial phrases / gerunds refer to the same verb. If we are talking about different verbs, commas will be placed: “He approached the house, dreaming of rest, and, thinking about the future dinner, opened the door.”

* “Only” and “only” that come before the participial phrase are, as a rule, included in it, that is, a comma is placed before these words.

* A participial phrase is not isolated if it is included in a subordinate clause and has the word “which” as a dependent (the same is true for a single participle). “Each of us has our own fears, without repelling which we will not be able to free ourselves.”

* If the participial phrase is adjacent to the conjunctions “a”, “and” and other similar ones, then in order to understand whether to put a comma before or after the conjunction, determine whether it is included in the phrase or not. So, if the conjunction belongs to the participial phrase, then, as a rule, when mentally removing the latter from the sentence, the remaining conjunction violates the structure of the phrase. This is especially true for the conjunction “a”. If, when the turnover is removed, the role of the conjunction in the sentence does not change, then it is not included in the turnover.

Compare:

“For a long time she couldn’t choose shoes to match the dress, but when she chose stiletto sandals, she was very happy.” -> The phrase “She couldn’t find the shoes to match the dress for a long time, but she was very happy” doesn’t look entirely logical.

“For a long time she couldn’t choose shoes to match the dress and, having taken stiletto sandals, she realized that they fit perfectly with the outfit.” -> The phrase “She couldn’t find shoes to match the dress for a long time and realized that they [the sandals] fit perfectly with the outfit” is quite consistent.

* Phraseologisms with gerunds (such as “without closing your eyes”, “rolling up your sleeves”) are not separated by commas.

* If there is an intensifying particle “and” between the verb and the phrase immediately following it, the phrase is not separated by commas. “I can solve my financial problems without taking out loans.”

* Commas are also not needed if the participle expresses not an additional action, but a shade of the main one, which we discussed in detail in the article about the isolation of single participles. Similar structures can represent a whole revolution.

Let us remember that “despite” and “despite” are prepositions, and they are written with “not” together (while the participial phrases “despite” / “despite” are written separately). Prepositions are also words such as “thanks to”, “after”, “starting”, etc. At the same time, of course, we should not forget that there are “similar” participles. Compare: “Thanks to his tips, I passed the exam” (preposition), “Thanks to his tips, I handed him a bottle of cognac” (gerund). Some of the phrases with similar prepositions are also isolated, but according to their own rules, and not according to the rules for the isolation of participial phrases.