Astringents I Astringents

medicines that, when applied topically, cause compaction of tissue colloids or the formation of insoluble compounds in the form of a dense protective film.

Distinguish organic and inorganic V. of page. As organic V. with. some medicinal plants are widely used (oak, St. To the same group V. of page. includes tannin (synonymous with gallotannic acid), obtained from ink nuts. Inorganic V. with. are mainly compounds (usually salts) of certain metals, such as lead (lead acetate), bismuth (basic bismuth nitrate, xeroform, dermatol), aluminum (alum, Burov's liquid), zinc (zinc sulfate), copper (copper sulfate), silver (silver nitrate). In concentrations up to 1%, inorganic V. s. They have an astringent, in higher concentrations - an irritating (1-5%) and cauterizing (5-10%) effect.

V.'s mechanism of action with. It is caused by partial coagulation of proteins in extracellular fluid, mucus, exudate and cell membranes. Metal salts cause these changes by interacting with tissue proteins and forming albuminates. As a result of local action of V. of page. a film is formed on the surface of the tissues that protects the sensitive nerve endings of irritation, which is accompanied by a decrease in the perception of pain. Moreover. V. s. They have a local anti-inflammatory effect, tk. due to the compaction of the surface layer of tissues, local vasoconstriction occurs, they decrease, weaken, exudation and glands decrease. These processes also lead to a violation of the conditions for the existence of microorganisms (for example, in a wound, inflammation). Inorganic V. with. They also have a pronounced direct antimicrobial effect, i.e. exhibit antiseptic properties. Local action of inorganic V. with. depends on a number of factors (for example, on the concentration of drugs, the properties of the anions released during their dissociation, the degree of solubility of the resulting albuminates, etc.).

In medical practice V. of page. are used for various purposes. For rinsing with gingavitis, stomatitis and other inflammatory diseases of the oral cavity, larynx, pharynx and pharynx, V. is mainly prescribed. vegetable origin in the form of infusions, decoctions, tinctures (oak bark, St.

In inflammatory diseases of the skin and mucous membranes V. s. used externally in the form of ointments and powders (basic bismuth nitrate, xeroform, dermatol), aqueous solutions (lead acetate), as well as for rinsing, washing, lotions and douches (Burow's liquid, alum, zinc sulfate or copper sulfate). For ulcers, cracks, bedsores, burns, tannin ointments and solutions are mainly used.

In gastroenterological practice V. of page. prescribed inside for diseases accompanied by diarrhea (infusions and decoctions of St. In the complex therapy of hyperacid gastritis, peptic ulcer of the stomach and duodenum, bismuth nitrate is mainly used as the main and combined preparations (Vikalin, Vikair tablets, etc.), which include it.

An aqueous solution of tannin is used for gastric lavage in case of acute poisoning with alkaloids and salts of heavy metals, because. tannin forms insoluble compounds with these poisons. The majority of inorganic V. of page. (for example, salts of silver, copper, zinc) are widely used as antiseptics (Antiseptics) .

1. Small medical encyclopedia. - M.: Medical Encyclopedia. 1991-96 2. First aid. - M.: Great Russian Encyclopedia. 1994 3. Encyclopedic dictionary of medical terms. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia. - 1982-1984.

See what "Astringents" are in other dictionaries:

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(Associate Professor Ivanova N.I.)

Astringents protect the sensitive nerve endings of the mucous membranes and skin from exposure to irritating agents. They are divided into substances of organic (tannin and other tannins of plant origin) and inorganic origin (metal salts). Binders from vegetable raw materials have low toxicity, have a weaker effect than inorganic ones. The latter cause an astringent effect only at a certain concentration (no more than 2%), with increasing concentration, the effect turns into an irritant, cauterizing and necrotizing effect.

Mechanism of action astringents: in contact with tissue proteins of mucous membranes or damaged skin, they precipitate proteins with the formation of a film of dense reversible albuminates. This dense protein film protects the sensitive nerve endings of the tissue from the effects of irritating agents. Pain sensitivity is reduced or eliminated. The film, shrinking, occupies a smaller surface and mechanically compresses the vessels. The walls of capillaries thicken, their lumen narrows, exudation decreases, bleeding from small vessels stops. The activity of enzymes in tissues decreases, the formation of inflammatory mediators slows down. There is an anti-inflammatory effect. Astringents have an antimicrobial effect: a dense protein film protects tissues from the penetration of microorganisms, and denaturation of protein structures of microbes leads to a disruption in the metabolism of microbial cells and a bacteriostatic effect. To obtain a pronounced anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial action, it is necessary to use the drugs of this group repeatedly during the day (every 2-3 hours).

Tannin - Tanninum

Light yellow powder, soluble in water, alcohol, etc. According to the chemical structure, it is gallotannic acid. It is obtained from ink nuts (growths on young shoots of Asia Minor oak, skumpii, etc.). Used as an astringent and local anti-inflammatory agent. For rinsing, a 1-2% aqueous solution is used, for gingivitis, stomatitis - 2% aqueous or glycerin solutions. Tannin precipitates some alkaloids, glycosides and salts of heavy metals, so 0.5% aqueous solution is used for gastric lavage in acute poisoning. With fresh burns, you can lubricate the skin with 5% water or alcohol solution of tannin. For skin diseases, 5-10% ointment is used.

Release form: powder.

The most widely used as astringents are oak bark, St. John's wort, serpentine rhizome, sage leaves, blueberries, alder cones, chamomile. Infusions, decoctions, tinctures, extracts are prepared from them.

Oak bark - Cortex Quercus

It is used in the form of an aqueous decoction (1:10) for rinsing with gingivitis, stomatitis and other inflammatory processes in the oral cavity, pharynx, larynx.

Release form: crushed raw materials in cardboard boxes of 100 g.

St. John's wort - Herba Hyperici

It is applied topically as a tincture to lubricate the gums and rinse the mouth with gingivitis, stomatitis, orally as a decoction as an astringent for colitis.

Release form: in cardboard boxes of 100.0; in the form of briquettes; tincture in vials of 25-100 ml.

Blueberry fruits - Fructus myrtilli

Release form: in cardboard boxes of 100.0.

Grass succession - Herba Bidentis

Contains tannins, polysaccharides. It is used as an infusion in children's practice with diathesis, less often inside as a diuretic and diaphoretic for colds.

Release form: crushed raw materials in cardboard boxes of 100 g; in the form of briquettes.

sage leaves - Folia Salviae officinales

Contains essential oil and tannins. It is used as an anti-inflammatory agent in the form of an infusion for rinsing the mouth with gingivitis, stomatitis.

Release form: cardboard boxes of 100.0.

From the leaves of sage, the medicinal preparation salvin ( Salvinum). It has an astringent, local anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial effect against gram-positive flora. Applied topically for chronic inflammatory diseases of the oral cavity, catarrhal and ulcerative-necrotic gingivitis, stomatitis, periodontal disease. Assign in the form of 0.1-0.25% alcohol solution, prepared ex tempore, for lubrication, irrigation, applications, wetting turundas, introduced into the gum pockets, etc.

Release form: bottles with 1% alcohol solution of 10 ml.

Chamomile flowers - Flores Chamomillae

The active principles of chamomile flowers have anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, regenerating, antispasmodic effects. Applied as an infusion (1 tablespoon per glass of boiling water) inside and in enemas for intestinal cramps, flatulence, diarrhea.

As an astringent, it is prescribed externally for rinsing, lotions, baths.

Release form: cardboard boxes of 100.0; in the form of briquettes.

Chamomile flower extract is included in the preparations rotokan (Rotocanum), romazulon (Romasulon), which have a local anti-inflammatory, deodorizing effect. It is used in dentistry for rinsing, washing, applications for inflammatory diseases of the oral mucosa (aphthous stomatitis, periodontal disease, ulcerative necrotic gingivostomatitis). The astringent effect is inherent in many plants: angelica root, knotweed grass, grass and roots of celandine, leaves and unripe fruits of walnut, juniper fruits, leaves and fruits of common chestnut, etc.

Of the inorganic binders, metal salts are used, standing on the left in the Schmideberg row (see Antiseptics). In contact with the surfaces of the body, they form dense albuminates. They have anti-inflammatory and bacteriostatic effects. In inflammatory diseases of the skin and mucous membranes, 0.25-0.5% aqueous solutions of lead acetate can be used ( Plumbi acetas), 0.5-1% solutions of aluminum-potassium alum ( Alumen) for rinsing, washes, lotions and douches.

Alum is also used for cauterization in trachoma and as a hemostatic agent for cuts (during shaving) in the form of pencils ( Stylus haemostaticus)

Bismuth nitrate basic - Vismuthi subnitras

It has astringent and bacteriostatic effect. The mechanism of the antimicrobial action of bismuth compounds is associated with the blockade of thiol enzymes in the microbial cell, which leads to disruption of tissue respiration in it.

Bismuth subnitrate is used orally for diseases of the gastrointestinal tract (gastric ulcer and 12 duodenal ulcer, enteritis, colitis) at 0.25-0.5 g 3-4 r / d; externally in the form of powder, ointment (5-10%) for inflammatory diseases of the skin and mucous membranes.

Release form: powder, tablets of 0.25 and 0.5; ointment 10% on vaseline. For external use, other bismuth compounds are also used: xeroform ( xeroformium) in powders, ointments, liniments (3-10%); dermatol ( Dermatolum) in powders, ointments (10%).

Bismuth nitrate is the main part of the complex tablets “Vikalin”, “Vikair”, and bismuth subcitrate is part of the tablets “De-Nol” and “Tribimol”, which are used to treat gastric ulcer and duodenal ulcer and hyperacid gastritis (see . section "Means affecting the function of the digestive system").

Zinc sulfate and silver nitrate (see Antimicrobials)

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What does "astringents" mean?

Dictionary of medical terms

astringents (adstringentia)

drugs that cause, when applied to the skin, mucous membranes or wound surface, the effect of dehydration or partial coagulation of proteins and have a local anti-inflammatory and weak anesthetic effect (tannin, tanalbin, decoction of oak bark, basic bismuth nitrate, etc.).

Encyclopedic Dictionary, 1998

astringents

medicinal substances that, upon contact with damaged skin or mucous membranes, form a protective compacted layer on their surface due to interaction with albumins; have an anti-inflammatory effect.

Astringents

substances that, when exposed to mucous membranes or damaged skin, cause partial coagulation of the proteins of the surface layers of tissues with the formation of protein films that protect the underlying tissues from the influence of irritating agents. In this case, the narrowing of the blood vessels and the compaction of their walls occur, as a result of which the sweating of fluid from them and swelling decrease. To organic V. with. include tannin obtained from ink nuts, and other substances contained in plants (oak bark, blueberries, sage leaves, chamomile flowers, etc.), as well as weak solutions of alcohol and formalin; to inorganic drugs, some silver preparations are diluted solutions of silver nitrate (lapis), preparations of zinc, lead (lead water), bismuth (basic bismuth nitrate, xeroform, etc.), aluminum (Burov’s liquid), etc. V. s. used externally for inflammatory diseases of the skin and mucous membranes and internally for certain diseases of the gastrointestinal tract (gastritis, colitis, stomach ulcers), and also as antidotes for certain poisonings, especially alkaloids (atropine, scopolamine, etc.).

Astringents- these are chemical compounds that have the ability, when interacting with the protein of cells, tissues, tissue fluids of the body, to cause surface coagulation of proteins and form dense albuminates that protect nerve endings from irritation and further pain.

Organic Astringents:

• tannin;
• oak bark (contains tannin);
• tanalbin;
• hypericum herb;
• sage leaves;
• fruits;
• cherry fruits, etc.

Inorganic binders (heavy metal salts):

• bismuth nitrate basic;
• bismuth citrate;
• dermatol;
• xeroform;
• alum potassium alum;
• Burow's liquid (aluminum acetate);
• zinc sulfate;
• copper sulfate;
• silver nitrate;
• protargol;
• lead acetate.

Astringent application

Organic astringents are used for inflammation of the intestines, gastrointestinal bleeding, and catarrh of the mucous membranes of the mouth, throat and pharynx. Outwardly they are prescribed for the treatment of burns, for rinsing the mouth and throat with stomatitis, pharyngitis, laryngitis, etc.

Tanalbin deserves special attention in this series. It is a product of the interaction of tannins from the leaves of skumpia (Cotinus coggygria Scop.) and sumac (Rhus coriaria L.) fam. cymaphytes (Anacardiaceae) with protein (casein).

The fundamental idea of ​​creating such a complex is to "protect" the active principle of the drug from contact with the surface tissues of the oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus and stomach.

After administration, it enters the stomach, where, under the action of hydrochloric acid and digestive enzymes, the protein part of the complex is split off, and active tannin molecules reach the intestines, where they exert their astringent effect. Therefore, tanalbin is only used orally for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease.

Salts of heavy metals, in addition to the astringent action, have other types of pharmacological activity, which directly depend on the active concentration of the substance (Table 1).

In addition, it should be noted that the strength of the pharmacological activity of salts of heavy metals directly depends on the degree of ionization of the molecule and on the type of anion with which the salt is formed. This dependence is clearly seen on the example of zinc preparations: zinc sulfate and zinc oxide.

Zinc sulfate easily dissociates into ions:

ZnSO, -> Zn2+ + SO,2

As a result, free zinc ions are actively in contact with proteins and exert their pharmacological effect. In addition, the resulting anion of sulfuric acid, which belongs to the class of strong acids, makes an additional contribution to the overall effect of the drug.

Therefore, zinc sulfate has all the activities listed in Table 1, and its concentration is from 0.5% to 2%.

At the same time, zinc oxide does not undergo ionization, and therefore it has only an astringent effect at a concentration of 25-50%.

Table 1

The spectrum of pharmacological activity of salts of heavy metals

Astringents (Adstringentia) - medicinal substances that cause, in direct contact with tissues and body fluids, their compaction or the formation of insoluble compounds in the form of a dense protective film.

Action V.s. based on fiz.-chem. processes: reacting with tissue elements, V.s. take away water (dehydration) and thereby increase the viscosity and density of proteins in liquid media and tissues or enter into a chemical. reactions, forming compounds (eg, albuminates) that precipitate and cover the surface of a wound or ulcer with a thin layer; the formed film changes a current fiziol. and biochemical processes at the site of inflammation. Sealing the surface layer of tissues, V.S. reduce the exit of fluid from small blood and lymph vessels, narrow their lumen and delay the exit of formed elements through the compacted wall of the vessels; at the same time, hyperemia disappears, secretory processes decrease or completely stop. As a result of wrinkling or squeezing of cells, their size and volume decrease, the irritating effect of external factors and the absorption of bacteria are sharply limited. By changing the course of biochemical processes in a wound or at the site of inflammation, V. s. violate the conditions for the existence of bacteria and thus reduce their vital activity, impede reproduction, reduce the formation of toxins; in some cases, they have a direct destructive effect on them. Under the influence of V. s. pain decreases or completely disappears and the complex reflex and biochemical phenomena associated with them (the formation of histamine-like substances, etc.) -

V. s. divided into two groups: organic and inorganic.

To organic V.s. refer to Ch. arr. tannins contained in various parts of plants (wood, bark, leaves, root, rhizome and fruits). In medicine, "ink nuts" (Gallae turcicae), oak bark (Cortex Quercus), sage (Salvia officinalis), serpentine (Polygonum bistorta), bearberry, blueberries and other plants containing tannins are used (see Medicinal plants). These substances do not have a resorptive effect. In went.-kish. a path they quickly collapse (especially in the alkaline environment) therefore at inflammatory processes in intestines it is better to apply tanalbin (see).

The processes of transformation of tannins in the body are still poorly understood.

To inorganic B.s. include metal salts - preparations of aluminum (see), bismuth (see), iron (see), calcium (see), copper (see), lead (see), silver (see), zinc (see .), etc. The action of metal salts is based on the precipitation of proteins and the formation of albuminates (the combination of proteins with metals). In low concentrations (up to 1%), metal salts have an astringent effect and are used as anti-inflammatory agents, in higher concentrations (1-5%) - an irritating effect, and in high concentrations (from 5 to 10%) - cauterizing. The degree of anti-inflammatory and cauterizing effect of metal salts on tissues depends on the properties of albuminates - their solubility in water, tissue juices, excess protein and precipitant; their physical states (dense, loose); the nature of the acid formed as a result of cleavage from a metal salt (organic or inorganic, high or low degree of its dissociation, etc.); solubility and concentration of the metal salt, its dehydration properties; the duration of the drug administration and tissue properties, etc. According to the degree of solubility of the formed albuminates, the metals can be arranged in the following order: Ph, Fe, Bi, Al, Zn, Cu, Tl, Au, Ag ... Hg. Albuminates formed by metals located to the left of Cu are poorly soluble, give dense formations, and, as a rule, have anti-inflammatory properties; metals on the right, especially mercury, have a cauterizing effect.

V.s. used topically for various inflammatory processes on the mucous membranes and skin, sometimes as hemostatic and deodorizing agents. Preparations containing calcium have an anti-inflammatory effect when injected into the blood. Metal salts are also used for cauterization of granulations and neoplasms.

When absorbed into the blood, metal salts (eg, lead, mercury, etc.) can cause severe poisoning (see).

Bibliography: Mashkovsky M. D. Medicines, t. 1, p. 262, M., 1972; Guide to pharmacology, ed. N. V. Lazareva, vol. 2, p. 84, L., 1961.