In the article - about the types of bleeding and how to stop them. This knowledge can save someone's health and life.

Everyone should know how to provide emergency first aid for bleeding. After all, his own life or the life of someone who is nearby may depend on the speed and adequacy of actions in some situations, which, unfortunately, are not uncommon.

Types of bleeding and first aid for bleeding

Before providing first aid, it is necessary to determine the type of bleeding

Bleeding is the flow of blood from a vessel or heart due to damage to them. Usually, it happens due to injury or internal illness.
Classification of bleeding is carried out according to several criteria.
According to which vessel is damaged, they distinguish:

1. Arterial bleeding - occurs when the integrity of the walls of large blood vessels that carry oxygen-enriched blood, arteries to tissues and organs is violated. Doctors consider such damage to be the most dangerous, because due to the high pressure in the arteries, the body loses blood too intensively. She is painted scarlet, comes out pulsating, gushing
2. Venous bleeding - occurs when the integrity of the vessels carrying blood enriched with carbon dioxide, veins, is violated. This type of injury can be distinguished by the dark cherry color of the blood, which evenly flows from the damaged vessel.
3. Capillary bleeding is a weak loss of blood due to a violation of the integrity of small vessels. Generally not life-threatening, but is the most common type

IMPORTANT: It is possible that, during an injury, the integrity of several types of blood vessels is violated at once. Then there is bleeding, called mixed

Depending on where exactly the blood leaves the damaged vessel, bleeding is distinguished:

• external - blood enters the environment
• internal - blood enters the body cavity or inside a hollow organ (for example, hemothorax, in which blood accumulates in the pleural cavity)

Everyone should know the following few tricks. They can help stop bleeding.

1. Maximum limb flexion. It is used in the case when damage to the blood vessel occurred below any mobile joint, usually the elbow or knee. When the joint is flexed, a natural compression of the vessel occurs
2. Direct pressure on the wound. It is used to artificially restore the integrity of a small artery, vein or capillaries. In extreme conditions, a pressure bandage is made from improvised means - a bandage folded several times, gauze, but more often from ordinary multilayer fabric
3. The imposition of a tourniquet. This assistance is provided before the arrival of doctors to the victim with serious damage to the veins or arteries, usually on the limbs.

IMPORTANT: The harness may have a different design. You need to skillfully apply it

The general rules for applying a hemostatic tourniquet are as follows:

1. This type of hemostatic procedure is performed only with arterial bleeding.
2. The position of the damaged artery may vary, but a tourniquet is always applied between this site and the heart.
3. There should be a layer between the tourniquet and the body. If there is no clothing, a piece of cloth or bandage should be placed under the tourniquet.
4. There should be nothing above the harness. The doctors should see him
5. You can pinch the artery with a tourniquet for no more than half an hour. As a rule, a piece of paper is placed under it with the designation of the overlay time. If this is not possible, this time is written with the blood of the victim right on his body
6. If the doctors have not arrived in half an hour, the tourniquet is loosened (for 10-15 minutes), at this time hemostatic procedures of a different kind are carried out. After the tourniquet is tightened again

If a person is in a situation where it is necessary to help a victim with bleeding, you need to do the following:

IMPORTANT: Everyone should know the signs of internal bleeding. The victim begins to feel weakness suddenly or progressively, he is dizzy, he is thirsty, flies flash before his eyes, fainting may occur. The skin of the victim is pale or cyanotic, he may become covered with a cold sweat. The victim's pulse and pressure weaken, while breathing quickens

First aid for bruises, fractures and bleeding.

VIDEO: First aid for fractures. Educational film

Emergency care for capillary bleeding

Capillary bleeding is often the result of domestic injuries. It happens in a child, for example, who fell and hurt his knee. As a rule, with this type of bleeding, small subcutaneous capillaries are damaged. The injury does not pose a threat to human life.

IMPORTANT: Capillary bleeding itself is not dangerous. But there is a risk of wound infection. Before applying a bandage, the injury site must be disinfected.

Algorithm for providing assistance in case of damage to capillaries, wound:

• rinse with running, always clean water
• treated with an antiseptic - alcohol, vodka, hydrogen peroxide, alcohol infusion of calendula, others
• covered with a bandage of clean bandage or gauze

As a rule, the help of a doctor for this type of bleeding is unnecessary. There is a need to make a visit to the clinic only if the infection still got into the wound.

Venous bleeding, signs and first aid

Smoothly, without a pulse, dark blood flowing from the wound is a sign of venous bleeding.

It is necessary to assess how large the vein is damaged.

IMPORTANT: If a large vein is damaged, apply a tourniquet. Definitely below the wound!

If the integrity of a medium-sized vein is violated, a pressure bandage is enough.

1. If possible, free the damaged area from visible contamination.
2. Apply pressure bandage
3. Waiting for doctors

First aid for arterial bleeding

It is necessary to stop the scarlet blood gushing from the artery in a fountain very quickly.

1. The victim is seated or laid down so that the injured limb is elevated
2. If possible, try to press the artery with your fingers. The vessel must be pressed directly against the bone, otherwise blood loss will continue.
3. Apply a tourniquet. It can be improvised - a belt, a towel, a piece of cloth
4. Waiting for doctors

IMPORTANT: The tourniquet must not be overexposed for longer than the allotted time. Otherwise, blood circulation may be disturbed in the limb, necrosis will begin.

Help with nosebleeds

Nosebleeds can open due to many circumstances. The most common reason for this is:

• high blood pressure
• violation of the integrity of blood vessels
• blood disorder

Only a doctor can determine whether a nosebleed was physiological, traumatic, or caused by any disease. Everyone should know how to provide first aid in such a situation.

1. The victim is planted so that his head and torso are slightly tilted down.
2. If the cause of bleeding is clearly not an injury to the nasal skeleton, lightly press the wings of the nose for 5 minutes
3. A cotton swab soaked in clean water or 3% perhydrol is inserted into the nasal passage.
4. If the bleeding is heavy, you can apply cold to the nose area - ice from the freezer, a cold bottle, even frozen vegetables. Care must be taken to ensure that the infection does not get into the nose. Cold is applied for a maximum of half an hour

IMPORTANT: You must make sure that the blood from the nose does not drain through the nasopharynx. If this happens, the victim may vomit. That is why, with nosebleeds, you can not throw your head back or lie down on your back.

If the bleeding from the nose does not stop within 30 minutes, you need to call an ambulance.

VIDEO: How to stop nosebleeds?

First aid for gastric bleeding. First aid for intestinal bleeding

Gastric, intestinal or gastrointestinal bleeding is a condition in which, due to damage or destruction of the vascular wall of the digestive organ, blood enters the cavity of the esophagus, stomach, or intestines.

Gastrointestinal bleeding is a very dangerous condition.

The severity of the victim's condition is determined by the following factors:

• the degree of damage to the vascular wall of the organ
• bleeding intensity
• blood pressure level
• the state of the blood coagulation system

Causes of this internal bleeding

• erosive and ulcerative diseases of the gastrointestinal tract
• varicose veins of the esophagus
• benign and malignant tumors of the stomach and intestines
• prolonged vomiting, due to which the vessels in the stomach or esophagus burst
• injury
• foreign body in the stomach

Symptoms of bleeding in the stomach or intestines are paleness, nausea, indigestion, stools with red or black streaks, vomiting blood, and abdominal pain.

IMPORTANT: If you suspect gastrointestinal bleeding, you must definitely call an ambulance.

You yourself need to do the following:

• lay the victim down, create peace for him
• raise the patient's legs at an angle of 15 degrees
• put cold on your stomach

IMPORTANT: A patient with gastrointestinal bleeding may stop breathing and heartbeat, so these functions must be monitored. The patient should not be left alone. He must not be allowed to eat or drink.

How to properly help with bleeding: tips and feedback

Life safety is taught in school. But, unfortunately, many schoolchildren do not take this subject seriously, skip lessons or are simply inattentive to them. Therefore, they do not know how to help with injuries and bleeding. Such ignorance can cost someone health or life.

Everyone should know how to properly help with bleeding!

VIDEO: First aid for bleeding

Every day in the world, many people suffer from the effects of a variety of factors. And, perhaps, tomorrow you will find yourself next to a person who urgently needs first aid. Therefore, let's consolidate our knowledge in this area today (and, perhaps, fill in some gaps) so as not to get confused at the right time and help our neighbor in accordance with all the rules.

Of course, any person has some knowledge. For example, many people know what first aid should be provided for or bruised. Do you know what to do with or? What then should be ? Let's figure it out. After all, the provision of first aid can sometimes not only alleviate the well-being of the victim, but even save his life! And you can save a person's life without a medical education. But, of course, having some baggage of knowledge.

First aid for bleeding

Bleeding is different. From their appearance, respectively, first aid.

Bleeding may be:

• internal;
• outdoor.

If with external bleeding it is perfectly visible where and how the blood flows, then it is much more difficult to determine the internal one. But if you carefully look at the victim for the presence of some signs, he can be recognized. For internal bleeding:

• the person is very pale, breathes quickly, but superficially;
• the victim's pulse is frequent;
• the victim's skin is covered with cold sweat.

In this case, immediately call an ambulance! In the meantime, you yourself can only comfortably lay a person (it is also allowed that he is half-sitting) and be nearby, observing his condition. You can also apply cold to the part of the body where the patient feels pain (that is, where internal bleeding may occur). But the use of a heating pad in such cases is strictly prohibited!

Remember that internal bleeding is very dangerous. Therefore, at the slightest suspicion, call an ambulance - in this situation it is better to overdo it.

External bleeding can be:

• capillary

Any person has definitely encountered this type of bleeding: it is observed with minor injuries, for example, abrasions. It occurs when capillaries are damaged - small blood vessels. It is easy to recognize it: in this case, the blood is released slowly, literally drop by drop. As a rule, after a short period of time, capillary bleeding disappears without outside intervention (unless we are talking about poor blood clotting). Help with bleeding from the capillaries is to apply a clean bandage to the wound. You can apply cold on top.

• venous

Occurs when a vein is damaged. From the wound evenly and constantly dark blood is released. To stop it, it is necessary to apply a sterile piece of tissue to the wound (if there is none, then the non-sterile tissue is disinfected with a small amount of iodine), then cotton wool, and then tightly bandaged. That is, the bandage should be pressing.

• arterial

This is the most dangerous type of bleeding. Occurs when arteries are damaged. From the wound rapidly flows pulsating blood of bright scarlet color. The rhythm of its release coincides with the heart rhythm. If in this case emergency first aid is not provided, huge blood loss can occur, which will lead to negative consequences up to death.

It all depends on the size of the damaged artery. If it is small, then the blood can be stopped with a pressure bandage (as with venous bleeding). If it is large, then you will need to apply a tourniquet. It should be noted that an incorrectly applied tourniquet can lead to no less negative consequences than inaction. Therefore, it is necessary to act as carefully as possible and only in the case when the bleeding resembles a fountain. The tourniquet can be applied for a relatively short period of time - no more than an hour in winter, and no more than two hours in summer. Otherwise, tissues that do not receive proper nutrition may become dead. It is best to note the overlay time in writing, up to minutes.

If the tourniquet cannot be applied immediately, it is necessary to pinch the vessel by hand (above the damage). The tourniquet can be made from rope, strong fabric, belt, rubber hose. It is applied over the wound, 5-7 cm higher (on the thigh, lower leg, forearm, shoulder). It is done like this:

• put a soft cloth on the limb (or apply a tourniquet on clothing);
• wrap the tourniquet around the limb several times (2-3), with the first turn should be the least tight, and the last - the tightest;
• tighten firmly (but without fanaticism, so as not to provoke paralysis of the limb by damaging the nerves or muscles).

With proper application, the bleeding will stop, and the pulse under the tourniquet will not be felt. This completes first aid for bleeding. If an artery is damaged, professional medical attention should be provided as soon as possible. If the arrival of an ambulance is not possible, take the victim to the hospital yourself.

First aid for poisoning

Poisoning is a fairly common phenomenon these days. Unfortunately, the quality of products every day leaves much to be desired. First aid for poisoning always begins with gastric lavage. Further actions depend on what the victim was poisoned with:

• food

Such poisoning is manifested by pain in the gastrointestinal tract, nausea and vomiting, stool disorder. First aid involves the release of the body from toxins. First, it is necessary to wash the stomach and induce vomiting (boiled water at room temperature is used for this purpose, potassium permanganate cannot be used). Next, you can make an enema with a decoction of chamomile and offer a laxative. The victim may freeze - cover him warmly, give him hot tea.

• chemicals

Symptoms of such poisoning are severe salivation, chemical burns on the face, difficulty breathing, cyanosis of the skin. In some cases, there is vomiting (sometimes bloody), the voice disappears.

Help with chemical poisoning also involves gastric lavage: the victim should drink several glasses of salt water (2 teaspoons of salt are added to a glass of water). Milk is given to rid the body of toxins. If you need to induce vomiting, vegetable oil will help - the victim should take it inside in the amount of a couple of tablespoons.

• drugs

From taking a large number of drugs, children and adolescents suffer first of all. Although adults can take incompatible medications or make a mistake with the dosage. In this case, if the victim is unconscious, artificial respiration should be done if necessary before the arrival of the ambulance. If he is conscious, induce vomiting. To do this, just drink a few glasses of water. If after this the victim does not vomit, you need to very carefully (so as not to cause injury) press the spoon on the base of the tongue. Repeat several times. If a person is unconscious, you should not try to give him water to drink - he may suffocate!

The provision of first aid implies not only the correct actions, but, if possible, the collection of information for doctors. If the cause of poisoning is a food product or medication, be sure to show the packaging to the doctor.

This is a violation of the integrity of the vessels and the outpouring of blood fluid from the vascular bed. Blood can exit into the environment, into the abdominal or pleural cavity, or into the cavity of some organ. Bleeding is divided into external and internal. Blood flows into the environment through lesions on the skin, as well as through the mouth, nose, anus, and vagina.

If bleeding begins immediately after injury, it is classified as primary. Secondary are divided into early (thrombus departed within 3 days) and late (after 3 days, usually with the development of purulent inflammation).

General first aid rules

In order to properly provide first aid for bleeding, it is necessary to determine its type, which depends on the damaged vessel:

• capillary;
• Venous;
• Arterial;
• Parenchymal;
• Mixed.

According to the severity, mild, moderate, severe and massive blood loss is distinguished. The severity rating determines the danger to human life.

Extensive bleeding can lead to death, so everyone needs to learn how to provide first aid until the victim is taken to a medical facility.

The total blood volume in adults is approximately 4.5-5 liters. Blood loss greater than 30% of the volume is dangerous. Such a victim must be given first aid before the arrival of the medical team.

The complex of therapeutic measures should be carried out according to certain rules:

• The primary measure is the withdrawal or removal of the victim from the dangerous focus;
• The next step is to call the medical team., tell the dispatcher the exact address or landmark of the place where the patient is located. Be sure to indicate the patient's condition, if a traumatic amputation has occurred, also report it;
• In case of severe bleeding, the victim should wait for medical personnel in the supine position, the injured limb should be raised;
• What not to do: touch the wound with your hands, clean it from sand, dirt, rust etc., remove foreign objects, glass fragments from the wound. The damaging object must be carefully fixed with a gauze bandage to stop further tissue rupture;

It is possible to treat the edges of the wound surface with an antiseptic in the direction from the center of damage, to prevent iodine tincture from getting into the wound itself.

Improperly rendered first aid leads to infection, inflammation, large blood loss.

First aid for external bleeding(capillary)

Damage to the capillaries does not cause much blood loss. Most often, the formed thrombus closes the lumen of the capillary, and the bleeding ends on its own. This type of bleeding occurs when the epidermis, muscles, mucous membranes are ruptured.

First aid for bleeding is not only for injuries, but also with leakage, ear, uterus, stomach, after tooth extraction. Parenchymal bleeding from the liver, lungs, spleen, kidneys also refers to capillary.

How to stop the bleeding? When choosing, you need to take into account the intensity of leakage. For first aid in this case, use a pressure bandage, tamponade, ice application.

With internal capillary bleeding, red blood cells appear in the urine, the stool becomes brown in color, and the sputum becomes rusty. Symptoms of parenchymal hemorrhage are erased or disguised as other diseases.

When an injury occurs, you need to pay attention to the appearance of the patient. If cold sticky sweat, pallor of the skin, increased heart rate and low blood pressure are noted, in this case the victim is laid in a horizontal position, the legs are lifted up, cold is applied to the area of ​​​​the alleged lesion until the ambulance arrives.

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What to do with venous hemorrhage

Veins are vessels that carry blood from organs and tissues to the heart. When the blood has a dark red color, the outpouring is made by an even, uninterrupted stream, without pulsation or with a very weak pulsation.

Even with a slight injury, there is the possibility of severe blood loss, as well as the danger of an air embolism. When inhaled, air bubbles through the wound enter the blood stream, then into the heart muscle, which causes death.

First aid for venous hemorrhage:

If the veins of the neck and head are damaged, the wound is tightly clamped with a gauze cloth with hydrogen peroxide to prevent air embolism. Apply cold to the wound, then take the victim to a medical facility.

How to stop arterial bleeding

• The tourniquet must not be applied to a naked body; a cloth or clothing of the victim is placed under it;
• After that, it is necessary to draw up a note indicating the exact time of overlay;
• Ensure that the part of the body where the tourniquet is applied is accessible for inspection.

In the cold season, a limb with a tourniquet must be well wrapped up so as not to cause frostbite.

In winter, the tourniquet can be applied for no more than 1.5 hours, in summer for 2 hours. If the allowable time is exceeded, the tourniquet must be loosened for 5-10 minutes, at which time finger pressure of the artery is used.

A properly applied tourniquet or twist stops bleeding, but this method should be used only in the most extreme cases, with the vast majority of bleeding, a correctly applied pressure bandage is sufficient.

Most often, bleeding occurs as a result of damage to blood vessels. The most common cause is trauma (strike, injection, cut, crush, sprain). Vessels are much easier to damage and bleeding occurs in atherosclerosis, hypertension. Bleeding can also occur when the vessel is corroded by a painful focus (pathological process) - tuberculous, cancerous, ulcerative.

Types of bleeding. Bleeding is of varying strength and depends on the type and caliber of the damaged vessel. Bleeding, in which blood flows out of a wound or natural openings, is called outdoor. Bleeding in which blood accumulates in body cavities is called internal. Especially dangerous are internal bleeding into closed cavities - into the pleural, abdominal, heart shirt, cranial cavity. These bleedings are imperceptible, their diagnosis is extremely difficult, and they can remain unrecognized.

Internal bleeding occurs with penetrating wounds, closed injuries (ruptures of internal organs without damage to the skin as a result of a strong blow, fall from a height, squeezing), as well as diseases of internal organs (ulcer, cancer, tuberculosis, blood vessel aneurysm).

With a decrease in the amount of circulating blood, the activity of the heart worsens, the supply of oxygen to vital organs - the brain, kidneys, and liver - is disrupted. This causes a sharp disruption of all metabolic processes in the body and can lead to death.

There are arterial, venous, capillary and parenchymal bleeding.

arterial bleeding the most dangerous: in a short time, a person loses a large amount of blood flowing out under high pressure. Blood of bright red (scarlet) color beats with a pulsating jet. This type of bleeding occurs with deep chopped, stab wounds. If large arteries, the aorta, are damaged, blood loss that is incompatible with life can occur within a few minutes.

Venous bleeding occurs when the veins are damaged, in which the blood pressure is much lower than in the arteries, and the blood (it is dark cherry in color) flows out more slowly, evenly and continuously. Venous bleeding is less intense than arterial bleeding and is therefore rarely life-threatening. However, when the veins of the neck and chest are injured, air can be drawn into the lumen of the veins at the time of a deep breath. Air bubbles, penetrating with blood flow into the heart, can cause blockage of its vessels and cause lightning death.

capillary bleeding occurs when the smallest blood vessels (capillaries) are damaged. It happens, for example, with superficial wounds, shallow skin cuts, abrasions. Blood flows out of the wound slowly, drop by drop, and if the blood clotting is normal, the bleeding stops on its own.

Parenchymal bleeding associated with damage to internal organs that have a very developed network of blood vessels (liver, spleen, kidneys).

Stop bleeding. First aid for bleeding at the scene aims to temporarily stop the bleeding, in order to then deliver the victim to a medical facility, where the bleeding will be completely stopped. First aid in case of bleeding is carried out by applying a bandage or tourniquet, maximum flexion of the damaged limb in the joints.

capillary bleeding easily stopped by applying a conventional bandage to the wound. To reduce bleeding during the preparation of the dressing, it is enough to raise the injured limb above the level of the body. After applying a bandage to the area of ​​the injured surface, it is useful to put an ice pack.

Stop venous bleeding done with a pressure bandage

(Fig. 69). To do this, several layers of gauze are applied over the wound, a tight ball of cotton wool and tightly bandaged. The blood vessels squeezed by the bandage quickly close with clotted blood, so this method of stopping bleeding can be final. With severe venous bleeding during the preparation of a pressure bandage, bleeding can be temporarily stopped by pressing the bleeding vessel with your fingers below the wound.

To stop arterial bleeding vigorous and swift action is needed. If the blood flows from a small artery, good effect Rice. 69. Applying a pressure bandage gives a pressure bandage.

Rice. 70. Places of clamping of the arteries: 1 - femoral, 2 - axillary, 3 - subclavian, 4 - sleepy 5 - shoulder

To stop bleeding from a large arterial vessel, the technique of pressing the artery above the injury site is used. This method is simple and based on the fact that a number of arteries can be completely blocked by pressing them to the underlying bone formations in typical places (Fig. 70, 71).

Prolonged stopping of bleeding with the help of finger pressing of the artery is impossible, since this requires great physical strength, is tiring and practically excludes the possibility of transportation.

A reliable way to stop severe bleeding from the artery of the limb is the imposition of a hemostatic tourniquet (standard or impromptu).

The tourniquet is applied over the sleeve or trousers, but not on the naked body: the skin can be damaged. Hold a tourniquet in an adult not more than 2 hours (in winter - no more than 1 hour), longer

Rice. 74. Twist overlay

Rice. 71. Finger clamping of the arteries Rice. 72. Correct tourniquet application

pressure on blood vessels can lead to necrosis of the limb. A note must be placed under the tourniquet with an exact (up to a minute) indication of the time of its application (Fig. 72).

If the tourniquet is applied correctly (Fig. 73), the bleeding stops immediately, the limb turns pale, and the pulsation of the vessels below the tourniquet disappears. Excessive tightening of the tourniquet can cause crushing of muscles, nerves, blood vessels and cause limb paralysis. With a loose tourniquet, conditions are created for venous stasis and increased bleeding.

If there is no special tourniquet, you can use improvised means: a belt, a scarf, a piece of cloth, a scarf, etc. A tourniquet made from auxiliary materials is called a twist. To apply a twist, it is necessary to freely tie the object used for this at the required level. A stick should be passed under the knot and, rotating it, twist until the bleeding stops completely, then fix the stick to the limb (Fig. 74). The application of the twist is painful, so it is necessary to put cotton wool, a towel or a piece of cloth folded 2-3 times under it. All errors, dangers and complications noted during the application of the tourniquet fully apply to twisting.

Rice. 73. Places for applying a tourniquet for bleeding from the arteries:

1 - shins, 2 - lower leg and knee joint, 3 - brushes, 4 - forearm and elbow joint, 5 - shoulder, 6 - hips

To stop bleeding during transportation, pressure on the arteries is used by fixing the limbs in a certain position. In case of injury to the subclavian ar-

Rice. 75. Fixation of limbs

terii, bleeding can be stopped by the maximum abduction of the arms back with their fixation at the level of the elbow joints (Fig. 75, a). Compression of the popliteal and femoral arteries is shown in Fig. 75, b, c.

Stopping bleeding from wounds on the forearm (shoulder, thigh or lower leg), in the elbow (armpit, inguinal fold or popliteal fossa) put a roller of cotton wool or tightly folded tissue, bend the arm to failure in the elbow joint (or, respectively, in the shoulder, pressing it to the body, and the leg - in the hip or knee joint) and fix it in this position with a bandage, scarf, belt, towel (Fig. 76). You can leave the limb in this position, like a tourniquet, for no more than 2 hours.

This method is not suitable for broken bones or severe bruises.

Rice. 76. Stop bleeding from a wound on the forearm

Bleeding from the nose. When the nose is bruised, and sometimes for no apparent reason, with some infectious diseases, high blood pressure, anemia, etc., nosebleeds often occur.

First aid. First of all, it is necessary to stop washing the nose, blowing your nose, coughing up blood that enters the nasopharynx, sitting with your head down, etc., since these measures only increase the bleeding. The patient should be seated or laid down with his head raised, his neck and chest should be freed from restrictive clothing, and fresh air should be given access. sick Rice. 77. Stopping the nasal is recommended to breathe through an open mouth. Most but-

bleeding of owl bleeding when the patient is in a calm position

stops. You can put cold (blister or plastic bag with ice, cold lotions) on the bridge of the nose. Stopping bleeding in most cases helps to compress the nose for 15-20 minutes (Fig. 77), especially after the introduction of a lump of cotton wool into the nostril (you can moisten it with a solution of hydrogen peroxide or a vasoconstrictor, such as a solution of naphthyzinum). If the bleeding does not stop soon, it is necessary to call a doctor or refer the patient to a medical facility.

Bleeding after tooth extraction. After a tooth is removed or after it is damaged (knocked out teeth), bleeding from the tooth bed (hole) is possible, especially when the victim sucks blood from the hole, rinses the mouth, and sometimes with insufficient blood clotting. If the bleeding that occurs during the extraction of a tooth does not stop, becomes more abundant or resumes, measures should be taken to stop it.

First aid. It is necessary to make a small roller of sterile cotton wool or gauze, put it between the upper and lower teeth, respectively, to the place of the extracted tooth, after which the patient tightly clenched his teeth. The thickness of the roller should correspond to the gap between the teeth and, when the jaws are closed, will press on the place of bleeding.

Hemoptysis, or pulmonary hemorrhage. In patients with tuberculosis and some other lung diseases, as well as heart defects, sputum with streaks of blood (hemoptysis) is separated, blood is coughed up in a significant amount or profuse (pulmonary) bleeding occurs. Blood in the mouth may also be from the gums or mucous membranes, with vomiting due to gastric bleeding. Pulmonary bleeding is usually not life threatening, but makes a painful impression on the patient and others.

It is necessary to reassure the patient, pointing out the absence of danger to life. Then you should put him in bed with a raised upper body. To facilitate breathing, unfasten or remove squeezing clothing, open the window. The patient is forbidden to speak and drink hot, he should not cough, if possible, they are given cough-soothing medicines from the home medicine cabinet. Place on the patient's chest

an ice pack, to the feet - heating pads or mustard plasters. When thirsty, you should give small sips of cold water or a concentrated solution of table salt (1 tablespoon of salt per 1 glass of water).

A doctor is called for first aid. Only a doctor, having determined the severity of bleeding and the nature of the disease, can dictate further actions.

Hematemesis. With a stomach ulcer, duodenal ulcer and some other diseases of the stomach, as well as with varicose veins of the esophagus, vomiting often occurs with dark clots of the color of coffee grounds, and sometimes with uncurled bright blood. Vomiting blood can be single, a small amount and multiple, profuse, life-threatening patient.

Symptoms. With gastric bleeding, blood is released with vomit. In some cases, blood from the stomach and duodenum enters the intestine and is detected only by the presence of black stools. With heavy bleeding, there are signs of acute anemia: dizziness, weakness, pallor, fainting, weakening and increased heart rate.

First aid. The patient is subject to immediate hospitalization (in the surgical department). Before transportation, the patient needs complete rest, giving a supine position, prohibition of any movements, placing an ice pack on the epigastric region. You should not feed the patient, but you can give teaspoons of cold jelly. Transportation is carried out in a supine position on a stretcher with great care, even if hematemesis has stopped; in case of collapse, measures are taken at the scene until the patient exits a serious condition.

Intestinal bleeding. With intestinal ulcers and some of its diseases, significant bleeding into the intestinal lumen may occur. It is accompanied by general signs of blood loss, and later - the appearance of black stools.

From the dilated veins of the anus with hemorrhoids and other diseases of the rectum, it is possible with a bowel movement to excrete unchanged or mixed with feces blood. Such bleeding is usually mild, but often repeated many times.

First aid. With intestinal bleeding, complete rest, giving a lying position, placing ice on the stomach are necessary. You should not feed the patient, give him laxatives and put enemas.

With significant bleeding from the anus, it is recommended to put an ice pack on the sacral region.

Blood in the urine (hematuria). Damage to the kidney and urinary tract (ruptures), tuberculosis of the kidney and bladder, stones in the urinary tract, tumors and a number of other diseases may be accompanied by the appearance of blood in the urine or its excretion through the urinary tract in significant quantities, sometimes in the form of clots or even pure blood .

First aid. Requires bed rest, ice on the lower abdomen and lumbar region. In view of the fact that blood in the urine is often a sign of a serious illness, the patient is subject, even after stopping the bleeding, hospitalization for a special examination.

21 Order No. 84

Uterine bleeding. Many diseases of the female genital organs (miscarriages, menstrual disorders, inflammatory processes, tumors of the uterus) are accompanied by uterine bleeding during menstruation or in between.

First aid. The patient should be given a horizontal position or, even better, raise the foot end of the bed, put an ice pack on the lower abdomen. On the bed you need to put an oilcloth and on top of it - to absorb blood - a towel folded several times. The patient should be given a cold drink. The issue of placement in a hospital (maternity hospital, gynecological department of the hospital) is decided by the doctor. With heavy and prolonged bleeding, referral to the hospital should be urgent.

Internal bleeding during ectopic pregnancy. Life-threatening internal (into the abdominal cavity) bleeding occurs during pregnancy that has developed not in the uterus, but in the fallopian tube, which happens most often after inflammatory diseases of the tubes and abortions. An ectopic pregnancy is complicated by rupture of the tube and bleeding.

Symptoms. Internal bleeding occurs suddenly, at 2-3 months of pregnancy. It is accompanied by scanty bloody discharge from the genital tract, cramping pains in the lower abdomen; dizziness, cold sweat, pallor, rapid breathing, weak pulse, sometimes vomiting and fainting. The presence of pregnancy is confirmed by a preliminary delay in menstruation, pigmentation of the nipples and swelling of the mammary glands.

First aid. The patient should lie with ice on the stomach. It is necessary to ensure the most urgent delivery to the surgical department.