The concept of “eclampsia” is usually used to characterize the most complex form of gestosis in pregnant women - a condition with convulsive syndrome, pressure surges and severe disorders in the body. But the disease renal eclampsia occurs not only in pregnant women, but also in other categories of the population.

Renal eclampsia

Renal eclampsia is understood as an encephalopathic syndrome accompanied by convulsions, loss of consciousness against the background of spasm of cerebral arterioles and swelling of brain tissue. It is a rare disease, in most cases it becomes a complication of renal pathologies.

In acute forms of nephritis, the disease occurs only in 0.3% of cases. Most often, renal eclampsia is recorded in pregnant women in their last stages. It almost never occurs in children aged 1-3 years; in childhood it is more typical for schoolchildren. It is necessary to distinguish eclampsia from azotemic uremia, which is a consequence of severe forms of chronic nephritis.

Causes

Diseases against which such a complication may develop are the following:

• Nephropathy of pregnancy;
• Toxicosis of the second half of pregnancy;
• Spicy ;
• Exacerbation of chronic nephritis.

As a rule, the development of pathology occurs during severe swelling and a sharp increase in blood pressure. In pregnant women, eclampsia occurs even after swelling decreases. Convulsions can be provoked by the abuse of salty foods and the consumption of large amounts of liquid.

Pathogenesis

The development of eclampsia comes from two equivalent factors - cerebral circulatory disorders against the background of cerebral edema and impaired blood microcirculation with vasospasm. In the acute form of kidney damage, sodium and water molecules are retained in the brain tissue. Intracranial pressure increases, as does the pressure in the cerebral vessels.

Due to an increase in blood pressure and spasm of the walls of blood vessels, ischemia (oxygen starvation) of brain tissue is observed, leading to significant disorders of brain functions. In parallel, acute renal (sometimes liver) failure develops, and spinal cord dysfunction occurs.

In pregnant women, renal eclampsia is often associated with an increase in blood viscosity and the development of disseminated intravascular coagulation - with the massive appearance of blood clots. Blood flow is disrupted both in the brain and in vital organs, so the consequences for the body are extremely serious.

Etiology and pathogenesis of renal eclampsia

Clinical picture

The main manifestation of renal eclampsia does not always occur - often the patient experiences attacks in full consciousness, or short-term loss of consciousness. And yet, more often than not, the development of eclampsia is “standard” - it is preceded by sudden lethargy, drowsiness, headaches against the background of acute nephritis. An attack can last for several minutes (prolonged attacks are not typical), often followed by a whole series of attacks. Between them, the patient seems to be in a stunned state, cannot come to his senses, or (in a severe form of the disease) falls into a coma. The total duration of the pathology without treatment can be a day or more.

The main symptoms of an acute attack of renal eclampsia are:

• Strong headache;
• Nausea and vomiting;
• Fainting;
• Visual impairment, speech impairment;
• Paresis and paralysis (reversible);
• Increasing pressure to high numbers;
• Swelling of the veins in the neck;
• Rolling eyes upward;
• Tongue biting;
• Foaming at the mouth;
• Pale skin;
• Irregularity, intermittency of breathing.

Seizures are an important symptom of renal eclampsia. They develop at the height of an attack during a sigh or a cry. The seizures may be weak at first (tonic) but then become stronger (clonic). In some patients, instead of typical cramps, individual muscles twitch. During convulsions, involuntary urination and defecation often occur. In severe cases, the pupils do not respond to light and the eyes harden.

A patient with renal eclampsia necessarily has edema - this distinguishes the pathology from epileptic attacks, which occur with a similar clinical picture.

The development of symptoms of an attack occurs in four periods:

1. The first, or precursor. Duration – up to a minute.
2. The second, or the period of tonic convulsions. Duration – up to 30 seconds.
3. Third, or period of clonic convulsions. Duration – up to 2 minutes.
4. Fourth, or permissive. The patient comes to his senses.

Diagnostics

In patients hospitalized for treatment of acute nephritis, diagnosis usually does not cause difficulties.

But in those patients who are admitted to the department during the development of renal eclampsia, differential diagnosis is required:

1. With epilepsy - absent, the disease has a long history, there may be scars on the tongue from previously occurring attacks.
2. With azotemic - occurs only in patients with chronic nephritis, is characterized by slow development, urine has a low specific gravity, the smell of urine is present in the exhaled air, there is anemia in the blood, and residual nitrogen is increased.
3. C – no convulsions, the face is not pale, but red, hyperemic, symptoms of paralysis are rapidly increasing, coma is developing acutely.

To facilitate the diagnosis, collecting anamnesis from the words of the patient or his relatives, in particular, indicating a sharp increase in pressure and the appearance of edema before attacks. Distinctive signs of renal eclampsia according to tests are a high specific gravity of urine, the presence of blood in the urine, and in pregnant women - an increase in blood platelets.

Video of an attack of renal eclampsia:

First aid

The tasks of loved ones and the arriving ambulance team are to stop the current attack and prevent the development of a new one, eliminate existing acute disorders, and bring down the pressure to normal levels.

At home, emergency care is as follows:

1. Place the person on the bed, sofa, floor (without a pillow).
2. Tilt your head to the side, fix your tongue so that it does not sink in - insert a spoon wrapped in gauze into your mouth.
3. Open the window and provide air access.
4. Remove all squeezing clothing from the neck.
5. If necessary, perform mouth-to-mouth breathing manipulations.
6. Give the person a Nitroglycerin tablet if he is conscious.

Ambulance specialists use oxygen masks to restore spontaneous breathing; in the absence of breathing, they install constant mechanical ventilation. In case of cardiac arrest, indirect massage is performed. Treatment of renal eclampsia is more effective under anesthesia, so the patient is often given general anesthesia while still in the ambulance.

Treatment

To relieve seizures, anticonvulsant therapy is performed in the hospital - solutions of Seduxen, Droperidol, Promedol, Fentanyl with glucose are administered. At the same time, arterial hypertension is treated with Clonidine, Dibazol, Eufillin, etc.

Bloodletting with taking up to 400 ml of blood and subsequent administration of a glucose solution has proven itself well in the treatment of renal eclampsia. Another method of treating cerebral edema and reducing pressure is the administration of the drug Magnesium sulfate, which quickly relieves spasm of cerebral vessels and normalizes intracranial pressure.

Severe seizures are blocked using a spinal puncture - as small portions of fluid leak out, brain edema decreases in intensity due to a decrease in intracranial pressure. This treatment method is used only if the first two indicated methods are ineffective.

After acute renal eclampsia has resolved, the patient should remain in the department for treatment of nephritis. A strict diet with limited salt and liquid is recommended. Fasting days on milk, fermented milk products, and jelly are mandatory. Treatment with diuretics, Prednisolone, and drugs for arterial hypertension is used, and diathermy of the lumbar region is prescribed.

Complications

Thanks to the development of medicine, deaths from this type of eclampsia are rare. However, death from acute renal or heart failure or from massive cerebral hemorrhage is still possible. The prognosis becomes more difficult when other forms of eclampsia – cerebral, hepatic – are added. In pregnant women, death is possible from disseminated intravascular coagulation. Typically, renal eclampsia does not subsequently complicate the course of acute nephritis - on the contrary, the pathology after attacks often does not become chronic.

Complications of renal eclampsia

May 5, 2017 Doctor

Eclampsia is understood as the most severe complication of gestosis in pregnant women, one of the forms of late toxicosis. But renal eclampsia is also typical for other categories of patients suffering from various nephrological pathologies.

Description and reasons

In the presence of nephropathy in pregnant women, nephritis in other categories of people, the development of renal eclampsia is possible. This is an encephalopathic syndrome associated with a sharp increase in blood pressure, narrowing of cerebral vessels and impaired blood supply to the brain and spinal cord. Now the disease accompanies no more than 0.3-1% of cases of kidney damage, occurs more often in pregnant women, and is almost never diagnosed in children under 7 years of age.

Eclampsia develops mainly with acute diffuse glomerulonephritis. Other causes of pathology may be:

• kidney diseases during pregnancy;
• late toxicosis of pregnancy;
• exacerbation of chronic glomerulonephritis.

The onset of an attack can be triggered by heavy intake of salty foods and uncontrolled consumption of liquids. An attack begins when there is severe swelling and increased blood pressure. Due to water and sodium retention, arterial spasm occurs and subsequent ischemia (oxygen starvation) of brain tissue. Intracranial and spinal pressure increases, cerebral edema develops with seizures and other severe symptoms.

How does the syndrome manifest?

The duration of each attack of renal eclampsia is several minutes, but the number of attacks may vary. The development of the syndrome occurs in four stages:

1. Precursor stage (preconvulsant). Lasts up to 20-30 seconds, the patient begins to twitch the facial muscles.
2. Stage of tonic convulsions (30 seconds). They spread to all large muscles of the body due to muscle tension.
3. Stage of clonic convulsions (2 minutes). Foaming at the mouth, activation of convulsions, loss of consciousness, breathing problems.
4. Comatose or resolving stage. The patient may come to his senses, or fall into a coma or die (the outcome depends on the assistance provided, the severity of eclampsia, etc.).

Usually the disease develops at the peak of acute glomerulonephritis, less often - after swelling has decreased. At the warning stage, in addition to isolated twitching of the facial muscles, headaches, nausea, and blurred vision may occur. Later, vomiting and increased pain occur, “spots” flash before the eyes, and vision is blurred. A state of stupor may occur, at the same time the pressure increases and the heart rate decreases.

During convulsions, the patient is often unconscious. There is pallor and bluish discoloration of the facial skin, wheezing, dilated pupils, involuntary release of feces and urine, and tongue biting. After returning consciousness or emerging from a coma, a person remains confused in thoughts, speech, memory impairment, aggressiveness, anxiety, and often temporary loss of vision. Later, basic brain functions are restored.

First aid to a patient

Emergency care should be provided at home, before the ambulance arrives, although many patients with acute nephritis are already in the hospital of a medical institution. You need to act this way:

1. Lay the person on a flat surface on his left side, ensure physical safety.
2. Place a spoon wrapped in gauze in your mouth to prevent your tongue from sticking in.
3. Unfasten the collar, remove constrictive clothing, open the window.
4. If necessary, perform artificial respiration and chest compressions.

Upon arrival of the ambulance, the patient is often put under anesthesia, since treatment under general anesthesia will be most effective.

How is eclampsia treated?

The diagnosis is based on a characteristic clinical picture coupled with anamnesis - the presence of acute or chronic kidney disease, as well as nephropathy in pregnant women. The diagnosis can be confirmed by measuring blood pressure (above 140-90), monitoring blood tests (impaired kidney function) and urine (proteinuria - increased protein in the urine).

During the period of warning signs, strict restriction of salt, fluids, and taking blood pressure medications will help prevent an attack. At the peak of an attack, the following measures are taken to reduce cerebral edema:

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• bloodletting (up to 400-500 ml of blood);
• injection of magnesium solution into a vein;
• infusion of glucose, diuretics, aminophylline, antihypertensive drugs;
• foot baths, mustard plasters on calves.

Usually such measures lead to the relief of the attack, the patient regains consciousness. If these treatments are ineffective, a spinal tap is performed immediately. After stabilization of the condition, physical therapy, taking blood pressure medications and angioprotectors, and a special diet are recommended. Treatment of the underlying disease will help prevent subsequent attacks.

Possible complications and prevention

The most serious complication is death due to respiratory arrest, cerebral edema, acute renal or heart failure, or stroke. Also, severe consequences of renal eclampsia can be aspiration pneumonia, pulmonary edema, paralysis and paresis, retinal detachment, psychosis, hemorrhages and cerebral hematomas.

An important measure to prevent renal eclampsia is timely treatment of kidney disease. Particular attention should be paid to pregnant women at risk - with late toxicosis, increased protein in the urine, hypertension and edema. It is recommended that such women be admitted to hospital until delivery. In general, for prevention it is necessary to follow a proper diet, water regime, eliminate stress, undergo regular examinations and control all chronic diseases.

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Due to the special role of the kidneys in maintaining homeostasis, the slightest dysfunction of different parts of the nephron will manifest itself in various, at first glance, isolated signs, which, based on a general examination and special examination methods, are combined into syndromes.

1. Urinary syndrome

2. Nephrotic syndrome.

3. Hypertensive syndrome or renoparenchymal arterial hypertension

4. Nephritic syndrome or acute nephritic.

5. Acute renal failure

6. Chronic renal failure.

7. Tubulo-interstitial disorder syndrome

8. Urinary tract obstruction syndrome.

Renal eclampsia is an encephalopathic syndrome manifested by convulsions, loss of consciousness, caused by spasm of cerebral arterioles and edema.

Causes: Develops in patients with acute kidney disease (diffuse glomerulonephritis, acute nephritis, toxicosis of the second half of pregnancy - nephropathy, rarely with chronic nephritis).

Mechanisms of occurrence and development of the disease (Pathogenesis): Pathogenesis is associated with impaired cerebral circulation caused by swelling of brain tissue and impaired microcirculation. In acute nephritis, swelling of the brain tissue develops due to sodium and water retention. In eclampsia of pregnant women, microcirculatory disorders are associated with generalized spasm of the cerebral arteries and disseminated intravascular coagulation.

Clinical picture of the disease. Course and symptoms:

Precursors: headache; dizziness; nausea; apathy; insomnia; blurred vision; high blood pressure - 240/130, 300/160 mm. rt. Art.

The attack occurs suddenly: loss of consciousness; cramps in the limbs; rolling of the eyes; biting the tongue: pink foam at the mouth; cyanosis of the face; shortness of breath; involuntary urination, defecation; coma; post-attack sleep; duration of the attack is 1-30 minutes.

After an attack, transient symptoms occur: blindness (amaurosis); muteness or speech disorder; memory loss (amnesia).

Differential diagnosis is difficult only if an attack of renal eclampsia is the first manifestation of acute nephritis or nephropathy in pregnancy (which is rare), or if it occurred outside the hospital and outside the home. In these cases, it is most difficult for a doctor to distinguish renal eclampsia from epilepsy. But with epilepsy there is no swelling, no marked increase in blood pressure, no bradycardia, and scars from old bites are often visible on the tongue.

Sometimes it is necessary to differentiate coma due to eclampsia and coma due to cerebral hemorrhage. In the latter case, there is no renal history, edema, pallor of the face, the prodromal symptoms described above (the comatose state occurs suddenly), changes in the urine, and on the other hand, focal symptoms (paresis, paralysis) occur. For the differential diagnosis of eclampsia with uremic coma, it is important to take into account symptoms of severe chronic renal failure that are not typical for eclampsia (azotemia, hypoisosthenuria, decreased kidney size), significant left ventricular hypertrophy, and pericardial friction noise.

Diagnosis of the disease: When seizures develop in patients with known kidney disease or nephropathy of pregnancy. In fact, all diagnostic procedures are carried out after emergency care (blood and urine tests, biochemical blood test - determination of urea, creatinine, blood electrolytes, blood pH, ultrasound of the kidneys).

Treatment of the disease: The diagnosis of eclampsia is an absolute indication for immediate hospitalization either in the therapeutic department (in the case of acute nephritis) or in the obstetric department (in the case of nephropathy in pregnancy). The treatment of eclampsia is based on measures aimed at reducing edema, lowering blood pressure, eliminating seizures, and, if necessary, normalizing breathing, correcting metabolism and eliminating coagulopathy.

Renal eclampsia is an acute condition with a number of characteristic symptoms, which are based on disorders of the brain (encephalopathy with swelling of brain tissue as a result of a sharp and prolonged spasm of arterioles). This syndrome is different:

• convulsions (clonic and tonic);
• clouding or loss of consciousness (coma);
• an increase in blood pressure to critical levels;
• pronounced metabolic disorders in the body.

Renal eclampsia is a fairly rare but very dangerous disease. As a rule, it manifests itself in pregnant women as a complication in the last trimester, as well as in people with chronic renal pathologies. In early childhood, the pathology practically does not occur; in junior and senior schoolchildren and adolescents it is diagnosed sporadically, that is, only in isolated cases with acute forms of nephritis.

Causes

1. Nephropathy in pregnant women (impaired kidney function).
2. Chronic nephritis.

Factors that provoke renal eclampsia include:

• consumption by pregnant women and sick people of significant amounts of salty, spicy, spicy foods or large volumes of liquid;
• disturbances in the functioning of the endocrine system;
• neuropsychic overexcitation, stress;
• changes in the composition of the blood (increase in its viscosity, release of a large number of platelets, intensification of their coagulation processes).

Development mechanism

The syndrome develops against the background of vascular spasm and tissue swelling in the brain. This occurs due to sodium retention in the body's cells, accumulation and long-term retention of water in them. This process triggers mechanisms for raising arterial and intracranial pressure, brain hypoxia, and ischemia of its tissues. Therefore, the work of the brain structures (both the brain and the spinal cord) is disrupted, a significant narrowing of its functions occurs, and all internal organs (heart, lungs, liver) also suffer greatly.

Renal eclampsia is characterized by:

• increased tissue permeability in the body, which is expressed in the formation of internal and external edema;
• metabolic disorders - accumulation of harmful substances resulting from decay reactions (acidosis);
• lack of normal filling of blood vessels, decrease in blood volume in them;
• increased loss of fibrin and its sedimentation in the cells of the body, which changes the normal process of blood clotting;
• hemorrhages (single and multiple petechial) in the brain and (or) internal organs.

Clinic, symptoms of renal eclampsia

In medicine, there is such a thing as preeclampsia (a triad of signs signaling the danger of a crisis) - this is:

• increased blood pressure;
• the appearance of severe swelling;
• protein in urine.

Any doctor who discovers a combination of these symptoms is obliged to “sound the alarm” and immediately begin treatment measures. The main thing is to prevent an impending attack or provide emergency assistance in a timely manner (preferably at the very beginning). Delay in this case can lead to the death of the patient, and in pregnant women, the fetus.

Prodromal (preceding) signs of renal eclampsia, in addition to the main ones, include:

• double vision or a white veil in front of them;
• dizziness and migraine-like pain;
• lethargy and confusion;
• the occurrence of delirium, hallucinations, fainting;
• decreased desire to urinate;
• nausea, vomiting, heaviness in the epigastrium.

With chronic pathologies in the renal system, preeclampsia can last up to 4 days, in other cases the attack develops rapidly within a few hours. After a sharp rise in pressure, patients develop convulsions according to a certain “scenario”:

• twitching of individual muscles (1-3 min);
• trismus of the whole body with further loss of consciousness, with pronounced blue discoloration of the skin (cyanosis), dilated pupils (up to 30 seconds);
• clonic contraction of the entire body muscles, with signs of respiratory and heart failure (up to 2 minutes);
• involuntary urination and bowel movements, return to consciousness; with irreversible changes in the body, patients die during this period from suffocation, cardiac arrest, and extensive hemorrhages in the brain.

The number of convulsive seizures can range from 1 to 10 or more.

In the recovery phase, patients are left with a foggy consciousness, speech and coordination disorders are observed, they do not remember their feelings during attacks, they are disoriented in space and perception of the world.

Objective symptoms of eclampsia are characterized by:

• slow heart rate;
• high tendon reflexes;
• congestion in the fundus;
• When cerebrospinal fluid is taken (puncture), an increase in pressure in it is diagnosed.

Atypical and mild, renal eclampsia can occur in people with chronic nephritis, without pronounced convulsions and “turning off” consciousness (it leaves patients for seconds). Urine tests in such patients do not show a large number of protein fractions, although blood pressure is significantly elevated and there may be edema.

Diagnostics

It is important to distinguish seizures in eclampsia from seizures in epilepsy. The distinctive signs of eclampsia are:

• decreased heart rate;
• swelling on the body;
• increase in blood pressure.

With epilepsy, the pulse is normal or rapid, there is no swelling or hypertension, and visible marks on the tongue from previous attacks may remain.

To differentiate from traumatic coma or stroke, urine analysis is used; in the latter cases, protein is not detected in it, and observations also show the presence of paresis and (or) paralysis in patients. In eclampsia they are not present.

A distinctive feature of this condition from uremic coma is the absence of organic changes in the kidneys (wrinkling, reduction), as well as myocardial dystrophy and hypertrophy.

The main laboratory method for determining the development of renal eclampsia is to study urine (for protein, for creatinine) and blood (biochemistry, for electrolytes, for pH balance, for urea, for platelet levels, etc.).

Instrumental examinations include: ultrasound, CT, X-ray, MRI of the kidneys and other organs.

Treatment

Attacks of renal eclampsia can only be stopped in a hospital; if there is any suspicion of them, patients are urgently hospitalized. Therapeutic procedures include:

• the use of anticonvulsants (Droperidol, Seduxen, Sodium Oxybutyrate), antihypertensive drugs (Magnesium Sulfate);
• bleeding up to 400 ml.;
• taking diuretics (Furosemide, Lasix).

1. The diet is salt-free in the first weeks, and then with limited sodium chloride intake.
2. Antihypertensive drugs as prescribed by a doctor.
3. Decongestants, including folk ones. You can drink kidney tea (Orthosiphon stamen), the regimen will be prescribed by a specialist.

Romanovskaya Tatyana Vladimirovna

Encephalopathic syndrome, which is accompanied by a critical increase in blood pressure and seizures, is called “renal eclampsia”. The disease develops against the background of acute or chronic nephropathy. The term “eclampsia” is often used to refer to a late form of toxicosis in pregnant women; the development of this disease threatens the mother and fetus. Children aged 7 to 9 years are also susceptible to eclampsia, especially if there is a history of nephrotic syndrome. It manifests itself in the form of seizures, similar to epilepsy, but these conditions have different causes of origin.

What to expect with renal eclampsia?

Renal eclampsia syndrome is an encephalopathic syndrome caused by pressure fluctuations due to swelling or damage to the brain and central nervous system. Manifests itself in the form of clonic or tonic convulsions, loss of consciousness with a sharp rise in pressure. The disease is characterized by the presence of arterial hypertension, which subsequently causes bleeding and is the root cause of death.

What's happening?

The cause of eclampsia is acute nephritis due to impaired blood pressure and blood circulation in the brain. Damage to the capillaries leads to pressure surges, which causes loss of consciousness and convulsions. If the disease is accompanied by acute nephritis, then brain damage occurs due to the accumulation and stagnation of sodium. During pregnancy, the condition is associated with impaired blood circulation in parts of the brain due to arterial spasms and intravascular coagulation.

The formation of cerebral edema is one of the consequences of renal eclampsia.

Arteriospasm reduces blood flow in the capillaries, this leads to viscosity and the formation of cell apparatus. The results of rheological disorders are:

• formation of cerebral edema;
• manifestation of acidosis;
• hypovolemia;
• fibrin formation, which leads to coagulopathy.

Four stages of an eclamptic seizure

Doctors distinguish 4 main stages that a person suffering from eclampsia goes through. Stages of seizure development:

1. Preconvulsive stage - observed for 10-30 seconds, twitching is distributed to the facial muscles.
2. Tonic convulsions - the patient’s body is covered in tension, spreading to all muscles.
3. Clonic convulsions - a seizure covers the entire body, the patient loses control over the body, muscle contractions and relaxations occur subconsciously, lasting up to 2 minutes.
4. Comatose stage - at this moment the person is unconscious, it is considered the most dangerous stage due to possible complications, often when assistance is provided, the patient comes to his senses and the convulsions disappear.

Precursors of renal eclampsia

In addition to the pronounced clinical picture in the form of convulsive attacks, other symptoms are also observed:

• general fatigue;
• lack of appetite;
• dysuria;
• pain syndromes;
• vision is partially lost.

One of the signs of the disease is cloudiness in the eyes.

The symptoms of the disease often depend on the nature of the development and the area of ​​​​the lesions. There have also been cases where eclampsia syndrome developed against the background of normal health and seizures appeared spontaneously. In the initial form of the disease, micro-attacks occur, which often go unnoticed and manifest themselves in the form of:

• blurred vision;
• loss of balance.

What can happen during pregnancy?

The disease often occurs during pregnancy, childbirth or after. It occurs due to increased load on the genitourinary organs: changes in shape, pressing of the ureters and bladder create additional pressure, which can cause nephritis and, as a consequence, eclampsia. The formation of edema and obstruction of blood circulation can harm the fetus and mother. Convulsions during pregnancy are very dangerous and can harm both the mother and the fetus, leading to termination of pregnancy. Also, during convulsions, false labor may begin due to frequent muscle contractions and relaxations. This is a serious threat to the mother and fetus; if symptoms appear, it is recommended to urgently consult a specialist.

What to do: first aid

To ensure the outflow of fluid, the patient must be placed on his side.

A person with eclampsia syndrome needs help. Emergency care is the measures taken to initially stop the disease; every person should know them. Since eclampsia is very similar to seizures in epilepsy, the same treatment is provided. The patient must be secured so that he is not injured during the attack. After this, the patient must be turned on his side to ensure the outflow of fluid, and held in this state until the convulsions pass, they disappear within 2 minutes. It is best to wait for the ambulance to arrive without leaving the patient unattended. Often people experiencing attacks of renal eclampsia do not remember anything and do not understand what happened to them.

How to treat and can it be avoided?

The importance of early diagnosis

First, the doctor listens to the patient’s complaints and makes a preliminary diagnosis based on them. Next, diagnostic measures are carried out, which include:

• examination using ultrasound and MRI, identifying abnormal areas;
• pressure measurements;
• blood and urine tests.

Eclamptic attacks are not chronic and may appear once, but this does not mean that the disease disappears. There will be no attacks until the disease has passed a certain stage, at which swelling of the brain appears. Therefore, it is important to identify eclampsia at the initial stage in order to avoid possible complications.