1. Sound sources

100 – If you place an alarm clock in a glass bell and pump out the air from there, the sound becomes weaker and weaker, and finally stops. Why?

Answer: In order for sound to propagate, an elastic medium must exist. Sound waves cannot travel in a vacuum.

200 – It turns out that artillerymen are advised to open their mouths when firing and bombers during explosions. Why?

Answer: When a gun is fired, a powerful sound wave hits the eardrum with great force and can rupture it. In such cases, it is recommended to open your mouth when the explosion occurs.

300 – It turns out that people who are deaf from birth are usually mute. Give an explanation for this phenomenon.

Answer: This is due to the fact that auditory perception and speech function in humans are closely interrelated.

400 - Inflammation of the middle ear is very dangerous, as a person can go deaf and die. Give an explanation for this phenomenon.

Answer: Inflammation can easily spread to the lining of the brain, since the upper vault of the middle ear is separated from the internal cavity of the cerebral part of the skull by only a thin bone layer.

500 – It is well known that among the noises that surround us, there are “pleasant” noises - the noise of the forest, sea, rain, etc. However, there are much more noises that are less pleasant - the noise of a car, an airplane, etc. Give an explanation for this phenomenon .

Answer: The noise of a car or airplane causes strong stimulation in the auditory centers, which creates unpleasant sensations. With prolonged exposure to noise, disorders in the cardiovascular system and the activity of the cerebral cortex can occur.

2. Sound propagation

100 – Can the sound of a strong explosion on the Moon be heard on Earth?

Answer: No, the sound of an explosion on the Moon cannot be heard on Earth, since sound is a mechanical wave, and mechanical waves can only propagate in an elastic medium, while there is airless space between the Earth and the Moon.

200 – Why were the “listeners” who in ancient times monitored the enemy’s excavation work often blind people?

Answer: The earth conducts sound well, so in the old days, during a siege, “listeners” were placed in the fortress walls, who could determine by the sound transmitted by the earth whether the enemy was digging into the walls or not?

300 – Why is the prompter’s booth covered with felt?

Answer: To exclude the prompter’s speeches into the auditorium.

400 – Why do heating pipes transmit sound so well?

Answer: Pipes are solid metal bodies: sound in such media travels at high speed. In metal, sound - and these are longitudinal waves - are weakly attenuated.

500 – A toy telephone consists of two boxes connected by a stretched string. Such a device allows you to communicate at a distance of tens of meters. Explain the phenomenon.

Answer: Sound waves are longitudinal and propagate in all media. Air vibrations in the box are transmitted to the thread particles and the sound wave propagates.

3. Sounds in nature

100 – Which animals, except bats, use ultrasonic location?

Answer: Not only bats have echolocator. It is found in whales, dolphins, seals, and fish.

200 – Why do mosquitoes, bumblebees, flies, and bees make sounds in flight, but butterflies and dragonflies do not?

Answer: The vibration frequency created by the wings of a butterfly and dragonfly is below our threshold of hearing, so we do not perceive their flight as sound.

300 – During one of the concerts, a listener suddenly began to experience pain in the heart area. Moreover, the onset of pain coincided with the performance of one of Chopin’s nocturnes. Since then, every time he heard this music, his heart ached. Explain why?

Answer: A conditioned pain reflex arose, in which music was a conditioned stimulus.

400 – Can a sound analyzer perceive light and visual sound? Why?

Answer: No. The centers are located in different parts of the brain (auditory in the temporal lobes, and visual in the occipital lobe). They are strictly specific sensory organs aimed at perceiving a single stimulus.

500 – It is known that snakes do not have an inner ear. How do they perceive sound vibrations?

Answer: In general, snakes are deaf, but with their abdominal surface they perceive vibrations passing through the soil.

The cinema has taught us that a shot in the forehead leads to the fact that the target either immediately begins to suffer from astigmatism and frantically squints his eyes towards the treasured hole, or simply rolls his eyes and falls like a pillar to the ground. At the same time, the arms, of course, sag like whips, the legs give way, and if the villain was holding someone back, then the freed hostage runs away from the scene unharmed.

In reality, unfortunately, this is not the case. However, it’s somehow uncivilized to criticize cinema for such moments. In the end, for obvious reasons, they do not show how to properly open the veins.

In fact, in a situation where it is necessary that as a result of a shot the enemy does not have time to press anything (the trigger on a weapon, a button on a bomb), they shoot not in the forehead, but in the mouth. Or just under the nose (in the upper lip).

Why do you have to shoot in the mouth?

The reason for this is the simplest: human anatomy. The fact is that when it hits the head (I hope everyone remembers what a “dynamic strike” is), the bullet turns the brain into mush. But given the fact that the rate of destruction of brain tissue is lower than the rate of transmission of nerve impulses, the brain manages to send a command to the muscles. And passing through the cerebellum, this command is converted into a spasm at the output. As a result, the target can be blown up, shoot back, and shoot the hostage.

Therefore, it is recommended to interrupt this brain-cerebellum-muscle circuit by eliminating the intermediary. And if we remember the human anatomy mentioned above, we will remember that the cerebellum and the base of the spinal cord are located just opposite the mouth. In addition, the distance from the palate to the desired target is much less than what a bullet needs to overcome to grind brains.

Topic: Hearing organs. Hygiene and disease prevention.

TARGET:

To develop knowledge about the structure and functions of the auditory analyzer;

Identify the importance of hearing in a person’s life;

Develop independent thinking;

Continue to develop sanitary and hygienic skills, promote good hygiene habits;

Continue developing skills and abilities (working with the text and pictures of the textbook, supporting notes, comparing and summarizing the material).

EQUIPMENT:tables depicting the structure of the auditory analyzer; photographs of different ear shapes.

LESSON PROGRESS:

1. ORGANIZATIONAL POINT: (1-2 min.)

2. KNOWLEDGE TEST: (10 -12 min.)

Terms for repetition are written on the board:

Analyzer, receptors, eye socket, iris, lens, binocular vision, vitreous body.

2.1 Cards for weak students (performed by 3-4 students).

2.2. Oral survey – “chain”: what do you know about visual hygiene or how do you maintain visual hygiene?

Why is it important to have a well-lit workplace?

From which side should the light fall on the workplace?

Why do eyes need to be protected from pollution?

What is the difference between nearsighted and farsighted vision?

What are cataracts and cataracts?

2.3 Individual differentiated survey at the board: see Appendix 1

Draw the structure of the analyzer

Determine which of the patients is healthy and which part of the visual analyzer is damaged in each patient?

(patient D is healthy, A – damaged retina, B – nerves, C – visual zone of the cerebral cortex).

3. STUDYING NEW MATERIAL: (20 min.)

Board design : write down the leading concepts (auricle, eardrum, auditory ossicles, membrane of the oval and round windows, bony labyrinth, cochlea)

3.1 Meaning of hearing:

Ability to perceive information at a considerable distance;

The auditory analyzer is involved in the formation of articulate speech (hearing + speech = means of communication between people);

3.2 Structure and functions of the auditory analyzer. This table is filled in as the explanation progresses.

1. Outer earconsists of the auricle and the external auditory canal. The skin-covered ears are made of cartilage. The shape of the ears is very different from each other, and you can see this by looking at the handout ( photos of different ear shapes shells, according to scientists, the ear looks like a fetus). They capture sounds and direct them into the ear canal. It is covered with skin and consists of an outer cartilaginous part and an inner bone part. Deep in the ear canal are hair and skin glands that secrete a sticky yellow substance called earwax. It traps dust and destroys microorganisms. The inner end of the external auditory canal is covered by the eardrum, which converts airborne sound waves into mechanical vibrations.

2. Middle ear is a cavity filled with air. It contains three auditory ossicles. One of them, the malleus, rests on the eardrum, the second, the stapes, rests on the membrane of the oval window, which leads to the inner ear. The third bone, the anvil, is located between them. The result is a system of bone levers that increases the force of vibration of the eardrum by approximately 20 times.

The middle ear cavity communicates with the pharyngeal cavity using the auditory tube. When swallowing, the entrance to the auditory tube opens, and the air pressure in the middle ear becomes equal to atmospheric pressure. Thanks to this, the eardrum does not bend in the direction where the pressure is less.

2. Inner ear separated from the middle by a bone plate with two holes - oval and round. They are also covered with membranes. The inner ear is a bony labyrinth, consisting of tubules located in the depths of this labyrinth, like a labyrinth in a case. It has two different organs: the organ of hearing, the organ of balance - the vestibular apparatus. All cavities of the labyrinth are filled with liquid.

The hearing organ is located in the cochlea. Its spirally twisted channel bends around the horizontal axis in 2.5 - 2.75 turns. It is divided by longitudinal partitions into upper and lower parts.

The hearing receptors are located in the spiral organ located in the middle part of the canal. The liquid filling it is isolated from the rest: vibrations are transmitted through thin membranes.

Longitudinal vibrations of air carrying sound cause mechanical vibrations of the eardrum. With the help of the auditory ossicles, it is transmitted to the membrane of the oval window, and through it to the fluid of the inner ear. These vibrations cause irritation of the receptors of the spiral organ, the resulting excitations enter the auditory zone of the cerebral cortex and here they are formed into auditory sensations.

Each hemisphere receives information from both ears, making it possible to determine the source of sound and its direction. If a sounding object is located on the left, then impulses from the left ear arrive in the brain earlier than from the right. This small difference in time allows not only to determine the direction, but also to perceive sound sources from different parts of space. This sound is called surround or stereophonic.

WARM-UP: (for 20 min.)

Relaxing exercises for the eyes

Ex. for the cervical spine

Ex. for hands

Torso bends

Exercise to relax the spine.

3.3 Auditory reproduction (write on the board)

Scheme of transmission of sound waves to auditory receptors:

Sound wave - outer ear

Oscillations

Drum

Webbed

Oscillations

auditory - middle ear

seeds

fluctuations

membranes

oval

windows

hesitation

liquids

in the cochlea

irritation - inner ear

rumors

receptors

formation

nervous

impulses

Introspection:

Task 1

Prove that changes in pressure in the oral and nasal cavities lead to changes in pressure in the middle ear. (1st method is to pinch your nose and try to puff out your cheeks. This creates an unpleasant sensation in your ears. 2nd method is to pinch your nose slightly and close your mouth, make a swallowing movement. In this case, a push is felt in the eardrums).

3. 4. Working with the textbook:

1. Timely ear cleaning
2. Do not clean with sharp objects (pins, matches);
3. Complications after infectious diseases;
4. Loud noises (dull hearing, fatigue, insomnia).

- Guys, what do you think “caps” are?

(Let's take a look at history, in the old days special sticks made of wood for cleaning the ear canals were called “capushkas,” and a person who was overly keen on cleaning his ears was called capushki, which is where the name came from.)

- Where does sulfur come from?

(Sulfur glands that produce a special light brown secretion that gradually thickens and acquires an increasingly darker shade are altered sebaceous glands of the skin.)

4. FIXING: (5-7 min.)

4.1. Laboratory work “Determination of hearing acuity”

Exercise. Place a mechanical watch to your ear and move it away from you until you can no longer hear its ticking. When the sound disappears, measure the distance (in centimeters) between the watch and your ear. The larger it is, the higher the hearing sensitivity. Now bring the watch closer to your ear from a distance until a barely noticeable sound appears and measure the corresponding distance. Repeat both types of measurements several times and calculate the average hearing distance of the clock ticking. This way you will find your hearing sensitivity.

4.2 Choose the correct judgments:

1. The organ of hearing is located in the temporal bone and is divided into external, middle and internal.

2. The outer ear picks up and conducts sound vibrations.

3. The eardrum is located on the border between the back and inner ear.

4. The middle ear is connected to the nasopharynx using the auditory tube.

5. The auditory ossicles of the middle ear grow together.

6. The inner ear is a system of cavities and convoluted tubules.

7. The vestibular apparatus of the ear is an organ of balance.

8. The labyrinth of the inner ear contains the cochlea, two small sacs, and three semicircular canals.

9. The zone of auditory sensitivity is located in the temporal lobe of the cerebral cortex.

10. The external auditory canal ends with the eardrum.

11. Hearing receptors are located in the middle ear.

12. The sound wave is converted in the organ of hearing into fluid vibrations and then into a nerve impulse.

13. The semicircular canals lie in two mutually perpendicular planes.

Answers: 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 9, 10, 12.

Cognitive tasks:

1. When firing, artillerymen and bombers are advised to open their mouths during an explosion. Why?

(When a shot is fired, a powerful sound wave hits the eardrum with great force and can rupture it. In this case, in order to equalize the pressure on the eardrum, it is recommended to open your mouth by the time the explosion occurs).

2. Loud noise negatively affects the nervous system, causing fatigue, insomnia, and mental illness. What measures can you suggest to reduce human exposure to noise?

(Increase green spaces, as they muffle noise, use insulating materials during construction, maintain silence in public places).

4.4. Information collections.

*Did you know that the smallest muscle we have is in the ear. It serves to rotate the stirrup in order to reduce the load on the eardrum when sounds are too strong.

*Did you know that the human middle ear contains 25,000 cells that respond to sounds? The upper limit of the frequencies we perceive reaches 16-20 million hertz. Over the years, the ear's sensitivity, especially to high-pitched sounds, decreases.

*Did you know that the smallest bone is the stapes, one of three bones involved in transmitting sound to the inner ear. Its length is only 2.6-3.4 millimeters, and its weight is from 2 to 4.3 milligrams.

*Women's ear for music is better than men's, for every 6 women who are not out of tune there is one man with perfect pitch.

*It is known that the great composer Ludwig Beethoven, being deaf, listened to the piano playing with the help of a cane, with which he leaned on the piano and held the other end in his teeth.

5. SUMMARY (5 min.)

What parts is the hearing organ divided into?

What parts does the outer ear, middle ear, and inner ear consist of?

Prove that changes in pressure in the oral and nasal cavities lead to changes in pressure in the middle ear. (Pinch your nose and try to puff out your cheeks, this will create an unpleasant sensation in your ears. You can also pinch your nose and close your mouth, make swallowing movements and you will feel a push in the eardrum).

6. HOMEWORK AND GRADING: (1-2 min.)

Learn paragraph 51, answer questions.

Ratings are given with comments

WHEN SHOULD YOU OPEN YOUR MOUTH WIDER?

At great depths In the water, a terrible pressing pain appears in your ears, and you jump to the surface like a bullet. What happened? The pressure in the tympanic cavity of the ear is constantly equalized with external atmospheric pressure using a special device called the Eustachian tube. This tube, connecting the middle ear and nasopharynx, received this name in honor of the medieval anatomist B. Eustachius (1510...1574) who first described it. If for some reason the patency of the pipe is disrupted, oxygen from the closed tympanic cavity will be absorbed into the blood, the pressure will drop, and the eardrum will be damaged. concave under the influence atmospheric pressure. This is where a person really begins to feel the pressure of the “atmospheric column...

A person can dive under water to a depth of 40 meters in a light diving suit without any discomfort from the side of the middle ear - these are the compensatory capabilities of the Eustachian tube to equalize pressure.

And at the same time possible ruptured eardrum even when diving to 2...3 meters. This usually happens to those who have a blocked Eustachian tube and who try to dive too quickly.

…When the plane takes off atmospheric pressure begins to change rapidly. To quickly equalize the pressure in the tympanic cavity, passengers are recommended to suck on lollipops. With frequent swallowing movements, the muscles of the soft palate contract, the mouth of the Eustachian tube opens, and the middle ear receives communication with the external environment.

...In documentaries about the war, we see how artillerymen open their mouths wide when firing a gun. This is done so that the blast wave hitting the eardrum balanced would be a similar wave entering the middle ear through the mouth, nasopharynx and Eustachian tube.

... The patency of the Eustachian tube is impaired by various diseases of the nasal cavity and nasopharynx, leading to its swelling, inflammation or mechanical closure. To restore the patency of the Eustachian tube, the Austrian doctor A. Politzer (1835...1920) proposed an original method that is used in clinics to this day. A tube with a plastic olive at the end is attached to the rubber bulb, which is inserted into the nose. The patient is asked to say the word “ship”. It is known that the sound “ha” is produced when the soft palate tightly closes the nasopharynx. At this very moment they press the bulb, and the air rushes forcefully into the Eustachian tube. With milder degrees of obstruction of the Eustachian tube, you can perform ventilation yourself. Try holding your nose with two fingers and swallowing saliva. You will feel like your ears are blocked, that is, air has entered the middle ear through the opened Eustachian tube. After 1...2 minutes, the feeling of stuffiness will disappear. This procedure is called experience of D. Toynbee. It is sometimes used by divers and scuba divers to quickly equalize pressure in the tympanic cavity when diving to depth.

Why do artillerymen always open their mouths when firing cannons? and got the best answer

Answer from Olga Oussova[guru]
Strong sounds (waves from explosions) can lead to rupture of the eardrum. It is necessary to open your mouth to equalize the air pressure (artillerymen, while firing cannons, are given the command: “Open your mouth!”). They also cover their ears!

Reply from 2 answers[guru]

Hello! Here is a selection of topics with answers to your question: Why do artillerymen always open their mouths when firing cannons?

Reply from Andy Petroff[guru]
so that the eardrums don't burst
pressure is compared

Reply from Van Helsing[guru]
So that the membranes do not burst when you open your mouth, there is less pressure on the membranes

Reply from Maria Kokoryulina[guru]
so as not to go deaf

Reply from Menahem Berman[guru]
to balance the pressure. and no ruptured eardrums

Reply from Just me[guru]
I agree with the first answer above

Reply from Coffee_s_molokom[guru]
and this is like women, when they put on makeup, they also open their mouths.... women shoot as accurately as artillerymen.... "if our country spent as much on weapons as women spend on cosmetics, then we would win only victories"

Reply from Abrosim Kramskoy[guru]
To prevent your eardrums from bursting

Reply from Alexander[guru]
to see how far the projectile flew)))))) when the mouth is closed.. The cheeks interfere with looking))))))))))))))))

Reply from Anatoly Zazhorkin[active]
The shot produces too much impact on the eardrum. The sound of a shot presses on the eardrum on one side, from the side of the auricle. If you open your mouth, the sound wave will also act on the other side. Both impacts through the auricle and, as it were, from the inside will be balanced to some extent. This will protect the eardrum from excessive sound impacts.