Each woman has her own ideal, it can be a hoarse voice, or a clear timbre, but I am one hundred percent sure that all women will unanimously say: “Of course, a low voice.”
Why does this happen? Perhaps the answer is genetics - deep voice = fortitude = success. Success may include different parameters, but in any case, be it getting food, that is, hunting (the preference of women of ancient times), childbearing (a value at all times) - still, the owner of a powerful voice will be perceived on a subconscious level as an alpha male, a kind of brutal macho , at whose feet all the individuals he meets on the way throw themselves - some out of fear, some out of lust (depending on the situation or preferences).
“Everywhere you spit there are only pure machos, but there’s a real shortage of men”
Although, again, the same scientists give hope: even if the male voice does not have such strong charisma, it can still have an advantage for ladies. Guess why? It is unlikely that such a thing as fidelity will occur to you. Yes, yes!
This is precisely fidelity - it is believed that men with high-pitched voices have this quality developed to a greater extent than representatives of the stronger sex, who with their voices, roar and, of course, intelligence try to conquer as many women as possible. So, rejoice, everyone - friendship has won! For some, victory, for others, the warmth of true love - there is plenty to choose from!
It has long been proven that testosterone affects the quality of voice in men, but its role should not be exaggerated. A very low voice does not mean that a given man has an excess of this hormone. If this were so, then the entire bass line of opera houses would be observed by specialists - endocrinologists.
And vice versa, dear girls, I draw your attention to the fact that if a man can sing high, this does not mean that he speaks high, or that he has low testosterone levels, most likely the man has a greater range. The main thing is in what register he speaks.
Transitions from a whisper to a powerful chest tone saturate Miles' voice with overtones that are so pleasant to the female ear, and his large range and excellent technique allow him to hit high notes, both in the falsetto register and in the mixed register.
A little about the technique of male vocals: in the chest register, the vocal folds close tightly and vibrate with their entire mass. The vibration also includes the arytenoid cartilages. This tightness of closure creates a rich, bright, strong and sonorous voice. This requires relatively little breathing. In the falsetto mode, only the edges of the folds vibrate and a spindle-shaped gap remains between them, through which air flows freely. Therefore, the sounds of natural falsetto have a blown character, are poor in overtones and do not have much power.
Let's move on to pleasant things, so what attracts us women to men's voices?
Monotonous male voice? Enemies are afraid, women love. Researchers from the University of California and the University of Pennsylvania found that women are turned on by a monotonous male voice. Not boring, but monotonous. Without transitions to high tones and excessive expressiveness.
A man's monotonous voice is a sign of independence, power and strength. Such a person shows that he is in control of the situation. He is courageous and not afraid of danger. Women like this voice. They subconsciously feel a man who can protect them in any situation.
In this recording, British actor Alan Rickman reads Shakespeare's Sonnet 130.
What to do?
Get used to speaking calmly, without harshness or vain expressiveness. They are afraid not of those who speak emotionally, but of calm equanimity. In calm speech there is more threat and warning.
Male whisper
Many men neglect to speak in a whisper. But in vain! Scientists have found that women are aroused by male whispers. Researchers say that it is best to use hissing consonant sounds (zh, sh, ch, sch) in words. These sounds have the most stimulating effect on the female mind and body.
Legend of Russian dubbing Vladimir Eremin
What to do?
Tell the girl in a whisper in her ear: “Sasha was walking along the highway and sucking on a dryer.” You can choose other words, but remember the hissing consonants!
This conclusion was made by scientists who published their article in the journal Proceedings of the Royal Society. The authors note that the ability to determine the strength of an enemy through the voice exists in animals, which is why it is possible that it is also present in people. That is why the natural world is filled with many voices, thanks to which certain species of the animal world manage to profitably “stake out” the most profitable territory for themselves. In the animal world, this is a normal phenomenon when rival individuals assess the strength of the enemy, for example, by roaring.
It is believed that with a low voice she looks more attractive in the eyes. It seems that there is indeed some truth in this, but the point is not at all in the timbre of the voice itself: low or high, but in the various nuances associated with it. This was proven by the results of a recent study conducted by specialists from the University of Vienna.
Experiment to evaluate female voices
Scientists recruited a team of male volunteers and gave them to listen to recordings of the voices of 42 female students who had previously been photographed. Subjects were then asked to choose the most sexually attractive among the voices. In most cases, participants pointed to girls with good looks, although they did not see their faces.
The authors of the experiment noted that the faces of female students whose voices were more often identified as " " were distinguished by symmetry of features; they tended to have high cheekbones, soft jawlines and full lips. According to experts, such an appearance indicates a good genotype, which also affects the synchronization of the vocal cords, larynx and nasal cavity. On a subconscious level, a man perceives a woman’s voice as a signal that everything is fine with her sexually, which means she can become a wife and mother.
Yes, pronouncing words with aspiration and special nuances may seem attractive. But in other cases, on the contrary, it can make a repulsive impression. And not only when it comes to the sphere of personal relationships. For example, statistics show that women with low and hoarse voices are less likely to get a job as a result of interviews. It turns out that many people perceive people with a “squeaky” voice as “unreliable.” Maybe because those with hoarse voices often smoke and have other bad habits.
Female voices and headhunters
A team of American psychologists once invited 800 headhunters to listen to recordings of various female voices and choose which one they would like to invite to. Only a fifth of respondents preferred women with hoarse voices. The rest commented on their choice by saying that a hoarse voice indicates low competence, lack of education and external unattractiveness.
Note that women who work as secretaries or managers and often have to communicate with people on the phone tend to have high-pitched voices. Perhaps such voices on a subconscious level inspire more trust. But at the same time, voices with an overly high timbre, more like a screech, are annoying...
"People prefer voices with vocal characteristics that are typical of the general population," the scientists said. "Although unusual voices may be more memorable, people find common-sounding voices more attractive."
Voice modulation depending on interest in the interlocutor
By the way, a group of experts from the University of Stirling found that our voices can change depending on whether we find the interlocutor of the opposite sex attractive. For the purpose of the experiment, 110 heterosexual volunteers were asked to strike up a conversation with each other. Subsequently, all participants were asked to fill out questionnaires that assessed the degree of attractiveness of their partners. It turned out that if a man liked the woman he was talking to, the tone of his voice decreased and the modulation also increased, that is, the frequency of the tone became more variable.
The head of the study, Juan David Leongómez, explains this by the fact that although a low timbre of the voice indicates masculinity (masculinity), it is also associated with aggression and promiscuity, therefore, wanting to please a lady, a man unconsciously tries to speak in a low voice to signal his masculinity, and at the same time modulates the tone to show that he is not aggressive and reliable.
So, if during the conversation you notice that the voice of a representative of the stronger sex has become more “singing,” then most likely this indicates his interest in you. At the same time, the researchers conclude, modulations can increase the attractiveness of a given man in the eyes of a woman. So experienced heartthrobs, consciously or unconsciously, actively use this technique.
April 9th, 2014 , 04:57 pm
A voice that does not correspond to gender and age.
Mutation falsetto or puberphonia
– a condition in which men retain a high-pitched, feminine voice even after adolescence. People with this condition, even as adults, speak in a high-pitched voice, like that of little boys.
1. Functional factor
In most cases, functional factors arise due to some psychological problems. It often happens that when the voice begins to change in adolescence, a person at a subconscious level experiences resistance to a low tone, and deliberately begins to speak in a high voice.
2. Organic factor
Organic abnormalities are usually caused by damage to the mucous membrane of the vocal folds, such as scars, or disturbances in the development of the endocrine system. In such cases, the larynx has a structure similar to that of a woman.
Symptoms of puberphonia
If, with a normal structure of the larynx, only a high voice comes out, and the frequency of the voice coincides with the frequency of the female voice, this indicates puberphonia. In this case, the voice quickly gets tired, and during singing it often breaks down and higher notes “cannot be played.”
Also, with puberphonia, the tone of the voice is constantly high, and it is impossible to speak in a low tone.
If puberphonia is caused by organic changes, the appearance of scars in the mucous membrane of the vocal folds, or disturbances in the development of the larynx, then hoarseness, a weak or rough high-pitched voice is noted, which comes out along with the air.
Diagnosis of puberphonia
If puberphonia is caused by a functional factor, then examination with a fibrolaryngoscope and stroboscopy of the larynx will reveal normal vocal folds. During sound production, excessive tension in the external muscles of the larynx can be noted.
With organic puberphonia, damage to the mucous membrane of the vocal folds or impaired development of the larynx are observed.
Treatment of puberphonia
Treatment of functional puberphonia is possible with the help of voice development exercises, but it will take a lot of time. Recently, the method of injecting Botox into the muscles of the larynx, which are responsible for high tone, has been used. In this way, the tone is lowered, and then, during lessons with a phoniator, the method of voice formation is formed so that it becomes a habit. Classes with a phoniator carried out after a Botox injection significantly shorten the treatment period and the voice recovers faster.
In case of organic puberphonia, percutaneous injection laryngoplasty may be required,
expert's word
While working on the text, we consulted with a voice professional. Meet: Candidate of Medical Sciences, professor, doctor of the highest category, homeopath, ENT specialist at the Institute of Contemporary Art Natalya Olenchik. Before you start looking for jokes in this article, Natalya Vladimirovna asked you to read this with all seriousness: Dear readers! This article contains basic recommendations that can help improve your voice. I just have to add that each person is individual and without a personal visit to the doctor it is difficult to say what advice should be taken into account first of all. A specific example. The text says that smoking causes aseptic inflammation of the vocal folds. However, I had the opportunity to work with two patients who had been smoking a lot for a long time, but their folds remained absolutely healthy and their voice did not change. Of course, we are talking about exceptions, but you need to understand that to one degree or another, each of us is an exception. I would recommend this article as a basic course on working on your own voice. For some this will be enough. For everyone else, after several months of daily exercise, you need to contact a specialist to draw up a further training plan that will be tailored specifically for you. And remember that it is impossible to change your own voice, you can only improve it. Separately, we note that the text is designed for healthy people without chronic diseases and pathologies in the larynx and the entire respiratory system. The recommendations do not apply to singers, actors and announcers: people in these professions need special exercises.
If you know that some annoyance can be changed, you try to correct it. My vision began to deteriorate - I went to the ophthalmologist. I didn’t like my body and bought a fitness membership. I got tired of carrying a translator with me - I put him back in the storage room and learned twenty languages. Dissatisfaction with our own voice is one of those frustrations that many of us put up with without even trying to fix it. To most, this seems as unlikely as life on Mars or the victory of the Russian figure skating team in the World Football Championship. In fact, getting your voice to be something you like is not that difficult. All you need is a little free time, a little patience and a lot of this article. Do you need it? You've probably met girls who fanatically display freckles; people with minus seven vision who stubbornly refuse to wear glasses, and men who comb the meager head of remaining hair onto the back of their bald heads. But, you must admit, there are many people who look incredible on glasses, sparkling bald heads and girls with freckles. What are we talking about? Before you start improving your voice, you need to make sure that this is really necessary. We've compiled two lists of reasons that indicate something needs to be done about your voice. The first list lists external reasons, emanating from the surrounding reality. The second is your internal ones. External reasons 1. You hear the phrase “Repeat, please” from others not much less often than “Hello!” or “How are you?” At the same time, you are absolutely sure that you speak clearly and loudly enough. “Whether a person will perceive what you say depends 30–40% on your voice,” says Natalya Olenchik. It's probably because of him that people are turning a deaf ear to your words. 2. Unexpectedly for yourself, you may begin or end a phrase in an unnatural voice: either too high or too low. In especially advanced cases, you, like a troll that has eaten too much sausage, squeal. 3. From time to time you come across honest people who tell you to your face that your voice does not match your appearance (age, social status, the number of hamburgers you can eat at one time) or is simply disgusting. Local reasons Below are the main characteristics of a voice that is worth working on. We will be happy if this list contains at least one epithet that characterizes the sounds you make, because in this case you will probably read this text to the end! The only reason you can stop reading is because of illness: to appreciate the sound of your own voice, you first need to be healthy (flat feet don’t count). █ Too high.
█ Husky.
█ Nasal.
█ Trembling.
█ With hoarseness (rarely occurring “trademark” hoarseness does not count).
█ With shortness of breath.
█ Tense (strained, sharp - whatever you like). How to speak with your own voice Another section that will help you gain hope for a while that your own voice is tolerable. It is likely that you are making sounds incorrectly. “People who speak unnaturally are quite common,” says the expert. “Moreover, a person usually does not realize that his voice is unnatural; he is used to speaking this way.” To start speaking (singing, shouting, boiling potatoes) with your own voice, you need to go through three steps. Let's take a closer look at three of them.
As we have already said, chronic diseases and the consequences of injuries do not count. “But even treatable illnesses have a noticeable effect on the voice,” Natalya Olenchik encourages you to cure kleptomania. █ Diseases of the cardiac and/or pulmonary system lead to shortness of breath and make the voice tremble.
█ Diseases of the nervous system and spine make the voice strained.
█ Mental disorders deprive the voice of emotionality and timbre colors.
█ Diseases of the reproductive system primarily affect the psyche. And already she, having curbed the weak-willed person, forces the voice to be deliberately courageous, which is audible to the naked ear. It’s not worth mentioning separately about colds and sore throats (it’s better to cure them as soon as possible so you can start testing your voice) - except that our consultant advises not to whisper if you have a sore throat and ligaments. “To speak in a whisper, you need to have good speech training and trained vocal folds. To speak in a whisper during illness - even more so. When whispering, the vocal folds do not close and a lot of air passes unvoiced: the muscle fibers of the vocal folds are overstrained. That is, whispering increases the tension of the speech apparatus many times over, even compared to yelling or singing.”
█ Give a 15-minute speech in full voice. “If during this time discomfort or even pain appears in the larynx area, it means that you are speaking in an unnatural voice. Usually the cause is not so much possible illnesses as improper breathing and habits,” Natalya Olenchik is sure. The easiest way to discover your natural voice is through experimentation, by trying to speak with correct breathing (more on that later) and different pitches. And that's it. Even if you know exactly where your vocal folds are, and you are sure that they are not the ones that hurt during speech, stop rejoicing. “Pain around the folds directly relates to the muscles surrounding them. The folds themselves will never hurt, because there are no pain receptors there,” explains our consultant. █ Try not to smoke for a couple of days. “Cigarette smoke causes aseptic inflammation of the folds,” says Natalya Olenchik. “This, of course, lowers the voice, but due to the loose closure of the vocal cords, smokers develop a hoarseness.” Alcohol, by the way, contrary to popular belief, does not have a significant effect on the ligaments. █ The larynx is located at the level of the 4th–6th cervical vertebrae. Considering that you only have seven of them, it is no wonder that, even if they are healthy, the cervical vertebrae affect the quality of your voice. “If during a conversation you strain your neck or bend it unsuccessfully, your voice changes, and noticeably,” the expert assures. So relax your neck, keep it straight, put on your hat and take out the trash. 3. Find the key
█ “There are many ways to find exactly your voice, and all of them become very controversial when trying to self-diagnose. Here is one simple and common technique. Believe him or not - it's up to you. But it’s better to make an appointment with a specialist to find your own voice,” warns Natalya Olenchik. The native pitch of the voice is revealed, in particular, by this exercise. Close your teeth and lips, take a full lungful of air and exhale evenly with the sound “mmmmmmmmm.” Since [m] is a consonant sound, the output you will get is something between “mmmmmmmmmm” and “muuuuuuuuu” - that’s how it should be. While making this sound, clasp your throat with your palm, as high as possible to the chin. Say the long “mmmmmmmmmmm” higher and lower. Notice the moment when the larynx vibrates the most (you will feel it with your palm). Most likely, this voice is your real one.
What will you fix:
hoarseness, trembling, hoarseness, tension, make your voice lower.
“The vocal folds consist of special muscles,” says Natalya Olenchik. – These muscles, like all others, we can train and pump up. The thicker the vocal muscles become, the deeper the voice becomes.” Trained folds close more reliably, which will allow you not only to lower your sound, but also to get rid of the other shortcomings listed above. Faster to fitness for your voice! Bonus: you can set up a gym for vocal folds without leaving your home, without a club card or replacement shoes! █ Talk as much as possible. When you run out of friends who are willing to endure so much chatter, get a deaf-mute cactus that will pretend to listen to you for days on end. █ Think and read, pronouncing each word to yourself and mentally straining your vocal folds (at first, you can even move your tongue in your closed mouth for credibility). “The vocal folds fluctuate constantly, even in sleep,” explains the expert. – They do not rest at rest, but by changing their work mode. When we are silent, these vibrations practically do not help pump up muscles. But this can be corrected by starting to pronounce thoughts and texts in your mind.”
Breathing exercises
1. Remember the army, even if you only saw it in nightmares. Hands down! Bend over, bending your back, and take a short but noisy breath. The neck should be relaxed. Straighten up smoothly (but not completely), allowing the air to slowly escape. Bend over again and inhale sharply again. Well, you know the rest. Repeat everything 8-10 times, take a five-minute break and repeat again (there should be a total of 8 sets of 8-10 inhalations and exhalations). After a few days of training, you can double the number of inhalations and exhalations in one approach.
2. Stand up straight. And don't slouch! During a smooth inhalation, spread your arms to the sides and raise them up. Hold your hands and breath for a few seconds. Then bend down sharply and exhale noisily (lower your arms too). Repeat every day 2-3 times.
█ Scream and sing. “It’s better in the shower or toilet. There are good acoustics there, and you will have the opportunity to hear yourself,” says Natalya Olenchik. Don’t forget to sing long notes: the ability to hold them straight will make your voice more confident. Put your breath on
What will you fix:
nasal sound, trembling, hoarseness, shortness of breath, tension█ Breathe with diaphragmatic (lower) breathing. “Inhale deeply so that your belly comes forward with each inhalation. At the same time, the chest and shoulders should remain motionless (many people raise them up), our consultant advises. “Speak as you exhale.” █ Talk a lot. “The recommendations of some experts to practice breathing while reading passages from books do not work well, since they are not related to real speech situations. The exception is people who, due to their profession, have to read texts out loud (actors, presenters, etc.),” explains Natalya Olenchik and encourages you to speak during classes as you do in real life. █ Start breathing while speaking English. This language treats the vocal apparatus much more carefully than Russian, and therefore it will be easier to get used to following the rules. █ Do breathing exercises. “Which one is not so important. You can use the technique of A.N. Strelnikova,” advises Natalya Olenchik. Here we give a couple of exercises as an example - start with them.
Work on your articulation
What will you fix:
tension
Articulation exercises
1. Pull your closed lips forward, and then break into a wide smile.
2. Alternately raise and lower your upper and lower lips, showing your teeth to everyone.
3. Move your lower jaw back and forth, and then open your mouth wide, as if you decided to use it to measure the distance from the refrigerator to the gas stove.
4. Stick your tongue out and make figure eights in the air. You can also draw other numbers with your tongue.
5. Pronounce the sounds [b], [m], [v] and [r] loudly and clearly, alternately.
There is also special articulation gymnastics for this. And don’t rush to pay for the Internet to find a few exercises there. All of them are simpler than the Zhiguli and are aimed at developing the facial muscles, tongue and jaw. Rubbing your face in a circular motion with your fingertips, savory yawns while simultaneously trying to say something intelligible, wagging your tongue and spanking your lips in different ways will be enough. For greater clarity, we give you several exercises. Well, did you remember everything? No? Then it’s better to re-read the article again and be careful. Of course, you can always take it easy and quickly solve your voice problem surgically. To do this, it is enough to submit a corresponding request to the ENT department of any medical university. But since surgery on the vocal folds is a very complicated thing, they can only help you with little things - removing vocal nodules, fibroids and tumor-like formations. This will get rid of hoarseness in your voice, but, unfortunately, will not make it more courageous (that is, lower in sound). Oh yes, with the help of surgery you can make your voice much thinner and higher. But it seems to us that this will hardly interest you.
All singing voices are divided into women's, men's and children's. The main female voices are soprano, mezzo-soprano and contralto, and the most common male voices are tenor, baritone and bass.
All sounds that can be sung or played on a musical instrument are high, medium and low. When musicians talk about the pitch of sounds, they use the term "register", implying whole groups of high, middle or low sounds.
In a global sense, female voices sing sounds of a high or “upper” register, children’s voices sing sounds of a middle register, and male voices sing sounds of a low or “lower” register. But this is only partly true; in fact, everything is much more interesting. Within each group of voices, and even within the range of each individual voice, there is also a division into high, middle and low register.
For example, a high male voice is a tenor, a middle voice is a baritone, and a low voice is a bass. Or, another example, singers have the highest voice - soprano, the middle voice of female vocalists is mezzo-soprano, and the low voice is contralto. To finally understand the division of male and female, and at the same time, children’s voices into high and low, this sign will help you:
If we talk about the registers of any one voice, then each of them has both low and high sounds. For example, a tenor sings both low chest sounds and high falsetto sounds, which are inaccessible to basses or baritones.
Female singing voices
So, the main types of female singing voices are soprano, mezzo-soprano and contralto. They differ primarily in range, as well as timbre coloring. Timbre properties include, for example, transparency, lightness or, conversely, saturation, and strength of voice.
Soprano– the highest female singing voice, its usual range is two octaves (entirely the first and second octave). In opera performances, the roles of the main characters are often performed by singers with such a voice. If we talk about artistic images, then a high-pitched voice best characterizes a young girl or some fantastic character (for example, a fairy).
Sopranos, according to the nature of their sound, are divided into lyrical and dramatic– you yourself can easily imagine that the parts of a very tender girl and a very passionate girl cannot be performed by the same performer. If a voice easily copes with fast passages and flourishes in its high register, then such a soprano is called coloratura.
Contralto– it has already been said that this is the lowest of women’s voices, moreover, very beautiful, velvety, and also very rare (in some opera houses there is not a single contralto). A singer with such a voice in operas is often assigned the roles of teenage boys.
Below is a table that names examples of opera roles that are often performed by certain female singing voices:
Let's listen to how women's singing voices sound. Here are three video examples for you:
Soprano. Aria of the Queen of the Night from the opera “The Magic Flute” by Mozart performed by Bela Rudenko
Mezzo-soprano. Habanera from the opera “Carmen” by Bizet performed by the famous singer Elena Obraztsova
Contralto. Ratmir's aria from the opera "Ruslan and Lyudmila" by Glinka, performed by Elizaveta Antonova.
Male singing voices
There are only three main male voices - tenor, bass and baritone. Tenor Of these, the highest, its pitch range is the notes of the small and first octaves. By analogy with the soprano timbre, performers with this timbre are divided into dramatic tenors and lyric tenors. In addition, sometimes they mention such a variety of singers as "characteristic" tenor. “Character” is given to it by some phonic effect - for example, silveriness or rattling. A characteristic tenor is simply irreplaceable where it is necessary to create the image of a gray-haired old man or some cunning rascal.
Baritone– this voice is distinguished by its softness, density and velvety sound. The range of sounds that a baritone can sing is from A major octave to A first octave. Performers with such a timbre are often entrusted with courageous roles of characters in operas of a heroic or patriotic nature, but the softness of the voice allows them to reveal loving and lyrical images.
Bass– the voice is the lowest, can sing sounds from F of the large octave to F of the first. The basses are different: some are rolling, “droning”, “bell-like”, others are hard and very “graphic”. Accordingly, the parts of the characters for the basses are varied: these are heroic, “fatherly”, and ascetic, and even comic images.
You are probably interested to know which of the male singing voices is the lowest? This bass profundo, sometimes singers with such a voice are also called octavists, since they “take” low notes from the counter-octave. By the way, we have not yet mentioned the highest male voice - this tenor-altino or countertenor, who sings quite calmly in an almost female voice and easily reaches the high notes of the second octave.
As in the previous case, male singing voices with examples of their operatic roles are displayed in the table:
Now listen to the sound of male singing voices. Here are three more video examples for you.
Tenor. Song of the Indian guest from the opera “Sadko” by Rimsky-Korsakov, performed by David Poslukhin.
Baritone. Gliere's romance “The nightingale soul sang sweetly,” sung by Leonid Smetannikov
Bass. Prince Igor's aria from Borodin's opera "Prince Igor" was originally written for baritone, but in this case it is sung by one of the best basses of the 20th century - Alexander Pirogov.
The working range of a professionally trained vocalist's voice is usually two octaves on average, although sometimes singers and singers have much greater capabilities. In order for you to have a good understanding of tessitura when choosing notes for practice, I suggest you get acquainted with the picture, which clearly demonstrates the permissible ranges for each of the voices:
Before concluding, I want to please you with one more tablet, with which you can get acquainted with vocalists who have one or another voice timbre. This is necessary so that you can independently find and listen to even more audio examples of the sound of male and female singing voices:
That's all! We talked about what types of voices singers have, we figured out the basics of their classification, the size of their ranges, the expressive capabilities of timbres, and also listened to examples of the sound of the voices of famous vocalists. If you liked the material, share it on your contact page or on your Twitter feed. There are special buttons under the article for this. Good luck!
