It is difficult to imagine modern medical practice without measures aimed at preventing diseases. The most well-known and effective measure for preventing diseases is vaccination, which makes it possible to protect your body from infection by pathogens - the causative agents of a huge number of infectious pathologies. Vaccinations allow you to develop resistance to infections from childhood, protect yourself from complications, and also eliminate the likelihood of death from the disease. The active substances of the drug, in response to the injection of the vaccine into the body, cause a reaction from its immune system. This reaction is similar to that which develops during infection, but much weaker. The meaning of this reaction is that the immune system, in response to the introduction of the vaccine, forms special cells called memory cells, which create immunity to infection.
What is a preventive vaccination?
Preventive vaccination is the most common method of immunization, based on the introduction into the body of a vaccine, which consists of various particles that can form a persistent immune reaction against the disease. Vaccination is nothing more than a special solution containing live or killed microorganisms, their fragments, and toxins. Acting as antigens, these drug components, after entering the blood, trigger a chain of reactions aimed at the production of antibodies and, accordingly, stimulate the development of immunity to a certain disease.
All preventive vaccinations are conventionally divided into two large groups:
- administration of the vaccine to children and adults, which is carried out at a specific time and regardless of the epidemiological situation in certain territories;
- vaccination for epidemiological reasons, when it is given to people living in a region with a registered outbreak of an infectious disease or an increased risk of its occurrence.
The vaccine helps to avoid infection of the body with complex forms of dangerous pathologies. According to research, in a society where 95% of citizens are vaccinated, there is no favorable environment for the development of infections, and therefore their complete disappearance is observed. It was through mass vaccination of the population that humanity managed to resist the plague and, and also reduce the number of episodes of childhood diseases, polio, by several hundred times.
Pediatric infectious diseases are one of the most common phenomena in pediatric practice. Every year, an outbreak of one or another disease is registered in our country, which can not only cause temporary loss of ability to work in the population, but also increase mortality in the region. The most suitable environment for the spread and habitat of pathogens of such diseases is children's collectives. That is why doctors strongly recommend that parents of children get preventive vaccinations on time, which will protect the child from contagious infections and prevent their epidemics.
As you know, the list of mandatory vaccinations is compiled by employees of the Ministry of Health and forms the basis for creating a national vaccination calendar. In addition to the national immunization plan, there is also a regional list of annual vaccinations, which may change depending on the epidemiology of the designated territory.
Preventive vaccinations in children are carried out in specially designated places. The doctor gives instructions to give the vaccine to the child after passing the tests. Any fact of vaccination is recorded in documentary forms, which are stored in the institution and, if necessary, issued to the owner in the form of extracts or copies. It is important for parents to remember that without vaccinations their child may be denied temporary attendance at educational institutions, sports clubs, or permanent residence in another country where vaccinations are a compulsory measure against diseases.
Video about the vaccine
Why do we need to vaccinate the population?
Vaccination is simply necessary in cases where an infectious disease poses a danger, that is, it threatens his life and can provoke the development of irreparable complications. Vaccination allows you to create invulnerability to a number of diseases with a significant risk of mortality and eliminate complications. After all, it is the complex variants of the course of disease processes that lead to the formation of persistent and destructive consequences of diseases, the development of their deadly complications, and the transformation of the disease into a chronic form.
The introduction of a vaccine provides the body with the opportunity to form an immune system against most infections known today. After the vaccine, special cells (antibodies) begin to be synthesized in the body, which are subsequently able to protect the vaccinated body from the penetration of dangerous microorganisms into it. Immunity lasts for a certain period of time. It could be months, years, decades. Naturally, protection acquired in the usual way (after an illness) is stronger and more effective, but vaccinations can also reliably protect a person from microorganisms and their toxins.
What vaccinations are given in Russia?
The list of preventive vaccinations includes:
- mandatory vaccine injections;
- recommended administration of the vaccine, which is done according to individual indications.
- living in a region with an unfavorable epidemiological situation;
- work in enterprises where there is a risk of infection (livestock farms, slaughterhouses).
National calendar: concept and features
The calendar of preventive vaccinations is compiled by the Ministry of Health. When creating it, several points are taken into account, in particular, the significance of infections and the availability of a vaccine in free access. The calendar is valid throughout the country. According to it, every citizen living in Russia must be vaccinated, regardless of age and provided that he has no contraindications. In recent years, the plan has remained unchanged and is as follows:
| Vaccine against | Patient's age at the time of vaccination |
| Tuberculosis | Child 3-7 days after birth, children 7 and 14 years old |
| For a child in the first day of life, 1st month, 2nd month, 6th month, 1 year, every 5 years | |
| DPT | Child at 3 months, 4 months, six months, 18 months |
| 7, 14, 18 years old | |
| Polio | Child at 18-20 months and at 14 years old |
| , rubella, | Child aged 12 months and 6 years |
| For a child from 11 years old every five years until 18 (boys) and 25 (girls) years | |
| Measles infection | At 15 years old every 5 years until age 35 |
| Flu | Every year for a child starting from six months |
Regional calendar
The vaccination program for residents of a certain area is developed by local doctors working in outpatient medical institutions, kindergartens, and schools. This plan is being developed taking into account registered citizens and recording children born, people who have left or arrived. The disease prevention scheme should cover all adults and children who require routine vaccination or revaccination.
Each child has its own documentation, in particular, a vaccination card, a medical record and a history of the child’s development. It is kept in the medical unit and can be handed out if necessary.
Vaccinations
Preventive vaccinations should be carried out in special vaccination rooms, which are located in clinics, private clinics, and vaccination centers. To perform BCG, a separate room is required. There should be enough space in the treatment room. Here you should install tables for sterile instruments and disposable syringes, as well as containers for collecting waste.
The vaccination room must comply with certain rules and sanitary standards. Any material that is used in the vaccination process is taken with a sterile forceps. Before this, it must be immersed in a chlorhexidine solution, which should be changed daily. Used single-use instruments, as well as cotton wool, bandages and tampons, should be disposed of in a waste container with a disinfectant. The floors in such rooms are washed several times a day using disinfectants.
The procedure for administering preventive vaccinations is regulated at the legislative level. Vaccination is carried out only by introducing certified drugs of domestic or foreign production.
Infectious diseases are vaccinated in the following order:
- vaccination is done in special institutions accredited to administer vaccinations;
- if necessary, teams are formed to vaccinate the population at home;
- before vaccination, the patient excludes contraindications to injections and assesses his general health;
- before vaccination, body temperature should be measured and tests taken;
- injections are carried out using disposable instruments;
- vaccination can only be done by a specialist with the necessary education;
- there should be an emergency medical kit in the office;
- drugs are stored in accordance with the rules prescribed in the instructions;
- the vaccine is not administered in a dressing room or manipulation room;
- all documentation must be stored in the vaccination room;
- The room is cleaned twice a day using antiseptic agents.
Features of the technique
The technique of vaccinating patients against diseases is determined by regulatory documents and corresponds to the following plan:
- the ampoule with the drug is taken out of the refrigerator;
- the integrity of the bottle, the appearance of the solution, and its shelf life are assessed;
- the packaging should only be opened with sterile gloves;
- the vaccine is drawn up and administered using disposable needles and syringes;
- The injection site must be wiped with an alcohol solution (for - ether);
- if it is necessary to administer several drugs, separate instruments are used for each of them;
- during the injection the patient is forced to sit or lie down;
- After the injection, the doctor observes the patient for another 30 minutes.
Journal of population vaccination
Medical personnel record the fact of preventive vaccinations in a special journal. It is always located in the medical facility where the injection was given and is available for discharge if the patient loses his individual card. The log contains data such as last name, first name and patronymic, address of actual residence, age, occupation, name of the administered drug, date of primary vaccination and revaccination, method of administration. Separately, data on adverse reactions, series and dose of the prophylactic agent are entered into the document.
The vaccination card has a special form - 063/у. This is a document that contains information about the vaccines administered to the patient. The card is filled out by a physician at the institution where the vaccination was carried out, that is, in a clinic, at a first-aid post, at a preschool, etc.
Certificate
This document, in form 156/u-93, is maintained throughout his life and may be needed when traveling outside of Russia, to participate in international sports competitions, or to find employment in some enterprises. It must be preserved until death, as it fully reflects his vaccinated immune profile.
A vaccination certificate is very difficult to restore after loss. It should not contain corrections or blots. Otherwise, the document will most likely be declared invalid.
Sample form for refusal of vaccination
According to the law, people have the right to refuse preventive vaccinations. The refusal is provided in writing to the head of the institution where the population is immunized. It should indicate which vaccinations the person refuses to take, where he is registered and what is the reason for such a decision. At the end of the application there must be a signature and the date the form was drawn up.
Head physician of clinic no./ or
To the director of school no./ or
To the head of kindergarten No.
_______district, __________city (village, hamlet)
From __________name of the applicant_____________________
Statement
I, ____________full name, passport details______________, refuse to do all preventive vaccinations (or indicate which specific vaccinations you refuse to do) to my child _______full name of the child, date of birth_________, registered at clinic No. (or attending kindergarten No., or school No.). Legal basis - the legislation of the Russian Federation, namely “Fundamentals of the legislation of the Russian Federation on the protection of the health of citizens” dated July 22, 1993 No. 5487-1, articles 32, 33 and 34 and “On the immunoprophylaxis of infectious diseases” dated September 17, 1998 No. 57 - Federal Law, Articles 5 and 11.
Number
Signature with transcript
What are the dangers of not getting vaccinated?
Refusal to vaccinate against infectious diseases entails a number of consequences, including:
- a ban on traveling abroad to live in another country, where, in accordance with local legislation, a citizen must have a mandatory vaccine minimum;
- temporary denial of admission to an educational or health institution (this clause applies to the period when an epidemic is declared in the region);
- refusal to register citizens for work or their removal from performing official duties, which is associated with a high risk of contracting infectious diseases.
Children without vaccinations may be forcibly dismissed from attending schools and kindergartens, and enterprise employees may not be allowed to participate in the work process. Often, unvaccinated people do not have the right to be in groups, especially during epidemics.
Vaccination order
The plan for preventive vaccinations against infectious diseases is regulated by legal acts, in particular, order No. 51n dated January 31, 2011 “On approval of the national calendar of preventive vaccinations."
Prevention in kindergarten
Vaccinations in kindergartens are given only to those children whose parents or legal representatives have given consent to such actions on the part of the medical staff. Activities must be organized and carried out individually. To do this, the medical worker of the institution draws up an immunization schedule, including children to be vaccinated.
Catad_tema Pediatrics - articles
Basic provisions on the organization and conduct of preventive vaccinations From Order of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation No. 375
1. Preventive vaccinations are carried out in medical institutions of state, municipal, and private health care systems.
2. Responsible for organizing and conducting preventive vaccinations are the head of the medical institution and persons engaged in private medical practice who conduct vaccinations. The procedure for planning and conducting preventive vaccinations is established by order of the head of the medical institution with a clear definition of the responsible and functional responsibilities of medical workers involved in planning and conducting vaccinations.
3. To carry out preventive vaccinations on the territory of the Russian Federation, vaccines are used that are registered in the Russian Federation and have a certificate from the National Authority for the Control of Medical Immunobiological Preparations - GISC named after. L.A. Tarasovich.
4. Transportation, storage and use of vaccines are carried out in compliance with the requirements of the “cold chain”.
5. To ensure timely implementation of preventive vaccinations, the nurse, orally or in writing, invites persons to be vaccinated (parents of children or persons replacing them) to the medical institution on the day determined for vaccination: in a children's institution - informs the parents of the children in advance, subject to preventive vaccination.
6. Before carrying out preventive vaccination, a medical examination is carried out to exclude an acute disease, and mandatory thermometry is carried out. A corresponding entry by the doctor (paramedic) about the vaccination is made in the medical documentation.
7. Preventive vaccinations are carried out in strict accordance with the indications and contraindications for their implementation according to the instructions attached to the vaccine preparation.
8. Preventive vaccinations should be carried out in vaccination rooms of clinics, preschool educational institutions, medical rooms of general education institutions (special educational institutions), and health centers of enterprises in strict compliance with sanitary and hygienic requirements. In certain situations, health authorities may decide to provide vaccinations at home or in the workplace.
9. The room where preventive vaccinations are carried out should include: a refrigerator, a cabinet for instruments and medications, containers with sterile material, a changing table and (or) a medical couch, tables for preparing drugs for use, a table for storing documentation, a container with a disinfectant solution . The office must have instructions for the use of all drugs used for vaccinations.
11. Each person being vaccinated is given an injection with a separate syringe and a separate needle (disposable syringes).
12. Vaccinations against tuberculosis and tuberculin diagnostics should be carried out in separate rooms, and in their absence - on a specially designated table. A separate cabinet is used to place syringes and needles used for BCG vaccine and tuberculin. It is prohibited to use instruments intended for vaccination against tuberculosis for other purposes. On the day of BCG vaccination, all other manipulations are not performed on the child.
13. Preventive vaccinations are carried out by medical workers trained in the rules of organization and technique of vaccinations, as well as emergency care in the event of the development of post-vaccination reactions and complications.
14. Seminars for doctors and paramedical workers on the theory of immunization and the technique of carrying out preventive vaccinations with mandatory certification must be held by territorial health authorities at least once a year.
15. After prophylactic vaccination, medical supervision must be provided for the period specified in the Instructions for use of the relevant vaccine product.
16. A record of the vaccination performed is made in the work log of the vaccination office, the child’s development history (f. 112-u), the preventive vaccination card (f. 063-u), the medical record of a child attending a preschool educational institution, a general educational institution (f. 026-u), in the certificate of preventive vaccinations (f. 156/u-93). In this case, the necessary information is indicated: type of drug, dose, series, control number. If an imported drug is used, the original name of the drug in Russian must be entered. The data entered in the certificate is certified by the signature of the doctor and the seal of the medical institution or person engaged in private medical practice.
17. In medical documents it is necessary to note the nature and timing of general and local reactions, if they occur.
18. If an unusual reaction or complication develops after the vaccine is administered, it is necessary to immediately notify the head of the medical institution or a person engaged in private practice and send an emergency notification (f-58) to the territorial center of state sanitary and epidemiological supervision.
19. The fact of refusal to receive vaccinations, with a note that the medical worker has given explanations about the consequences of such refusal, is documented in the mentioned medical documents and signed by both the citizen and the medical worker.
Preventive vaccination calendar
| Start date for vaccination | Vaccine name |
| 4-7 days | BCG or BCG-M |
| 3 months | |
| 4 months | DTP, oral polio vaccine (OPV) |
| 5 months | DTP, oral polio vaccine (OPV) |
| 12-15 months | Vaccine against measles, mumps |
| 18 months | DTP, oral polio vaccine - once |
| 24 months | Oral polio vaccine - one dose |
| 6 years | ADS-M, oral polio vaccine, measles, mumps, rubella vaccine* |
| 7 years | BCG** |
| 11 years old | AD-M |
| 14 years old | BCG*** |
| 16-17 years old | ADS-M |
| adults once every 10 years | ADS-M (AD-M) |
** Revaccination is carried out for children not infected with tuberculosis.
***Re-vaccination is carried out for children who are not infected with tuberculosis and have not received irivivka at 7 years of age.
Preventive vaccinations must be carried out strictly within the time limits established by the Preventive Vaccination Calendar, combining the vaccines indicated for each age. If it is violated, it is allowed to simultaneously carry out other vaccinations with separate syringes in different parts of the body; for subsequent vaccinations, the minimum interval is four weeks.
To avoid contamination, it is unacceptable to combine tuberculosis vaccination with other parenteral procedures on the same day.
The administration of gamma globulins is carried out in accordance with the instructions for their use.
False contraindications to preventive vaccinations
List of medical contraindications for preventive vaccinations
| Vaccine | Contraindications |
| All vaccines | Severe reaction or complication to previous dose* |
| All live vaccines | Immunodeficiency state (primary), immunosuppression, malignant neoplasms, pregnancy |
| BCG vaccine | Child weight less than 2000 g, colloid scar after previous dose |
| OPV (oral polio vaccine) | |
| DPT | Progressive disease of the nervous system, history of afebrile seizures (instead of DTP, ADS is administered) |
| ADS, ADS-M | There are no absolute contraindications |
| LCV (live measles vaccine) | Severe reactions to aminoglycosides |
| LPV (live mumps vaccine) | Anaphylactic reactions to egg whites |
| Rubella vaccine or trivaccine (measles, mumps, rubella) |
*A strong reaction is the presence of a temperature above 40 o C, at the site of vaccine administration - swelling, hyperemia > 8 cm in diameter, anaphylactic shock reaction.
Vaccination centers where you can get vaccinated against viral hepatitis B
Clinic No. 119 for children
(metro station "Yugo-Zapadnaya") Vernadskogo Prospekt, 101, building 4, room. 8; 23; 24
Opening hours: 9-18.
Tel.: 433-42-16, 434-56-66
Clinic No. 103 for children
(metro station "Yasenevo") st. Golubinskaya, 21, building 2
Tel.:422-66-00
Medical center "Maby" City Clinical Hospital No. 31
(metro station "Prospect Vernadskogo") st. Lobachevsky, 42
Opening hours: 9-17
Tel.: 431-27-95, 431-17-05
Det. clinic no. 118
"Northern Butovo"; "Condivax" (metro station "Yuzhnaya") st. Kulikovskaya, 1-b
Tel.: 711-51-81, 711-79-18
LLC "Diavax"
(metro stations "Shabolovskaya", "Dobryninskaya") st. Lesteva, 5/7 (room number 108)
Opening hours: 9-18
Tel.: 917-24-16, 917-46-09
Vaccination Center at the Institute of Immunology
(metro station "Kashirskaya") Kashirskoye sh., 24/2
Opening hours: 9-17
Tel.: 111-83-28, 111-83-11
Scientific and Medical Center "Medinkur"
Prospect Mira, 105
Tel.: 282-41-07
Institute of Pediatrics, Scientific Center for Children's Health, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences
(metro station "University") Lomonosovsky Prospekt, 2/62
Opening hours: 10-16
Tel.: 134-20-92
"Medincenter"
(metro station "Dobryninskaya"), 4th Dobryninsky lane, 4
Tel.: 237-83-83, 237-83-38
Athens Medical Center
Michurinsky Ave., 6
Opening hours: 9-18
Tel.: 143-23-87, 147-91-21
JSC "Medicine"
(metro station "Mayakovskaya") 2nd Tverskoy-Yamskaya lane. 10
Opening hours: 8-20
Tel.: 250-02-78 (children), 251-79-82 (adults)
MONIKI
(metro station "Prospect Mira") st. Shchepkina, 01/2, bldg. 54, 506 cable.
Opening hours: 10-15
Tel.: 284-58-83
"Medical club" Canadian clinic
Michurinsky Ave., 56
Tel.: 921-98-65
Clinic No. 220
(metro station "Krasnopresnenskaya") st. Zamorenova, 27, office. 411
Tel.:255-09-77
Hematology Research Center
(metro station "Dynamo") Novozykovsky Ave., 4
Opening hours: 9-18
Tel.: 213-24-94, 212-80-92
Honey. center "In Kolomenskoye"
(metro station "Kolomenskaya") st. High, 19
Opening hours: 9-18
Tel.: 112-01-65, 112-91-62
Honey. Center "Healthy Generation"
(metro station "Shabolovskaya") st. Lesteva, 20
Opening hours: 9-18
Tel.: 954-00-64
Honey. Center for Administration of the President of the Russian Federation
(metro station "Arbatskaya") Staropansky lane, 3, building 2
Opening hours: 9-20
Tel.: 206-12-78 (vaccination of children only)
"Medep"
(metro station "University") Lomonosovsky Prospekt, 43
Opening hours: 9-18
Tel.: 143-17-98, 143-63-43
Institute of Pediatrics and Pediatric Surgery of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation
(metro station "Petrovsko-Razumovskaya") st. Taldomskaya, 2 (vaccination at home is possible)
Opening hours: Tue., Fri. 10-13
Tel.: 487-10-51, 487-42-79
Each pediatrician has a list of mandatory vaccinations, which describes in detail which vaccination should be given to the child and when. If parents do not have the opportunity to contact a pediatrician, then it is worth studying this important information on their own. The calendar of preventive vaccinations, which is in effect today, was approved by order of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation No. 229 dated June 27, 2001. Local pediatricians rely on it when prescribing the next vaccination.
Preventive vaccination calendar
In order to create immunity from certain diseases, it is necessary to undergo a course of preventive vaccinations, which include 2-3 injections and further revaccination:
- The very first vaccination is given to a newborn 12 hours after birth; this will protect the baby from hepatitis B.
- On days 3-7, the child is vaccinated against tuberculosis with the BCG vaccine.
- Revaccination against hepatitis B is prescribed 30 days after the birth of the baby.
- At three months they are vaccinated against: whooping cough, diphtheria, tetanus (one vaccine), polio.
- At 4.5 months the previous vaccination is repeated.
- At 6 months they do the same thing again and add another hepatitis B vaccine.
- At one year of age, a child must be vaccinated against: measles, rubella and all done with one injection.
- At 1.5 years of age, revaccination is given against whooping cough, diphtheria, tetanus and polio.
- At 20 months, another booster vaccination. This will also serve as protection against polio.
- Then parents can forget about vaccinations until age 6. At this age, the child is given the vaccine against measles, rubella and mumps.
What vaccinations does a child get at 7 years old?
- First of all, this is BCG revaccination.
- ADSM vaccination is also given to children at 7 years of age.
Vaccination of schoolchildren and adults
Vaccinations also continue to be given after 7 years. The procedure must be repeated every 5-10 years, the frequency depends on the type of vaccine. For example, at the age of thirteen, vaccinations are given according to an individual calendar.
If vaccines have not been supplied that will protect the body from hepatitis B, then they will need to be done. Girls are also vaccinated against rubella at the age of 13.
Upon reaching the age of 14 years, another revaccination against diphtheria, tetanus, tuberculosis and polio is carried out.
Then every ten years you need to undergo these procedures throughout your life.
What are children vaccinated with?
In our country, vaccines are delivered both domestically and imported. But only those that have been tested, registered, and approved for use. For example, the DTP vaccination is a domestic vaccine, while the Pentaxim and Infanrix vaccinations are its imported analogues.
What vaccinations do you need before school?
At the age of seven, the child is usually sent to school. Therefore, vaccinations at 7 years of age are strongly recommended. The beginning of school life is a difficult stage for a child; at this moment he especially needs both psychological and physiological support.
The educational process creates a huge burden on the still immature child’s psyche and on the growing child’s body. Going to school can negatively affect the well-being of a child who needs time to adapt. In addition to all this, the school is a source of all sorts of illnesses, since a large number of very different children, from very different families, go to it. Therefore, an unvaccinated child runs the risk of catching some kind of infection every day.
In the classroom, school cafeteria, and school restrooms, infections can spread quickly. You should especially beware of influenza, measles, mumps, chickenpox, and rubella. It is in places where children gather in large numbers that these types of infections are easiest to catch.
In order to prevent infection with these diseases, it is necessary to undergo vaccination on time, observing the established deadlines.
What vaccinations should be given at 7 years of age? Your doctor should provide you with this information. But, according to our calendar of preventive vaccinations, at the age of 7 years the child should already have the following vaccinations:
- Vaccinations against whooping cough, diphtheria, and tetanus must be given at the age of three, four and a half, six, eighteen months (according to indications, the doctor can shift the dates),
- It is necessary to put five at three, four and a half, six, eighteen and twenty months;
- You must have one vaccination against measles, rubella, mumps and three against hepatitis B.
At six months of age, you can get your first flu shot. Further revaccination can be carried out annually.
Vaccinations before school
What vaccination is given at 7 years of age?
At six to seven years of age, revaccination against the following diseases is necessary:
- from measles, rubella, mumps;
If parents want to carry out a larger number of vaccinations to maximum protect their child from infections, then they need to consult with their pediatrician. Your doctor may suggest vaccinations against chickenpox, pneumococcal disease, influenza, and hepatitis A.
Also, in those regions where there is a high risk of encountering a tick bite infected with viral encephalitis in the warm season, it is strongly recommended to vaccinate children against it before the onset of spring.
ADSM before school
Children are vaccinated with ADSM at 7 years of age in accordance with the National Vaccination Calendar to protect against tetanus and diphtheria.
The name can be deciphered as follows:
- A - adsorbed;
- D - diphtheria;
- C - tetanus;
- M - small dose of diphtheria component.
This vaccine is well tolerated by children. Another advantage is that all components enter the body after one injection.
The DTP vaccine is usually not given at 7 years of age, because it is replaced by ADSM.
What are the differences between DTP and ADSM vaccines?
Some children experience severe complications after administration of the DTP vaccine, so they are subsequently given an analogue that does not contain the antipertussis component. Moreover, the DTP vaccine is often no longer given at the age of 7; instead, an analogue is given - ADSM.
In these vaccines, the viral components are not equally distributed. DTP includes 30 units of diphtheria, 10 tetanus and 10 pertussis components, and ADSM contains 5 units of all components.
After each vaccine administration, the local pediatrician must record the child’s reaction to it in the medical record. If the baby had a hard time with the vaccination, then in the future only the ADSM drug will be used. The reaction of 7-year-old children to vaccination is usually good. Even babies tolerate the introduction of this vaccine much easier.
At the age of 7, the R2 ADSM vaccine is given (R2 is a revaccination). After this, the next one is given only at the age of 14-16 years (R3 ADSM).
Then revaccination is carried out every 10 years, starting from 24-26 years old and so on. There is no extreme limit on when people should revaccinate. Elderly people with weak immune systems are recommended to undergo this preventive measure every 10 years, the same as children.
Vaccine reaction and side effects
Reactions to vaccinations are quite common. Almost 30% of guys experience all sorts of side effects.
Specifically, DTP vaccination often causes complications after the third and fourth vaccination. It is important to be able to distinguish between a complication and common side effects. The latter pass quickly, and complications leave a mark on health.
Any vaccine can cause a very different reaction in the body. Manifestations are local and systemic.
Local symptoms include:
- redness;
- swelling of the injection site;
- compaction;
- pain at the injection site;
- impaired mobility of the limb, it is painful for the child to step on the leg and touch it.
General symptoms:
- the temperature rises slightly;
- the child becomes restless, capricious and irritable;
- the child sleeps a lot;
- gastrointestinal disorder;
- appetite is impaired.
Side effects after administration of the drug appear on the first day. All these conditions are considered normal, as the body develops protection against infectious agents.
In such cases, doctors prescribe painkillers and antihistamines before administering the vaccine, but these measures do not always help relieve pain and prevent the body from reacting.
If more severe side effects occur or something worries you about your child’s behavior, you should immediately call a doctor at home or call him and report your suspicions.
Children react differently. For example, the reaction to a vaccine at 7 years old, whatever it may be, will depend on the child’s health. But you should definitely call a doctor if the following symptoms appear:
- The child cries for more than three hours in a row.
- Temperature above 39 degrees.
- There is large swelling at the injection site, more than 8 centimeters.
All this refers to pathological conditions; the child must be urgently taken to the hospital for hospitalization.
BCG before school
BCG is a vaccine against tuberculosis. The BCG vaccination is repeated at 7 years of age, i.e. revaccination is carried out. This procedure has a preventive essence. It cannot protect a person from the disease, but it can protect other people by preventing the infection from spreading. The first vaccination is given almost immediately after birth, while still in the maternity hospital.
The vaccine consists of both live and dead microbacteria of tuberculous cattle. These bacteria cannot infect humans. The vaccination is done in order to cause a reaction in the body that produces protective immunity against tuberculosis.
It is placed in the shoulder, under the skin. It happens that the place where the vaccine was administered festers. And almost every person leaves a scar in this place, which makes it clear that vaccination was carried out.
Mantoux test
The first vaccination is carried out without the so-called “button”, and already at the age of 7, a Mantoux test is done before the BCG vaccination. This is necessary in order to understand whether it makes sense to get vaccinated. After all, if a child has already suffered an infection caused by Koch’s bacillus, then there is no point in vaccinating the child. The Mantoux test makes it clear whether revaccination is necessary.
The procedure must be carried out every year. If the reaction to the test is positive, then it is not a fact that the child will receive treatment. Often, your own immunity can protect the body and prevent the disease from developing. The disease occurs in severe form only if the child does not have the necessary medical supervision, and then only in 10% of cases.
Additional vaccination
Chicken pox
Chickenpox is a highly contagious infection that is easily transmitted. For many, the disease is severe, causing serious complications. Chickenpox often leads to quarantine in educational institutions.
People tolerate it very easily, without consequences. One vaccination produces immunity to this disease for about 10 years.
Vaccination against chickenpox is prohibited for people who have any acute diseases at the time of vaccination. It is necessary to wait for stable remission or complete recovery.
Pneumococcal infection
This infection is quite severe. It usually appears in children under two years of age. Manifests itself in the form of pneumonia, otitis, meningitis. Vaccination is carried out once every two years. But they also vaccinate at three, four and a half, six and eighteen months. This vaccination is also recommended for children and adults who often suffer from pneumonia, otitis, bronchitis, diabetes, and ARVI.
Diseases caused by pneumococcal infection are dangerous for any person. But especially for young children under three years old. Usually at this time the baby is no longer breastfed, i.e. the child has no additional immunity, and his own is not yet fully formed. In children under three years of age, the disease can be very severe and cause complications.
A child can catch an infection even in the maternity hospital, or while visiting, or even in preschool development groups. By the way, older people are also considered to be at particular risk for this infection.
Flu
The flu vaccine, like any other, of course, has a number of contraindications and side effects. They will vary depending on the type or inactivated).
The flu vaccine is strictly contraindicated if:
- the person has a tendency to allergies;
- have bronchial asthma;
- there are chronic respiratory diseases;
- anemia was diagnosed;
- the patient suffers from heart failure;
- there are severe blood diseases;
- renal failure was diagnosed;
- there are disturbances in the endocrine system;
- the child's age is less than 6 months;
- woman in the first trimester of pregnancy.
If you are unsure about your health, then before deciding to get vaccinated, you should consult with your doctor. All these contraindications are valid for all stages of vaccination; if even a slight malaise is observed, then it is better to postpone the procedure
It's also worth considering that the flu shot can cause some serious side effects, but fortunately these are uncommon. Typically, how a vaccine will perform, whether it will cause a side effect or not, depends on the type of vaccine. For example, live vaccines are capable of more than inactivated ones.
The experience of the doctor who examined the patient, the experience of the medical staff administering the vaccine, and the quality of the vaccine may influence the occurrence of side effects after vaccination.
So, what side effects may occur? They are divided into local and systemic. The former are observed only at the injection site, while the latter can spread to the entire body.
If the baby begins to hurt the place where the injection was given, then it is possible to use an anesthetic (ointment, syrup, suppository).
The following side effects after vaccination are also possible:
- there is a constant feeling of fatigue;
- the presence of a runny nose;
- pharyngitis;
- migraine;
- general malaise;
- makes a person sleepy;
- muscles hurt;
- lymph nodes enlarge;
- vomiting and diarrhea appear;
- pressure drops.
Many people worry that after this procedure they may get the flu. If you vaccinate with an inactivated vaccine, you will definitely not get sick. If you use a live one, you can get sick, but the likelihood is minimal. And if this happens, the disease will occur in the mildest form.
By the way, it is also important that after vaccination a person is not infected and cannot infect anyone with the flu.
The vaccine can only protect against influenza; it does not cover other infections. It begins to act only two to three weeks after the injection.
Hepatitis A
This is a disease of “dirty hands”, jaundice. Vaccinating a child at 7 years old against such an infection will be very useful.
At school, children often begin to use the canteen and public toilets independently for the first time, which increases the risk of developing intestinal infections, which include hepatitis A.
It is not a fatal disease, but it reduces the level of health, which can lead to more severe forms of pathology that lead to death.
According to statistics, about one and a half million people around the world fall ill with hepatitis A every year. In areas where an epidemic occurs, children become victims of this infection first.
Childhood vaccinations are a topical topic for parents, perhaps until the child grows up. Doctors are convinced that vaccination saves children and adolescents from many health problems, but worried mothers and fathers are often wary of this type of prevention. How to avoid the side effects of vaccinations, but at the same time build strong immunity in the child? Let's talk about this in more detail in this article.
Types of vaccinations and vaccination standards in Russia
Vaccination involves the targeted enrichment of the immune system with information about dangerous microorganisms that it has not encountered before. Almost all infections leave a kind of trace in the body: the immune system continues to remember the enemy “by sight”, so a new encounter with an infection no longer results in illness. But many diseases - especially in childhood - are fraught not only with unpleasant symptoms, but also with health complications that can leave an imprint on the rest of a person’s life. And it is much more reasonable, instead of gaining such experience in “combat conditions,” to make the child’s life easier by using a vaccine.
A vaccine is a pharmaceutical preparation that contains killed or weakened particles of bacteria and viruses, which allows the body to develop immunity without serious damage to health.
The use of vaccines is justified both for the prevention of the disease and for its treatment (during a protracted course of the disease, when it is necessary to stimulate the immune system). Preventive vaccinations are used in small and adult patients; their combination and sequence of administration are prescribed in a special document - the National Calendar of Preventive Vaccinations. These are expert recommendations for achieving the best results with minimal negative consequences.
There are vaccines that are not used under normal conditions, but are extremely useful in the event of an outbreak of a particular disease, as well as during a trip to a region known for a difficult epidemic situation for a certain infection (for example, cholera, rabies, typhoid fever, etc. .). You can find out which preventive vaccinations will be useful for children for epidemic reasons from a pediatrician, immunologist or infectious disease specialist.
When deciding on vaccination, it is important to keep in mind the legal norms adopted in the Russian Federation:
- Vaccination is a voluntary choice of parents. There is no penalty for refusing it, but it is worth considering what such a decision entails for the well-being of both your child and other children who may one day become infected with an infectious disease from him;
- any vaccination is carried out in medical organizations that have access to this type of procedure (we are talking not only about public clinics, but also about private centers);
- the vaccination must be administered by a physician certified to administer vaccinations (doctor, paramedic or nurse);
- Vaccination is permissible only with drugs officially registered in our country;
- before starting the procedure, the doctor or nurse is obliged to explain to the child’s parents the positive and negative properties of vaccination, possible side effects and the consequences of refusing vaccination;
- Before the vaccine is administered, the child must be examined by a doctor or paramedic;
- if vaccination is carried out in several directions at once on one day, then the vaccinations are given in different parts of the body, each time with a new syringe;
- With the exception of the situation described above, the period between two vaccinations against different infections must be at least 30 days.
Vaccination calendar for children under 3 years of age
Most of the vaccinations from the National Calendar for children occur in the first year and a half of life. At this age, the child is most susceptible to infections, so the task of parents and doctors is to make sure that diseases avoid your baby.
Of course, it is difficult to explain to a child how important vaccination is and why it is necessary to endure pain. However, experts advise approaching the process delicately: try to distract the baby from the medical procedure, be sure to praise him for good behavior and carefully monitor his well-being in the first three days after the procedure.
|
Child's age |
Procedure |
Drug used |
Grafting technique |
|
First 24 hours of life |
First vaccination against viral hepatitis B |
||
|
3–7 days of life |
Vaccination against tuberculosis |
BCG, BCG-M |
Intradermally, from the outside of the left shoulder |
|
1 month |
Second vaccination against viral hepatitis B |
Euvax V, Engerix V, Eberbiovak, Hepatect and others |
Intramuscularly (usually into the middle third of the thigh) |
|
2 months |
Third vaccination against viral hepatitis B (for children at risk) |
Euvax V, Engerix V, Eberbiovak, Hepatect and others |
Intramuscularly (usually into the middle third of the thigh) |
|
First vaccination against pneumococcal infection |
Pneumo-23, Prevenar |
Intramuscularly (into the shoulder) |
|
|
3 months |
First vaccination against diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus |
Intramuscularly (usually into the middle third of the thigh) |
|
|
First polio vaccine |
|||
|
First vaccination against Haemophilus influenzae (for children at risk) |
|||
|
4.5 months |
Second vaccination against diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus |
DPT, Infanrix, ADS, ADS-M, Imovax and others |
Intramuscularly (usually into the middle third of the thigh) |
|
Second vaccination against Haemophilus influenzae (for children at risk) |
Act-HIB, Hiberix, Pentaxim and others |
Intramuscularly (into the thigh or shoulder) |
|
|
Second polio vaccine |
OPV, Imovax Polio, Poliorix and others |
Orally (the vaccine is dropped into the mouth) |
|
|
Second vaccination against pneumococcal infection |
Pneumo-23, Prevenar |
Intramuscularly (into the shoulder) |
|
|
6 months |
Third vaccination against diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus |
DPT, Infanrix, ADS, ADS-M, Imovax and others |
Intramuscularly (usually into the middle third of the thigh) |
|
Third vaccination against viral hepatitis B |
Euvax V, Engerix V, Eberbiovak, Hepatect and others |
||
|
Third vaccination against polio |
OPV, Imovax Polio, Poliorix and others |
Orally (the vaccine is dropped into the mouth) |
|
|
Third vaccination against Haemophilus influenzae (for children at risk) |
Act-HIB, Hiberix, Pentaxim and others |
Intramuscularly (into the thigh or shoulder) |
|
|
12 months |
Vaccination against measles, rubella, paratitis |
MMR-II, Priorix and others |
Intramuscularly (into the thigh or shoulder) |
|
1 year and 3 months |
Revaccination (re-vaccination) against pneumococcal infection |
Pneumo-23, Prevenar |
Intramuscularly (into the shoulder) |
|
1 year and 6 months |
First revaccination against polio |
OPV, Imovax Polio, Poliorix and others |
Orally (the vaccine is dropped into the mouth) |
|
First revaccination against diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus |
DPT, Infanrix, ADS, ADS-M, Imovax and others |
Intramuscularly (usually in the middle third of the thigh) |
|
|
Revaccination against Haemophilus influenzae (for children at risk) |
Act-HIB, Hiberix, Pentaxim and others |
Intramuscularly (into the thigh or shoulder) |
|
|
1 year and 8 months |
Second revaccination against polio |
OPV, Imovax Polio, Poliorix and others |
Orally (the vaccine is dropped into the mouth) |
As with any other use of medications, vaccination has contraindications. Each vaccination is individual, but it is important to exclude the introduction of the vaccine against the background of an existing infection or if the child is allergic to a particular product. If you have reason to doubt the safety of an officially approved vaccination schedule, it is worth discussing alternative vaccination schedules and other disease prevention measures with your doctor.
Vaccination calendar for children from 3 to 7 years old
In preschool age, children need to be vaccinated much less frequently. However, it is important not to forget to check the Calendar of Preventive Vaccinations, so as not to accidentally forget to visit the pediatrician on time.
Calendar of preventive vaccinations for schoolchildren
During school years, an employee of the first aid post usually monitors the timing of children’s vaccinations - all students are often vaccinated centrally, on the same day. If your child has health conditions that require a separate vaccination regimen, do not forget to discuss this with representatives of the school administration.
To vaccinate children or not to vaccinate them?
The question of the advisability of vaccinating children has become acute in recent decades: in Russia and around the world, the so-called anti-vaccination movement remains popular, whose supporters consider vaccination a harmful procedure imposed by pharmacological corporations for the purpose of enrichment.
This point of view is based on isolated cases of complications or death of children who were vaccinated against any infections. In most cases, it is not possible to establish an objective cause for such a tragedy, but opponents of vaccinations do not consider it necessary to rely on statistics and facts; they appeal only to the natural feeling of fear of parents for their children.
The danger of such beliefs is that without universal vaccination it is impossible to exclude the persistence of foci of infection, the carriers of which are unvaccinated children. By coming into contact with other babies who have not received the vaccine due to contraindications, they contribute to the spread of the disease. And the more convinced “anti-vaxxers” there are among parents, the more often children suffer from measles, meningitis, rubella and other infections.
Another reason that often deters parents from vaccination is the uncomfortable conditions in the vaccination room of the children's clinic at their place of registration. However, proper planning of time, an experienced doctor who will explain all the questions, and your positive attitude, which will be reflected in the child, will certainly help you survive the vaccination without tears and disappointments.
The 2018 vaccination schedule for children (preventive vaccination calendar) in Russia provides for the protection of children and infants up to one year old from the most dangerous diseases. Some vaccinations for children are performed directly in the maternity hospital, others can be done at the district clinic in accordance with the vaccination schedule.
Vaccination calendar
| Age | Vaccinations |
|---|---|
| Children for the first time 24 hours |
|
| Children 3 - 7 day |
|
| Children at 1 month |
|
| Children at 2 months |
|
| Children at 3 months |
|
| Children at 4.5 months |
|
| Children at 6 months |
|
| Children at 12 months |
|
| Children at 15 months |
|
| Children at 18 months |
|
| Children at 20 months |
|
| Children aged 6 |
|
| Children aged 6 - 7 years |
|
| Children aged 14 |
|
| Adults over 18 years old |
|
Basic vaccinations up to one year
The general table of vaccinations by age from birth to 14 years assumes the organization of maximum protection of the child’s body from infancy and support of immunity in adolescence. At 12-14 years of age, routine revaccination of polio, measles, rubella, and mumps is carried out. Measles, rubella and mumps can be combined into one vaccine without compromising quality. Vaccination against polio is performed separately, with a live vaccine in drops or inactivated with an injection in the shoulder.
- . The first vaccination is carried out in the maternity hospital. This is followed by revaccination at 1 month and at 6 months.
- Tuberculosis. The vaccination is usually performed in the maternity hospital in the first week of the child's life. Subsequent revaccinations are carried out in preparation for school and in high school.
- DTP or analogues. Combined vaccine to protect infants from whooping cough and diphtheria. Imported analogues of the vaccine add a Hib component to protect against inflammatory infections and meningitis. The first vaccination is performed at 3 months, then according to the vaccination schedule depending on the chosen vaccine.
- Haemophilus influenzae infection or Hib component. May be part of a vaccine or performed separately.
- Polio. Infants are vaccinated at 3 months. Repeated vaccination at 4 and 6 months.
- At 12 months, children undergo a routine vaccination against.
The first year of a child's life requires maximum protection. Vaccinations minimize the risk of infant mortality by causing the baby's body to produce antibodies to bacterial and viral infections.
A child's own immunity up to one year is too weak to resist dangerous diseases; innate immunity weakens by about 3-6 months. The baby can receive a certain amount of antibodies from mother's milk, but this is not enough to resist truly dangerous diseases. It is at this time that it is necessary to strengthen the child’s immunity with timely vaccination. The standard vaccination schedule for children is designed taking into account all possible risks and it is advisable to follow it.
After a series of vaccinations, the child may develop a fever. Be sure to include paracetamol in your child's first aid kit to reduce fever. High temperature indicates the functioning of the body's defense systems, but does not in any way affect the efficiency of antibody production. The temperature must be brought down immediately. For infants under 6 months, paracetamol rectal suppositories can be used. Older children can take antipyretic syrup. Paracetamol has maximum effectiveness, but in some cases and with individual characteristics, it does not work. In this case, you need to use a children's antipyretic with another active substance.
Do not limit your child’s drinking after vaccination; take with you a convenient bottle of water or baby soothing tea.
Vaccinations before kindergarten
In kindergarten, a child is in contact with a significant number of other children. It has been proven that it is in children's environments that viruses and bacterial infections spread at maximum speed. To prevent the spread of dangerous diseases, it is necessary to be vaccinated according to age and provide documentary evidence of vaccinations.
- Flu vaccination. Performed annually, it significantly reduces the likelihood of contracting the flu in the autumn-winter period.
- Vaccination against pneumococcal infection. Performed once, the vaccination must be completed at least a month before visiting a child care facility.
- Vaccination against viral meningitis. Performed from 18 months.
- Vaccination against hemophilus influenzae infection. From 18 months, with weakened immunity, vaccination is possible from 6 months.
The vaccination schedule for children is usually developed by an infectious disease specialist. In good children's vaccination centers, it is mandatory to examine children on the day of vaccination to identify contraindications. It is undesirable to perform vaccinations at elevated temperatures and exacerbation of chronic diseases, diathesis, herpes.
Vaccination in paid centers does not reduce some of the pain associated with the administration of adsorbed vaccines, but you can choose more complete kits that provide protection against more diseases in 1 injection. The choice of combination vaccines provides maximum protection with minimal injury. This applies to vaccines such as Pentaxim, DTP and the like. In public clinics, such a choice is often impossible due to the high cost of polyvalent vaccines.
Restoring the vaccination schedule
In case of violations of standard vaccination periods, you can create your own individual vaccination schedule on the recommendation of an infectious disease specialist. The characteristics of vaccines and standard vaccination or emergency vaccination schedules are taken into account.
For hepatitis B, the standard regimen is 0-1-6. This means that after the first vaccination, the second follows a month later, followed by a revaccination six months later.
Vaccinations for children with immune diseases and HIV are performed exclusively with inactivated vaccines or recombinant drugs with the replacement of pathogenic proteins.
Why do you need to have mandatory vaccinations based on age?
An unvaccinated child who is constantly among vaccinated children most likely will not get sick precisely because of herd immunity. The virus simply does not have enough carriers to spread and further epidemiological infection. But is it really ethical to use the immunity of other children to protect your own child? Yes, your child will not be pricked with a medical needle, he will not experience discomfort after vaccination, fever, weakness, and will not whine and cry, unlike other children after vaccination. But when in contact with unvaccinated children, for example, from countries without mandatory vaccination, it is the unvaccinated child who is at maximum risk and may get sick.
The immune system does not become stronger by developing “naturally” and infant mortality rates are clear confirmation of this fact. Modern medicine cannot counteract viruses with absolutely nothing except prevention and vaccinations, which build the body’s resistance to infection and disease. Only the symptoms and consequences of viral diseases are treated.
In general, only vaccination is effective against viruses. Keep up with your age-appropriate vaccinations to keep your family healthy. Vaccination of adults is also desirable, especially with an active lifestyle and contact with people.
Can vaccines be combined?
Some clinics practice simultaneous vaccination against polio and DPT. In fact, this practice is not advisable, especially when using live polio vaccine. The decision on a possible combination of vaccines can only be made by an infectious disease specialist.
What is revaccination
Revaccination is the repeated administration of a vaccine to maintain the level of antibodies to a disease in the blood and to strengthen the immune system. Typically, revaccination is easy and without any special reactions from the body. The only thing that may worry you is microtrauma at the site of vaccine administration. Together with the active substance of the vaccine, about 0.5 ml of an adsorbent substance is injected, which holds the vaccine inside the muscle. Unpleasant sensations from microtrauma are possible throughout the week.
The need to introduce an additional substance is due to the effect of most vaccines. It is necessary that the active components enter the blood gradually and evenly over a long period of time. This is necessary for the formation of correct and stable immunity. A slight bruise, hematoma, or swelling is possible at the site of vaccine administration. This is normal for any intramuscular injections.
How immunity is formed
The formation of natural immunity occurs as a result of a viral disease and the production of appropriate antibodies in the body that contribute to resistance to infection. Immunity is not always developed after a single illness. Developing lasting immunity may require repeated illness or a successive round of vaccinations. After an illness, the immune system can be greatly weakened and various complications arise, often more dangerous than the illness itself. Most often these are pneumonia, meningitis, otitis, for the treatment of which strong antibiotics must be used.
Infants are protected by maternal immunity, receiving antibodies through breast milk. It does not matter whether maternal immunity is developed through vaccinations or has a “natural” basis. But against the most dangerous diseases, which form the basis of child and infant mortality, early vaccination is necessary. Hib infection, whooping cough, hepatitis B, diphtheria, tetanus should be excluded from the dangers to a child’s life in the first year of life. Vaccinations form complete immunity against most infections that are fatal to an infant without illness.
Creating the “natural” immunity advocated by environmentalists takes too long and can be life-threatening. Vaccination promotes the safest formation of full immunity.
The vaccination calendar is formed taking into account age requirements and the characteristics of the vaccines. It is advisable to adhere to the medically prescribed time intervals between vaccinations for the full formation of immunity.
Voluntariness of vaccinations
In Russia, it is possible to refuse vaccination; for this you need to sign the appropriate documents. No one will be interested in the reasons for refusal and force children to be vaccinated. There may be legal restrictions on refusals. There are a number of professions for which vaccinations are mandatory and refusal to vaccinate may be considered as unsuitability. Teachers, employees of children's institutions, doctors and livestock breeders, veterinarians must be vaccinated to avoid becoming a source of infection.
You also cannot refuse vaccinations during epidemics or when visiting areas declared a disaster zone due to an epidemic. The list of diseases in the event of epidemics of which vaccination or even urgent vaccination is carried out without a person’s consent is enshrined in law. First of all, these are natural or black smallpox and tuberculosis. In the 80s of the 20th century, smallpox vaccination was excluded from the list of mandatory vaccinations for children. The complete disappearance of the pathogen and the absence of foci of infection were assumed. However, at least 3 focal outbreaks of the disease have occurred in Siberia and China since the refusal of vaccination. It may make sense to get vaccinated against smallpox in a private clinic. Smallpox vaccines must be ordered separately. Vaccination against black pox is mandatory for livestock farmers.
Conclusion
All doctors recommend, if possible, following a standard vaccination schedule for children and maintaining immunity with timely vaccinations for adults. Recently, people have become more attentive to their health and visit vaccination centers with the whole family. Especially before joint trips or travels. Vaccinations and developed active immunity
