Presentation on the topic "Economy and social environment: relationship and mutual influence" on economics in powerpoint format. A voluminous presentation for students reveals in detail the relationship and mutual influence of the economy and the social environment.
Fragments from the presentation
The architects of Russian reforms underestimated the fact that society is a single organism in which all systems and parts are closely interconnected and interact
The state of affairs in the economy cannot but depend on the state and development of other spheres of social life: ideology, politics, administration, culture, science, the education system, the state of morality and behavior of people.
Does politics take precedence over economics?
- Economics has always been considered as the basis on which the ideological, political, and cultural superstructure rests. It was believed that material existence determines the consciousness of people and the role of the superstructure. In the course of market reforms, in our country and in other countries, an inverse relationship is emerging: the undoubted primacy of ideology and politics over economics.
- Political choice and the will of the ruling authorities determine the general direction and stages of changes in the economy. Success is ensured by correct political decisions, efficiency and competence of public administration.
The power of ideas
Every policy is based on certain ideological principles, and ideology is formed on the basis of certain theoretical concepts perceived by the ruling class and propagated by it through the media. The ideas that dominate society, even if they are erroneous, can dominate minds for a long time, guide politics, shape the economy, and determine the social structure.
The difference between knowledge about society and nature
Knowledge of the laws of nature helps a person to influence it, but cannot abolish these laws. The object of research exists regardless of the state of science. In society the situation is different. The laws formulated by scientists, even when their knowledge is false, can be adopted by government policy and subjugate the behavior of millions of people until the fallacy of the policy reveals itself.
Ideas rule the world
- John Maynard Keynes wrote that the ideas of economists and political scientists, whether true or false, are more influential than is commonly believed. It is unlikely, he noted, that the world is ruled by something else
- Ideas that have captured the masses can change the very nature of society. History knows of social deformations caused by untenable ideas. The truth that remained unrecognized or unknown ultimately prevails, but often at the cost of destructive upheavals.
- Russian liberal fundamentalism, which underlies our reforms, is increasingly revealing its inconsistency. There is a growing understanding in the mass consciousness that this cannot continue for long. Both ideology and politics need to be revised. The social orientation of development has become an imperative.
- Modern capitalism is forced, in the name of social peace and the consolidation of society, to give economic development an increasingly social orientation. It is no coincidence that a social model of capitalism has emerged in Europe, which is very different from the neoliberal one.
Political structure.
As the economy suffers from bad policies, the effectiveness of the political system becomes key. How can it be built so that it best contributes to social stability, the rule of law, the selection of worthy leaders, and economic, spiritual and moral progress?
Democracy or authoritarianism?
- It would seem that authoritarianism has been condemned by history and democratization has become the call of the times. Nevertheless, there are decorative, controlled democracies that ignore the will of the people. An immature society can be manipulated with the help of modern election technologies and media. Imitation of a democratic system deprives the political system of effectiveness and public trust.
- Only democratic mechanisms of checks and balances, separation of legislative, executive and judicial powers, and the development of civil society guarantee against arbitrariness and errors in public administration.
The underestimated role of administrative relations
- Due to the increasingly complex and growing role of the state in society, the improvement of administrative relations, which develop according to their own, non-market laws, is of particular importance. Bureaucracy, even in market conditions, remains an influential force on which much depends.
- The nature of administrative relations is determined not only by departmental instructions, but also by the personal connections of officials, their competence, integrity, honesty, likes and dislikes. It’s bad when purely personal qualities and careerism begin to prevail over business ones. Favoritism, corporatism, nepotism and behavior dictated by loyalty to superiors are counterproductive for the economy.
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Economic policy of the state -
the process of implementing its economic functions through various government measures to influence economic processes to achieve certain goals.
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Goals of the state in a market economy:
Ensure economic growth; Create conditions for economic freedom; Ensure economic security and economic efficiency; Take care to ensure full employment; Provide assistance to those who cannot fully provide for themselves, etc.
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Economic functions of the state:
Economic stabilization. Protection of property rights. Regulation of money circulation. Redistribution of income. Regulating the relationship between employers and employees. Control over foreign economic activity. Production of public goods. Compensation for external effects. Support and ensure the functioning of the market system.
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Public goods
These are goods or services provided by the government to its citizens on an equal basis. - something that people use together and which cannot be assigned to someone’s private property. The production of OB is undertaken by the state. OB includes: defense, free education, public services of municipal clinics, visits to libraries, parks, etc.
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Compensation for external effects is an important function of the state in a market economy
Directions: Consistent transition from direct (administrative) to indirect (economic) methods of regulating the economy; Strengthening the role of the state in solving social problems; Support for basic science; Participation in solving global problems of humanity (ecological crisis and its consequences); Eliminating the economic lag of third world countries; Arms reduction.
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The main directions of state economic policy Stabilization Aimed primarily at improving the “sick” economy Structural Aimed primarily at ensuring balanced economic development Fiscal (fiscal), monetary (monetary) policy State support for important industries, production of public goods, limitation of monopolies, etc. .
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The state's influence on the market mechanism is carried out through direct and indirect regulation. Direct regulation is the use of administrative methods (legislative activity, development of the public sector, etc.). Indirect regulation is the use of economic methods (methods of fiscal and monetary policy). It has priority in a market economy.
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Two views on government intervention in the economy:
Monetarism (D. Hume, M. Friedman): free the economy from the tutelage of the state as much as possible, reduce taxes and government spending, allowing the market mechanism to provide a stable economic system on its own. Keynesianism (D. Keynes): only an active financial policy of the state that stimulates demand can cope with mass unemployment.
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Monetary (monetary policy) - control over the money supply in the economy.
Monetary policy objectives: Economic growth; Full employment; Price stability. Monetary policy is aimed at smoothing out cyclical fluctuations: increasing business activity in the country’s economy during a recession and preventing high inflation and “overheating of the economy” during an economic boom. The state increases the amount of money during an economic downturn and restrains its growth during an upturn. The Central Bank acts as a guide in interaction with commercial banks. For the normal functioning of the economy, it is important that the monetary system is stable.
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Monetary policy methods:
The norm of required bank reserves is the part of the money available to the bank that it does not have the right to issue in the form of loans. By establishing the norm of required reserves, the Central Bank influences the ability of banks to provide loans => the total amount of money in circulation changes. The discount rate is the rate at which the Central Bank provides loans to commercial banks. By raising or lowering the discount rate, the Central Bank makes credit more expensive or cheaper => impact on inflation. Open market operations – purchase and sale of government securities by the Central Bank. An example would be government short-term bonds (GKOs). This is a flexible monetary policy instrument.
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Budgetary and tax (fiscal policy) - the activities of the state in the field of taxation, regulation of public spending and the state budget.
Aimed at: 1) ensuring stable economic development, 2) preventing inflation, 3) ensuring employment for the population. To implement fiscal policy, the state can use two tools: Changing tax rates; Changes in government spending.
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The state budget is a consolidated plan for state revenues and the use of funds received to cover all types of government expenses.
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"National economy"- Basic ideas of V. Oyken. Liszt's ideas. National economy as a system of social economy that has developed on the territory of a certain state. The term “National Economy” has a triple meaning: The question of the subject of the theory of national economy has not yet been finally resolved. The great importance of economic freedom in promoting prosperity should not be underestimated.
"Economics of an Organization"- James Goldsmith (b.1928), British businessman. P – political, E – economics, S – social, T – technology. Non-existent tax benefits for leasing. Other operating conditions did not change. Calculation of the average cost of working capital: Commercial organization. Example. Definition of the term “enterprise”:
"Regional economy"- Objectives of regional management Distribution of productive forces - patterns, principles and factors. The concept of spatial development, factors reflecting the influence of space. Basic concepts. Stages of regional economic research. Stages of the formation of science. Methods of regional economics. Region: content and operation.
"Questions on Economics"- Mixed. The basis of the market system. Private and economic initiative. What type of economic system is most common? Forms the amount of income. Competition. Public property. - Anything that is legally registered as property. How are the main economic issues resolved? Property objects.
"Economics teacher"- Features of my methodological system. The purpose of the methodological system. The effectiveness of participation of students of the Uglich FML in municipal olympiads in economics. The significance of objects. Results of extracurricular activities in mathematics and economics. Study room. Efficiency of the educational process motivation information interaction interactive dialogue competitiveness and attractiveness of learning rational use of the teacher’s working time.
"Economy during the War"- Foreign policy. Currency reform December 14, 1947 http://www.pobediteli.ru./. June 1944 - opening of the second front. Military economy of the USSR 1941 - 1945. Sources of post-war economics. growth. 27 million people died. Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Bessarabia, Northern Bukovina - became part of the USSR in 1940. North Atlantic (to the ports of Murmansk, Severomorsk, Arkhangelsk, Molotovsk (since 1957
The economy affects: Population affects: The birth rate; To the economic level; Depends: On material wealth; From the total population; Providing housing; Population density; Degree of women's involvement in production Population growth rate Study of the relationship between the total population and its growth rate with the economic development of society.
For example, the birth rate in European countries with transition economies (Poland, Hungary, Czech Republic) in the 1920s. fell sharply, which is associated with the deterioration in living standards that accompanied economic reforms. In Russia too.
In the conditions of socio-economic transformations in Russia, the collapse of previous social relations, people and groups are trying to develop new niches for social and economic survival. A feature of recent years of development has been growing. Society is a tendency to increase economic differentiation, expressed in the division of society into groups with different incomes, standards of living and consumption.
Excessive income inequality poses a major threat to political and economic stability in the region. Development of Russia in 2010 led to significant differences in incomes. The market system gives preference to some social strata and, conversely, punishes others. If this system is not corrected, then it acts in the interests of the minority of the society (elite) and against the majority.
In modern industrialized countries, welfare systems are being created, that is, income is redistributed in favor of the poorer and disadvantaged layers, social security systems are being created (pensions, medical insurance, poverty benefits, etc.)
