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Environment. "Chicks of Petrov's Nest"

• Patrick Gordon - general, military leader
• Franz Lefort - General of the Infantry, and then Admiral
• HELL. Menshikov - His Serene Highness Prince, nobleman, generalissimo
• F.M. Apraksin – admiral
• F.Yu. Romodanovsky - “Prince Caesar”, head of the Preobrazhensky Prikaz
• Franz Lefort
• HELL. Menshikov
• F.M. Apraksin
• F.Yu. Romodanovsky

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Positive aspects of the activities of Peter I

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Negative aspects of the activities of Peter I

• Coarseness
• Cruelty
• The habit of power
• During his reign, hundreds of thousands of people were forced into serfdom.
• Increased taxes and forced collections
• Regulation of all aspects of life

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Historians' assessment of the activities of Peter I

“The genius of Peter expressed himself in a clear understanding of the situation of his people; he realized that his duty was to lead the weak, poor, almost unknown people out of this sad situation through civilization.”
(S. M. Soloviev)

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“And, glorifying the glorious in this monarch, shall we leave without comment the harmful side of his brilliant reign?”
(N. M. Karamzin)

“Everywhere I see Peter the Great, in sweat, in dust, in smoke, in flames; and I cannot convince myself that there is only one Peter everywhere, and not many.”
(M. V. Lomonosov)

“He was not only a navigator and a carpenter, a shipwright and a turner, but also a diligent office worker.”
(N.P. Pavlov - Silvansky)

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The eighteenth century continues to cause sharp debate among historians, publicists, philosophers - continues, because from the time Peter the Great founded the new capital, this century turned out to be associated with the beginning of a radical transformation of Russian life, which could not but cause fierce resistance from the zealots of antiquity. The transformations of Peter, his activities, personality, role in the fate of Russia are questions that interest and attract the attention of researchers of our time no less than in past centuries.

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Various, sometimes diametrically opposed assessments aroused and arouse both the reforms and the personal qualities of Peter I among his contemporaries and descendants. Some of his contemporaries praised the tsar to the skies, calling him an “earthly god,” others considered him a “world-eater” or an impostor (whom the Germans allegedly replaced the real king during his trip abroad). Finally, the schismatics considered Peter the Antichrist. We find equally different assessments and equally irreconcilable contradictions in views on Peter in the 19th century. Westerners sang enthusiastic praise to Peter, Slavophiles condemned him for distorting Russian original principles and damaging the national character of Holy Rus'. Who is right in his assessments and how should an impartial history evaluate him and his work?

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Oh, powerful lord of fate! Isn’t it so that you, above the very abyss, At a height, with an iron bridle, raised Russia on its hind legs? A.S. Pushkin

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Personality of Peter the Great Tsar Peter Alekseevich was tall, rather thin than plump; His hair was thick, short, dark brown, his eyes were large, black with long eyelashes, his mouth was well shaped, but his lower lip was a little spoiled; the expression on his face is beautiful, inspiring respect at first glance. (Filippo Baltari)

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Peter I Alekseevich First Russian Emperor Reformer State and military leader of Russia Commander and diplomat

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Contribution to the history of the Russian state (reforms) Reforms in the field of economics and social policy. Reforms of authorities and management. Military reforms. Reforms in the field of science, culture and everyday life. Church reform

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Assessment of the personality of Peter I by historians N. M. Karamzin, S. M. Solovyov, V. O. Klyuchevsky, P. N. Milyukov, S. F. Platonov

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Nikolai Mikhailovich Karamzin Recognizing Peter the Great, he at the same time approached the assessment of his activities much more carefully than his contemporaries. The brutal destruction of the old way of life and national traditions undertaken by Peter, in the opinion of the historian and writer, was not always justified. “We have become citizens of the world, but have ceased to be, in some cases, citizens of Russia. Blame Peter. He is great without a doubt; but he could still exalt himself more when he found a way to enlighten the minds of Russians without harming their civic virtues..."

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Sergei Mikhailovich Solovyov “Peter’s genius showed itself in a clear understanding of the situation of his people; he realized that his duty was to lead the weak, poor, almost unknown people out of this sad situation through civilization.” Solovyov treats Peter’s legacy with care and highly appreciates his personality as a transformer. “From whatever point of view we study the era of transformation, we must be amazed at the moral and physical forces of a transformer whose sphere of activity would be so vast.”

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Vasily Osipovich Klyuchevsky The historian accused the tsar of tyranny and despoticism. Among the many “cases of the Petrovs,” only one thing deserved a positive assessment from Klyuchevsky: caution when borrowing everything foreign. Klyuchevsky refused to consider Peter a “selfless Westerner” and saw great benefit for the people in the selectivity of his borrowings. “Transformative enthusiasm and self-confident omnipotence—these were Peter’s two hands, which did not wash, but squeezed each other, paralyzing each other’s energy.” Without denying that Peter the Great lived with the thought of the common good, ultimately the historian came to the conclusion that the tsar’s real merits were not so significant.

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Pavel Nikolaevich Milyukov was one of the first to defiantly doubt the greatness of Peter. Miliukov argues that Peter's sphere of influence was very limited; reforms were developed collectively, and the final goals of the reforms were only partially understood by the tsar. Peter's reforms are a continuous chain of miscalculations and mistakes.

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Sergei Fedorovich Platonov “Peter was not a revolutionary tsar, as they sometimes liked to call him. Peter's activity was neither a political nor a social revolution... the state structure remained the same, the position of the estates did not undergo significant changes. The results achieved by Peter did not put the national economy on a new basis..."

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Testimony of contemporaries, representatives of the common people One of the first biographers of Peter I, P.N. Krekshin: “Peter, with a meek disposition, resurrected Russia, half-dead, raising it up shining, weak in strength, insensitive by his name, creating something like a stone (the name “Peter” means “stone”), raising it from darkness to light, from ignorance to knowledge, from dishonor to glory " Peasant Startsev: “What kind of king is this, he is the Antichrist, not a king, he left his kingdom and knew with the Germans and lives in the German settlement, eats meat on Wednesday and Friday.” A certain peasant: “The Tsar devastated all his land, only body and soul remained... There is no Tsar in Moscow. Seven years in captivity, and Nemchin sits on the kingdom. Here he cut down about four thousand archers. If he were a sovereign, would he waste his land like that?

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Catherine II the Great Empress attached great importance to the Age of Peter, since to a certain extent she herself continued the work he had begun, although she acted by other means. It was she who instilled in her subjects the idea that Peter I “cut a window to Europe,” that is, opened the country to Western influence. The spread of this influence to Russia was considered the most important thing that Peter I managed to achieve.

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Elector Sophia of Hanover “We must admit that this is an extraordinary person... This sovereign is both very kind and very evil, his character is absolutely the character of his country. If he had received a better education, he would have been an excellent man, for he has much dignity and an infinite amount of natural intelligence.”

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In the history presentation on the topic “Peter 1” you will find information about important stages in the life of the Russian Emperor, his role in reforming the state.
The beginning of the reign of Peter the Great dates back to the late 17th and early 18th centuries, a period when serfdom dominated in Russia and industry lagged behind Western countries in development. The state was economically weak and militarily vulnerable. There was a growing need for urgent socio-economic and political changes. In order to overcome the backwardness of the country, Peter the Great began to resolve the problems that had accumulated in the state.

The era of Peter the Great is associated with the transformation of Russia into an empire and its transformation into a powerful military state. The 18th century became a century of modernization in almost all spheres of public life. Changes affected the economy, politics, culture, and education. Peter also carried out radical reforms in the military and social spheres, in the system of government of the country. The state began to actively intervene in the economy. Peter the Great, of course, played a very important role in the history of Russia.

This presentation will be useful for a history lesson for elementary and high school students.

You can view the slides on the website or download the presentation “Peter 1” in PowerPoint format from the link below.

Presentation Peter 1
Childhood
Family
Education

Hobbies
Beginning of Peter's reign
Reign
Reforms of Peter 1

Emperor's title
Heirs of Peter 1
Death and legacy

Personality of Peter the Great. On May 30 (June 9, new style), 1672, a son, Peter, was born to Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich and Tsarina Natalia Kirillovna in Moscow. Now the Romanov dynasty could count on a healthy and energetic heir to the throne. Like everyone else, Peter I’s character was formed in childhood. The Tsar Father did not particularly single out his youngest son. All worries about the child fell on the shoulders of the mother, who was an ardent supporter of reforms and encouraged all kinds of innovations in everyday life. At her request, foreign toys were brought to Peter, and she tried to follow Western European fashion. The prince's early childhood was spent in a European home and its unique atmosphere, which later helped Peter to visit foreigners without prejudice and gain useful experience from them.

However, when it was necessary to move from games to compulsory education for Moscow princes, Peter was less fortunate. Zotov was ordered, first of all, to instill royal majesty and stateliness in Peter, but the “uncle” did not even try to force the nimble child to sit on a straight-backed chair for many hours in order to develop the habit of the throne. The prince looked attentively at the “uncle’s” deft hands and began to diligently sharpen the workpiece with a knife. Zotov did not possess any special craftsman skills; he did everything “by eye.” Peter adopted this skill and always relied more on his own eye than on drawings and mathematical calculations, and was rarely mistaken.

Nikita Moiseevich constantly brought Peter books with illustrations from the Armory, and later, as the student’s interest in “historical” subjects developed - military art, diplomacy and geography - he ordered for him “amusing notebooks” with colorful images of warriors, foreign ships and cities. The prince learned everything willingly, and subsequently wrote fluently in Old Church Slavonic, albeit with numerous errors. And although, after becoming emperor, Peter I repeatedly stated that there was nothing instructive in Russian antiquity, his historical knowledge was varied and deep. And he knew so many folk proverbs, sayings and sayings and always used them to the point with such wit that he never tired of astonishing all the European monarchs.

After the death of Alexei Mikhailovich, Tsarina Natalya and her son were expelled from the Kremlin by the new Tsar Fyodor Alekseevich, who hated his stepmother and her “Anglican” uncle. And now the Moscow outskirts became Peter’s school. This is how Peter grew up - strong and resilient, not afraid of any physical work. Palace intrigues developed in him secrecy and the ability to hide his true feelings and intentions. He disappeared all day long, anywhere, resorting only to mass. Knowing Kremlin morals, Peter lulled the vigilance of all his Kremlin enemies. Subsequently, this helped him become an outstanding diplomat.

When ten-year-old Peter was solemnly crowned king on April 28, 1682, foreign diplomats unanimously noted that he gave the impression of a 16-year-old boy with his speech, education, and posture. On May 25, in front of Peter’s eyes, his beloved uncle Matveev was raised to the pikes by the archers. Peter could not do anything on his own without knowledge of the principles of organization of the Western European army. There was no one to expect help here. And then he probably remembered his experience of “commanding” foreign reiters at the age of three and went to Kukuy, the German settlement. Here he found the retired chief of the Butyrsky Scottish Regiment, Patrick Gordon, whom he knew from the memorable review. The young tsar was invariably treated warmly and friendly in Sloboda. Peter, sociable by nature, immediately made many friends among these carpenters, pharmacists, brewers and soldiers, from whom he immediately singled out the charming and gallant Franz Lefort. He became Peter’s mentor in mastering the unique culture of “Moscow Europe”.

With the appearance of Gordon and Lefort in Preobrazhensky, the regiments were divided into platoons and companies, all of whom received military ranks corresponding to their positions. However, at first there was complete confusion with them too. Thus, along with the Cossack rank of “sergeant,” there was the Polish “lieutenant” and the Swedish “lieutenant.” Prince Fyodor Romodanovsky became generalissimo of the Preobrazhensky regiment, and Ivan Buturlin - of the Semenovsky regiment. Peter, passionately in love with artillery as a child, awarded himself the rank of “captain bombardier.” He did everything himself. The childhood habit of rummaging through old things in the attics in Preobrazhenskoye served Peter well. The tsar began to become involved in ship craftsmanship, which turned into the main business of his life. All models of sea vessels from those that were made to select the prototype of the only multi-sail frigate "Eagle" built under Alexei Mikhailovich migrated from the dusty Kremlin closets to Preobrazhenskoye. Even after visiting such maritime powers as Holland, England and Denmark, Peter never forgot the “grandfather of the Russian fleet.” A magnificent celebration of Peter's boat took place on August 11, 1723, when 20 battleships of the Baltic Fleet saluted him in the Krondstadt roadstead. The first naval parade in Russia was hosted by the "captain" of the boat, Admiral General Fyodor Apraksin, the "helmsman" Emperor Peter I and the "lot sailor" Field Marshal Alexander Menshikov.

Peter I, having put on a European-cut Preobrazhensky frock coat, always remained thoroughly a Russian autocrat in thinking. Having learned that during his stay abroad the Streltsy rebelled again, he urgently returned to Russia. On September 30, 1698, 200 archers were executed on Red Square, and dignitaries from the royal retinue were to act as executioners. Lefort was able to evade this mercy, citing religious beliefs. Menshikov, on the contrary, boasted that he personally cut off the heads of twenty rebels. All of Peter's associates found themselves bound by a terrible bloody guarantee. The rudeness of expressions characteristic of Peter was always associated with the shortcomings of his upbringing. But this doesn't explain anything. Ruler by dynastic law, Peter sincerely considered himself sent to Russia by Divine Providence, the ultimate truth, incapable of mistakes. Measuring Russia to his own standards, he felt that it was necessary to begin transformations by breaking old Testament customs. Therefore, upon returning from a European voyage, Peter I categorically forbade the boyars to wear beards, ordered the nobles to drink vodka and coffee, and ordered the soldiers to smoke according to the Military Article.

Not evil by nature, he was impetuous, impressionable and mistrustful, unable to patiently explain what was obvious to him. In case of misunderstanding, Peter easily fell into a state of extreme anger and often “pounded” the truth into senators and generals with his huge fists or staff. True, the king was very easy-going, and after a few minutes he was already laughing at the successful joke of the guilty one. Peter was indifferent to outfits and did not like official receptions, at which he had to wear an ermine robe and symbols of royal power. His element was assemblies, where people simply addressed themselves without titles or ranks, drank vodka from bath tubs, scooping it up with clay mugs, smoked, played chess and danced. The Tsar’s carriage house did not even have its own traveling carriages. If it was necessary to organize a ceremonial departure for the august couple, he borrowed a carriage from famous court dandies - Menshikov or Yaguzhinsky. Until the end of his days, Peter had to engage in self-education, because new tasks required him to again and again look for teachers outside of Russia.

Peter I was an outstanding diplomat. His arsenal of means included all the classical techniques, which Peter easily forgot at the right moment and reincarnated as a mysterious eastern king, who suddenly began to kiss the stunned interlocutor on the forehead, sprinkle folk sayings that baffled the translators, or suddenly end the audience, like the Persian Shah, citing that his wife is waiting for him. Outwardly sincere and benevolent, Peter, according to European diplomats, never revealed his true intentions and therefore invariably achieved what he wanted. Peter never exaggerated his leadership abilities, after Narva, preferring to command only his Preobrazhensky regiment, and trusting the army to professional commanders. He, knowing perfectly the basics of navigation, did not undertake to command the entire squadron, entrusting this to Aprakin, Golitsyn and even Menshikov. He never showed fear in battle. When Admiral Kruys, during a campaign against Helsingfors in 1713, begged Peter I to go ashore due to the danger of meeting the Swedish fleet there, the Tsar answered with a smile, “Being afraid of a bullet means not becoming a soldier,” and remained on the flagship. In response to Menshikov’s reproach that the tsar did not take care of himself, personally rescuing those drowning in icy water during a flood in St. Petersburg, he said that “I have not and do not regret my life for my Fatherland and people.”

Family relations of Peter Family relations of Peter The family affairs of Peter the Great were not all successful. From his first marriage with his unloved Evdokia Fedorovna (Lopukhina), Peter had a son, Tsarevich Alexei, born in 1690. When Peter dissolved his marriage to Evdokia in 1698 and sent her to a monastery, the boy remained in Moscow in the care of his princess aunts. Peter had no time to take care of his son, and the prince fell under influences hostile to Peter. He pitied his mother, did not love his father, did not strive to learn, and did not understand his father’s transformations. Tsarevich Alexei died in the Peter and Paul Fortress in 1718.

Since 1712, Peter lived in an unofficial marriage with Ekaterina Alekseevna, who at the beginning of the Northern War was captured by the Russians in Livonia. Until the end of his life, Peter appreciated her character, her thriftiness, her ability to adapt to any situation, and in 1724 he even crowned Catherine, giving her the title of “Empress, Her Crown Majesty.” From Catherine, Peter had only two daughters: Anna and Elizabeth, the rest died in infancy.

Conclusion Comprehensiveness and harmony are the main personality traits of Peter. These properties of his personality are largely explained by environmental conditions and the nature of the era. At the end of the 17th century. the tsar left the palace on the street, descended from the heights of society to its very bottom, and plunged into the suburban life of foreign settlers. Not a single Russian person of that time had access to such a variety of views. Peter turned a blind eye to class differences, religious strife, national enmity, the concepts, customs and customs of different strata of society were close to him, he was capable of critical analysis, comparison of Russian with foreign, etc. Many of Peter's critics argued that he was more of a conqueror than a transformer. But Peter’s attitude to the war shows that material and political benefits for him stood above the success of military weapons. For him, war was not a goal, but a means; he understood it as a temporary disaster, but necessary for the well-being of the people and national development. Peter did not look like a winner of military glory and a “great conqueror.” Its conquests were necessary to create the prerequisites in Russia for the development of European civilization.

Peter was undoubtedly an advanced person in contemporary Europe. However, at the same time, he was completely unable to control his temperament; he was characterized by cynical revelry and rough martinet entertainment. Intemperate in anger, he had a penchant for contemplating torture and executions, was cruel, cunning and unscrupulous in his means in war and in the fight against internal enemies. These dark sides of character are an integral part of Peter's personality, although they are partially justified by the low level of morality of that era and his nervous illness. Peter the Great represents a completely unique personality not only in the history of Russia, but also in the history of all mankind. The autocracy helped him a lot in the transformation; but his private life, his personality, are undoubtedly marked by the stamp of genius. The greatness of this man is that he understood better than others and successfully resolved the demands of the time.

Krotova Anastasia

The work makes an attempt to show the pros and cons in the activities of Peter 1 and the personal position of the student.

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Peter I the Great The presentation was prepared by a 10th grade student of MKOU Secondary School No. 2 with UIOP Krotova Anastasia Teacher Chugueva N.M.

Peter I the Great (Peter Alekseevich) is the Tsar of Moscow from the Romanov dynasty (since 1682) and the first All-Russian Emperor (since 1721). Reign: 1682-1725 Historical period:

Personal qualities of Peter I Peter the Great

Evaluating actions through deeds Peter I did a lot for his country, its people, and for his descendants. He managed to do what his predecessors could not do: recapture the Baltic Sea coast, organize the work of the state apparatus, and take the country to a new level. All this shows him as a decisive, strong-willed, courageous person.

Environment that influenced the formation of personality Natalya Kirillovna Naryshkina (mother) was an ardent supporter of reforms and encouraged all kinds of innovations in everyday life, tried to follow Western European fashion. All this later helped Peter to visit foreigners without prejudice and gain useful experience from them; instilled in him a desire for innovation.

The influence of the personality of Peter I on the course of history In Russian historiography, Peter I is considered one of the most outstanding statesmen who determined the direction of development of Russia in the 18th century. It was thanks to him that Russia became a European state, acquired respect and prestige, began to develop along a new path, but with preserved national characteristics - which made it unique.

Result of activity + - 1. Transformation of Russia into a European power 1. Suppression of the originality of Russia's development path 2. Russia has become the strongest maritime power 3. Acquisition of access to the Baltic Sea 4. Adoption of the “Table of Ranks” (establishing the dependence of rank on personal qualities, not from the nobility of the family) 5. Development of domestic industry 6. Establishment of the superiority of secular power over the church

My attitude towards the personality of Peter I I have a positive, even admiring attitude towards the personality of Peter I, since I completely and completely agree with his ideas, decisions and undertakings. He was able to take our country to a new level, raise it in the eyes of other states. Perhaps if his ideas had come to the minds of previous rulers, then Russia would have become one of the leading powers of our time, which others would look up to, and not look up to the more developed countries of the West, as is done now.

Thank you for your attention!

Nikita Moiseevich Zotov (teacher of Peter the Great) - Fostered in the future emperor a love of work and an interest in “historical” subjects - the art of war, diplomacy and geography. He was engaged in carpentry, which he also taught Peter to do. Peter adopted the skill of Zotov, who did everything “by eye,” and always relied more on his own eye than on drawings and mathematical calculations, and was rarely mistaken.

“Kremlin enemies” - Palace intrigues developed in him secrecy and the ability to hide his true feelings and intentions. Knowing Kremlin morals, Peter lulled the vigilance of all his Kremlin enemies. Subsequently, this helped him become an outstanding diplomat.

Franz Lefort is Peter’s mentor in mastering the unique culture of “Moscow Europe”. The tsar began to become involved in ship craftsmanship, which turned into the main business of his life.

Catherine I is the second wife of Peter, the mother of Anna and Elizabeth. She was a kind of sedative for the rather impulsive emperor (like Anastasia Romanovna for Ivan the Terrible).

Assembly

Russian fleet under Peter the Great