Instructions for the chart of accountsaccounting for commercial enterprises differs from the corresponding documents developed for budgetary organizations. Let's study their specifics in more detail.

What instructions are there for using the chart of accounts?

Russian legislation provides for quite a few types of instructions for using the chart of accounts.

Thus, accounting in commercial companies must be carried out according to the chart of accounts approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated October 31, 2001 No. 94n. This regulatory legal act also includes instructions for applying the corresponding plan.

The accounting activities of state and municipal organizations, in turn, must be carried out in accordance with the plan introduced by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated December 1, 2010 No. 157n. The specified legal acts also include instructions for the use of the chart of accounts in accounting by budgetary organizations.

In addition, there are a number of industry instructions regulating the use of the chart of accounts, as well as similar sources. In particular, the regulation of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation dated July 16, 2012 No. 385-P approved the chart of accounts for banks, as well as the accounting rules corresponding to it. By Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated November 4, 2001 No. 69n, a chart of accounts and instructions for it were introduced for insurance companies.

What does the instruction approved by Order No. 94n say?

Let's consider the main features of the “commercial” instructions for the chart of accounts introduced by Order No. 94n.

Based on this plan, organizations are required to form their own working chart of accounts. Its structure must contain the main synthetic accounts recorded in Order No. 94n.

Read more about the structure of the accounting work plan in the article .

As for subaccounts, as well as analytical accounts, the taxpayer can use both those proposed by the legislator and those developed independently.

One of the key goals of the instructions for the chart of accounts introduced by Order No. 94n is the establishment by the legislator of a standard correspondence scheme between various synthetic accounts. That is, a company, having made one or another entry on the debit of one account, should easily find a correspondence to it on the credit of another account available in the work plan. If accounting is organized by the company in accordance with the instructions, then solving this problem will not be difficult.

The Russian Ministry of Finance also gives the taxpayer the right to supplement the standard correspondence scheme with his own bundles of accounts, subject to the uniform approaches to the formation of such schemes approved by the above instructions.

Which legal acts correspond to the instructions from Order No. 94n

There are a number of regulatory legal acts that correspond to Order No. 94n and the instructions approved by it. Of these, the most significant for a Russian accountant are:

• Law “On Accounting” dated December 6, 2011 No. 402-FZ;
• information of the Ministry of Finance of Russia “On the simplified system of accounting and financial reporting” No. PZ-3/2015;
• Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia “On standard recommendations for organizing accounting for small businesses” dated December 21, 1998 No. 64n;
• PBU 1/2008.

The 1st source of law establishes the rules for conducting accounting in the Russian Federation as a whole. All taxpayers are under its jurisdiction.

The 2nd document regulates the maintenance of accounting in a simplified manner, including in terms of the application of the chart of accounts, as well as instructions for the chart of accounts introduced by Order No. 94 n.

Read more about simplified accounting in the article .

Accounting Regulation 1/2008, introduced by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated October 6, 2008 No. 106n, is designed to effectively complement the above sources of law.

Who should use the instructions from Order No. 94n

The source of law in question should be applied by default by all organizations that, in accordance with the law, must conduct accounting using the double entry method, that is, simultaneous recording of business transactions by debit and credit.

Instructions from order No. 94n in accordance with paragraph 2 of Art. 6 of Law No. 402-FZ may not be used:

• branches of foreign organizations.

The reason is that the legislator allows these entities not to conduct accounting in principle.

Formally, micro-enterprises and non-profit organizations also have the right not to apply the instructions to the chart of accounts from Order No. 94n, since they may not make double entries in the accounting process (clause 2.1 of information No. PZ-3/2015). But in practice, taxpayers do not actively use this preference, since the legislator has not yet published official explanations, methods and recommendations regarding accounting without double entry.

What's new in the instructions from order No. 94n

Amendments to Order No. 94n, adopted in 2001, were made only 3 times: in 2003, 2006, and also in November 2010. This legal regulation has not been edited for quite some time, and to date, no amendments to it have been announced in the official media related to lawmaking. Thus, nothing new has appeared in Order No. 94n over the past few years.

Another thing is the legislator’s approach to regulating accounting activities in the public sector. Here the state takes less conservative approaches. How this is expressed, we will consider below.

Accounting in the budget system: instruction No. 157n to the unified chart of accounts

Accounting in the budget system of the Russian Federation is regulated by Order No. 157n. This regulatory legal act approved a unified chart of accounts for state and municipal organizations, as well as instructions for it. Unofficially, it is referred to as instruction No. 157n.

The jurisdiction of Order No. 157n, and therefore the corresponding instruction, includes all organizations that in one way or another depend on the budget of the Russian Federation: autonomous, state-owned, budgetary (in the narrow legal sense) institutions, authorities, extra-budgetary funds, etc.

In order to detail the provisions of Order No. 157n, as well as their optimal adaptation to the specifics of certain types of Russian budgetary organizations, a number of additional regulations were issued:

• order No. 174n dated December 16, 2010 - for budgetary institutions;
• Order No. 183n dated December 23, 2010 - for autonomous structures;
• Order No. 162n dated December 6, 2010 - for government institutions.

At the same time, the Russian legislator requires accounting to be carried out only by budgetary and autonomous structures. Government institutions are required to carry out procedures that form budget accounting (clause 21 of instruction No. 157n).

Orders No. 174n, 183n and 162n include separate instructions for charts of accounts for accounting or budgetary accounting. Based on these regulatory legal acts, internal work plans should be adopted in the relevant institutions (budgetary, autonomous, as well as state-owned).

It turns out that state and municipal structures are simultaneously subject to the jurisdiction of two official instructions - approved by Order No. 157n, as well as those contained in the regulatory legal acts, which correlate with the type of institution.

If we draw an analogy between instruction No. 157n and the similar “commercial” one from order No. 94n, we can find a number of fundamental similarities between their provisions.

For example, a subject of accounting in the Russian budget system can, like businesses, use their own analytical accounts in addition to mandatory synthetic accounts (paragraph 3 of clause 1 of instruction No. 157n).

At the same time, the “budget” instructions do not contain correspondence schemes for debit and credit accounts, as in the instructions for business. However, the necessary correspondence in accordance with Order No. 157n is provided for by Orders No. 174n, 183n and 162n.

In addition, the legislator directly instructs budgetary structures to conduct accounting using double entry (clause 3 of instruction No. 157n). In the “commercial” order of the Ministry of Finance, a double entry is a reason that determines the use of the corresponding instruction, and not a consequence.

What is the difference between accounting and budgeting?

We noted above that Order No. 157n differentiates accounting in government agencies into budgetary and accounting. What is the difference between them?

In accordance with paragraph 2 of Art. 264.1 of the Budget Code of the Russian Federation, a budget report is a system for collecting, registering, and summarizing information about the state of assets and liabilities of the Russian Federation, constituent entities of the Russian Federation, municipalities and operations that correlate with the corresponding assets and liabilities.

According to paragraph 2 of Art. 1 and art. 5 of Law No. 402-FZ, accounting is the formation of systematized information about the facts of economic life, assets, liabilities, sources of financing, income, and expenses of the entity.

PLEASE NOTE!In accordance with paragraph 4 of Art. 149 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, transactions carried out by a taxpayer, subject to and not subject to taxation, must be recorded within the framework of separate accounting. Type 2 operations include, in particular, budgetary allocations (subclause 14, clause 1, article 251 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation).

In order to optimize separate accounting, the maintenance of which is predetermined by the norms of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, the legislator can classify state and municipal institutions as subjects of primarily taxable transactions or those that are not taxed. The former largely include autonomous and budgetary organizations (clauses 2, 3 of Article 298 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, clause 4 of Article 9.2 of the Federal Law “On Non-Profit Organizations” dated January 12, 1996 No. 7-FZ), the latter - state-owned ones.

Thus, in those structures where it is intended to generate income (autonomous and budgetary institutions), the legislator prescribes classical accounting. In structures where business, as a rule, is not conducted, that is, in government institutions, budget accounting is carried out.

We mentioned above that the conservative approach to editing the provisions of the “commercial” instructions on the use of the chart of accounts contrasts markedly with the policy of the legislator in the field of accounting regulation in the Russian budget system.

This thesis is confirmed, in particular, by the introduction of regular adjustments to the provisions of instruction No. 157n.

What's new in the instructions from order No. 157n

Amendments to Order No. 157n mainly consist of changing the structure of accounts contained in a single plan. The latest regulatory legal acts, through which the legislator edited Order No. 157n, as well as the instructions for the chart of accounts, are orders of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated 08/06/2015 No. 124n, dated 03/01/2016 No. 16n, dated 11/16/2016 No. 209n.

The range of amendments to order No. 157n is quite wide:

• adding and deleting accounts;
• adjusting account names;
• providing organizations with the opportunity to independently decide on the possibility of opening additional off-balance sheet accounts.

Read more about budget accounting in the articles:

Approved
By order of the Ministry of Finance
Russian Federation
dated October 31, 2000 N 94n

INSTRUCTIONS
ON THE APPLICATION OF THE CHART OF ACCOUNTS
FINANCIAL AND ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES OF ORGANIZATIONS

(as amended by Orders of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated 05/07/2003 N 38n,
dated September 18, 2006 N 115n)

This Instruction establishes uniform approaches to the application of the Chart of Accounts for accounting of financial and economic activities of organizations and the reflection of facts of economic activity in accounting accounts. It provides a brief description of synthetic accounts and the subaccounts opened for them: their structure and purpose, the economic content of the facts of economic activity generalized on them, and the order in which the most common facts are reflected are revealed. The description of the accounting accounts by sections is given in the sequence provided for in the Chart of Accounts.

The principles, rules and methods of accounting by organizations for individual assets, liabilities, financial, business transactions, etc., including recognition, assessment, grouping, are established by regulations and other regulations, guidelines on accounting issues.

According to the Chart of Accounts and in accordance with these Instructions, accounting must be maintained in organizations (except credit and budgetary) of all forms of ownership and organizational and legal forms that conduct accounting using the double entry method.

Based on the Chart of Accounts and these Instructions, the organization approves a working chart of accounts containing a complete list of synthetic and analytical (including subaccounts) accounts necessary for accounting.

The chart of accounts is a scheme for recording and grouping facts of economic activity (assets, liabilities, financial, business transactions, etc.) in accounting. It contains the names and numbers of synthetic accounts (first order accounts) and subaccounts (second order accounts).

To account for specific transactions, an organization can, in agreement with the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation, enter additional synthetic accounts into the Chart of Accounts using free account numbers.

The subaccounts provided for in the Chart of Accounts are used by the organization based on the requirements of the management of the organization, including the needs of analysis, control and reporting. An organization can clarify the content of the subaccounts shown in the Chart of Accounts, exclude and combine them, and also introduce additional subaccounts.

The procedure for maintaining analytical accounting is established by the organization based on these Instructions, regulations and other regulations, guidelines on accounting issues (fixed assets, inventories, etc.).

In the Instructions, after the characteristics of each synthetic account, a typical scheme of its correspondence with other synthetic accounts is given. In the event of facts of economic activity arising, correspondence for which is not provided for in the standard scheme, the organization can supplement it, observing the uniform approaches established by this Instruction.

Section I. Non-current assets

The accounts of this section are intended to summarize information on the presence and movement of the organization’s assets, which, in accordance with accounting rules, relate to fixed assets, intangible assets and other non-current assets, as well as operations related to their construction, acquisition and disposal.

Section II. Industrial stocks

The accounts of this section are intended to summarize information on the availability and movement of objects of labor intended for processing, processing or use in production or for economic needs, means of labor, which, in accordance with the established procedure, are included in the composition of funds in circulation, as well as operations related to their procurement (purchase).

Material assets accepted for safekeeping are accounted for in off-balance sheet account 002 “Inventory assets accepted for safekeeping.” Raw materials and materials of the customer accepted by the organization for processing (raw materials supplied by customer), but not paid for, are recorded in off-balance sheet account 003 “Materials accepted for processing”.

Section III. Production costs

The accounts in this section are intended to summarize information about expenses for ordinary activities of the organization (except for selling expenses).

The generation of information on expenses for ordinary activities is carried out either on accounts 20 - 29, or on accounts 20 - 39. In the latter case, accounts 20 - 29 are used to group expenses by item, place of occurrence and other characteristics, as well as calculate the cost of products (works) , services); Accounts 30 - 39 are used to record expenses by expense elements. The relationship between expense accounting by items and elements is carried out using specially opened reflective accounts. The composition and methodology for using accounts 20 - 39 with this accounting option is established by the organization based on the characteristics of its activities, structure, and management organization based on the relevant recommendations of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation.

Section IV. Finished products and goods

The accounts of this section are intended to summarize information on the availability and movement of finished products (manufactured products) and goods.

Section V. Cash

The accounts in this section are intended to summarize information on the availability and movement of funds in Russian and foreign currencies held at the cash desk, in settlement, currency and other accounts opened with credit institutions in the country and abroad, as well as securities, payment and monetary documents.

Cash in foreign currencies and transactions with them are recorded in the accounts of this section in rubles in amounts determined by converting foreign currency in the prescribed manner. At the same time, these funds and transactions are reflected in the currency of settlements and payments.

Section VI. Calculations

The accounts in this section are intended to summarize information about all types of settlements of the organization with various legal entities and individuals, as well as intra-business settlements.

Payments in foreign currencies are accounted for in the accounts of this section in rubles in amounts determined by converting foreign currency in the prescribed manner. At the same time, these calculations are reflected in the currency of settlements and payments.

Payments in foreign currencies are accounted for separately in the accounts of this section, i.e. on separate sub-accounts.

Section VII. Capital

The accounts of this section are intended to summarize information about the state and movement of capital of the organization.

Section VIII. Financial results

The accounts of this section are intended to summarize information about the organization’s income and expenses, as well as to identify the final financial result of the organization’s activities for the reporting period.

Section IX. Off-balance sheet accounts

Off-balance sheet accounts are intended to summarize information about the presence and movement of assets temporarily in use or disposal of the organization (leased fixed assets, material assets in safekeeping, in processing, etc.), contingent rights and obligations, as well as to control individual business transactions. Accounting for these objects is carried out using a simple system.

The chart of accounts is an integral part of the work of an accountant, both experienced and new. Essentially, all the accounts used to record an organization's transactions are organized into a common document. It was called the Chart of Accounts. This is a kind of table that contains all the digital symbols necessary for work and used in wiring. It is also worth remembering that an enterprise can create its own working Chart of Accounts. However, you should adhere to the Instructions for Use of this document. It allows the accountant to find answers to many questions related to accounts.

What is a Chart of Accounts?

It is no secret that in the accounting of any organization so-called postings are used. They help to reflect both the arrival and departure of various elements. Accounts take an active part in posting. In fact, they form the basis of operations.

In fact, the Chart of Accounts is a table that contains a list of all the accounts used by the accounting department. This is a scheme that helps to accurately record the business and financial transactions of any organization. It is worth noting that any enterprise maintains this kind of accounting. Even “Accounting for Dummies” suggests first of all familiarizing yourself with the Chart of Accounts, as well as its sections.

Legislative regulation

A chart of accounts is not just paper that individual accountants use. It is not modified for any kind of organizations. Thus, the introduction of the current chart of accounts was enshrined in Federal Law in 2000, and subsequently there was a new edition in 2010, that is, ten years later. That is, these regulatory documents stipulate which accounts are used by the enterprise and for what purpose.

If an organization needs to use additional accounts, then the “Instructions for using the chart of accounts” can help. In it you can find the structure of a specific account. Probably, one or another action can be displayed on it. If such an option was not found, then it is possible to use accounts that were not affected in the main chart of accounts. However, these innovations must be enshrined in the accounting policies of the organization.

Working chart of accounts of the organization

As mentioned above, a company can structure its own chart of accounts. In this case, you need to adhere to a number of rules. Thus, based on the Instructions for the Chart of Accounts, an enterprise can select those accounts that are necessary to work with specific operations.

By the way, by agreement with the Ministry of Finance, an organization can use additional accounting systems. This is possible in cases where the specifics of the organization require it. The finished chart of accounts of a specific organization is fixed in the accounting policy. This becomes a tool for the organization to conduct quality activities, and also simplifies business activities.

Diagram of the working chart of accounts

Existing manuals, such as “Accounting for Dummies,” provide not only the approximate content of a work plan for enterprises of various profiles, but also a theoretical basis.

For example, a work plan is a branched structure. In the first place they take into account capital, its movement, other liabilities and property, as well as economic processes.

Analytical accounts can reflect more specific actions. The presence of such accounts allows you to verify transactions. However, having this type of account is not necessary.

There are also sub-accounts that help detail transactions. Thus, at enterprises associated with production, it is possible to distinguish separate sub-accounts by type of product or product. A chart of accounts with explanations helps an accountant create a work plan “for himself.”

Composition of the Chart of Accounts

Currently, the Chart of Accounts consists of eight sections. In total, they describe sixty accounts. An interesting fact is that the plan itself contains numbers from one to ninety-nine. This means that a series of numbers remains free from a specific account. This is just in case the specifics of the organization’s activities allow the use of additional synthetic accounts, that is, the enterprise can use free numbers. The accounting chart of accounts with subaccounts also has off-balance sheet accounts, which reflect, for example, leased property or material assets that were accepted by the organization for storage.

In total, the Chart of Accounts has eight large sections, in which all accounts are distributed, except for off-balance sheet ones. There are also instructions regarding which subaccounts can be opened for each of the synthetic accounts and under what number.

Briefly about off-balance sheet accounts

Off-balance sheet accounts are those accounts that do not belong to any section of the Chart of Accounts. They indicate transactions related to funds that do not belong to the organization, but, for example, are in its temporary storage.

Off-balance sheet accounts are also called subsidiary accounts. It is noteworthy that transactions on them are ultimately not reflected in the balance sheet; they also do not in any way affect the financial result of the organization. In the chart of accounts, they are represented as three-digit numbers, starting from zero. That is, the first account of such a plan is numbered 001, and so on. This section of sorts ends with the score number 007.

What sections are included in the Chart of Accounts?

As already mentioned, the Chart of Accounts consists of eight sections with their own accounts. They are structured, allowing you to quickly find the information you need.

• Non-current assets of the enterprise. This includes fixed assets on the organization’s balance sheet, their depreciation, as well as intangible assets;
• Industrial stocks. In this section you can find synthetic and analytical accounting accounts for accounting for the movement of materials, company reserves or, for example, the acquisition of any material assets;
• Production costs. As the name implies, this includes accounts directly related to all kinds of production.
• Finished products. Accordingly, in the accounts located in this section, you can take into account finished products and calculate their cost.
• Cash. This includes such accounts as “cash office”, “current account”, “money transfers”.
• Calculations. This broad group includes many payment options, ranging from repaying debts to creditors and ending with payment or accrual of wages to employees of the organization.
• Capital. This section helps to structure accounts related to the authorized, reserve or additional capital of the organization.
• Financial accounts. This final section includes accounts that help identify the result of the sale, as well as the final financial result for the company at the end of the year.

Synthetic and analytical accounts: what is the difference?

As you know, three groups of accounting accounts can be distinguished, namely, synthetic, subaccounts and analytical. All three groups are interrelated, but there is a possibility that they may be misunderstood, especially by novice accountants.

Thus, synthetic accounts are located in the chart of accounts. That is, account 10 with the name “materials” is located in the “production costs” section. This includes all assets that are present in production activities, with the exception of basic ones.

In turn, this account has subaccounts. This is a more specific option. That is, to the synthetic account “materials” you can open a subaccount under number one and the name “raw materials and materials”. That is, this no longer includes animals or spare parts - only what is described in the name of a specific subaccount.

Analytical accounting allows you to further specify accounting. That is, oil, for example, will be a separate analytical account that opens to a subaccount. Thus, an analytical account helps to structure the accounting of business activities, and also allows you to check on which cost items you can save.

Instructions for using the finished Chart of Accounts

An instruction is a document that helps an accountant correctly use the existing Chart of Accounts. It contains the following information:

• Account number.
• Full name.
• The purpose of the account, namely its content and general structure.
• Methods of application, that is, the order of filling it out.

That is, the instructions help the accounting department to use each of the accounts correctly. After reading this document, the organization can begin to draw up a work plan for a specific enterprise.

After reading the instructions for using this document, you can begin the specific preparation of the Chart of Accounts of the enterprise.

It is necessary to take into account that changes may occur in the future, involving the introduction of new, additional accounts in the structure of the enterprise. Therefore, you need to make sure that there are reserve subaccounts.

It is also better to minimize the number of accounts used for accounting. This helps to simplify the methods of reflection. That is, if it is possible to refuse to use any account, it is better to do so.

It is also worth remembering that it is not so easy to make global changes to an organization’s already existing Chart of Accounts. Therefore, it is better to think about what the future of the enterprise looks like in a couple of years. There is probably a prospect for the emergence of a new type of product.

We should not forget that accounting is now automated, but this does not prevent many specialists from carrying out checks manually. Thus, the popular turnover sheet for accounts, which allows you to identify errors on a specific account, is also perfectly created using the 1C program.

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Any operating enterprise carries out many different business operations. As a result, the balances of funds and their sources in the balance sheet change. Information about the state of assets is necessary for making the right management decisions. However, it is not possible to generate a balance after completing each operation. In this regard, accounting accounts are used to reflect the movement of funds. Let us consider them in more detail below.

Structure

Accounting accounts are a method of grouping the reflection of transactions, liabilities and assets. Each of them has a two-digit number and name. They reflect:

1. Debit turnover. It is the sum of all transactions that are reflected in the corresponding part of the account without an opening balance.
2. Credit turnover. It represents, accordingly, the amount of transactions reflected in the credit of the account without the opening balance.
3. Balance at the beginning and end of the period. The latter is determined based on information about the initial balance in credit and debit turnover.

Basic Accounting Accounts

These include:

1. Assets. These accounting accounts show the assets of the business. The balance (balance) on them can only be a debit.
2. Passive. These items reflect the company's sources of funds. The balance in this case is only credit.
3. Active-passive accounting accounts. They show settlements with contractors and suppliers, customers and buyers, accountable persons and other creditors and debtors.

In accordance with the operations being carried out, a mixed accounting budget account may have an active structure in one period and a passive structure in another. In this regard, the balance can be either a credit or a debit, or both at the same time.

Assets

It includes the following accounting accounts:

1. Fixed assets - 01.
2. NMA - 04.
3. Materials - 10.
4. Main production - 20.
5. Finished products - 43.
6. Cash desk - 50.
7. Settlement items - 51.
8. Currency accounts - 52.
9. Financial investments - 58.

Passive

This part of the balance sheet contains the following accounting accounts:

1. Authorized capital - 80.
2. Reserve funds - 82.
3. Additional capital - 83.
4. Losses and profits - 99.
5. Calculations:

• for short-term loans and credits - 66;
• for long-term loans and borrowings - 67;
• with contractors and suppliers - 60;
• for taxes and fees - 68;
• for social security and insurance - 69;
• with wage workers - 70.

Active-passive part

It includes:

1. Profit and loss - 99.
2. Calculations:

• with founders - 75;
• with accountable persons - 71;
• with different creditors and debtors - 76.

Chart of accounts for financial and economic activities

It is used in companies of any type of ownership that use the double entry method. The plan is developed in accordance with the economic classification of accounts. It provides the names and codes of articles of the first and second order. It, like the Instructions for using the chart of accounts, was approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance No. 94n.

Sections

There are only 8 of them:

1. Non-current assets.
2. Production inventories.
3. Production costs.
4. Finished goods.
5. Money.
6. Calculations.
7. Capital.
8. Financial result.

A separate section is provided for off-balance sheet accounts.

Methodological material

Instructions for using the chart of accounts include:

1. Economic content, structure and purpose of each article.
2. The procedure in accordance with which synthetic accounting is maintained.
3. A typical scheme for correspondence between articles.

Balance sheet accounts reflect information about the availability and movement of the company's property, as well as the sources of its formation.

Off-balance sheet items

They show information about values ​​that do not belong to the company. Such property may be in use and disposal (not in ownership) for a certain time. For example, leased fixed assets (account 001). The instructions for using the Chart of Accounts do not provide for the reflection of this information in the balance sheet. Transactions on such items are shown without using double entry. Income is accounted for by debit, disposal and expense - by credit. Off-balance sheet items have no correspondence.

Economic content

The accounting instructions establish three categories for this criterion. The methodological material describes the features of reflecting information on them. In particular:

1. Household asset accounts characterize the state of funds as of a certain date. These accounts are all active. They have a debit balance. Analytical accounting is carried out in monetary and physical terms for each type of funds. Credit turnover shows expenses, and debit turnover shows receipts.
2. Accounts by sources of economic assets reflect the status as of a certain date. These items form the liability side of the balance sheet. Instructions for the use of accounting accounts provide for the reflection of information separately for each source, usually in monetary terms. The increase is shown as a credit, the expense - as a debit; balance - credit.
3. Accounts for financial results and business processes are necessary to ensure control over the processes of supply (procurement), production and sales. These items are included in the balance sheet assets.

Classification by structure and purpose

The accounting system distinguishes:

Correspondence

A business transaction is considered as a documented fact of activity. It influences the financial position of the enterprise. Each transaction is reflected using the double entry method in accounting accounts. It is also called correspondence. Double entry is a reflection of a transaction involving the debit of one and the credit of another balance sheet item. Coding using accounting accounts is called an accounting entry. The content of the transaction, its amount, the number of the primary documentation in accordance with which the entry is made, correspondence are indicated in the Registration Journal.

Calculation

An accounting account is attached to each asset item and source. As mentioned above, all articles are divided into three categories. Let's consider the calculation procedure for the active part.

The initial balance is reflected according to D. It also shows the receipt (increase) of economic funds. According to K, they reflect their retirement (decrease). The final balance will always be a debit balance, or equal to zero (if there are no funds). In the process of counting revolutions (totals), the following cases may occur:

• The result of the turnover according to D is equal to the indicator according to K, Sk = 0 with Cn equal to 0.
• Value by D > total by K, SK will be debit.

Liability calculation

The initial balance is always reflected according to K. The final balance will be a credit balance. When calculating, the following cases may occur:

• The turnover indicator for D is equal to the total for K, Sk = 0 with Cn equal to zero.
• Result according to D< значения по К, Ск будет кредитовым.

Turnover balance sheet

It is presented as a summary of accounting account balances for a specific time period. The following is transferred to the balance sheet form:

1. Titles of articles.
2. Opening balance.
3. Credit and debit turnover for a certain (reporting) period.
4. Final balance.

After counting all graphs, we get three equality pairs:

1. The opening balance for D must correspond to the same indicator for K.
2. The total turnover according to D is equal to the same value according to K.
3. The final balance for D corresponds to the same indicator for K.

Balance

It is a method of economic grouping and generalization of information about the company’s property by location and composition. It also reflects information on the sources of formation of values ​​in monetary terms as of a specific date. The balance sheet is considered the most important form of reporting for an enterprise. It can be used to assess the financial position of the company. The balance includes active and passive parts. Their results are equal. An asset reflects specific property that is owned by the company. The passive part shows the sources of its formation.

Conclusion

Accounting activities are of key importance for the enterprise. Reporting allows you not only to track the movement of funds, but also to identify the most promising sources of their receipt. Drawing up a balance sheet and recording transactions makes it easier to control the company’s activities. Indicators are used in the analysis of the enterprise's performance. The prospects for the development of production depend on them.
Reporting is also key when preparing tax documentation. In this regard, a specialist must be able to not only understand the names of accounts and the funds that are reflected on them. It is necessary to understand the order in which information should be indicated on them. To facilitate work with accounts, the corresponding Instructions have been approved. It contains all the necessary information regarding the specifics of calculating and reflecting funds according to balance sheet items.

The chart of accounts is structured documentation that allows you to assign certain transactions to the appropriate sections. Consistent summarization of information allows you to make accurate calculations and determine key indicators. Not a single operating enterprise can do without preparing financial statements. A specialist engaged in this work must be careful and have certain knowledge. Errors in documentation are quite difficult to correct.

A certain procedure has been developed to correct shortcomings. Incorrect reporting and incorrect reflection of account transactions generate appropriate conclusions. Based on them, the company's management makes management decisions. If an error was made in the calculations or indication of operations, then the analysis, as well as the planning of further activities, will also be incorrect.