Blood diseases in humans manifest themselves in disturbances in the quantities and ratios of blood cells, their structure, size, and plasma characteristics. In medical vocabulary it is customary to use the term “systemic blood diseases”. It includes such concepts as diseases of the organs that produce red (erythrocytes), white (leukocytes) and lamellar (platelets) blood cells, that is, the bone marrow, lymph nodes and spleen.

Prevalence b

Here is a list and main symptoms of anemia in humans:

• Continuous;
• Fainting, dizziness;
• There is constant noise in the ears;
• Shortness of breath with symptoms;
• There is a constant lack of air;
• Stitching pains in the heart.
• Darkening, ;
• Memory impairment;
• Insomnia;
• Hot temper.

In older people, a drop in hemoglobin in the blood leads to heart failure. Specific symptoms, for example, unnatural taste with, yellow discoloration of the skin or mucous membranes with hemolytic, or hemorrhage with hypoplastic, are not taken into account.

Blood diseases with ulcerative-necrotic symptoms

Ulcers and necrotic tissue damage occur due to degradation of the granulocytic lineage of the bone marrow.

Diseases with the manifestation of ulcerative-necrotic changes are characterized by the following symptoms:

• Difficulty swallowing due to severe pain;
• Salivation;
• Bloating, Pain and cramps;
• Diarrhea;
• Putrid odor from the mouth;
• Inflammation of the oral mucosa;
• Angina;
• Ulcerations in the esophagus;
• Ulcers in the large intestine.

Blood diseases with fever

What are blood diseases with fever? The most common diseases with increased body temperature are hemoblastosis and lymphosarcoma. The cause of fever is a peculiar temperature-increasing effect of tissue decomposition products and formed elements during the occurrence and expansion of ulcers.

Blood diseases are accompanied by fever, chills and profuse sweating.

Diseases with signs of intoxication

Almost all blood diseases are diseases with severe intoxication. But, poisoning with the products of decomposition of one’s own tissues manifests itself differently in different pathologies.

Weakness is a consequence of the formation of toxic compounds from decaying tissues and accompanies other symptoms of blood intoxication characteristic of leukemia and anemia.

When histamine is released from destroyed blood cells, basophilia and erythremia, itchy skin is felt. A characteristic symptom of malignant lymphomas is weight loss and lack of appetite.

The most common of diseases with pain in joints and bones are pathologies accompanied by osteoarthropathic syndrome. In such cases, inflammation of the joints and hemorrhages into the cavity of the bone joint develop. There is pain in the bones. The cause of the disease is the growth of neoplasm tissue into the joint capsule and bone tissue, primarily bone marrow.

Symptoms of the pathology are:

• Pain in the bones of the skull, spinal column, ribs, ilium;
• Pain in tubular bones with Rustitsky's disease;
• Radiculitis pain. Caused by the growth of tumor cells inside the bones in myeloma and malignant granuloma;
• Joint pain due to hemolytic anemia, hemophilia;
• Hyperemia of the skin of the joints, swelling, malfunction.

Diseases with symptoms of immunodeficiency

Immune deficiency occurs for two reasons: insufficient reproduction of leukocytes or the production of antibodies for the destruction of one’s own tissues. Immune deficiency diseases are accompanied by an ongoing series of colds.

The patient has untreatable bronchitis and pneumonia. The slightest scratches on the skin result in suppuration. Kidney diseases are diagnosed: pelvic and glomerular nephritis.

Diseases with abnormal serum proteins

The most common disorders include Hodgkin's disease and Waldenström's macroglobulinemia.

Hodgkin's symptoms and Waldenström's macroglobulinemia:

• Exhausting;
• Memory lapses;
• Limb pain. Numbness;
• Nosebleeds;
• Deterioration of vision

Viral mononucleosis, lymphocytic leukemia, myeloid leukemia, thrombocytopenia, hemolytic, sickle and deficiency anemia are diseases with enlargement of the liver and spleen.

These diseases are characterized by the following symptoms:

• Heaviness and pain in the stomach;
• Bloating;
• Increasing weakness;
• Yellowness of the skin.

Prevention

You should follow certain rules of prevention to learn how to prevent blood diseases:

• Timely treat diseases accompanied by hemorrhages;
• Treat infectious diseases in accordance with the doctor’s recommendations;
• Organize a diet balanced in proteins, minerals and vitamins;
• Do not overuse X-ray examinations and control radiation doses;
• Use personal protective equipment when working with aggressive environments, pesticides, and paints. lead salts and other toxic substances;
• Avoid hypothermia and overheating;
• Prevent stressful situations;
• Do not abuse alcohol and tobacco

Compliance with these simple rules will help maintain health, ability to work and protect against diseases of the blood system and many others.

Nowadays, we are increasingly faced with such a dangerous disease as blood cancer, and children suffer the most from this. This terrible disease claims millions of lives every year. Let us consider in detail what this disease is and how it manifests itself.

What is cancer?

Blood cancer, the symptoms of which are pronounced, are malignant neoplasms that develop from a single cell of the bone marrow, blood or lymph due to its rapid division in a short period of time. At the same time, the newly formed cells suppress the growth and development of all other healthy cells. That is why the symptoms of the disease are directly related to the lack of certain “working” cells in the body of a sick person.

Blood cancer involves a disorder of hematopoiesis, the formation of active immature cells in the bone marrow, lymph nodes, blood and spleen. It is customary to distinguish three types of blood cancer depending on symptoms:

• Multiple myeloma. The tumor develops from lymph cells.
• Leukemia, or leukemia. Cancer develops from blood cells.
• Lymphoma is a malignant neoplasm in the plasma.

Blood cancer: symptoms and signs

The disease can affect people of absolutely any age and gender. It is accompanied by symptoms such as fatigue, weakness, disruption of the gastrointestinal tract, enlarged lymph nodes, spleen and liver, and increased body temperature.

Anemia and cachexia develop, bleeding from the mucous membranes appears, weight is rapidly lost, and pain in the bones and muscles appears. People experience headaches and aversions to various smells, unexplained irritability, and drowsiness.

The important thing is that in the early stages, blood cancer may not show symptoms. But it is worth paying attention to the enlargement of the lymph nodes in the neck, collarbone, under the arms, and in the groin. This may indicate the development of the disease, so it is recommended to undergo examination.

In cancer, tumor tissue begins to grow in the area where the bone marrow is concentrated, gradually replacing healthy hematopoiesis.

As a result, anemia, granulocytopenia, and thrombocytopenia develop, which leads to hemorrhages, decreased immunity, infectious complications and high bleeding.

Gradually, metastases begin to appear in various organs: liver, lymph nodes, and so on. Changes may appear in them, which are caused by the obstruction of blood vessels by cancer cells, for example, heart attacks or ulcers.

The important point here is that blood cancer, the symptoms of which we are considering, can provoke memory impairment, this is due to impaired circulation. In addition, if there is damage to the skin, there is a long healing process.

Blood cancer: symptoms in later stages

Blood cancer develops quite rapidly, so new symptoms are soon added to the above symptoms. Thus, shortness of breath, anorexia, pain in the bones, back, and abdomen appear, vision also deteriorates, weight is lost, and nausea and sweating are added to all of the above.

Symptoms of blood cancer in adults are very pronounced in the later stages of the disease. So, during this period, the body of a sick person is susceptible to infections, fever often occurs, bleeding from the nose, gums, as well as dark spots on the skin may appear. The person becomes distracted.

Leukemia: symptoms

This diagnosis is fatal for most people. In its lymphocytic form, leukemia manifests itself mainly in children, while this disease affects adults to a lesser extent.

Blood cancer in children has the following symptoms: severe fever with elevated body temperature, decreased immunity, joint pain, enlargement of some internal organs, poor blood clotting.

Lymphoma: symptoms

This type of cancer affects the lymphatic system, so the patient's resistance to infections and other diseases is reduced. Blood cancer symptoms include the following: the presence of tumors in the neck, groin, and so on. It all depends on the location of the cancer tumors.

Myeloma: symptoms

This disease affects the bone marrow, resulting in a loss of the ability to reproduce healthy cells of all types.

Because of this, a person is at risk of developing various infectious diseases, he develops anemia, and with a minor blow, bruises and bruises form.

Blood cancer, the symptoms of which were listed above, leads to pain in the bones, bleeding gums and nosebleeds.

Diagnostics

If a person suspects that he has a disease such as blood cancer (its symptoms are already noticeable), it is necessary to begin diagnosing. First of all, you need to do a blood test, a bone marrow puncture is also taken, and a biopsy is performed.

Recently, doctors have increasingly begun to use immunohistochemistry, thanks to which it is possible to accurately determine the nature of neoplasms.

Timely diagnosis makes it possible to immediately begin treatment, which can save lives.

Treatment

When treating a disease such as blood cancer, antibiotics, hormones, antiviral and immunostimulating drugs are prescribed.

However, chemotherapy is most often performed, which is the intravenous administration of large doses of toxic drugs that destroy cancer cells. But such a procedure has certain consequences - healthy cells are also damaged.

First of all, the hair follicles suffer, so hair falls out, as do the cells of the gastrointestinal tract, reproductive system, and bone marrow. If treatment is not carried out on time, patients die within five months.

Blood cancer, the symptoms of which are also pronounced on the skin (dark spots appear), can be treated with a bone marrow transplant.

Using the puncture method, bone marrow cells are taken from a healthy donor and injected parenterally into the patient. But before this, a high dose of a certain chemical drug destroys all the bone marrow cells in the patient.

It should be noted that this procedure is quite dangerous and is performed in the presence of particularly malignant tumors.

Forecasts

Blood cancer (symptoms, photos of patients with this disease are presented in this article), of course, is a very terrible disease.

Its outcome directly depends on the shape of the tumor. Thus, with acute leukemia, death occurs much faster than with other forms of blood cancer.

Chronic leukemia is treated better.

Thus, blood cancer is characterized by disturbances in the formation of red blood cells, platelets and leukocytes. This disease can occur in two forms: acute and chronic. In acute forms of cancer, patients die within a few weeks or months.

If the form is chronic, then remission of the disease is possible with timely detection of the disease and treatment. If a person notices any of the listed symptoms, he is recommended to seek advice and diagnosis at a medical institution.

Timely diagnosis and initiation of treatment can significantly prolong life.

Blood cancer is a disease that develops from a single cell located in the bone marrow. It divides uncontrollably in a short period of time, displacing the growth of healthy blood cells.

Accordingly, the symptoms of the disease are directly related to the lack of certain normal cells in the human body. There is no tumor as such; it is, as it were, scattered throughout the body and circulates in the bloodstream.

Malignant diseases often occur in children between two and five years of age. This is most likely due to exposure to radiation, as well as heredity.

The disease is manifested by the following symptoms: pain in the back, bones, joints, fatigue, pale skin, enlarged spleen, liver, and so on.

Timely treatment increases the chances of recovery or remission for many years. Do not delay your visit to the hospital if you notice the above symptoms.

Source: https://www.syl.ru/article/154886/undefined

Blood diseases, symptoms in adults

BV » Diseases

Blood cancer is a generalized term for oncological diseases of the hematopoietic and lymphatic systems, as well as the bone marrow.

Such diseases include lymphoma (damage to the lymphatic system), leukemia (damage to hematopoietic cells), myeloma (damage to the plasma).

Blood cancer is an oncological disease in which a tumor develops from a single cell of the bone marrow. In this case, cells divide uncontrollably, infected cells develop rapidly, suppressing healthy ones.

The symptoms of the disease are quite easy to recognize due to the lack of normal blood cells and the patient only needs to undergo a blood test. There is no single tumor, and the affected cells spread throughout the body, which have a detrimental effect on the lymph nodes and all organs.

It is almost impossible to identify the true cause of the disease; women are most often affected.

In the initial stages of a blood disease, symptoms in adults have no definite signs.

Often this period is asymptomatic, and patients have no complaints.

The first symptoms are fatigue, memory loss, drowsiness, pale skin with characteristic bruises under the eyes, as well as severe nosebleeds.

General symptoms:

• persistent infectious diseases;
• temperature rise to high levels;
• enlargement of the spleen, liver and lymph nodes;
• blood clotting disorder;
• frequent daytime fatigue and weakness;
• nausea and vomiting.

Blood hemostasis systems perform multifaceted functions and therefore the sensations of hematology patients are varied.

They are distinguished into general pathological ones, as well as general localized ones, when some internal organs are damaged and there are no specific signs.

The doctor studies complaints, compares pathological phenomena, and this can help make the correct diagnosis.

Hematologically ill patients exhibit the following clinical syndromes:

• osteoarthropathic;
• immunodeficient;
• ulcerative-necrotic;
• anemic;
• hemorrhagic;
• intoxication,
• feverish;
• lymphadenopathic.

Manifestations of anemic syndrome

Patients report prolonged migraines, tinnitus, dizziness, lack of oxygen, rapid heartbeat, the appearance of “floaters”, a burning sensation in the heart area, fatigue, fainting, increased irritability, decreased performance, and weakened memory.

These symptoms are caused by a decrease in hemoglobin levels, cell hypoxia, and tissue metabolic disorders. The lack of oxygen involves a group of adaptive mechanisms and the patient's physical tension.

Manifestation of ulcerative-necrotic syndrome

Patients complain of painful sensations in the throat, increased salivation, impaired swallowing, and ulcerative-necrotic processes occur in the oral cavity.

Patients note cramping pain in the abdominal area, stools become loose, and in clinical analysis granulocytes immediately decrease or completely disappear.

There is an explicit leukemic expansion of the mucous membranes of the stomach, intestines and oral cavity.

Hemorrhagic syndrome

Patients experience hemorrhages in the skin, tissue, as well as muscle tissue and joint cavities, at acupuncture points. Various bleedings are observed: from internal organs, nose, or gums.

This syndrome is caused by:

• industrial platelet deficiency and thrombocytopenia;
• increased fibrinolytic blood tone;
• high permeability of vessel walls;
• increased waste of platelets and fibrinogen with intravascular coagulation.

Lymphadenopathic symptom

Swelling of the lymph nodes in various areas (inguinal, axillary, cervical) causes negative consequences, compression, and irritation.

A severe dry cough, for example, appears in patients with enlargement of the mediastinal lymph nodes.

Abdominal bloating, unstable stools, and accumulation of gases occur with expansion of the retroperitoneal and mesenteric lymph nodes.

Symptoms of fever

When manifested by fever combined with sweating, this condition causes pyrogenic involvement as a result of the interaction of leukocytes and erythrocytes. In other episodes, the result of fever may be an ulcerative-necrotic process, or it may be caused by a secondary infection.

Phenomena of intoxication

Patients experience anorexia, increased sweating, overwhelming weakness, and scratching. At the moderate stage, hematological patients experience general weakness, which is caused by intoxication due to leukemia.

The patient experiences increased sweating, rapid pulse, shortness of breath during physical activity, and possible fainting. It is worth emphasizing that hyperhidrosis is observed during the day, and at night it is experienced by chronic patients with inflammatory diseases.

In older age groups, when iron levels decrease, heart failure may develop.

When basophils are destroyed, patients experience itching of the dermis. This often happens with chronic myeloid leukemia or lymphogranulomatosis.

Sometimes itching can cause poor circulation in the skin, or small blood clots due to blood thickening. Often, itching begins after hygiene procedures.

It often occurs along with pain in the tips of the lower and upper extremities.

Osteoarthropathic syndrome

Ossalgia (pain in bone tissue) appears with myeloma. Location: ilium, spine, sternum, ribs, sometimes in the skull or tubular bones. Painful sensations are unexpected and can be easily identified by tapping on the affected areas.

Arthralgia (joint pain) is caused by immune disorders or toxicosis. Often this is the only symptom of lymphogranulomatosis, bone leukemia and hemolytic anemia.

If there is persistent pain in the joints, the etiology is not clear, it is necessary to perform a bone marrow puncture.

Arthropathy (damage to the motor function of joints) is observed in hematological malignancies and hemophilia.

This phenomenon is caused by the destruction of bone tissue, inflammatory processes in the joint cavities and hemorrhages.

Complaints are of the following nature: impaired motor activity of joints, redness, swelling, pain.

Immunodeficiency syndrome

Patients experience regular colds, bronchitis, inflammation of the lungs and kidneys, and pyoderma. The human body produces antibodies against its own cells due to a defect in the immune system.

Symptoms of blood diseases in adults can occur in acute or chronic form.

Diagnosis requires consultation with a hematologist and oncologist, a complete blood test, bone marrow puncture, cytogenetic study, and immunophenotyping.

Also read other reviews

Source: http://bloodvessels.ru/r7.html

Symptoms (signs) of blood cancer in adults

Malignant lesions of cells of the hematopoietic, lymphatic system and bone marrow have the common name “blood cancer” and are combined into a general group of diseases that have their own characteristics and clinical manifestations. In order to promptly identify this pathology, it is necessary to know the main symptoms of blood cancer in adults.

A feature of blood cancer or hemoblastosis (leukemia, leukemia) is the fact that, unlike other forms of oncological pathologies, it cannot be felt, seen, much less subjected to surgical treatment, since tumor cells are not concentrated in one place, but are distributed throughout the body through the bloodstream or lymphatic drainage.

A pathological process or leukemia begins to develop due to the transformation of healthy cells into cancer cells, which, by multiplying, destroy healthy cells.

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This gradually leads to a weakening of the immune system, the development of anemia and other pathologies.

In order to promptly detect damage to blood cells, it is necessary to promptly determine the general and specific symptoms of blood cancer in adults, as well as the characteristic signs of this disease. Below we will look at the symptoms of blood cancer.

: What is leukemia

Enlarged lymph nodes are one of the characteristic signs of the development of a pathological process in the body.

Hyperplasia is caused by a decrease in the body's immunity due to a reduction in the number of leukocytes in the blood and the spread of metastases to tissues and organs.

As a rule, enlarged lymph nodes are observed in the neck and armpits.

Hyperplastic peripheral lymph node syndrome is a pathomorphological and clinical problem. To identify a clear picture of the disease and differentiate the form of the tumor, laboratory tests are carried out.

Unfortunately, in some cases, enlarged lymph nodes indicate the progressive development of the oncological process.

In this situation, an examination is necessary to differentiate oncopathology from other diseases.

Nosebleeds

Another characteristic symptom is considered to be nosebleeds, as well as bleeding gums. This tendency to bleeding is due to increased vascular permeability, their fragility and violations of integrity.

The external sign of this pathology is multiple hematomas that arise from a slight blow and rupture of capillaries.

These pathological signs can be explained by a blood clotting disorder due to a lack of platelets in it.

Increased body temperature

The development of oncopathology of hematopoietic tissue is characterized by decreased immunity, frequent infections, which are accompanied by a feverish state and the development of hyperthermia - an increase in body temperature to high values ​​(38-40°C), and hyperthermia is not associated with colds.

The temperature remains at a high level for a long time, which clearly indicates the development of a pathological process in the body. Against this background, tachycardia develops - a rapid heart rate and sweating for no apparent reason, especially at night.

Lethargy and fatigue

An increase in the number of pathological cells in the blood provokes a decrease in the number of red blood cells in the blood, through which oxygen is delivered to organs and tissues. Against the background of this disorder, the patient develops anemia, which is accompanied by dizziness, fatigue, weakness, drowsiness and apathy towards others.

As a result of the progression of the disease, the patient becomes quickly fatigued, since cancer cells differ in the intensity of nutrition and suppression of healthy blood cells.

By devouring normal cells of hematopoietic tissue, blasts (immature cancer cells) prevent the penetration of nutrients into the cells, and therefore reduce the body’s immune defense. As a result, the body weakens and the patient develops rapid fatigue.

Bone pain

Pain in the joints and bones is a specific symptom that is characteristic of blood cancer, but it manifests itself at a late stage of the disease.

This symptom indicates the prevalence and advanced stage of the disease, since bone pain occurs as a result of tumor metastasis to bone tissue.

If you think about what symptoms of blood cancer in adults can be identified, in addition to those listed above, you can name headaches, weight loss and enlarged organs.

Organ enlargement

At a later stage of development of the oncological process, pathology such as an enlargement of the spleen and liver may appear; in some cases, an increase in the size of the abdomen, a feeling of fullness, and heaviness in the hypochondrium may appear.

This is also due to metastasis of the tumor to this area and nearby organs. Often, characteristic compactions can be observed under the skin in the area of ​​​​the bends of the joints of the limbs. They directly indicate damage to lymphatic tissue by cancer.

Headaches

Headaches, which occur rarely at the beginning of the disease, become constant and more intense as the tumor process develops, causing severe suffering to the patient. These pains are accompanied by paleness of the skin, dry skin, as well as increased sweating, and are a consequence of deteriorating blood supply to brain cells.

Weight loss

If there is an uncharacteristic accumulation of cancer cells in any area of ​​the body, unusual symptoms may be observed, including nausea, vomiting, perversion of taste, and aversion to any food.

As a result, the patient experiences rapid weight loss, shortness of breath, periodic convulsions and numbness in the extremities, loss of coordination, and in some cases, fainting.

Cancer of the blood, diagnosed at an early stage, is highly curable, so patients with this diagnosis must receive adequate treatment to achieve a positive effect.

Source: http://rak.hvatit-bolet.ru/vid/rak-krovi/simptomy-raka-krovi-u-vzroslyh.html

Diseases of the blood and hematopoietic organs - classification, symptoms, treatment

Blood diseases are a set of diseases that are caused by various reasons and have different clinical presentations and courses. They are united by disturbances in the number, structure and activity of blood cells and plasma. The science of hematology studies blood diseases.

Types of pathologies

Classic blood diseases characterized by changes in the number of blood elements are anemia and erythremia.

Diseases associated with malfunctions in the structure and functioning of blood cells include sickle cell anemia and lazy leukocyte syndrome.

Pathologies that simultaneously change the number, structure and functions of cellular elements (hemoblastosis) are called blood cancer. A common disease with changes in plasma functions is myeloma.

Diseases of the blood system and blood diseases are medical synonyms. The first term is more comprehensive, since it includes not only diseases of blood cells and plasma, but also hematopoietic organs.

The origins of any hematological disease is a malfunction of one of these organs. Blood in the human body is very labile; it reacts to all external factors.

It carries out a variety of biochemical, immune and metabolic processes.

When the disease is cured, blood parameters quickly return to normal.

If there is a blood disease, special treatment is necessary, the purpose of which will be to bring all indicators closer to normal.

To distinguish hematological diseases from other ailments, it is necessary to conduct additional examinations.

The main blood pathologies are included in ICD-10. It contains various types of anemia (iron deficiency, folate deficiency) and leukemia (myeloblastic, promyelocytic).

Blood diseases are lymphosarcoma, histocytosis, lymphogranulomatosis, hemorrhagic disease of the newborn, coagulation factor deficiencies, deficiencies of plasma components, thrombasthenia.

This list consists of 100 different items and allows you to understand what types of blood diseases there are. Some blood pathologies are not included in this list because they are extremely rare diseases or various forms of a specific illness.

Principles of classification

All blood diseases in outpatient practice are conventionally divided into several broad groups (based on the blood elements that have undergone changes):

1. Anemia.
2. Hemorrhagic diathesis or pathologies of the homeostasis system.
3. Hemoblastosis: tumors of blood cells, bone marrow and lymph nodes.
4. Other ailments.

Diseases of the blood system that are included in these groups are divided into subgroups. Types of anemia (by reasons of occurrence):

• associated with impaired hemoglobin secretion or red blood cell production (aplastic, congenital);
• caused by the accelerated breakdown of hemoglobin and red blood cells (defective structure of hemoglobin);
• provoked by blood loss (posthemorrhagic anemia).

The most common anemia is deficiency anemia, which is caused by a lack of substances essential for the secretion of hemoglobin and red blood cells by the hematopoietic organs. Severe chronic diseases of the circulatory system occupy the 2nd position in prevalence.

What are hemoblastoses?

Hemoblastoses are cancerous neoplasms of the blood that originate in the hematopoietic organs and lymph nodes. They are divided into 2 broad groups:

Leukemia causes primary damage to the hematopoietic organs (bone marrow) and the appearance of a significant number of pathogenic cells (blasts) in the blood.

Lymphomas lead to lesions of lymphoid tissues, disruption of the structure and activity of lymphocytes. In this case, the appearance of malignant nodes and damage to the bone marrow occurs.

Leukemias are divided into acute (lymphoblastic T- or B-cell) and chronic (lymphoproliferative, monocytoproliferative).

All types of acute and chronic leukemia occur due to pathological cell development. This occurs in the bone marrow at different stages. The acute form of leukemia is malignant, so it is less responsive to therapy and often has a poor prognosis.

Lymphomas can be Hodgkin's (lymphogranulomatosis) and non-Hodgkin's. The former can occur in different ways, having their own manifestations and indications for treatment. Types of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas:

• follicular;
• diffuse;
• peripheral.

Hemorrhagic diathesis leads to blood clotting disorders. These blood diseases, the list of which is very long, often provoke bleeding. Such pathologies include:

• thrombocytopenia;
• thrombocytopathy;
• failures of the kinin-kallikrein system (Fletcher and Williams defects);
• acquired and hereditary coagulopathies.

Symptoms of pathologies

Diseases of the blood and blood-forming organs have very different symptoms. This depends on the involvement of cells in pathological changes.

Anemia manifests itself as symptoms of oxygen deficiency in the body, and hemorrhagic vasculitis causes bleeding.

In this regard, there is no general clinical picture for all blood diseases.

Conventionally, manifestations of diseases of the blood and hematopoietic organs are distinguished, which to one degree or another are inherent in all of them.

Most of these diseases cause general weakness, increased fatigue, dizziness, shortness of breath, tachycardia, and problems with appetite.

There is a stable increase in body temperature, prolonged inflammation, itching, disruptions in the sense of taste and smell, bone pain, subcutaneous hemorrhages, bleeding of the mucous membranes of various organs, pain in the liver, and decreased performance. If the mentioned signs of a blood disease appear, a person should consult a specialist as soon as possible.

A stable set of symptoms is associated with the occurrence of various syndromes (anemic, hemorrhagic). Such symptoms in adults and children occur with various blood diseases. Anemic blood diseases have the following symptoms:

• paleness of the skin and mucous membranes;
• drying or waterlogging of the skin;
• bleeding;
• dizziness;
• problems with gait;
• loss of strength;
• tachycardia.

Laboratory diagnostics

To determine diseases of the blood and hematopoietic system, special laboratory tests are carried out.

A general blood test allows you to determine the number of leukocytes, red blood cells and platelets. The parameters of ESR, leukocyte formula, and hemoglobin amount are calculated. The parameters of red blood cells are studied.

To diagnose such diseases, the number of reticulocytes and platelets is counted.

Among other studies, a pinch test is performed and the duration of bleeding is calculated according to Duke.

In this case, a coagulogram with clarification of fibrinogen parameters, prothrombin index, etc. will be informative.

The concentration of clotting factors is determined in the laboratory. Often it is necessary to resort to bone marrow puncture.

Diseases of the hematopoietic system include pathologies of an infectious nature (mononucleosis). Sometimes infectious diseases of the blood are mistakenly attributed to its reaction to the appearance of infection in other organs and systems of the body.

With a simple sore throat, certain changes begin in the blood as an adequate response to the inflammatory process.

This state of affairs is absolutely normal and does not indicate a blood pathology.

Sometimes people consider changes in blood composition, which are caused by a virus entering the body, to be infectious diseases of the blood.

Identification of chronic processes

The name chronic blood pathology mistakenly implies long-term changes in its parameters that are caused by other factors.

This phenomenon can be triggered by the onset of a disease not related to blood. Hereditary blood diseases are less widespread in outpatient practice.

They begin at birth and represent a large group of diseases.

The name systemic blood diseases often hides the possibility of leukemia. Doctors make this diagnosis when blood tests show significant deviations from the norm.

This diagnosis is not entirely correct, since any blood pathologies are systemic. A specialist can only formulate a suspicion of a certain pathology.

During autoimmune disorders, the human immune system eliminates its blood cells: autoimmune hemolytic anemia, drug-induced hemolysis, autoimmune neutropenia.

Sources of problems and their treatment

The causes of blood diseases are very different, sometimes they cannot be determined. Often the occurrence of the disease can be caused by a deficiency of certain substances and immune disorders.

It is impossible to identify generalized causes of blood pathologies. There are also no universal methods for treating blood diseases.

They are selected individually for each type of disease.

Prevention of blood diseases provides a set of specific rules. You should lead a correct lifestyle and limit your exposure to adverse influences. It is necessary to treat any diseases in a timely manner.

Stress should be minimized by avoiding hypothermia and overheating of the body.

Blood diseases are a fairly large and diverse group of diseases, accompanied by structural or functional disorders, pathological changes in the number of blood cells such as leukocytes (white blood cells that fight infections), platelets (due to which the blood tends to clot) and red blood cells ( red blood cells that carry oxygen). Blood diseases also affect the liquid part of the blood - plasma.

Based on the above, we will consider diseases that affect red blood cells, leukocytes, platelets and plasma, respectively.

Diseases that affect red blood cells

Anemia

Anemia is a blood disease in which there is a decrease in hemoglobin in red blood cells, or the number of red blood cells itself decreases. People often call this disease “Anemia”. The causes of anemia can be:

• Excessive blood loss during menstruation or insufficient intake of iron into the body, and as is known, this component is necessary for the formation of red blood cells. As a result, iron deficiency anemia occurs,
• Chronic diseases of organs, usually the kidneys,
• Impaired absorption of vitamin B12, pernicious anemia occurs,
• Viral infections and side effects of medications can lead to aplastic anemia, in which the bone marrow stops producing the required number of red blood cells,
• The genetic predisposition is sickle cell anemia, in which red blood cells are sickle-shaped and block blood flow.

It is worth noting that mild forms of anemia may have virtually no symptoms, but with more severe forms of the disease the following occur:

• Weakness and fatigue
• Pallor,
• Headaches,
• Heart rhythm disturbance.

Polycythemia

With this disease, for reasons still unknown to science, a huge number of red blood cells appears, which exceeds the permissible norm. An increase in red blood cells, in turn, leads to an increase in the number of leukocytes and platelets, and this can sometimes provoke the formation of blood clots.

However, it is worth noting that it has been established that polycythemia can occur in cases where, due to various diseases or under the influence of external factors, the connection between blood and oxygen is disrupted. So this disease is typical for patients with pulmonary circulation disorders and peoples of highlands.

Thalassemia

The disease is called Mediterranean because it is usually a hereditary form of anemia in residents of Mediterranean areas. A distinctive feature of this disease is a violation of hemoglobin synthesis, which leads to increased death of red blood cells.

The clinical picture of thalassemia manifests itself already in childhood. Such children have a Mongoloid face with an enlarged upper jaw, as well as a peculiar tower-like skull. As a rule, there are no painful symptoms of this type of blood disease and do not require immediate treatment.

Malaria

This blood infection is most often found in hot countries - in Africa. But fortunately, today there are many different drugs that can prevent attacks of malaria, quickly stop its symptoms and completely destroy the pathogen.

Diseases that affect white blood cells

Leukemia

In another way, this disease is also called leukemia or leukemia. With leukemia, white blood cells acquire malignant properties and begin to actively spread within the bone marrow, as a result of which cancerous tumors and lumps can sometimes appear in different parts of the body.

The disease can have an acute and chronic form. The acute form is quite severe and develops quickly, while the chronic form can last for many years even with minimal supportive therapy.

Leukemia can also often be accompanied by anemia, and the causes of the disease
It has not yet been possible to establish, but there is a version that it may arise as a result of long-term untreated myeloma blood disease.

Leukopenia

The disease occurs as a result of a decrease in the number of white blood cells per unit volume of blood. Most often, leukopenia is a temporary sign of multiple pathological diseases or, which is very rare, it can become a manifestation of a separate syndrome.

The causes of leukopenia can be:

• Medicines,
• Infectious diseases that are accompanied by fever
• Intestinal infections
• Strong X-ray radiation
• Inherited defects of hematopoietic stem cells
• Deficiency of vitamins B1, B12, iron, copper, folic acid, which are necessary for the maturation of leukocytes.

Symptoms of blood disease in this category are:

• There is a gradual weakening of the body: the glands swell, the spleen and tonsils enlarge,
• The pulse quickens and the temperature rises,
• Headaches occur periodically
• Inflammation occurs in the oral cavity.

Leukocytosis

In this disease, there is an abnormally high number of white blood cells in the peripheral blood. There are two types of leukocytosis:

• Physiological, occurring in healthy people, and the causes of which can be taking too cold and hot baths, physical work, as well as pregnancy and childbirth. Note that this is a relatively safe form of the disease.
• Pathological, occurring in people already suffering from cancer, inflammatory diseases (lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis) and infectious diseases (chicken pox, pneumonia).

The most common symptoms of leukocytosis are:

• Formation of bruises,
• Fatigue and weakness
• Increased sweating
• visual impairment,
• Weight loss
• Dizziness and fainting,
• Pain in arms and legs.

Diseases that affect platelets

Thrombocytopenia

This term means a decrease in the number of platelets in the blood, and the disease can develop either in combination with other diseases of the body or be a separate disorder. Thrombocytopenia is most often caused by overactive spleen and bone marrow damage.

When the number of platelets in the blood decreases, bleeding gums, nosebleeds, difficult bleeding may often occur, there may be a tendency to bruises, and spontaneous hemorrhage into internal organs may also occur, which is, of course, very life-threatening.

There are also some types of thrombocytopenia, if, of course, they can be called that - these are idiopathic and thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Quite rare diseases, the causes of which are still unclear. In idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, when platelets in the blood decrease, small red dots and bruises appear on the person’s skin. In thrombotic purpura, small blood clots form in all blood vessels, and blood clots are known to occur due to platelets, and the number of platelets decreases accordingly.

Thrombocytosis

Thrombocytosis occurs as a result of an excess of platelets in the blood, which simply cannot perform their functions. The disease can be of two types: primary and secondary.

Primary thrombocytosis is caused by disorders in the functioning of bone marrow stem cells. The symptoms of this type of disease are quite different, but are mainly expressed by frequent headaches, therefore, as a rule, thrombocytosis is diagnosed accidentally, for example, as a result of tests.

Secondary thrombocytosis is formed due to an increase in the number of platelets in the blood during a chronic disease. The main causes of this type of disease may be:

• Trauma and surgery (removal of the spleen),
• Infectious diseases
• Inflammatory diseases
• Hematological abnormalities (most often iron deficiency),
• Malignant tumors.

Diseases that affect plasma

Sepsis

This disease occurs when pyogenic microorganisms and their metabolic products, namely toxins, enter the bloodstream. The disease can occur as a result of:

• Great blood loss
• The occurrence of malignant tumors,
• Extensive injuries
• Severe burns and hypothermia,
• When exposed to ionizing radiation, etc.

Sepsis is manifested by such symptoms as:

• Low blood pressure,
• Increased breathing rate,
• Fever.

An important feature of sepsis is that the disease can occur almost at lightning speed. In practice, there have been cases where treatment was started too late and this led to the death of the patient literally just a couple of hours after the appearance of the first symptoms.

Hemophilia

The disease is hereditary in nature and consists of a lack of a number of proteins that play an important role in blood clotting. The first information about hemophilia was found in the Talmud. As early as the 2nd century BC, multiple deaths of boys were observed as a result of ritual circumcision.

Today, there are many known varieties of hemophilia, which can be either life-threatening or not cause any particular inconvenience. The main symptomatology of the disease is the human body’s tendency to long-term bleeding and hemorrhage.

von Willebrand disease

Similar to the previous disease, von Willebrand disease is hereditary. In this case, the patient's body produces a defective protein called von Willebrand factor. The functioning of such a protein is impaired, as a result of which a person, for example, during an injury or surgical operation, may experience uncontrolled bleeding.

However, it is worth noting that in most people the disease is practically asymptomatic, and some are not even aware of its existence.

Hypercoagulable state

This condition occurs when blood clots too quickly. Basically, the disease occurs in a mild form and the patient may not even be aware of it, but in cases where the disease is severe, regular use of anticoagulants (anti-clotting drugs) is necessary.

The causes of the disease can be the following factors:

• Excessive use of hormonal contraceptives,
• Heredity,
• Infectious diseases
• Insufficient amount of water in the body.

DIC syndrome

Or expanded: Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation syndrome, in which a systemic disorder of blood clotting occurs as a result of the release of thromboplastin from tissues in large quantities. With this disease, small blood clots and bleeding areas form throughout the human body.

The causes of DIC syndrome can be:

• Severe infectious diseases,
• Complications of pregnancy
• Surgical interventions
• Burns, snake bites, injuries,
• Long-term artificial circulation,
• Massive blood transfusions.

Blood diseases affect the cellular elements of the blood, such as platelets, red blood cells and white blood cells, or the fluid part, i.e. plasma.

Let's look at what these diseases are and analyze the various symptoms that each of them manifests.

Features of blood diseases

When we talk about blood diseases, then we mean certain disorders that affect one or more blood elements.

Blood diseases can affect cellular elements, that is, red blood cells, platelets and other blood cells, as well as its plasma.

Some blood diseases are of genetic origin, others are related to cancer, and others are associated with a deficiency of certain substances. In any case, they can affect people of any category and age, from young children to the elderly.

Classification of hematological diseases

Blood pathologies can be classified depending on the timing of development, the prognosis for the patient’s life, the type of pathology and individual response to therapy, and the type of blood elements affected.

In addition to this, blood diseases are divided depending on the reasons:

The symptomatology of blood diseases differs depending on the affected blood component.

In case of red blood cell disease, symptoms are often associated with oxygen and hemoglobin deficiency:

In case of white blood cell disease Symptoms include:

• enlarged lymph nodes and spleen

Platelet pathologies may manifest themselves:

• patches on the skin that look like bruises, or bleeding for no reason when the platelet count becomes too low
• the formation of blood clots and clots when the platelet count is excessive

In the presence of plasma pathologies may manifest themselves:

• blood clotting difficulties
• bleeding

The most common blood pathologies

Let's now try to list the most common blood diseases. For convenience, we have divided the diseases depending on the type of blood fraction affected.

Diseases of red blood cells (erythrocytes)

The “main” disease of red blood cells is called anemia and are characterized by a decrease in the number of circulating red blood cells due to reduced production or accelerated destruction.

Among the anemias, the most famous are:

• Sickle cell anemia: This is a genetically inherited pathology and is characterized by a change in the physical shape of red blood cells, which take on a sickle shape and which break easily.
• Iron deficiency anemia: This is a type of anemia caused by iron deficiency due to nutritional problems or congenital causes. Iron is not absorbed properly or is supplied in insufficient quantities, so red blood cells and hemoglobin are not formed properly.
• Pernicious anemia: Caused by vitamin B12 deficiency due to poor diet or deficiency of intrinsic factor necessary for the absorption of this vitamin. Due to a lack of vitamin B12, red blood cells do not mature properly.
• Autoimmune hemolytic anemias: Groups together several autoimmune diseases in which the immune system attacks and destroys red blood cells. The cause is often unknown, but may be due to another disease, such as lymphoma, or triggered by medications.
• Aplastic anemia: The disease is characterized by the inability of the bone marrow to properly produce red blood cells and other blood cells. The exact cause of the pathology is unknown, but it is believed to be due to the interaction of genetic and environmental factors.
• Secondary anemia of chronic diseases: This type of anemia appears in patients suffering from chronic diseases such as kidney failure. Since in this case the factor necessary for the proper synthesis and maturation of red blood cells is not produced.
• Thalassemia: This is an inherited disease associated with a gene mutation that determines the development of chronic anemia and is potentially fatal for the patient.
• Hereditary A spherocytosis: This is a genetically inherited disease in which the formation of red blood cell membrane proteins is disrupted. This means that red blood cells can be easily destroyed and, as a result, anemia develops and the spleen enlarges.
• G6DP deficiency: Also known as favism, this is an inherited genetic disorder in which the enzyme glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase is not synthesized. This defines the occurrence of hemolytic crises (ie the sudden destruction of red blood cells) as a response to various causes, for example, after ingestion of certain foods, including legumes.

Among other blood diseases not classified as anemia, but which affect red blood cells, we have:

Diseases of white blood cells have mainly tumor pathology, which determines changes in the number of cells of the immune system (mainly leukocytosis, i.e. increase in the number of white cells in the blood).

Among these blood diseases we have:

• Myeloma: a tumor common in older people that affects cells of the immune system. There are different types of myeloma, but in most cases it presents with widespread bone pain and anemia.
• Leukemia: This is an oncological pathology that leads to overproduction of blood cells, in particular, cells of the immune system. There are different types (myeloid, acute, chronic, lymphoid) and mainly affects young people and children, although it can also occur in adults. In some cases it has a genetic origin, but is not hereditary, in other cases it can be determined by exposure to environmental factors.
• Lymphoma: cancer that affects the B and T cell lines of the immune system. There are two main types, non-Hodgkin lymphoma (the most common form) and Hodgkin lymphoma, its development is associated with the influence of infectious diseases and autoimmune diseases.

Among other non-oncological pathologies that affect white blood cells, we can mention:

Pathologies that affect platelets and lead to blood clotting defects, since these cells are involved in blood clotting processes.

Among these diseases we have:

• Thrombocytopenic purpura: This is a disease in which there is a decrease in the number of platelets as a result of autoimmune processes that destroy platelets in the blood. There is an increase in blood clotting time and blood clot formation. The cause is still not clearly defined, but the influence of temporary conditions such as pregnancy and genetic factors has been noted.
• Basic thrombocythemia: In this case, the bone marrow produces an excessive amount of platelets. The reason is also not completely clear, since the pathology is very rare. Leads to excessive clot formation, which can obstruct arteries and veins, causing stroke or heart attack.
• Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura: This is an autoimmune pathology in which we see a decrease in the number of platelets (thrombocytopenia). The causes are currently unknown, and the pathology is manifested by severe bleeding.
• Glazman's thrombasthenia: This is a pathology in which platelets lose the ability to aggregate among themselves and interact with fibrinogen to form a blood clot. This is a rare disease caused by the absence or deficiency of a special protein on the surface of platelets. Causes frequent bleeding.

Plasma diseases

Plasma pathologies include all those diseases that are caused by a systemic condition or deficiency of substances present in the blood, for example:

• Hemophilia: a genetic inherited disorder associated with the X chromosome that causes frequent bleeding due to the absence of one of the blood clotting factors normally present in blood plasma: factor 8(for hemophilia type A) or factor 9(for hemophilia type B). The consequence of this is the inability of blood to clot properly, so even a small superficial wound can lead to fatal bleeding.
• von Willebrand disease: This is a pathology associated with a deficiency of von Willebrand factor, which is manifested by bleeding and the inability of the blood to clot properly. Exists in three different forms. This is a genetic disease caused by a change on chromosome 12.
• Widespread intravascular coagulation: This is a very dangerous disease and often fatal, as it causes the formation of blood clots in various vessels, leading to ischemic damage to organs and tissues. It develops due to massive activation of blood clotting factors due to various reasons, such as poisoning, tumors and infections.
• Autoimmune diseases: such as rheumatoid arthritis and lupus erythematosus, which is caused by the presence in the blood plasma of antibodies against joint cells, in the first case, or against various organs and tissues, in the second case.
• Blood poisoning: mainly affects older people and people with weakened immune systems. This is a condition characterized by an infectious process in the blood, which then spreads to all organs and tissues. In this case, the bacteria are localized at the level of blood plasma, as a result of which the infection becomes systemic.

Regular medical examinations are very important for the early detection of blood diseases and defeat even the most aggressive ones!

All diseases of the blood system are conventionally divided into several groups. The first includes diseases in which leukocytes are damaged. The second group includes those that affect red blood cells. Despite the nature of such diseases, they all conceal a considerable danger for the healthy functioning of the body and life in general.

Hematology

The science of hematology deals with the study of blood diseases. This area of ​​medicine simultaneously studies several areas: the functioning of formed elements in plasma, properties of plasma, blood diseases, hematopoietic organs.

In hematology, the causes that lead to the appearance and development of blood diseases, symptoms, methods of prevention and treatment of diseases, etc. are studied. The improvement of old and the development of new methods for diagnosing diseases does not stand still.

Since blood plays a vital role in the healthy functioning of the human body, hematology as a science cannot exist without the application of knowledge from other branches of medicine. Based on this, the connection between hematology and other medical knowledge is simply obvious. In particular, the development of hematology as a scientific knowledge becomes impossible without the use of information in the field of immunology, oncology, transfusiology, and other areas of medicine.

Blood diseases: symptoms

In hematology, there is a wide list of symptoms that should serve as a signal for diagnostic testing to identify dangerous diseases, which ultimately contributes to successful treatment.

The following are a number of common symptoms that may indicate the presence of a particular hematological disease:

• unreasonable change in body weight;
• periodic chills;
• increased body temperature;
• itching of certain areas of the skin;
• excessive sweating.

The above signs of blood disease (symptoms) are not decisive in the diagnosis of specific disorders, but only help a specialist establish a preliminary diagnosis. A combination of several symptoms can serve as the basis for a quick, timely assessment of the disease picture.

Causes of blood diseases

The main causes of the occurrence and development of blood diseases include the presence of outdated, previously suffered injuries, the consequences of surgical intervention, and all kinds of allergic manifestations. In some cases, the causes of the development of hematological diseases are the consequences of treatment for tuberculosis, HIV, and other serious diseases.

The likelihood of a particular blood disease can be traced through the study of heredity data. The main attention here is paid to previously recorded cases of blood transfusion, facts of drug use by relatives, sexual orientation of family members, as well as lifestyle in general. Diseases can be transmitted through blood due to disordered sexual life.

Common blood diseases

Dozens of diseases can affect the functioning of the blood and changes in its properties to varying degrees, affecting one or more of the main components of plasma. First of all, white blood cells, whose task is to fight infections, red blood cells, which are responsible for oxygen saturation of tissues and organs, and platelets, which promote blood clotting, are affected. Certain diseases affect plasma, the liquid component of blood.

Among the blood diseases that are becoming more widespread from year to year, it is worth highlighting anemia, thrombocytopenia, hemophilia, and certain forms of leukemia.

Anemia

What is the name of a blood disease whose nature is associated with a decrease in the total mass of red blood cells? This disorder is known as anemia and is one of the most common in people who are at risk of developing blood disorders.

Today, medical experts identify several forms of blood anemia. Some of them pose virtually no health hazard and therefore do not require special treatment.

Iron deficiency anemia is a blood disease that manifests itself in increased heart rate, painful dizziness, changes in skin tone, and general weakness of the body. Often, the cause of the development of this disease is the leaching of iron from the body due to bleeding or a decrease in its level due to poor nutrition.

The aplastic form of anemia occurs due to insufficient regeneration of the number of blood cells in the bone marrow. An analysis of the composition of plasma can identify autoimmune problems, the presence of infections, and improper treatment with medications as the causes of the development of this disease.

As for the defining symptoms of anemia, here we can highlight:

• the appearance of bluish areas on the body;
• presence of shortness of breath during minor physical exertion;
• bleeding gums;
• the appearance of bruises under the skin;
• weight loss;
• nosebleeds;
• general weakness and chronic fatigue;

In some cases, the presence of anemia is due to a person’s genetic predisposition and negative heredity. An anemic newborn may experience severe, intermittent pain in certain areas of the body.

Thrombocytopenia

Thrombocytopenia is a blood disease in which there is a significant decrease in the level of platelets in the plasma, which leads to insufficient clotting. This disease is not only dangerous to health, but can also be fatal if extensive bleeding occurs as a result of injuries.

The main manifestations of thrombocytopenia are:

• the occurrence of bruises and bruises under the skin;
• regular nosebleeds;
• the appearance of a rash on various areas of the skin;
• Duration of the coagulation process even with small cuts.

Other signs of blood disease are expressed by the appearance of blood impurities in urine, feces, bleeding gums, and esophagus. Women suffering from thrombocytopenia experience greater blood loss during menstruation, which can eventually develop into anemia.

Erythremia

Erythremia is a blood disease, the development of which leads to excessive activation of bone marrow functions and, as a result, abundant production of blood cells. Typically, the presence of such a failure is not fraught with negative consequences. However, in a certain proportion of patients with erythremia, serious vascular thrombosis is observed, which requires emergency treatment.

Exceeding the sufficient volume of blood cells in the body often leads to disturbances in the functioning of the cardiovascular and nervous system organs, and liver enlargement.

Leukemia

Leukemia is a blood disease, better known as “blood cancer.” The definition of “leukemia” includes diseases such as lymphoma, myeloma, plasmacytoma, and other diseases associated with the appearance of cancer cells in the plasma structure.

Leukemia can be expressed by a whole host of independent symptoms. Therefore, often the disease is determined only by a blood test for diseases in the case of diagnosing other, relatively harmless diseases.

Often, people with cancer of the blood system experience a loss of interest in life, fatigue, enlarged lymph nodes, sudden weight loss, a general decrease in immunity, and frequent lingering colds. A slight regular increase in body temperature can also be a sign of leukemia.

Blood diseases in children

The vast majority of diseases of the blood system in children are characterized by the presence of the same clinical manifestations: general weakness of the body, deterioration of health, increased fatigue, decreased ability to work, poor appetite.

The first suspicion of the development of a blood disease in a child requires a thorough examination. In addition to performing general tests and collecting anamnesis, a specialist in the field of hematology is required to conduct a number of special studies.

The most common blood diseases in children:

1. Hemolytic disease of newborns - occurs due to some incompatibility between the blood of the mother and the fetus developing in the womb. Signs of the presence of the disease when examining a newborn include jaundice or pallor of the skin, an uncharacteristic increase in the size of the spleen and liver.
2. Angiomatosis is a hereditary disease of the vascular system, which is characterized by increased bleeding of the mucous membranes.
3. Hemorrhagic disease of newborns - develops in the first days of a baby’s life and is expressed by the appearance of bluish or red areas on the body, increased bleeding of the healing navel, and the presence of blood in the urine and feces.
4. Gaucher disease is a systemic disorder that can be detected in early childhood. The main symptoms of the development of the disease include a noticeable lag in physical development, enlarged lymph nodes, disruption of the spleen, liver, and bone marrow functioning.

Diagnosis of blood diseases

Often, illnesses suffered by a person become a springboard for the development of blood diseases. Based on this, to make a correct diagnosis, it is necessary to study extracts from the medical record and analyze the history of previous illnesses, starting from early childhood.

The final diagnosis when identifying blood diseases is established based on the results of a bone marrow puncture, as well as a general blood test, during which the level of hemoglobin, platelets, red blood cells and leukocytes in the blood is determined.

As an additional diagnostic method, the Coombs test can be used, the results of which show the percentage of red blood cells in relation to antibodies. The analysis is carried out based on blood sampling from the ulnar vein.

Treatment

Treatment of blood diseases requires careful selection of an approach appropriate to the nature of the specific problem and the use of a special, complex system of therapy. Such systems are developed by hematologists, based on the characteristics of the functioning and condition of the body of a particular patient.

Among the innovative methods of treating hematological diseases, it is worth noting positivity emission tomography - a revolutionary method developed by specialists in the field of nuclear medicine. During therapy, positron emitters are introduced into the patient's bloodstream, which spread throughout the body within several hours. Subsequently, based on the data from a specialized scanner, all the necessary data on the state of the blood and the nature of the disease are recorded.

Obtaining the most accurate research results for identifying blood diseases requires the use of computed tomography, which has already become a traditional method for diagnosing the most numerous diseases.

Prevention

Preventive measures aimed at preventing the occurrence and development of blood diseases consist, first of all, of a timely visit to a specialist when identifying the first symptoms of common hematological disorders.

Family planning can be a good preventive measure, which helps prevent the occurrence of hereditary blood diseases. If possible, you should undergo an annual examination by a hematologist, not forgetting a general blood test.