Social rehabilitation of people with disabilities is a system and process of restoring the ability of a person with developmental problems to engage in independent social and family activities. It includes the adaptation and adaptation of a disabled person to himself, his adaptation in society, in the environment.

Social rehabilitation includes two areas - social and household rehabilitation and social and environmental rehabilitation. Let's take a closer look at each of them.

Social and everyday rehabilitation involves the acquisition or restoration by patients of self-care skills and activities in everyday life, lost as a result of illness, and adaptation to new living conditions.

Social and everyday rehabilitation includes social and everyday arrangement, social and everyday orientation, social and everyday adaptation.

Social welfare is an important component of social rehabilitation, reflecting the state of providing a disabled person with basic comfort in residential and auxiliary premises.

Adapting the home of a disabled person to its functionality and equipping the premises with special auxiliary devices to facilitate self-care are of great importance.

The disabled person must also be provided with individual technical means of rehabilitation and devices that facilitate movement, orientation, communication (prostheses, walkers, orthopedic shoes, typhotechnics, hearing aids, etc.).

It is important to provide disabled people with auxiliary devices that facilitate self-care, which are selected taking into account individual needs and impaired functions. These are devices for using an electric razor, a telephone handset, taps, for opening windows, lifting objects from the floor, for dressing, for getting up from a chair independently, devices for reading, etc.

Housing equipment and personal assistive devices must be appropriate to the type of defect, be harmless to health, functional, convenient and easy to use.

The tasks of social-environmental orientation include teaching a person to independently navigate the environment, correctly perceive and analyze its state, and adequately respond to changes occurring in it. During the orientation process, the disabled person is familiarized with objects and the environment for social purposes (in his own apartment or in a specialized institution).

It is of great importance to teach disabled people the skills of self-sufficiency in everyday life, personal safety, diet therapy, daily routine, use of medicines, auxiliary devices and technical devices.

Social adaptation has the ultimate goal of adapting a person to living conditions in his new status of “disabled person.” This process involves not only a specialist who helps a person with changed physical capabilities adapt to carrying out life activities in familiar conditions, but also a disabled person, who must independently strive to find ways to achieve a relatively independent lifestyle.

Social-environmental rehabilitation aims to create an optimal living environment for a disabled person outside his home and restore the disabled person’s ability to live in society.

Social-environmental rehabilitation involves two processes - adapting the social environment to the specific capabilities of disabled people, eliminating obstacles to independent existence in the environment and in the industrial sphere, on the one hand, and training a disabled person to live in normal society and be integrated into society, on the other. With this approach, the process of socialization of the individual is fully realized, that is, the entry or return of a disabled person into society.

Social-environmental rehabilitation includes social-environmental orientation, social-environmental education and social-environmental adaptation.

During social-environmental orientation, the patient’s orientation in the environment is carried out. This includes establishing relationships with people, getting to know the territory and the facilities located on it - shops, businesses, sports and recreational facilities, etc.

Social-environmental education is the process of teaching a disabled person the skills to use the environment, the skills to move in the environment, use transport, the ability to independently purchase products and things, and visit public places. This also includes teaching social independence, aimed at the ability to live independently, manage money, exercise civil rights, and participate in public activities. Of no small importance are training in the skills of recreation, leisure, physical education and sports, which includes the acquisition of knowledge and skills in various types of sports and leisure activities, training in the use of special technical means for this, information about the relevant institutions that carry out this type of rehabilitation.

For almost all disabled people, legal counseling is important, which should provide them with legal assistance in the field of social protection and rehabilitation.

It is also important to educate people with disabilities on family issues - in the field of sex education, raising children, the possibility of birth control, etc.

Social-environmental adaptation is the process and result of a subject’s adaptation to the objects of life and mastering the skills of independent life support and the use of civil rights.

The social rehabilitation program within the framework of the individual rehabilitation program for a disabled person includes:

information and consultation on issues of social and everyday rehabilitation of disabled people;

teaching disabled people self-care;

adaptation training for the family of a disabled person;

training a disabled person in the use of technical means of rehabilitation;

organizing the life of a disabled person at home;

providing disabled people with technical means of rehabilitation;

personal safety training for disabled people;

teaching disabled people social skills;

teaching disabled people social communication;

teaching disabled people social independence;

providing assistance in solving personal problems;

legal advice;

training in skills for recreation, leisure, physical education and sports (Appendix No. 3).

Thus, social rehabilitation is a very important type of rehabilitation for people with disabilities. It is with the help of this type of rehabilitation that a disabled person acquires new skills for orientation in the environment and society and adaptation to his position as a person with disabilities. In social service institutions, social rehabilitation of disabled people is carried out through the provision of social services. However, it should be noted that the activities of these institutions in the area of ​​social rehabilitation are not yet effective enough.

In accordance with Article 9 of the Federal Law of November 24. 1995 No. 181-FZ “On social protection of disabled people in the Russian Federation” (hereinafter referred to as the Law) and national standards of the Russian Federation: GOST R 52143-2003, GOST R 52876-2007, GOST R 53059-2008, GOST R 53349-2009, GOST R 53872-2010, GOST R 53874-2010, SR services for disabled people include:

Social and environmental rehabilitation services.
- services for social and pedagogical rehabilitation.
- services for socio-psychological rehabilitation.
- sociocultural rehabilitation services.
- services for social and everyday adaptation.
- physical education and health activities and sports.

The essence of rehabilitation of a disabled person - not only (or not so much) restoration of health, but restoration (or creation) of opportunities for social functioning in the state of health that a disabled person has after recovery.

Her target - restoration of the social status of a disabled person, his achievement of material independence and his social adaptation.

Social rehabilitation of disabled people(hereinafter referred to as SR) is a set of measures (rehabilitation services) aimed at eliminating or possibly fully compensating for the disabilities of a disabled person caused by health problems with persistent impairment of the functions of his body, providing him with an optimal regime of social and family activities in specific social and environmental conditions conditions.

The main goal of social rehabilitation– restoration of the disabled person’s abilities for independent family, household and social activities, i.e. restoration of social status (restoration of a person as an individual, including physiological, physical, psychological and social functions).

Social rehabilitation of a disabled person is carried out in two ways: main directions:

1.social and domestic,

2.social-environmental,

3.professional.

1. Social and household rehabilitation includes

1.1 social and everyday orientation,

1.2 social and everyday education,

1.3 social and everyday adaptation,

1.4 social and living arrangements.

1.1Social and everyday orientation - this is the process of familiarizing a disabled person with objects and surroundings for social and everyday purposes. This process involves a specialist who orients the disabled person in social and everyday problems, reveals the prospect of his abilities to carry out life activities, and shows the need to make certain efforts. In the process of social and everyday orientation, a new quality is achieved - the social and everyday orientation of a disabled person.

Social and everyday orientation(SBO) refers to a complex of knowledge and skills directly related to the organization of one’s own behavior and communication with other people in various social and everyday situations. In its general sense, social and everyday orientation presupposes the ability to independently structure one’s behavior in all life situations outside the framework of educational or professional (work) activities.

Classes in the social and everyday orientation course are aimed at:

1. Accumulation of socio-emotional experience, systematization of the inner world, regulation of behavior.

2.Development of interpersonal skills.

3. Expanding the teenager’s role repertoire and positive programming of his future.

Social adaptation is training the client in self-service and measures to arrange the client’s living space in accordance with his existing disabilities.

It is aimed at restoring the client’s lost household skills or acquiring new ones, restoring his motor activity with the help of assistive technical means.

Social and everyday orientation, taking into account the characteristics of a particular defect, carries out its activities in the following areas:

1. Diagnosis of the client’s ability to perform self-service actions.

2. Restoring or replacing the client’s lost function by conducting individual lessons with him aimed at developing fine motor skills.

3.Development of the client’s social and everyday skills during the rehabilitation period (training in self-service, use of household appliances).

4. Selection and training of the client in the use of technical means of rehabilitation, taking into account the limitations of his life activity (chair - strollers, canes, handrails, walkers, orthotic systems, etc.).

5. Providing technical rehabilitation equipment to clients for rental from a social rental point created at the department.

1.2 Social education is intended to teach a disabled person household skills lost as a result of a physical or sensory defect, and also, possibly, as a result of severe mental illness.

In the technology of teaching social and everyday skills, different options are possible, depending on the degree of disability, on the one hand, and real (financial, organizational) opportunities, on the other:

• the possibility of training or retraining disabled people in the use of ordinary (standard) household equipment and kitchen utensils due to the preserved functional abilities;
• training disabled people in the use of adapted, converted devices, objects equipped with basic attachments, levers, etc.;
• training disabled people in the use of new special adaptive technical means that meet their needs.

The implementation of these provisions will vary depending on the location of the anatomical defect and the severity of functional impairments, taking into account the compliance of ergonomic requirements with the physical and psychophysiological capabilities of the disabled person.

1.3 The main goal of social and domestic rehabilitation is social and everyday adaptation. Social adaptation is the process of adaptation of a disabled person in the status of a person with a health defect to the conditions of the nearest society. This is the process by which a disabled person acquires the ability to perform movements and purposeful self-care actions.

In some cases, during adaptation, the possibilities of adapting a disabled person to objects, conditions, and household equipment familiar to everyday life are used on the basis of rehabilitation potential using basic devices. In other cases, special auxiliary devices are required that provide not only social adaptation, but also a relatively independent lifestyle. The adaptation of a disabled person in specific social and living conditions is the result of interaction between a disabled person and a rehabilitation specialist or social teacher.

Social adaptation of disabled people is implemented in three categories of housing: specially equipped apartments, specially equipped modified houses with a range of social services, and boarding houses for general and psychoneurological profiles.

1.4 Social and household device is an important component of social and domestic rehabilitation.

For people with disabilities with impaired functioning of the musculoskeletal system, special equipment, various auxiliary devices that ensure everyday independence, and a special apartment layout that allows movement in a wheelchair or using a walker are of particular importance.

In relation to people with disabilities, the creation of conditions that facilitate accessibility to the use of household appliances is of particular importance; the presence of special devices that provide the possibility of self-service, and devices that facilitate independent eating and the use of cutlery; equipment for devices for reading, handicrafts, for independent rising from a chair, bed, devices for lifting objects from the floor, etc.

2. Social and environmental rehabilitation includes:

1.1 social-environmental orientation,

1.2 social and environmental education,

1.3 social and environmental adaptation.

2.1 Social-environmental orientation– the process of developing the ability of an elderly person, a disabled person, to navigate the environment: residential, urban planning, educational, industrial.

2.2 Social and environmental education is the process of teaching a disabled person the skills to use auxiliary environmental devices to carry out life activities. This process includes training in the use of ramps and handrails, combining them with the skills of using individual mobility aids.

During social-environmental training, along with the needs of a disabled person, the ergonomic requirements for the psychophysical status of a disabled person are taken into account. (Ergonomics is a scientific discipline that comprehensively studies a person or a group of people in the specific conditions of his/their activities in order to optimize the means, conditions and process of activity.)

2.3 Social and environmental adaptation necessary for persons with mobility impairments

In the course of social-environmental learning, it is achieved social-environmental adaptation as a result of the adaptation of a disabled person to the objects of life through the use of assistive devices and a barrier-free urban environment. The result of the social and environmental adaptation of a disabled person is the adaptation of the disabled person in the living environment accessible to him.

Social-environmental adaptation is extremely necessary for disabled people with impaired ability to motor activity, which arises due to the absence of a limb and its distal parts, the absence or impairment of voluntary mobility of the limbs, due to impaired muscle strength of the lower extremities.

In accordance with these motor disorders, there are also restrictions on life activity: decreased ability to move; decreased ability to walk; decreased ability to climb obstacles or climb stairs; decreased ability to maintain a posture; decreased ability to use hands; decreased ability to lift; decreased ability to hold, the ability to fix an object while holding it; decreased reaching ability, the ability to reach out and reach for objects.

Social and environmental adaptation of disabled people has specific features depending on the nature of their living environment.

In residential premises, the possibility of unhindered movement of a disabled person is ensured by eliminating thresholds between rooms and when exiting to the balcony, and installing horizontal wall handrails to facilitate movement.

For disabled people using wheelchairs, there is a wide elevator doorway, a ramp when exiting the entrance, railings and handrails when exiting the stairs.

The urban planning environment provides for the elimination of architectural and construction barriers for people with disabilities with impaired musculoskeletal function. A favorable (without architectural and construction barriers) urban planning environment for a disabled person is: low curb stones, ramps in underground passages equipped with handrails, traffic islands on busy highways.

If the functions of the lower extremities are impaired to a moderately severe degree of functional disorder, the disabled person uses a support cane, if it is severe, he uses crutches, and if it is severe, he uses a wheelchair.

In accordance with these requirements, the need to adapt transport to the needs of people with disabilities is determined:

• a person with a cane needs low steps when entering (exiting) a vehicle;
• To ensure accessibility of using transport, a person with crutches needs to equip the vehicle with special low steps when entering/exiting, and a comfortable place in the cabin with the ability to fix crutches;
• a disabled person in a wheelchair must be provided with a special lift to enter (exit) public transport, and a special platform must be equipped in the interior of a bus or trolleybus with a wheelchair lock.

In the production environment, for the purpose of social and environmental rehabilitation of disabled people, a compact arrangement of production and auxiliary premises is provided, indicating the path of movement, the location of workshops where disabled people work closest to the entrance, compliance with traffic safety along the path of disabled people, specially equipped workplaces that allow a disabled person with the least energy expenditure to carry out the production process and produce products. The production environment provides for special adaptation of disabled people, taking into account the specifics of the enterprise, the location of workshops, etc.

The main place in the rehabilitation impact is occupied by teaching a disabled person to live with a disability; formation of the image of a new “I” and a new forced way of life. Social rehabilitation of disabled people in its broadest sense includes the need to teach them social communication skills, social independence, leisure skills, participation in sports events, learning the ability to solve personal problems (start a family, raise children, etc.). It is important for a disabled person to know their rights and benefits guaranteed by the state.

The essence and content of social rehabilitation of a disabled person are directly related to social integration, which represents the process of preparation and readiness of a disabled person to enter society, on the one hand, and the readiness of society to accept a disabled person, on the other.

3.Vocational rehabilitation is a system of measures aimed at preparing a person for professional activity, restoring or obtaining professional working capacity through adaptation, readaptation, training, retraining or retraining with possible subsequent employment and the necessary social support, taking into account the personal inclinations and wishes of the person.

The purpose of vocational rehabilitation is the achievement of material independence and self-sufficiency by a disabled person.

Professional rehabilitation of disabled people - This is a multidisciplinary set of measures aimed at restoring the working capacity of a disabled person in working conditions accessible to him due to health reasons:

1.At his previous workplace.

2. At a new workplace in the same specialty.

3.Vocational training taking into account previous professional skills.

4.Professional training for a new specialty.

5. Adaptation of a disabled person to such work activity, which was not essential for his material self-sufficiency, but was considered as humanitarian assistance.

Related information.

Central Research Institute for Expertise of Working Capacity and Labor Organization of Disabled Persons (CIETIN)
Ministry of Labor and Social Development of the Russian Federation
Technology of social rehabilitation of disabled people
Methodical recommendations
Moscow, 2000

Compiled by
Honored Doctor of the Russian Federation, Ph.D. honey. Sciences O.S. Andreeva
Honored Doctor of the Russian Federation, Dr. honey. Sciences D.I. Lavrova
Senior Researcher, Candidate of Sciences honey. Sciences D.P. Ryazanov
Ph.D. honey. Sciences D.A. Sokolova
M.A. Padun

Introduction

Rehabilitation of disabled people is the strategic basis of social policy regarding disabled people in the Russian Federation. It is considered as a system and process of restoring broken connections between the individual and society, and ways of interaction between a disabled person and society.
The Law of the Russian Federation “On Social Protection of Disabled Persons in the Russian Federation”, adopted in 1995, for the first time declared the need to create and develop a state service for medical and social examination and a state service for the rehabilitation of people with disabilities. In subsequent years, in pursuance of this federal law, the Russian Ministry of Labor prepared a number of normative and methodological documents regulating the organization and activities of the state service for the rehabilitation of disabled people. Currently, according to the Ministry of Labor and Social Development of the Russian Federation for 1999, there are 598 institutions and rehabilitation departments for adults and children of various profiles in Russia.
Rehabilitation institutions are the main link of the state service for the rehabilitation of disabled people; they carry out the process of rehabilitation of disabled people in accordance with rehabilitation programs. One of the programs is a social rehabilitation program aimed at restoring abilities for independent social and family activities.
A rehabilitation institution that provides services for the social rehabilitation of people with disabilities must ensure their high quality, meeting the needs of the institution’s client and meeting rehabilitation standards. The main qualities that influence the provision of services of a rehabilitation institution are: the availability and condition of regulatory documentation (regulations or Charter of the institution, manuals, rules, instructions, methods; documentation for equipment, devices and equipment); conditions of placement of the institution; staffing of the institution with specialists and their qualifications; personnel and additional technical equipment (equipment, instruments, equipment); the state of information about the institution, the procedure and rules for the provision of services; the presence of a system of control over the activities of the institution from outside and inside.
The development of technology for the work of the department of social rehabilitation of disabled people is an integral part of the work to ensure the quality of rehabilitation services and to better meet the needs of clients.
These guidelines are devoted to the technology of work of specialists on social rehabilitation issues. They are intended for specialists of the State Service for the Rehabilitation of Disabled People.

1. General part

Social rehabilitation of disabled people is a system and process of restoring the abilities of a disabled person for independent social and family activities. Social rehabilitation includes social-environmental orientation and social-everyday adaptation.

Social adaptation is a system and process of determining the optimal modes of social and family activities of disabled people in specific social and environmental conditions and adaptation of disabled people to them

Social-environmental orientation is a system and process of determining the structure of the most developed functions of a disabled person for the purpose of subsequent selection on this basis of the type of social or family-social activity.
The list of main activities in the field of social rehabilitation of disabled people is determined by the “Approximate Regulations on the Individual Rehabilitation Program for Disabled Persons” (approved by Resolution of the Ministry of Labor and Social Development of the Russian Federation of December 14, 1995 No. 14).

Social adaptation measures include:

Information and consultation of the disabled person and his family;
- “adaptation” training for a disabled person and his family;
- training a disabled person: personal care (self-service); personal safety; mastering social skills;
- providing disabled people with technical means of rehabilitation and training in their use;
- adaptation of a disabled person’s housing to his needs.

Social-environmental orientation activities include:

Social and psychological rehabilitation (psychological counseling, psychodiagnostics and personality examination of a disabled person, psychological correction, psychotherapeutic assistance, psychoprophylactic and psychohygienic work, psychological trainings, involvement of disabled people in mutual support groups, communication clubs, emergency (by telephone) psychological and medical-psychological assistance );
- education:
communication;
social independence;
skills for recreation, leisure, physical education and sports.
- assistance in solving personal problems;
- social and psychological patronage of the family.
Activities (services) for social rehabilitation are implemented by the department of social rehabilitation, which is part of a rehabilitation institution (of various types and types) as a structural unit.
The technology of work of the social rehabilitation department is one of the types of social technologies. At the same time, social technologies mean a set of techniques, methods and influences that must be used to achieve set goals in the process of social development, to solve certain social problems.
The technology of social rehabilitation can be defined as ways of carrying out activities for social rehabilitation on the basis of its rational division into procedures and operations with their subsequent coordination and synchronization and the selection of optimal means and methods for their implementation.

2. Structural and functional model of the social rehabilitation department

The department of social rehabilitation of disabled people is organized to carry out social rehabilitation of disabled people with various diseases and physical defects as part of various medical, educational and social institutions.
The Department of Social Rehabilitation of Disabled Persons (hereinafter referred to as the Department) is organized as a structural unit:
- Center for Comprehensive Rehabilitation of Disabled People;
– hospitals for rehabilitation treatment;
– educational institution for disabled people;
– boarding house;
– social service center;
– another medical, professional, social institution (hereinafter referred to as the Institution) and is intended to implement measures for the social rehabilitation of disabled people.
The Department of Social Rehabilitation carries out a comprehensive system of measures for the social rehabilitation of disabled people to eliminate or compensate, through various social measures and technical means, restrictions in ensuring their livelihoods and integration into society.

The main objectives of the Department are:

Specifying the needs of a disabled person for various types of social assistance;
specification of the services and technical means provided to the disabled person by the Department within the framework of the Individual Rehabilitation Program;
– implementation of individual rehabilitation programs for disabled people.
In accordance with these tasks, the Department is assigned the following functions:
– clarification of the program of social rehabilitation of a disabled person, taking into account the optimal set of tools and techniques available to the specialists of the Department;
– development and implementation into practice of the department of new modern methods and means of social rehabilitation of disabled people, based on the achievements of science, technology and advanced experience in the field of medical and social rehabilitation of disabled people;
– provision of advisory, organizational and methodological assistance on issues of social rehabilitation to disabled people, corresponding offices in the area of ​​operation of the department;
– interaction with other institutions involved in the medical and social rehabilitation of disabled people;
– implementation of measures to improve the skills of department employees on issues of medical and social rehabilitation.
The Department of Social Rehabilitation includes (recommended) offices (see Diagram 1): a rehabilitation specialist (a doctor who has completed advanced training courses on medical and social rehabilitation of disabled people), a social work specialist, a psychologist, social adaptation (adaptation office). training; a classroom for social and domestic adaptation; rooms in which a residential module is located, equipped with technical rehabilitation equipment; an office for a technician for rehabilitation equipment; a storage facility for technical equipment for rehabilitation; social-environmental orientation (classroom for social-environmental orientation, rooms for individual and group psychotherapy, lawyer's office, socio-cultural rehabilitation rooms, assembly hall, music room, library, video library, gym).
The profile offices are assigned the following functions:

The office of a rehabilitation specialist - monitoring the health status and measures to restore the impaired functions of a disabled person, correction and control over the implementation of an individual rehabilitation program.

Offices of social-environmental orientation - determination of the most developed functions of a disabled person for the purpose of subsequent selection on this basis of the type of social or family-social activity; conducting socio-psychological testing; determining the need of a disabled person for various types of social assistance; implementation of socio-psychological and psychological rehabilitation of a disabled person, including the implementation of: psychotherapeutic measures (reducing the level of anxiety, forming adequate self-esteem, relieving some psychological symptoms, etc.), psychological correction (training social skills, correcting inadequate professional intentions, teaching the learning process and etc.); psychological counseling on personal and emotional problems; providing psychological assistance to the family of a disabled person; socio-cultural rehabilitation of disabled people; rehabilitation of a disabled person using methods of physical culture and sports; provision of rehabilitation services to ensure social independence and social communication, solving personal problems; legal and legal assistance to disabled people.
Office of social and everyday adaptation - assessment of the possibility of independent living and social-environmental diagnostics, including assessment of needs and testing to provide technical means of rehabilitation, conducting social and everyday diagnostics, determining the needs and training of a disabled person in the skills of family and everyday activities in specific social and living conditions and adaptation of disabled people to them, training in life skills, including personal care (appearance, hygiene, clothing, diet, health care, dental care, etc.) and personal safety (safety in the home - use of gas, electricity, bathroom, medicines and etc.); training in social skills, including elements of social behavior (visiting shops, visiting public catering establishments, managing money, using transport, etc.), training in independent living skills - preparation for an independent lifestyle (training in using household appliances), developing skills for an independent lifestyle with with the help of exercises and technical devices, selection of technical means of rehabilitation for a disabled person, development of individual solutions to the issues of adaptation to housing and communal conditions for a disabled person).
The management of the Department is carried out by the head, appointed and dismissed by the head of the institution in the prescribed manner.
In its activities, the department maintains direct communication and close contacts with specialists from other departments of the institution providing services to disabled people, as well as with institutions providing social rehabilitation of disabled people.

The procedure for sending disabled people to the department and organizing their rehabilitation:

– rehabilitation of disabled people is carried out only if they wish;
– the referral of a disabled person to the Department is carried out by the heads of the ITU bureau, as well as other bodies and institutions that form or implement an individual rehabilitation program for a disabled person;
– upon referral, the following documentation is presented: a statement from the disabled person about his consent to undergo a rehabilitation course, a card of the individual rehabilitation program of the established form;
– the terms of rehabilitation of disabled people in the Department are established individually.

General contraindications to sending disabled people to the Department are:

– all diseases in the acute stage and chronic diseases in the stage of exacerbation and decompensation;
– malignant neoplasms in the active phase;
– cachexia of any origin;
– extensive tropical ulcers and bedsores;
– purulent-necrotic diseases;
– acute infectious and sexually transmitted diseases before the end of the isolation period.

Rights and responsibilities of disabled people undergoing rehabilitation:

– a disabled person has the right to refuse one or another type, form, volume, timing of rehabilitation measures, as well as the implementation of the rehabilitation program as a whole. The refusal of a disabled person must be formally registered and be the basis for termination of rehabilitation in the Department;
– if a disabled person agrees to undergo rehabilitation, he is obliged to provide the specialists of the Department with reliable and comprehensive information (within his capabilities). necessary for the development, organization and implementation of rehabilitation, as well as carry out the actions prescribed by the rehabilitation program.
In its work, the social rehabilitation department interacts with other institutions and organizations (see Diagram No. 2)
A rehabilitation institution must provide information about its activities. At the same time, it should be noted that the state of information about the rehabilitation institution and the rules for providing rehabilitation services to it must comply with the requirements of the Federal Law of the Russian Federation “On the Protection of Consumer Rights”. The rehabilitation institution brings to the attention of clients information about the name of the institution and the services it provides in any way provided for by the legislation of the Russian Federation.
Information about services, in accordance with the Law “On Protection of Consumer Rights”, must contain:
- list of basic services provided by the rehabilitation institution;
- the name of the standards, the requirements of which the services must meet;
- price and terms of service;
- guarantee obligations of the institution providing services;
- rules and conditions for the effective and safe use of services.

The institution and department of social rehabilitation must be located in a specially designed building or premises. The premises must be provided with all types of public services and equipped with a telephone, they must meet the requirements of sanitary and hygienic standards and occupational safety rules, and also ensure the accessibility of the living environment in accordance with needs disabled people.

Scheme 2
Interaction of the social rehabilitation department with other organizations and institutions

Local authorities	ITU Bureau	Social protection authorities
Referring clients to adapt housing to the needs of a disabled person	IPR correction	Joint celebration of Days of Persons with Disabilities
	Monitoring the implementation of IPR
	Formation of a data bank of disabled people in need of social rehabilitation
		Referral of disabled people requiring individual production of technical equipment
	Department of Social Rehabilitation
Cultural and leisure institutions	Treatment and prevention institutions	Public organizations of disabled people
	Referral of disabled people to a local doctor	Joint organization of exhibitions of technical equipment
Exchange of teaching materials	Referring disabled people to specialized specialists for the implementation of rehabilitation measures (psychiatrist, sex therapist, neurologist, cardiologist, orthopedist, etc.)	Conducting consultations on social, household and social-environmental rehabilitation
		Information and counseling for people with disabilities
Sports facilities
		Training for disabled people
Referring people with disabilities to classes
Exchange of teaching materials
Carrying out joint events		Assistance in purchasing technical rehabilitation equipment
		Sociocultural rehabilitation

3. Operating technology

Initial reception at the registry

Initially, a disabled person who has an individual rehabilitation program in hand applies to the registry of a rehabilitation institution that has a social rehabilitation department. The disabled person is recommended to contact the Department within 14 days from the date of development of the IPR at the ITU Bureau.
At the reception, the nurse checks the availability of the necessary documents (passport, IPR, medical outpatient card, extracts from the medical history in case of inpatient treatment, advisory reports, etc.); carries out registration of a disabled person, including: issuing a registration card for him, an outpatient rehabilitation card; enters the disabled person’s IPR into the database using a computer and assigns an identification number to the disabled person; gives a referral to a rehabilitation specialist, psychologist, social work specialist, indicating the date and time of visit, the specialist’s name and office number; list of documents required for acceptance.

Initial consultation of a disabled person with a specialist in rehabilitation of disabled people

A rehabilitation specialist (doctor) works in the office together with a nurse.
During the initial appointment of a disabled person, the doctor and nurse get to know the disabled person and provide him with the following information:
- about the IPR (the purpose and objectives of the IPR, the legislative and regulatory framework, the rights and responsibilities of a disabled person, his family, guardian or trustee);
- about the rehabilitation institution and the social rehabilitation department (structure, tasks, functions, opening hours, list of rehabilitation services, etc.);
- about the characteristics of the service, the area of ​​its provision, availability and time spent on its provision; conditions for its provision, cost (for a fully or partially paid service);
- on the possibility of assessing the quality of rehabilitation services on the part of a disabled person (timely provision of the service, its completeness, effectiveness);
- about the relationship between the proposed service and the real needs of the disabled person;
- about the procedure, stages and timing of rehabilitation for a given client (the procedure and stages of conducting rehabilitation diagnostics, forming a rehabilitation route, implementing an individual program for social rehabilitation of a disabled person; assessing the effectiveness of measures).
The nurse fills out individual items in the following sections in the outpatient rehabilitation card of a disabled person:
- medical expert data (block 2), paragraph on the group and causes of disability, duration and dynamics of disability; life history;
- professional and labor data (block 3);
- financial and marital status (block 4).
A rehabilitation specialist studies the IPR issued by the ITU Bureau, as well as medical documents (extracts from the medical history, outpatient records, advisory reports), and conducts a clinical examination of the patient.
The doctor fills out the following sections in the outpatient rehabilitation card:
- clinical and functional diagnosis, including the clinical (nosological) form of the main and concomitant diseases, complications, stage of the pathological process, nature and degree of dysfunction of the body, clinical prognosis (block 2);
- nature and degree of disability (block 2);
- history of illness and rehabilitation (block 2);
- data specifying the ability of a disabled person to perform various types of life activities, the violation of which is compensated by social rehabilitation.
If necessary, the doctor tests the disabled person’s ability for self-care (the ability to use fingers, hands, pull and push an object, move objects, hold objects, as well as the ability to walk, overcome obstacles, climb stairs, etc.).
At the end of the initial consultation, the rehabilitation specialist should:
- fill out sections in the outpatient rehabilitation card relating to clinical, functional and social diagnostics;
- specify the need of a disabled person for services and technical means provided by the department;
- note in the rehabilitation route of a disabled person the social rehabilitation activities that the disabled person needs;
- include a disabled person (depending on the type of disabling pathology and disability) in one or another group for adaptation training;
- make a conclusion about the absence of contraindications from the health of a disabled person for carrying out social rehabilitation measures.
In the process of rehabilitation, the doctor carries out: information and consultation of the disabled person, adaptation training of the disabled person and his family, monitoring the health status of the disabled person during the rehabilitation process, participates (together with a social rehabilitation specialist and psychologist) in the social and social-environmental rehabilitation of the disabled person, evaluates its effectiveness.

Initial consultation with a social work specialist

A social work specialist gets acquainted with a disabled person, studies the IPR, an outpatient rehabilitation card, then conducts rehabilitation diagnostics, filling out social and environmental data in the outpatient rehabilitation card (block 5).

When conducting social-environmental diagnostics, a social work specialist studies the participation of a disabled person in all normal social relationships (family, friends, neighbors and colleagues), communication with others, the ability to use the telephone, TV, radio, computer, the ability to read books, magazines, etc.; role position of a disabled person in the family, interpersonal relationships outside the home; compliance by a disabled person with moral, ethical, social, legal, sanitary and hygienic standards; the opportunity for a disabled person to engage in culture, physical education, sports, tourism, etc.

When conducting social and everyday diagnostics, a social rehabilitation specialist studies the marital status of a disabled person, the psychological climate in the family, the socio-economic status of a disabled person, his life attitudes, the comfort of housing, the presence of auxiliary devices for self-care, the ability of a disabled person to perform ordinary everyday procedures, including such activities such as cleaning the apartment, hand washing, wringing and ironing clothes, the ability to get out of bed, go to bed, dress and undress, wash, take a bath, eat, use the toilet or bedpan, take care of teeth, cut hair, nails, shave beard and mustache, cooking, moving around the house and outside the house, etc.; the ability of a disabled person to ensure personal safety (use gas and electric household appliances, matches, taps, medicines, etc.); the ability of a disabled person to lead an independent existence (visit shops, consumer services, make purchases, handle money).
If the disabled person’s IPR specifies measures to adapt the disabled person’s housing and provide it with technical means, the social work specialist plans (together with the disabled person) the date of his social examination at home

A social rehabilitation specialist, conducting a social examination of a disabled person at home, must carry out:

Assessment of social and living conditions;
- assessment of the ability of a disabled person to independently satisfy basic physiological needs, perform daily household activities and personal hygiene skills.

At the end of the initial consultation, the social work specialist should:
- fill out the section on social diagnostics and rehabilitation needs in the outpatient rehabilitation card of a disabled person;
- note in the rehabilitation route of a disabled person those social rehabilitation activities that will be carried out with the help of a social work specialist;
- note in the rehabilitation route the date of examination of the disabled person at home.
During the rehabilitation process, a social work specialist participates in adaptation training for people with disabilities; carries out activities for the selection of technical means of rehabilitation for a disabled person and training in their use; manages activities to train people with disabilities in self-care, social independence, social communication, movement, orientation.

Initial consultation with a psychologist

The initial appointment of a disabled person is carried out by a medical psychologist. The main task of the initial consultation is to formulate the goals of psychological rehabilitation of a disabled person in accordance with his psychological status and to develop a specific plan of rehabilitation measures (the psychological part of the rehabilitation route). This task is accomplished through expert rehabilitation psychodiagnostics of higher mental functions, characteristics of the emotional-volitional sphere, personal characteristics of a disabled person and his socio-psychological status, which are directly related to social rehabilitation.

Psychological diagnostics within the framework of social rehabilitation tasks include:

Assessment of the level of intellectual development;
- assessment of higher mental functions (attention, perception, memory, thinking);
- in case of local brain lesions - diagnosis of higher cortical functions - praxis, gnosis, writing, counting, reading;
- assessment of the emotional-volitional sphere (emotional stability, ability to form and retain volitional efforts);
- diagnosis of personal characteristics (self-esteem, value orientations, characteristics of the motivational sphere, the most commonly used mechanisms of psychological defense, range of interests, level of aspirations, internal picture of the disease);
- assessment of the microsocial sphere of the individual: the socio-psychological climate in the family, the characteristics of the system of relations in the family and other social groups in which the disabled person is included.
If the IPR contains data from a psychological examination of a psychologist from the ITU Bureau (emotional stability, level of aspirations, level and structure of outlook), the psychologist of the social rehabilitation department can use the existing data, carrying out psychodiagnostic procedures required to clarify the psychological status.
In the process of psychological diagnosis, the psychologist determines not only the degree of impairment of mental functions and personality traits, but also the degree of their curability, the rehabilitation potential of the disabled person, as well as the patient’s personal readiness to receive psychological help, or, in other words, motivation for socio-psychological rehabilitation.
Based on the psychodiagnostic examination data, the psychologist draws up a conclusion that describes the nature of the identified disorders, the degree of their curability, motivation for rehabilitation, and also formulates specific tasks of psychological assistance to the patient within the framework of social rehabilitation. Objectives may have wordings such as: “... develop, form communication skills”, “.. smooth out neurosis-like symptoms”, “... reduce the tension of emotional relationships in the family”, etc. Thus, the tasks of psychological rehabilitation will indicate what “psychological mechanisms” will be restored to achieve social integration.

At the end of the initial consultation, the psychologist should:

Fill out the section on psychological diagnostics and needs for psychological rehabilitation in the outpatient rehabilitation card;
- note in the rehabilitation route of a disabled person the activities for psychological rehabilitation (psychological counseling, psychocorrection, socio-psychological family patronage, psychoprophylactic and psychohygienic work, psychotherapy, attracting clients to participate in mutual support groups, communication clubs); number of hours allocated; start and end dates of rehabilitation activities; dates of control psychodiagnostic examinations (assessment of intermediate results of psychological rehabilitation).
A psychologist can carry out the following rehabilitation activities: socio-psychological and psychological counseling, psychological correction, socio-psychological patronage, psycho-prophylactic and psycho-hygienic work, psychological training, involvement in mutual support groups, communication clubs.
If a patient has deep emotional and personality disorders (neurosis-like symptoms, a negative picture of the world, a negative “I-image,” symptoms of depression, anxiety, etc.), the psychologist recommends that the patient undergo a consultation with a psychotherapist.

“A brief dictionary of terms on social rehabilitation and social work” used in these methodological recommendations is given in Appendix 2

If violations are detected in the patient’s psychological status that go beyond the competence of the psychologist of the social rehabilitation department, the patient is recommended to contact other specialists: a psychiatrist, a sex therapist, a speech therapist.
Throughout the entire process of psychological rehabilitation, the psychologist monitors the dynamics of the patient’s mental state, the improvement of which will indicate the effectiveness of psychological rehabilitation. Based on the data of control psychodiagnostic examinations, conclusions are also drawn up.

Adaptation training for a disabled person and his family

A rehabilitation specialist, a social work specialist and a psychologist provide adaptation training for a disabled person. Social rehabilitation of a disabled person begins with adaptation training.
Adaptation training for a disabled person is carried out in the form of classes (lectures) for 7 - 10 days. The training program includes questions: about the characteristics of the course of the disease, measures to change lifestyle, diet, the amount of physical and mental stress; about the limitations in life activity that arise as a result of health problems, and the associated socio-psychological, physiological and economic problems; types and forms of social assistance to a disabled person, methods of caring for a disabled person, types of technical means of rehabilitation and features of their operation; types of rehabilitation institutions, their location and the range of services they provide, etc. Adaptation training groups are formed according to the nosological principle. Upon completion of adaptation training, the disabled person and his family receive knowledge, skills and abilities of “living with a disability.”

Teaching disabled people self-care and mobility

Self-care training for a disabled person is carried out by a social worker. Training is carried out in a training room (classroom) that has the appropriate equipment (tables, chairs, blackboard, screen, overhead, video recorder, TV, computer, rehabilitation equipment), as well as books, pictures (cryptograms).
Groups of disabled people, as well as methodological methods for training them, are formed depending on the type of functional impairment, for example, cryptograms are used to train disabled people with mental retardation, and technical means of rehabilitation are used for disabled people with damage to the musculoskeletal system. To teach social skills, auxiliary means can be used (programs for training personal skills, the ability to perform household activities, etc.).
To teach self-care skills, a residential module equipped with technical rehabilitation equipment can be used.
The duration of training for a disabled person is individual.

Providing disabled people with technical means of rehabilitation

Providing a disabled person with technical means of rehabilitation includes;
- selection of a model of a technical device taking into account the IPR;
- training a disabled person (if necessary, members of his family) in the skills of using technical equipment;
- minor repairs and maintenance of technical equipment.
Providing a disabled person with technical means of rehabilitation is carried out by a social work specialist, a social worker, and a technician for technical means of rehabilitation. If necessary (in difficult cases), a rehabilitation specialist is involved.
The social rehabilitation department must have premises equipped with technical means of rehabilitation, the so-called “residential module”, containing an entrance hall, a living room, a bedroom, a kitchen, a toilet room with a bathroom, and a mobility room.

The hallway should be equipped with furniture and hangers accessible to a disabled person using a wheelchair, various devices for dressing and undressing (shoe horns and devices for removing shoes, clothing holders, hooks for dressing and undressing, etc.)

The living room should have household supplies and equipment for home and household (table, functional chairs, including chairs for patients with arthrodesis; chairs and seats with a special mechanism that helps you get up from a chair or sit in a chair, including “ejection” chairs and seats; chairs-chaise lounges and chair-sofas; special furniture for the seat; foot rests and foot supports; drawing and drawing tables), and it can also be equipped with a corner for working on a computer (computer table). , computer with peripherals, including input and output units and accessories for computers, typewriters, and calculators, for example, speech recognition units, special keyboards and control systems for people with disabilities of the musculoskeletal system; large sign printers or Braille devices; for transferring paper, manuscript holders; forearm supports, special software, etc.).
Thus, summarizing the above, we can say that the corner can be equipped with two options for a computer workplace - for a disabled person with vision pathology and with a pathology of the musculoskeletal system.
The living room may include: a TV with an enlarged image, devices for recording and playback (“talking book”), a telephone with Braille input and output, etc.
Deaf technology may also be represented: a television with a “teletext” decoder, with a system for closed captioning of television programs, loudspeaking telephones, telephones with text input and data output, etc.
The living room should be equipped with a “training” workplace for disabled people with pathologies of the musculoskeletal system that meets ergonomic requirements, a desk with a variable surface with a set of devices for reading and writing; adjustable chair; aids for drawing and handwriting (pens, pencils, brushes, writing devices, devices for turning sheets, book stands and book holders, etc.). For the visually impaired and blind, signature guides and signature stamps, writing frames, Braille writing devices, calculators with large print, voice output, tactile aids for mathematics, counting boards, etc. should be provided.

In the living room, special openers and closures of doors, windows, curtains, and blinds must be demonstrated; special locks, door alarms to warn the blind about an open door, etc.
The design of a living room, the arrangement of furniture and objects in it must comply with the principles of aesthetics and ergonomics, clearly demonstrating the accessibility of housing for a disabled person.

The bedroom should be furnished with a functional bed, a bed lift, a bed and bedside table, bed rails and self-lifting rails, rope ladders, wheels and straps for lifting a disabled person, a wheelchair with sanitary equipment, a bedpan, an anti-decubitus mattress, a blanket, a pillow .
The bedroom may display aids for dressing and undressing (aids for putting on socks and tights, clothing holders, etc.).

The kitchen must be equipped with kitchen furniture accessible to a disabled person in a wheelchair. The kitchen should have:
- auxiliary means for preparing food and drinks (means for weighing and measuring, cutting, chopping, cleaning products, household electric machines, means for cooking and frying);
- aids for housekeeping (scoops, brushes, sponges, vacuum cleaners, vacuum cleaners, floor mops, etc.);
- aids for opening bottles, cans, for gripping and holding, brush holders, “grabs”;
- aids to help with eating and drinking (thermoses, sugar dispensers, special cutlery, special mugs and glasses, cups and saucers, sandwich trays, pressure cutters, etc.).

The toilet room should have:
- aids for performing natural needs (chairs with wheels, elevated toilet seats with folding or fixing devices, self-raising toilet seats, toilet armrests and backrests, toilet paper dispenser boxes, etc.);
- aids for washing, bathing, showering (shower chairs and stools, anti-slip bath mats, shower mats; washcloths, sponges and brushes with handles, soap dispensers, means for drying the body, etc.);
- handrails;
- special seats for the bath;
- bathroom lift;
- a special sink and an adjustable mirror that can be used by a disabled person in a wheelchair, etc.

In a separate room, technical means for movement should be provided:
- walking canes, including white canes for the blind;
- three-legged (tripods), four-legged (quadripods), five-legged canes;
- crutches (elbow, forearm-based, axillary);
- ice access;
- walking frames (walkers);
- walking, indoor wheelchairs, electric wheelchairs;
- devices for wheelchairs, etc.
In the case where the social rehabilitation department is specialized (for the visually or hearing impaired), the residential module should have a wider range of typhoid drugs or sign-aid drugs.
The entire residential module must be operational, it must provide information and consultation on technical means of rehabilitation, their selection, and training in use. Depending on the complexity of the impaired functions and existing disabilities, providing a disabled person with a technical aid requires from 1–2 to 10 or more visits. Training of a disabled person provides that a social work specialist and a social worker explain and show how to use a technical device, help the disabled person in his training, developing skills and abilities. A technical equipment technician helps a disabled person in mastering complex technical equipment and adjusts them to the needs of the disabled person, and, if necessary, makes minor repairs.

Organization of the life of a disabled person at home

Serving a disabled person at home can reveal the need to organize the life of a disabled person at home, including an architectural and planning solution to the problem of adapting the premises to the needs of a disabled person. It may include the redevelopment of living quarters and sanitary facilities with the replacement of sinks, toilets, showers, baths or their refurbishment; re-equipment of a gas (electric) stove; installation of additional alarm systems (including intercom); removal of thresholds; expansion of doorways; installation of handrails; installation of ramps, etc. This work is organized by a social work specialist and an architect. To implement it, the department interacts with municipal services and social protection authorities.

Psychological rehabilitation of a disabled person

Psychological rehabilitation of a disabled person is carried out by a psychologist and psychotherapist, including psychological counseling, psychocorrection, socio-psychological family patronage, psychoprophylactic and psychohygienic work, psychological training, and involving disabled people in support groups and social clubs.
Psychological counseling should ensure that clients receive qualified assistance in correctly understanding and establishing interpersonal relationships related to methods of preventing and overcoming family conflicts, family education methods, the formation of family and marital relationships in young families and the creation of a favorable microclimate in them, etc.
Socio-psychological counseling should, based on the information received from the client and discussion with him of the socio-psychological problems that have arisen, help him discover and mobilize his internal resources and solve his problems.
Psychodiagnostics and personality examination should, based on the results of determining and analyzing the mental state and individual characteristics of the client’s personality that influence deviations in his behavior and relationships with people around him, provide the necessary information for making a prognosis and developing recommendations for corrective measures.
Psychocorrection, as an active psychological impact, should ensure overcoming or weakening deviations in the development, emotional state and behavior of clients (unfavorable forms of emotional response and behavioral stereotypes of individuals, conflicting relationships between parents and children, communication disorders in children or distortions in their mental development, etc. . d.) to bring these indicators into line with age standards and requirements of the social environment.
Socio-psychological patronage should, on the basis of systematic observation of clients, ensure timely identification of situations of mental discomfort, personal (intrapersonal) or interpersonal conflict and other situations that could aggravate the client’s difficult life situation, and provide them with the socio-psychological assistance they need at the moment.
Psychoprophylactic work is a set of measures aimed at acquiring psychological knowledge by the client, developing a general psychological culture, and timely prevention of possible psychological disorders.
Psychohygienic work is a set of measures aimed at creating conditions for the full psychological functioning of the individual (elimination or reduction of factors of psychological discomfort in the workplace, in the family and other social groups in which a disabled person is included).
Psychological trainings, as an active psychological influence, should provide relief from the consequences of traumatic situations, neuropsychic tension, instill socially valuable norms of behavior in people overcoming asocial forms of life, and form personal prerequisites for adaptation to changing conditions.
Psychological training may also include cognitive training of mental functions (memory, attention), the tasks of which include “training” mental functions through a certain kind of load.
Involving people with disabilities in participation in mutual support groups and communication clubs should provide them with assistance in getting out of a state of discomfort (if any), maintaining and strengthening mental health, increasing stress resistance, and the level of psychological culture, primarily in the field of interpersonal relationships and communication.
To carry out individual and family forms of work on social and psychological assistance, a small room is required, equipped with appropriate furniture and lighting fixtures, a tape recorder, and other necessary materials.
The group psychotherapy office provides group forms of psychotherapeutic work, communicative and other types of socio-psychological training, training of cognitive and other functions that affect socio-psychological competence, auto-training, group psychotherapeutic sessions with people suffering from drug addiction.
This should be a significant room, equipped with easily movable furniture, a tape recorder, and other necessary aids and items used in psychological work. In case of video training, you must have a video camera and VCR. Group psychotherapy typically occurs once a week for 4 months. Individual psychotherapy may include a series of visits by a disabled person to a psychotherapist (approximately once a week for 5 weeks with a session duration of 50 minutes).

Social-environmental learning

Social-environmental training is carried out by a social worker, social work specialist, and psychologist. It includes training in social communication, social independence and socialization.

Communication training

Programs for teaching people with disabilities to communicate should be structured depending on the type of disabling pathology, the nature and degree of functional impairments and limitations in life activity. Training may include classes, group training and games. Classes reveal the rules of communication in various social structures (at work, at home, at an educational institution, in public institutions and enterprises, etc.), and training and games simulate various life situations (visiting friends, discos, cafes, laundry, etc.). d.). For these purposes, educational programs can be used that are socially oriented toward developing the abilities and communication skills of people with disabilities in standard sociocultural situations.
Communication training includes teaching a disabled person how to use technical means of communication, information and signaling, including:
- optical means (magnifying glasses, binoculars and telescopes, field of view expanders, prismatic glasses, etc.);
- telephones (telephones with text input-output, including telephones with Brailler text, speakerphones, dial indicators, headphones); internal conversation devices;
- means of “face-to-face” communication (sets and templates of letters and symbols, voice generators, personal head amplifiers, hearing tubes, etc.);
- hearing aids (hearing aids are in-ear, behind-the-ear, mounted in the frame of glasses, wearable; tactile, i.e., transforming sounds into vibration; hearing aids with an implant, etc.);
- alarm systems (audio informant (“electronic nurse”), alarm systems, etc.).
Communication training also involves the removal of communication barriers typical for people with disabilities that arise as a result of limited mobility, poor accessibility for people with disabilities to living environment objects, the media, and cultural institutions. Therefore, the communication training program includes classes that provide the disabled person with information about the infrastructure facilities available in the area of ​​his residence that meet the requirements of a barrier-free spatial environment, as well as about the transport service for the disabled. If necessary, issues of providing disabled people with technical means for movement are resolved together with specialists in social adaptation. In the process of training a disabled person, issues of his integration into interpersonal communicative structures (communication groups within associations of disabled people, clubs, dating services, etc.) can be resolved.
The inclusion of a disabled person in the network of mass communication can be ensured by providing him with information about social literature (for the blind, visually impaired), special libraries (for disabled people of all categories, for visually impaired, hearing impaired).

Social independence training

Social independence training is aimed at developing independent living skills (managing money, exercising civil rights, participating in social activities, etc.). Training includes classes and training. Special technical means are used for training (training programs for consumer skills, handling money; training programs for safety measures, temporary skills, training with street signs, etc.).

Socialization

Socialization of a disabled person is the process of a disabled person mastering socially significant norms, values, behavioral stereotypes, and their adjustment when mastering various forms of social interaction. Socialization also refers to the acquisition by disabled people of knowledge, skills, behavioral stereotypes, value orientations, and standards that ensure their full participation in generally accepted forms of social interaction.
Training involves providing assistance to a disabled person in compensating for psychological changes (when a congenital or acquired defect occupies a central place in the formation and development of personality), in the formation of positive attitudes towards the development of other abilities of a disabled person, which will compensate for the disability.
Training should be aimed at the disabled person mastering standard patterns of behavior and interaction, at the disabled person mastering the environment and living a full-fledged existence in it.
Training should include adaptation counseling and the organization of social participation of a disabled person; it should prepare a disabled person to adequately respond to the demands of the environment and actively influence it.
The process of socialization has its own characteristics depending on the type of disabling pathology, the gender and age of the disabled person, and the characteristics of his social status.
For example, in people with mental retardation, a certain degree of independence can be achieved through intensive development of behavioral skills, memorization and use of stereotypical sets of actions necessary in standard life situations. Special training for such disabled people should ensure that they perceive the surrounding society and react to it in the form of culturally stereotypical ideas and actions.
Socialization of people who become disabled in adulthood (26-60 years old) requires a reassessment of previously acquired experience; mastering the skills and concepts necessary in connection with health problems and limitations in life activities; the formation of new life support mechanisms, socialization, and communication.
For disabled people aged 16-25 years, the presence of a disability can aggravate the difficulties of life support and communication that exist at this age, which can cause personality changes, social isolation and lead to antisocial behavior. The socialization program for people with disabilities of this age should be aimed at overcoming existing limitations in life, and at finding ways to realize their own capabilities.
For elderly disabled people (over the age of 60), the socialization program should provide a set of social roles and options for cultural forms of activity.
The socio-economic status of disabled people (education, qualifications, family, economic situation, level of urbanization of the area where the disabled person lives, etc.) plays an important role in their socialization. The unfavorable socio-economic situation of a disabled person often leads to the fact that he is left without qualified assistance; the level of their socialization is adaptation to the prevailing conditions.
For a number of disabled people (disabled from military service, combat, etc.), the process of socialization is associated with a number of complex factors. On the one hand - high social activity, the ability to self-organize, on the other hand - disappointment, emptiness, dissatisfaction with the attitude of society. All this requires the construction of special training programs and the use of specialized socialization technology.

Rehabilitation through cultural means

Art and culture are excellent educational and rehabilitation tools that provide: the development of a variety of vital cognitive skills; increasing the level of personal self-esteem; creative self-expression; development of communication skills; formation of an active life position.
Art can make the lives of many people with disabilities rich and meaningful.
Activities for socio-cultural rehabilitation must be carried out by a cultural organizer. Any other specialists (social workers, doctors, psychologists, etc.) can be involved in organizing major events (festivals, concerts, competitions, theatrical performances, recreational evenings, etc.).
Activities for the socio-cultural rehabilitation of people with disabilities may include:
- amateur art concerts;
- vernissages of exhibitions of fine arts of disabled people;
- classes of music and drama group;
- vocal studio classes;
- classes at a computer literacy school;
- classes at a craft school;
- classes in the “Decorative Costume” studio;
- lesson in the drawing studio;
- classes in embroidery, artistic knitting, sewing, sculpture circles;
- classes in a choreographic studio.
Socio-cultural rehabilitation also includes recreation. Recreation refers to the processes of restoring the vitality and health of people through the organization of leisure forms of activity.
Socio-cultural rehabilitation should be carried out in such a way as to stimulate disabled people to active forms of recreation, which will contribute to their socialization. A cultural organizer can use traditional forms of recreation (visiting theaters, cinemas, museums, concert halls; watching entertaining television programs; participating in mass leisure events, etc.). In this case, the accessibility of buildings for disabled people must be taken into account. Developmental recreational forms specific to people with disabilities are possible (art therapy, choreographic art for people with hearing impairments, theatrical puppetry for people with musculoskeletal disorders, sculpture art for people with visual impairments, painting, graphics, music for people with disabilities hearing, with damage to the musculoskeletal system). Acceptable and attractive leisure activities should provide people with disabilities with the opportunity to cope with their existing limitations.
Recreation must ensure the integration of a disabled person into the general socio-cultural environment, for which the cultural organizer and social rehabilitation specialist must interact with special cultural institutions in the area where the disabled person lives (clubs, libraries, theaters, etc.), public organizations of disabled people, charitable societies, etc. .

Rehabilitation using methods of physical culture and sports

Rehabilitation of disabled people using physical education and sports methods is carried out by a specialist in physical education and sports.

His tasks include:
- informing and consulting disabled people on these issues;
- teaching disabled people skills in physical education and sports;
- providing assistance to disabled people in their interaction with sports organizations;
- organizing and conducting classes and sports events;
It should be remembered that a significant number of sports are available to disabled people. Thus, disabled people with pathologies of the organs of vision, hearing, and musculoskeletal system can engage in biathlon, bowling, cycling, handball, alpine skiing, judo, “wheelchair basketball,” “wheelchair volleyball,” “wheelchair rugby,” horse riding, and seated speed skating. , athletics (running, javelin throwing, hammer throwing, discus throwing, long jump, high jump), table tennis, swimming, cross-country skiing, archery, sit-hockey, chess, fencing, football, etc.
The social rehabilitation department can use those types of physical education and sports that can be organized taking into account the requirements for premises, equipment, sports equipment, etc. For example, to organize competitions for people with visual impairments, light-proof glasses, handball and torball balls, and devices for shooting from the blind. Competition equipment for athletes with musculoskeletal disorders should include sports prostheses, sports wheelchairs, etc.
For physical education, you need various exercise equipment, a treadmill, and a bicycle ergometer.
All physical education and sports activities must be carried out under the supervision of a rehabilitation specialist and a nurse.

Solving personal problems

The solution to the personal problems of a disabled person is carried out by a rehabilitation specialist and a nurse. It includes counseling on sex education, birth control, and sexual relationships. If necessary, the doctor refers the disabled person to a sex therapist for consultation.

Providing legal assistance to people with disabilities

Providing legal assistance to a disabled person is provided by a lawyer and includes:
- consulting on issues related to the right of citizens to social services and rehabilitation; must give clients a full understanding of their rights to service under the Law and ways to protect them from possible violations;
- providing assistance in preparing complaints about improper actions of social services or employees of these services that violate or infringe on the legal rights of a disabled person; assistance to a disabled person in legally competent presentation in complaints of the essence of the actions being appealed, requirements for eliminating the violations committed;
- providing legal assistance in the preparation of documents (for receiving benefits, allowances, and other social payments required by law; for identification; for employment, etc.) must ensure that clients are explained the contents of the necessary documents depending on their purpose, presentation and writing of the text of the documents or filling out forms, writing cover letters;
- provision of legal assistance or assistance to a disabled person in solving issues of social rehabilitation should provide an explanation of the essence and state of the problems of interest to the client, identification of proposed ways to solve them and the implementation of practical measures to solve these problems; assistance in preparing and sending the necessary documents to the appropriate authorities, personal appeal to the specified authorities, if necessary, monitoring the passage of documents, etc.
Upon completion of rehabilitation activities, the disabled person is received by the head of the department, who evaluates the effectiveness of the rehabilitation and makes a note about the implementation of the social rehabilitation program in the disabled person’s IPR.

Appendix 1

Structure of an outpatient rehabilitation card for a disabled person

Block 1. Passport data

1.1. Card registration number _______________________
1.2. IPR registration number _______________________
1.3. Name of ITU office _______________________
1.4. Last name, first name, patronymic _______________________
1.5. Home address _______________________
Telephone _______________________
1.6. Gender male; women _______________________
1.7. Age _______________________
1.8. Passport details _______________________

Block 2. Medical expert data

2.1. Diagnosis, including the underlying disease and its code according to the ICD X revision, concomitant disease and its code according to the ICD X revision: _______________________
2.2. Psychological diagnosis: _______________________
2.3. Disability group _______________________
2.4. Duration of disability and its dynamics _______________________
2.5. Cause of disability: _______________________
2.6. Percentage of loss of professional ability to work: _______________________
2.7. Disability (type and severity)

Block 3. Professional and labor data

3.1. Education _______________________
3.2. Main profession(s) _______________________
3.3. Speciality _______________________
3.4. Qualification (grade, category, rank) _______________________
3.5. Total work experience of a disabled person _______________________
3.6. Characteristics of employment (works: yes, no; where he works, who he works for, working conditions, salary, wants to work or not, desired job) _______________________
3.7. Characteristics of educational status (studying or not, where studying, level and conditions of study) _______________________

Block 4. Financial and marital status

4.1. Marital status: number of family members, number of working and studying family members, who helps a disabled person at home, pension amount with all additional payments, income per family member, psychological climate in the family _______________________
4.2. Housing amenities _______________________
4.3. Are there conditions for working from home _______________________
4.4. Are there auxiliary devices for a disabled person in the room, apartment, or entrance: _______________________

Block 5. Social and environmental data

5.1. Data on cultural activities _______________________
5.2. Data on physical education and sports _______________________
5.3. Role position in the family, society _______________________
5.4. Social activities _______________________
5.5. Personal problems (sex education, birth control, sexual issues, etc.) _______________________
5.6. Social independence _______________________
5.7. Social communication _______________________

Block 6. Data specifying the ability of a disabled person to perform various types of life activities, the violation of which is compensated by social rehabilitation.

_______________________

Block 7. The need of a disabled person for social rehabilitation.

Needs social rehabilitation (yes, no) _______________________

7.2. What types of social rehabilitation does:
A. Information and consultation of the disabled person and his family _______________________
B. Adaptation training for disabled people and families _______________________
B. Personal care training _______________________
D. Personal security training _______________________
D. Social skills training _______________________
E. Teaching social independence _______________________
G. Teaching social communication _______________________
H. Training in recreation and leisure skills ___________________
I. Teaching physical education and sports skills _______________________
K. Teaching tourism skills _______________________
L. Training in the use of technical means of rehabilitation _______________________
M. Assistance in solving personal problems _______________________
N. Social and psychological rehabilitation _______________________
O. Adaptation of housing to the needs of a disabled person _______________________
P. Legal advice _______________________

7.3. What types of social patronage does a family with a disabled person need:
A. Medical and social patronage _______________________
B. Social and pedagogical patronage _______________________
B. Cultural and leisure patronage _______________________
D. Social and psychological patronage _______________________

7.4. What kind of housing adaptation does a disabled person need:
A. Installation of ramps _______________________
B. Installation of handrails _______________________
B. Widening doorways _______________________
D. Laying non-slip floors _______________________
D. Removing thresholds _______________________
E. Re-equipment of electrical wiring _______________________
G. Re-equipment of a gas (electric) stove _______________________
H. Replacement of a sink, toilet, shower, bathtub, etc., their refurbishment _______________________

Needs technical means of rehabilitation (yes, no, indicate which ones):

7.6. Needs technical means of transportation (walking canes; elbow crutches, axillary crutches, with forearm support; three-legged, four-legged canes; walking frames; indoor, walking, sanitary wheelchairs, car, rope ladders; belts and belts for lifting, lifts etc.) _______________________

7.7. Needs technical means for preparing food and drinks (means for weighing and measuring; cutting, chopping; cleaning products; drying” cooking; boiling, frying, etc.) _______________________

7.8. Needs aids for housekeeping (dustpans, brushes, sponges; vacuum cleaners; vacuum cleaners; floor mops; buckets with wheels, squeegees, etc.) _______________________

7.9. Needs household supplies and equipment for the home and household (working tables, drawing tables, dining tables, bed tables, etc.) _______________________

Needs seating furniture (functional chairs; ejection chairs and seats, chaise lounge chairs, rests, etc.) _______________________

7.11. Need for beds (functional bed, bed lift, bed rails and handrails for self-lifting, etc.) _______________________

7.12. Need for supporting devices (railings, handrails, armrests, etc.) _______________________

7.13. Need for openers/closers of doors, windows, curtains _______________________

7.14. The need for anti-bedsore products (pillows, anti-bedsore seats, anti-bedsore mattresses and bedspreads, etc.) _______________________

7.15. The need for means for dressing and undressing (aids for putting on socks and stockings-pants (tights), shoe horns and devices for removing shoes, clothing holders, hooks for dressing and undressing, zippers, button loops, etc. ) _______________________

7.16. Need for skin, hair and dental care products (manicure and pedicure aids, special combs, electric toothbrushes, etc.) _______________________

7.17. The need for means for handling products and things (means for marking and designation, aids for opening bottles, cans, tanks; aids that help and/or replace the functions of the hand and/or fingers, etc.) _______________________

7.18. Need for toys and games (games, “collapsible cube” puzzle “Panzhir”, lotto “Multi-colored harvest”, chess, checkers, mosaic, sounding balls, etc.) _______________________

Need for funds for physical education, sports and tourism _______________________

7.20. The need for auxiliary aids for the performance of natural needs (toilet seats with a folding device; toilet seats with locking devices; self-raising toilet seats; toilet armrests and/or toilet backrests mounted on the toilet; toilet paper clips, etc.) _______________________

7.21. Need for aids for washing, bathing and bathing (bath/shower chairs, stools, backrests and seats; anti-slip bath mats, shower mats and slippers; washcloths, sponges and brushes with handles, handles or clamps; soap dispensers with handles and soap dispensers dispensers, etc.) _______________________
7.22. The need for aids to help with eating and drinking (sugar dispensers; stoppers and funnels; cutlery; mugs and glasses, cups and saucers (special), etc.) _______________________

7.23. The need for aids for teaching social skills (behavior training programs; program and system for training consumer skills; training system for handling money; training program for handling money, safety measures, temporary skills, etc.) _______________________

7.24. Need for training (training) in handling control devices, products and things (yes, no) _______________________

7.25. Need for funds to learn (train) the ability to perform household activities (yes, no) _______________________

7.26. The need for auxiliary aids for learning (training) the ability to perform everyday activities (personal skills training program, training with street signs, etc.) _______________________

7.27. The need for optical aids (magnifying glasses, binoculars and telescopes, glasses with built-in monocular and binocular telescopic devices for far-sighted and near-sighted people, visual field expanders, electro-optical aids, video systems with enlarged images, digital reading machines, systems for reading and transforming written text, etc. .) _______________________

7.28. The need for input and output units and accessories for computers, typewriters and calculators (input units, including speech recognition units; keyboards and control systems; synthetic speech devices, including text-to-speech, speech-to-speech units and artificial speech; devices for transferring paper; holders of the manuscript (original); forearm supports applied to typewriters or computers, etc.) _______________________

7.29. The need for aids for drawing and handwriting (pens, pencils, brushes, drawing compasses and rulers; devices for writing, drawing and drawing; signature guides and signature stamps; writing frames; equipment (devices) for writing in Braille; special paper/plastic products for writing; software for drawing and painting, etc.) _______________________

7.30. The need for reading aids (a device for turning sheets; book stands and book holders, devices for recording and reproducing a “talking book”; a device for duplicating a “talking book” TTM, etc.) _______________________

7.31. The need for sound recording and reproducing equipment _______________________

7.32. The need for television and video equipment _______________________

7.33. The need for telephones and telephony facilities (telephones with text input and/or text output, including telephones with Braille input/output, etc.) _______________________

7.34. The need for sound transmission systems (headphones and vibrators, loudspeakers, etc.) _______________________

7.35. The need for face-to-face communications (sets of letters and/or symbols; templates of letters and/or symbols; voice generators; communication amplifiers; hearing tubes, etc.) _______________________

7.36. The need for hearing aids, including hearing aids with a built-in anti-noise mask (hearing aids inserted into the ear, including those inserted into the ear canal; hearing aids behind the ear; hearing aids built into the frame of glasses, etc.) _______________________

7.37. The need for alarm systems (watches; alarm clocks with a synthesizer with tactile modification “Slava”, pocket “Molniya”; alarm transmission systems; sound indicators (“electronic nurse”), etc.) _______________________

7.38. The need for alarm systems (personal danger warning systems; alarms for the onset of an attack of illness for epileptics, alarms that sound automatically in the event of a grand mal seizure), etc. _______________________

7.39. The need for orientation aids (tactile (white) canes, locator canes, telescopic support canes, folding support canes; electronic orientation aids; acoustic navigation aids (sound beacons); compasses; relief maps, etc.) _______________________

Need for a guide dog _______________________

7.41. Need for transport services _______________________

Need for sign language interpreter services _______________________

Block 8. The need for psychological rehabilitation

8.1. Needs psychological rehabilitation (yes/no) _______________________

What types of psychological rehabilitation does:

A. Psychological counseling _______________________
B. Psychological correction _______________________
B. Psychotherapy _______________________
D. Psychological training _______________________
D. Psychoprophylactic and psychohygienic work _______________________
E. Involvement in participation in mutual support groups, communication clubs _______________________

Block 9. Expert opinion

Conclusion from a rehabilitation specialist:
_______________________

Conclusion of a social work specialist:
_______________________

Psychologist's conclusion:
_______________________

Block 10. Rehabilitation route (types of rehabilitation measures, services and technical means; form of rehabilitation, scope of measures and deadlines)

_______________________

Block 11. Monitoring of specialists over the process of rehabilitation of disabled people

_______________________

Appendix 2

A brief dictionary of terms on social rehabilitation and social work

Adaptation (adaptacio - adaptation) - adaptation of the structure and functions of the body to the conditions of existence or getting used to them

Everyday adaptation is the solution of various aspects in the formation of certain skills, attitudes, habits aimed at routines, traditions, existing relationships between people in a team, in a group outside of connection with the field of production activity

Leisure adaptation - the formation of attitudes, abilities to satisfy aesthetic experiences, the desire to maintain health, physical perfection

Social adaptation is the process and result of the active adaptation of an individual, layer, group to the conditions of a new social environment, to changing or already changed social conditions of life. You. There are two forms: a) active, when the subject seeks to influence the environment in order to change it (for example, changing values, forms of interaction and activities that he must master); b) passive, when the subject does not strive for such influence and change. Indicators of successful a.s. The high social cmamyc of an individual (stratum, group) in a given environment, his psychological satisfaction with this environment as a whole and its most important elements (in particular, satisfaction with work, its conditions and content, remuneration, organization) appears. Indicators of low a.s. These include the subject’s movement to another social environment (staff turnover, migration, divorce), anomie and deviant behavior. Success a.s. Depends on the characteristics of the environment and the subject.

Social adaptation is the process of mastering relatively stable conditions of the social environment, solving recurring, typical problems by using accepted methods of social behavior and action.

Social adaptation - the system and process of determining the optimal modes of social and family activities of disabled people in specific social and environmental conditions and adaptation of disabled people to them

Everyday life - 1) in a narrow sense - the sphere of everyday life, considered as distinct from professional, official activities. On the one hand, it is associated with the satisfaction of people’s material needs for food, clothing, housing, and maintaining health, on the other hand, with a person’s mastery of the spiritual benefits of culture, with communication, recreation, and entertainment; 2) in a broad sense - the way of everyday life, one of the components of people’s way of life. It is necessary to distinguish between public, urban, rural, family, individual b. Knowledge of life, everyday life of a person, family is an indispensable condition for successful social work. The purpose of the social and everyday function of social work is to facilitate the provision of the necessary assistance and support to various categories of the population (especially the disabled, elderly people, young families, etc.) in improving their living conditions, organizing normal living conditions.

Household services are part of the service sector, the provision of non-productive and production services (home repair, dry cleaning, clothing repair, bathhouse services, photo studio, etc.).
Material and technical base b.o. – fixed and circulating production assets of enterprises, institutions, b.o. organizations: buildings, communications, thermal power plants, machine tools, equipment, test benches, technical devices, tools, raw materials, materials, components, spare parts, dyes, glue, etc. .
Organization b.o. – a system of vertical and horizontal connections between enterprises, organizations and institutions of the b.o., their target and functional structures. The relations of all production units b.o. Subordinate to each other in subordination and coordination. With the development of market relations, privatization of b.o. structures. The target and functional connections between them are changing, becoming much more complex, flexible and mobile. Autonomy and independence of production structures acquires particular weight. The composition of the components of the organizational structure of the b.o. is gradually changing, some of them die off, others change their functions, and new ones arise.
Management b.o. – the activities of the management bodies of b.o., designed to ensure the clear, uninterrupted and highly efficient operation of enterprises, institutions, organizations of b.o. Management bodies perform a variety of functions: they organize the production of household goods and services, plan, make decisions, organize accounting and control, analyze the organization and efficiency of production structures, study the demand for goods and services, market conditions, determine priority areas for development, etc. . In the conditions of formation of market relations, the structure, target and functional orientation of the activities of the management bodies of b.o. are significantly clarified.
Economics b.o. – production activities of enterprises, institutions, organizations b.o. In order to satisfy the household needs of the population with minimal material, labor and financial costs. The concept of “b.o. economy” It involves the use of such indicators as the material and technical base, productive forces, industrial relations, labor productivity, quality of service to the population, income, profit, profitability, efficiency, etc. Each of these indicators separately and the concept of “economy b.o.” In general, they significantly change their content in connection with the privatization of enterprises, organizations and institutions of b.o.
Historical and international experience b.o. – a body of knowledge about the organization of b.o. Populations in different periods of history of different countries. Knowledge of historical and international experience allows workers in the business sector. Preserve historical continuity in the development of the industry, accumulate the positive, get rid of shortcomings, rebuild your work on the fundamental basis of the experience of previous generations.

Valeology is the study of a healthy lifestyle, the physical capabilities of the human body as a quantitative characteristic of health, the relationship of a person with the environment, the influence of man-made factors that threaten health, compliance by the population with regulatory requirements for sanitation and hygiene, forms of training in methods of maintaining health, etc.

Social interaction is the mutual influence of various spheres, phenomena and processes, individuals or communities, carried out through social activities. A distinction is made between external interaction (between separate objects) and internal interaction (within an individual object between its elements).
.if social work is considered as a system, then the interaction between its constituent elements (subject, object, etc.) will be internal, and its interaction with other systems (economic, political, etc.) will be external.

Relationships (in social work) – mutual exchange of emotions, dynamic interaction; corrective, behavioral connection established by the social worker with the client. To create a working atmosphere when providing assistance, a social worker must adhere to certain ethical standards, including confidentiality, impartiality towards the client, apply an individual approach, provide the client with the opportunity to determine his own actions, and purposefully express his feelings.

Suggestion (suggestion) is an influence on the human psyche, based on the suppression in one way or another (for example, by authority) of consciousness and the ability to critically perceive reality in order to impose certain attitudes. Object c. It can be either an individual person or entire groups, layers of people. Not all people are equally susceptible to. This depends on the volitional qualities of the individual and the degree of his conformity. According to experimental data, c. 20% of people are severely affected. A person's ability to resist. Called counter-suggestion by psychologists. A person, based on his life experience, creates a whole system of defense mechanisms that resists
V. (so-called psychological barriers). One of these main mechanisms is the “barrier of mistrust”. B. It can be carried out not only by other people, sometimes it takes the form of autosuggestion (autosuggestion).

Education - 1) in a broad sense - a function of society that ensures its development by transferring to new generations of people the socio-historical experience of previous generations in accordance with the goals and interests of certain classes and social groups; 2) in a narrow sense - the process of conscious, purposeful and systematic formation of personality, carried out within the framework and under the influence of social institutions (family, educational and educational institutions, cultural institutions, public organizations, the media, etc.) in order to prepare it for implementation social functions and roles, to life activity in various spheres of social practice (professional and labor, socio-political, cultural, family and everyday life, etc.).
V. is the main link of socialization; it is organically interconnected with learning and is an integral part of the education system. As a function of society, inherent in any social system, c. At the same time, it is a concrete historical phenomenon, ultimately determined by the social relations inherent in a particular type of society. The theoretical basis of systems c. They formulate philosophical, religious, socio-political, psychological and pedagogical teachings that meet the interests of the forces dominant in society.
In social work c. It is extremely important for the training of social workers, and for the ability to solve problems of social protection of the population, influencing clients, certain layers and groups of the population (for example, adolescents with deviant behavior, etc.), communication between socionomes and clients, etc. d. Pedagogical, psychological, state-legal and other foundations of social work are closely related to the process c. Both in the broad and narrow sense of the word.

Universal Declaration of Human Rights - adopted and proclaimed by the UN General Assembly on December 10, 1948 as a goal to which all peoples, all states and public organizations should strive to achieve, giving priority to the promotion and development of respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms (see also freedoms democratic) for everyone, without distinction of race, gender, language, religion, political or other beliefs, national or social origin, property, class or other status.
As such rights v.d.p.ch. Formulated: the right to life, freedom and integrity; freedom from slavery and servitude; freedom from torture or cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment; freedom from arbitrary arrest, detention or expulsion; the right to a fair and public trial by an independent and impartial tribunal, the right to be presumed innocent until proven guilty; freedom from arbitrary interference in personal and family life, arbitrary infringement of the inviolability of home and correspondence; freedom of movement and choice of place of residence, the right to asylum; right to citizenship; the right to marry and found a family; the right to own property; freedom of thought, conscience and religion; freedom of opinion and expression; the right to freedom of peaceful assembly and association; the right to take part in the government of the country and the right of equal access to public service.
V.d.p.h. It also contains a statement of economic, social and cultural rights, such as the right to social security, the right to work, rest and leisure, the right to a standard of living necessary to maintain health and well-being, the right to education, the right to participate in the cultural life of society.
At the same time, in the h.d.p.h. The responsibilities of each person to society, his moral duty to recognize and respect the rights and freedoms of other people, and the principles of a democratic society are emphasized.
Based on the principles of h.d.p.h. The UN has adopted a number of documents (agreements) that are not of a recommendatory nature (as a declaration), but of a mandatory nature for the states that have signed them.
V.d.p.h. And the documents (agreements) adopted on its basis are the most important legal, political and moral factor contributing to the more effective implementation of social policy and solving the problems of social protection of people.

A group is a collection of people united by any common feature: spatial and temporal existence, activity, economic, demographic, ethnographic and other characteristics.

A large group is a group with a large number of members, unlike a small group, which is characterized by different types of connections and does not involve mandatory personal contacts. Its main types: a) conditional, statistical; b) formed by certain behavioral characteristics (audience, public); c) class, national, etc.; d) territorial (city, state).

Small (contact) group – a group of people who have direct contacts. Usually, two criteria for identifying a GM are used: a) number of members - from 2 to 50 (sometimes more); b) the duration of contacts between group members is at least 6 months. M.g. Quite a lot. These are teams of brigades, small areas, small businesses, permanent and temporary training teams, small military units, family, peer groups, friends, neighborhood groups, etc. Almost every person is a member of one or another i.g. Taking into account the client’s belonging to a certain group and the characteristics of this group (age, education, professions, interests, etc.), the social worker can solve their problems faster and more effectively.

A social group is a stable group of people that occupies a certain place and plays its inherent role in social production. These are classes, intelligentsia, employees, people of mental and physical labor, the population of the city and countryside. Differences between ms. They take place primarily in the fields of economics, politics, education, income, and living conditions. The criteria for identifying non-social, social groups (demographic - youth, women, pensioners, etc.) and communities (nations, nationalities, etc.) are differences in gender, age, race, ethnicity, etc. Not being differences in the strict sense of the word social, these natural differences in class societies acquire the character of social differences (for example, the position in society of men and women, etc.).

Self-help groups are formal or informal organizations of people who have common problems and meet regularly in small groups to provide assistance to each other, emotional support, exchange information, etc.

Risk groups are persons (contingent) who have an increased risk of AIDS: prostitutes, homosexuals, drug addicts, sexually transmitted diseases, etc.

Deviant behavior is negative forms of behavior, the manifestation of moral vices, deviation from moral standards, rights, a form of moral evil. D.p. - one of the acute problems that social workers of various specializations have to deal with.

Social action is a conscious action of a person, usually caused by his needs, which is associated with the actions of another person or other people, is focused on their behavior, affects them and, in turn, is influenced by the behavior of others. In the doctrine of d.s. M. Weber made a particularly great contribution. It has received further development in modern sociology (phenomenology, functionalism and other directions). D.s. Includes: subject, environment or “situation”; the subject’s orientation to environmental conditions, to the “situation, the subject’s orientation to another (or others).

Demographic policy is an integral part of social policy; a system of measures (social, economic, legal, etc.) aimed at changing the natural renewal of generations and migration. These include, in particular, measures to encourage or discourage childbearing.
As part of social policy d.p. Influences the content, forms and methods of social work.

Children are a socio-demographic group of the population under the age of 18, with specific needs and interests, and socio-psychological characteristics.

The number of children in a family is the size of the family based on the number of children born and raised (excluding those who died under the age of 5 years). Currently, scientific research into spouses’ attitudes towards the number of children (attitudes of d.s.), which they consider ideal (ideal d.s.), would like to have (desired d.s.), intend to have (expected or planned d.s.) is relevant. With.).

Childhood is the stage of a person’s life cycle at which the formation of the body, the development of its most important functions, and the active socialization of the individual occur (i.e., a certain system of knowledge, norms, and values ​​is acquired, social roles are mastered that contribute to the formation of a full-fledged and full-fledged member of society).

Social diagnostics is the study of a social phenomenon to recognize and study cause-and-effect relationships and relationships that characterize its condition and determine development trends. The resulting social diagnosis, containing theoretical conclusions and practical recommendations, adjusted to take into account real resources and capabilities, serves as the basis for the development by the relevant management structures of specific practical actions in the interests of society, certain of its groups and layers.
In social work d.s. - this is the study of social motives and reasons for the behavior of an individual, layer, group, their states (material, mental, spiritual), determining the forms and methods of working with them.

Quality of life is a component (side) of lifestyle; category expressing the quality of satisfaction of the material and spiritual needs of people: quality of food, quality of clothing and its compliance with fashion, comfort of housing, quality characteristics in the field of health care, education, public services, quality structure of leisure, moral atmosphere, people’s mood, degree of satisfaction of people in content communication, knowledge, creative work, settlement structure, etc. Organically connected with the standard of living.
Accounting and knowledge of k.zh. His clients, main social and other groups and segments of the population are indispensable conditions for the successful work of a social worker.

Sociability - the ability, predisposition to communicate, communicate, establish contacts and connections, psychological and other compatibility, sociability. Extremely important in social work.

Social counseling is a special form of providing social assistance through psychological influence on a person or a small group in order to socialize them, restore and optimize their social functions, guidelines, and develop social norms of communication. The following areas of the C.S. are distinguished: medical and social, psychological, socio-pedagogical, social and legal, social and managerial, social and innovative, etc. Organization of the C.S. Includes regional social counseling centers and specialized services (family counseling services, marital counseling, psychological assistance and counseling, helpline, CS services in medical institutions and public organizations).

Confidentiality – trust, inadmissibility of disclosing secret information; ethical principle according to which a social worker or other worker has no right to disclose information about a client without the latter's consent. This may include information about the client’s personality, professional judgments about the client, and materials from the “case history.” In special cases, social workers may be legally obligated to provide certain information to certain authorities (for example, threats to use force, a crime has been committed, suspicions of child abuse, etc.) that may lead to prosecution.

Social conflict is a clash of sides, opinions, forces; the highest stage of development of contradictions in the system of relations between people and social institutions. There are international conflicts - between nations, states; conflicts of classes, social groups and layers within society; conflicts between small groups, families, individuals.
Allow or weaken c.s. (especially between small groups, in families, between individuals) is one of the most important tasks of social work specialists.

Training in skills for recreation, leisure, physical education and sports - acquiring knowledge and skills about various types of sports and leisure activities, learning to use special technical means for this, informing about the relevant institutions that carry out this type of rehabilitation.

Personal safety training - mastering knowledge and skills in such activities as using gas, electricity, toilet, bathroom, transport, medicines, etc.;

Social skills training - mastering knowledge and skills that allow a disabled person to prepare food, clean a room, wash clothes, repair clothes, work on a personal plot, use transport, visit shops, visit consumer service enterprises;

Teaching social communication - ensuring the realization of the disabled person’s opportunity to visit friends, cinema, theaters, etc.;

Teaching social independence - ensuring the possibility of independent living, managing money, exercising civil rights, participating in social activities

Providing assistance in solving personal problems, which includes providing disabled people with birth control, gaining knowledge in the field of sex education, raising children, etc.;

Social rehabilitation is a set of measures aimed at creating and ensuring conditions for the social integration of people with disabilities, restoration (formation) of social status, lost social connections (at the macro- and micro-level)

Social rehabilitation of disabled people - the system and process of restoring the abilities of a disabled person for independent social and family activities

Family counseling is a psychological impact on the family and its members, the purpose of which is to restore and optimize its functioning, improve relationships between its members, and create favorable intra-family conditions for the development of the family and its members.

A family home is an educational institution for children without parents, based on a family.

Family contracting is a form of farming based on the use of individual family labor. It is one of the factors in solving the problems of unemployment and social security of people.

Family is a small group based on marriage or consanguinity, the members of which are connected by a common life, mutual moral responsibility and mutual assistance; relationships between husband and wife, parents and children.
The sphere of family activity is very complex and finds its meaningful expression in the functions it performs: a) reproductive sphere - biological reproduction of the population, meeting the need for children; b) educational sphere - socialization of the younger generation, meeting the needs for parenting, contact with children, self-realization in children; c) economic and organizational sphere - the provision of household services by some family members to others and thereby maintaining the physical condition of members of society; d) economic sphere - receipt of material resources by some family members from others (in case of disability or in exchange for services); e) the sphere of primary social control - the formation and maintenance of legal and moral sanctions in case of violation of moral norms by family members; f) sphere of spiritual communication –. Spiritual mutual enrichment, maintaining friendly relations in a marriage; g) social-status sphere – social advancement of village members; h) leisure sphere - organizing rational leisure, meeting the needs for spending free time together; i) emotional sphere – satisfaction of the need for personal happiness and love, psychological protection, emotional support for members of the village; j) sexual sphere – satisfaction of sexual needs, exercise of sexual control.
In sociological research, it is important to take into account the average size and composition of the village. (number of generations in the village. Number and completeness of married couples, number and age of minor children), division from. According to social class and national characteristics. In social policy, in practical social work, it is very important to take into account the social vulnerability of the village, its need for material support from the state, special benefits and services. The socially vulnerable include families with many children; With. Single mothers; With. Conscripts with children; p., in which one of the parents evades paying child support; With. With disabled children; With. With disabled parents who have taken their children under guardianship (guardianship); With. With young children; student villages With children; With. Refugees and internally displaced persons; With. Unemployed people with minor children; deviant s. (p. Alcoholics, drug addicts, delinquents, etc.).
There are various forms of assistance and support for villagers, in particular for villagers with children: a) cash payments in connection with the birth, maintenance and upbringing of children (benefits and pensions); b) labor, tax, credit, medical and other benefits; c) free issues c. And for children (baby food, medicines, clothes and shoes, food for pregnant women, etc.); d) social services (provision of specific psychological, legal, pedagogical assistance, counseling, social services).

The Social Development Service is a structural unit (department, laboratory, bureau, sector, group) of industrial and scientific-production associations, plants, trusts, enterprises, ministries and departments, which includes sociologists, psychologists, specialists in vocational education, organization and production management . In recent years, the state s.s.r. Also includes social workers.

Mortality is a demographic indicator that characterizes the health status of various population groups (number of deaths per 1 thousand population per year): territorial, age and gender, social, etc.
Level s. Depends on the interaction of various factors (geographical, socio-economic, cultural-historical, socio-psychological, etc.). Among them, the main one is socio-economic, it is expressed in the level of well-being, education, nutrition, housing conditions, sanitary and hygienic condition of populated areas and the quality of healthcare. The action of this factor explains the increased s. Population, excess s. Above the birth rate, a decrease in the country's population (by approximately 1 million people per year) in the 90s in Russia.

Socialization is the process of personality formation, the individual’s assimilation of values, norms, attitudes, patterns of behavior inherent in a given society, social group, or particular community of people. C. It is carried out in three main areas: activity, communication and self-awareness. There are three stages of the labor process: pre-labor, labor and post-labor.
Social workers, performing their professional functions, practically deal with... Clients.
C. Can be divided into primary and secondary. Primary concerns the immediate environment of a person, i.e. Parents, brothers and sisters, grandparents, close and distant relatives, babysitters, family friends, peers, teachers, doctors, coaches, etc. Secondary p. It is carried out indirectly by the formal environment, the influence of institutions and social institutions. Primary s. It plays a major role in the early stages of a person’s life, and a secondary role in the later stages.

Social hygiene is a branch of medicine that studies the influence of social factors on the health of the population.

Social diagnosis is a scientific conclusion about the state of “social health” of the object or social phenomenon under consideration, based on its comprehensive and systematic observation and study

Social diagnostics is a complex process of scientific identification and study of multifaceted cause-and-effect relationships and relationships in society, characterizing its socio-economic, cultural-legal, moral-psychological, medical-biological and sanitary-ecological state

Social-environmental orientation is a system and process of determining the structure of the most developed functions of a disabled person with the purpose of subsequent selection on this basis of the type of social or family-social activity

Social legislation – legal norms regulating the situation of employees, as well as issues of social security and social protection of people.

Social protection is a system of priorities and mechanisms for the implementation of legally established social, legal and economic guarantees for citizens, government bodies at all levels, other institutions, as well as a system of social services designed to provide a certain level of social protection, helping to achieve a socially acceptable standard of living for the population in accordance with specific conditions of social development.
N.Z. – these are economic, social, legal guarantees of the observance and implementation of human rights and freedoms. S.e. Provides citizens with a decent standard and quality of life. The s.z. mechanism emerging in Russia under the conditions of the formation of market relations. It includes a set of measures to ensure guarantees in the field of employment, remuneration and wages, compensation for losses from inflation, assistance to the elderly and disabled, etc. Unfortunately, this mechanism is extremely imperfect; it does not provide complete and constant protection of the population.

Social security is an integral system of legally enshrined economic, legal and social rights and freedoms, social guarantees for citizens that counteract destabilizing factors of life, primarily such as unemployment, inflation, poverty, etc.

Social disability is the social consequences of a health disorder, leading to limitation of life activity, inability (in whole or in part) to fulfill a person’s usual role in social life and causing the need for social assistance and protection
In the process of creating a classification of social insufficiency, WHO experts identified certain fundamental actions related to the existence and survival of a person as a social being and which are characteristic of an individual of virtually any culture. An individual who has limited ability in any of these areas is effectively at a disadvantage compared to others. The degree of disadvantage that a disability entails may vary considerably from culture to culture, but in general the dependency is universal. Key criteria for survival include the individual’s ability to navigate the environment, lead an independent existence, move around, and maintain social connections. For each of these indicators, the most important range of circumstances was considered and the main sections of this classification were formulated:
1. Social impairment due to limited physical independence
2. Social disadvantage due to limited mobility
3. Social impairment due to limited ability to engage in normal activities
4. Social disadvantage due to limited educational ability
5. social insufficiency due to limited ability to perform professional activities
6. social insufficiency due to limited economic independence
Social disability due to limited ability to integrate into society.

Social security is a state system of assistance, support and services for elderly and disabled citizens, as well as families with children. According to the federal law “on the basics of social services for the population of the Russian Federation s.o. It is an integral part of social services for the population.

Social services are a set of measures to provide social assistance to citizens in need, which contributes to the preservation of social health and the maintenance of vital functions, overcoming crisis situations, the development of self-sufficiency and mutual assistance. S.o. It is part of the social security system and is carried out by social services.

Social services in a nursing home are a set of home-based services guaranteed by the state: catering and home delivery of food; assistance in purchasing medicines and essential goods; assistance in obtaining medical care and escort to medical institutions; assistance in maintaining living conditions in accordance with hygienic requirements; organization of various social services (housing repairs, provision of fuel, cultivation of personal plots, water delivery, payment of utilities, etc.); assistance in paperwork, including for the establishment of guardianship and trusteeship, exchange of housing, placement in inpatient institutions of social protection authorities; assistance in organizing funeral services and burying lonely dead.

Social disability is the social consequences of a health disorder, leading to limitation of a person’s life activity and the need for his social protection or assistance.

Social partnership is a labor relationship characterized by common positions and coordinated actions of employees, employers and the state. They are usually represented at negotiations when concluding collective agreements by trade unions, entrepreneurs' organizations, and representatives of the administration. Basic principles of sp. – taking into account mutual requirements and responsibilities, respectful attitude towards each other’s interests, resolving disputes and conflict situations at the negotiating table, the parties’ willingness to compromise, consistent implementation of reached agreements and signed agreements.
S.p. (labor agreements) is an important factor in the social protection of workers and employees, members of their families.

The social passport of an enterprise’s collective is a document that reflects the state of the social structure of the collective (the ratio of qualifications, socio-demographic and other groups of workers), the production, technical and economic means of the enterprise that determine this state. S.p.k.p. Contains information on the basis of which they plan the social development of the team, determine priority areas, necessary production, technical, economic and other measures.

A social teacher is a social worker specializing in working with children and parents, adults in the family environment, with teenagers and youth groups and associations. S.p. Designed to provide socio-psychological support for the socialization process of children and youth, to provide psychological and pedagogical assistance to families, various educational institutions, to act as a mediator, a link between children and the adult population, school and family, the individual and the state, to provide assistance to adolescents during their social life. and professional development, protect their rights. The following specialization is possible for a self-employed person: organizer of cultural and leisure activities, organizer of physical education and recreational work at the place of residence, etc.

Social support is a system of measures to provide assistance to certain categories of citizens who temporarily find themselves in a difficult economic situation (partially or completely unemployed, students, etc.), by providing them with the necessary information, financial resources, loans, training, human rights protection and the introduction of other benefits.

Social support - one-time or occasional short-term activities in the absence of signs of social insufficiency

Social policy is the activity of the state and other political institutions to manage the development of the social sphere of society. Sociology contributes to the development of social problems, alternative solutions in this area, and justification of social priorities.

Social assistance - periodic and (or) regular activities that help eliminate or reduce social disadvantage

Social assistance is a system of social measures in the form of assistance, support and services provided to individuals or groups of the population by social services to overcome or mitigate life difficulties, maintain their social status and full-fledged life activities, and adaptation in society.

Social psychotherapy is a system of methods of influencing the psychologized idea of ​​the causes and facts that give rise to negative phenomena, as well as various social movements in society. According to this concept, any “deviant behavior” (crime, drug addiction, mental illness or anti-government protests) is explained by deviations in the psyche of people due to various reasons. Methods for correcting all forms of deviant behavior include the use of psychopharmacological agents, hypnosis, electric shock, forced isolation, neurosurgery, etc.

A social worker is a person who, due to his official and professional duties, provides all (or certain) types of social assistance in overcoming the problems that a person, family or group (layer) has encountered.

Social development – ​​1) in a broad sense – the entire set of economic, social, political and spiritual processes; 2) in a narrow sense - the development of the social sphere, social relations in the proper meaning of the word,
S.r. - a process during which significant quantitative and qualitative changes occur in the social sphere, public life or its individual components - social relations, social institutions, social group and social organizational structures, etc. Not all changes in social phenomena constitute their development, but only those in which some social phenomena are replaced by phenomena of a higher level or move to higher (according to objective criteria of social progress) stages of their state (progressive development) or, on the contrary, to a lower level (regressive development).
The main forms of s.r.: evolution, when there is a gradual death of old elements of a certain social system and their displacement by new elements; social revolution, revolutionary transformations, when there is a relatively rapid and simultaneous destruction of all outdated elements of the system and their replacement by new elements emerging in systemic unity.
S.r. – the most important factor determining effective social protection of people.

Social differences are historically determined dissimilarities between classes, social groups and strata, based on the socio-economic heterogeneity of labor (mental and physical, industrial and agricultural, managerial and executive, mechanized and non-mechanized, skilled and unskilled), on the unequal development of social activity and culture , education, qualifications, working and living conditions, lifestyle of social classes, social groups and strata.
High or low degree of s.r. It has an impact (negative or positive) on solving problems of social security of certain groups and segments of the population.

Social work as a type of activity is a type of professional activity aimed at satisfying socially guaranteed and personal interests and needs of various groups of the population, at creating conditions that contribute to the restoration or improvement of people’s ability to function socially.

Social work as a science is a type of activity whose function is to develop and theoretically systematize knowledge about the social sphere.

Social work as an academic discipline is a type of activity whose purpose is to give a holistic idea of ​​the content of social work, its main directions, tools, technologies and organization, and to teach the methods of this work.

Social rehabilitation – see Social rehabilitation.

Social services are a set of state and non-state government bodies, structures and specialized institutions that carry out social work to serve the population, provide social assistance and services to the population in order to overcome or mitigate a difficult situation.
System s.s. Includes state, non-state and municipal (local) services. To the state s.s. These include governing bodies, institutions" and social service enterprises of the social protection system, ministries and departments of the Russian Federation, whose competence includes the function of social assistance to the population. Non-state - institutions and social service enterprises created by charitable, public, religious and other organizations and private individuals. Municipal social services include social service institutions and enterprises under the jurisdiction of local governments.

Social status - see Cmamyc social.

The social sphere is the area of ​​life of human society in which the social policy of the state is implemented through the distribution of material and spiritual benefits, ensuring the progress of all aspects of social life, and improving the situation of working people. S.s. Covers the system of social, socio-economic, national relations, connections between society and the individual. It also includes the totality of social factors in the life of public, social and other groups and individuals, and the conditions for their development. S.s. Covers the entire space of a person’s life - from the conditions of his work and life, health and leisure to social-class and socio-ethnic relations. Contents of s.s. These are the relationships between social and other groups, individuals regarding their position, place and role in society, image and way of life.

Social philosophy – 1) a section of philosophy that examines the qualitative uniqueness of society, its goals, genesis and development of destinies and prospects; 2) a section of general sociology, in which the above problems are studied using the concepts of theoretical sociology and disciplines bordering it. The founders of the s.f. (mainly in the second meaning) are considered, on the one hand, K. Saint-Simon and 0. Kom, on the other – K. Marx and f. Engels.
In Marxism s.f. It is often identified with the concept of “historical materialism”.

Sociology is the science of the laws of formation, functioning and development of society as a whole, social relations, social communities and groups. Question about object and subject p. Discussed in the literature. In this regard, it is important to note that s. As a science: a) studies society and its various substructures as integral phenomena; b) pays attention, first of all, to the social aspects of social processes, to social phenomena, social relations in the narrow, proper sense of the word; c) studies social mechanisms, sociological patterns. In the first two cases we are talking about the specifics of the object of the s., in the third – about its subject. Subject p. Changed during its development. So, in the 19th century. C. Treated as social science as a whole. In the first half of the twentieth century. Along with this approach, a narrower understanding of s. In the 60s, a three- or four-level understanding of s. In the 80s. It was interpreted as a science about social relations, mechanisms and patterns of functioning and development of social communities at different levels: society as an integral social organism; social communities (groups, layers), differentiated on different grounds.
There are several levels in the structure of sociological knowledge: a) general sociological theory; b) special (private) sociological theories, or theories of the middle level (c. Cities, education, social sphere, social work, management, etc.); c) empirical research, where a special role is played by the methodology, technology and organization of sociological research. Without questioning the identification of the highest level of sociological theory, some authors justify the legitimacy of identifying its formation level. All levels of sociological knowledge are organically interconnected.
C. Performs several functions: cognitive, prognostic, function of social design and construction, organizational and technical, managerial and instrumental. Cognitive function p. Consists of: a) the study of social processes taking into account their specific state in a real situation; b) in search of ways and means of their transformation (change, improvement); c) in developing the theory and methods of sociological research, methods and techniques for collecting and analyzing sociological information. All other functions (their list varies among different authors) seem to complement the content of the cognitive function. C. Closely related to other sciences, especially social ones.

Society is a large stable social community of people, which is characterized by the unity of the conditions of their life in some significant respects and, as a result, by a common culture. Types of villages: society, tribal and family-related, social-class, national-ethnic, territorial-settlement communities.
Knowledge s. It is one of the factors of successful social activity.

The social and everyday component of the rehabilitation potential is the ability to achieve self-service and independent living. Provides for determining the compliance of the requirements imposed by social activities with the physical, mental and psychophysiological capabilities of a disabled person (for example, the ratio of the physiological cost of household activities with the maximum aerobic capacity of a disabled person, etc.), as well as determining the possibilities and ways of optimizing them.

The social and environmental component of rehabilitation potential is the ability to achieve independent social and family activities.

Family and household relationships - role functions of a disabled person in the family, the nature of the family’s attitude towards the disabled person, the psychological climate existing in the family

The structure of the needs of a disabled person - desires, drives, objects (material and ideal) that are necessary for the existence and development of a disabled person, and which act as a source of his activity

Specialist – 1) an employee who has received training for his chosen type of work activity in a vocational educational institution; 2) in social statistics - a worker primarily in mental work, who, as a rule, graduated from a higher or secondary specialized educational institution.
Depending on the complexity of mental work, they distinguish between s. The highest (highly qualified personnel in science, art, management systems, etc.), high (engineers, agronomists, doctors, high school teachers, lawyers, economists, social workers, etc.) and medium (technicians, paramedics, primary school teachers, kindergarten teachers) gardens, librarians, etc.) Qualifications.
Depending on the level of responsibility, s. - managers and executors.

A social work specialist is a social service worker with high general cultural, intellectual and moral potential, professional training and the necessary personal qualities that allow him to effectively perform professional functions. S. By s.r. Studies the socio-economic and socio-psychological living conditions of social groups, strata, families and individuals and applies adequate methods of social protection, support, rehabilitation and other types of social work, as well as various social technologies.

Social justice is the relationship between justified equality between people, on the one hand, and persistent inequality, on the other hand. S.s. – is the provision of socially justified minimum needs of people depending on their marital status, health status, etc. S.s. It manifests itself, in particular, in the fact that in any civilized society the authorities try to control the implementation of the “consumer basket”, to provide every family, every person with a minimum income that makes it possible to exist and satisfy the most important material and spiritual needs. Failure to implement them can lead to cataclysms in the form of excess mortality over birth rates and a decrease in population. If this is the result not only of objectively existing conditions, but also of the conscious (or inept) social policy of the ruling circles, then this process is called genocide in relation to one’s own or someone else’s people (peoples).
Degree s.s. It is generally determined by the level of development of society. At the present stage, in the context of the implementation of reforms, the main problem (contradiction) is, on the one hand, the need to strengthen the social system, and on the other, to increase the economic efficiency of labor, i.e. the combination of equality and inequality in society.

Social environment – ​​the social, material and spiritual conditions surrounding a person (stratum, group) of his existence, formation and activity. S.s. In a broad sense (macroenvironment) covers the socio-political system as a whole (social division of labor, mode of production, set of social relations and institutions, social consciousness, culture of a given society). S.s. In the narrow sense (microenvironment) as an element of s.s. In general, it includes a person’s immediate environment (family, work team and various groups). S.s. It has a decisive influence on the formation and development of the individual (group, layer), transforming under the influence of people.

Social status is an integrated indicator of the position of social and other groups and their representatives in society, in the system of social connections and relationships. It is determined by a number of characteristics of both a natural (gender, age, nationality) and social nature (profession, occupation, income, official position, etc.).
One of the tasks of social workers is to contribute to the preservation and strengthening of s.s. Your clients.

Social status is the position of an individual or group in a social system in relation to other individuals or groups. Characterized by economic, professional and other characteristics

Socio-psychological status is the position of the individual in the system of socio-psychological interactions. Characterized by role and other functions performed by an individual in small and (or) large groups

Special vehicles - motorized wheelchairs, manual and conventional vehicles

Means that make the life of a disabled person easier - devices for baths, toilets, handrails, food preparation devices

A social stereotype is a simplified, standardized idea (or image) of a social object (individual, group, phenomenon or process), which is highly stable and often emotionally charged. The term was introduced by journalist U. Lipman (USA) in 1922 to designate preconceived images, standards, public opinion regarding ethnic, class, class, professional, political and other groups, representatives of parties and social institutions.
S.s. Plays an important role in shaping a person’s assessment of the world around him. However, its use can lead to two consequences. On the one hand, it leads to a narrowing of the cognitive process, which can have a positive meaning in certain situations, on the other hand, it forms various kinds of prejudices. The latter are especially dangerous in assessing interethnic, political, intergroup and economic relations, as they give rise to social tension and social conflicts. S.s. This kind of behavior is caused by a lack of life experience, lack of information, overly emotional perception, and manipulation of everyday consciousness.
S.s. Can serve as a factor that hinders or facilitates overcoming problems facing the client(s) of social services.

Lifestyle is a component of a way of life that characterizes the behavioral characteristics of people’s daily activities (in particular, the rhythm, intensity, pace of life), as well as the socio-psychological features of everyday life and interaction between people, which often express the national-ethnic and socio-professional features of a social community , groups. In the village Stably reproducible traits, manners, habits, tastes, and inclinations are recorded as a certain behavior of an individual or group. The idea of ​​s.zh. They give such external forms of being as the organization of working and free time, favorite activities outside the sphere of work, the arrangement of everyday life, manners of behavior, value preferences, tastes, etc.
The social worker must certainly take into account the s.z. (former, current) client in his professional activities.

Stimulation of activity - the formation and use of incentives in the development and implementation of goals. The essence of stimulation is to encourage activity. For s.d. It is characterized by a combination of material and spiritual, objective and subjective factors. These include: a) external objective conditions (actually existing environment); b) the subject’s internal mastery of motivations for activity (his awareness of the correspondence of external phenomena to his individual or social needs and interests); c) the result of production activities (quality and cost of production, labor productivity, satisfaction with activities, remuneration and encouragement for work, etc.). All three groups of factors play a significant role in stimulating social work. However, in certain conditions, one of them can be decisive.

Insurance is a system of socio-economic relations in which, through contributions from enterprises, organizations and the population, insurance funds are created to compensate for damage from natural disasters and other unfavorable random phenomena, as well as to provide citizens or their families with assistance in the event of certain events in their life that are the subject of the insurance contract.

Policyholder - a person or institution that insures itself for a certain amount and makes specified payments to a special fund.

Insurance is the insurance amount for which the subject is insured under the law on compulsory insurance or upon concluding a voluntary insurance agreement.

Insurance fund is a reserve fund or risk fund created by enterprises, firms, joint-stock companies to ensure their activities in the event of unfavorable conditions, delays by customers in payments for delivered products. It is important for social support of workers and members of their families.

Technical means of rehabilitation are a set of special means and devices that allow the replacement of anatomical and functional defects of the body and contribute to the active adaptation of a person to the environment

Standard of living is a component of lifestyle, a concept that characterizes the measure and degree of satisfaction of the material and spiritual needs of people (mainly in monetary and natural units): the level of national income, the amount of wages, real income, the volume of consumed goods and services, the level of consumption of food and non-food products, length of working and free time, living conditions, level of education, health care, culture, etc. Most often, as a general indicator, u.z. Consider the real income of the population. An important indicator – minimum family consumer budget.

Working conditions are a set of features of tools and objects of labor, the state of the production environment and work organization, which have a significant impact on the health, mood and performance of the individual. There are four groups of environmental elements: a) sanitary and hygienic (microclimate, illumination, noise, vibration, air condition, ultrasound, various radiations, contact with water, oil, toxic substances, general and occupational morbidity); b) psychophysiological (physical stress, neuropsychic stress, monotony of work, working posture, etc.); c) socio-psychological (socio-psychological climate of the work collective, its social characteristics); d) aesthetic (artistic and design qualities of the workplace, architectural and artistic qualities of the interior, the use of functional music, etc.).
Factors affecting the operating system: a) socio-economic (regulatory, legal, economic, socio-psychological, socio-political) are directly determined by the totality of production relations, indirectly by the level of development of the productive forces; b) technical and organizational (means of labor, objects and products of labor, technological processes, organization of labor, organization of management) are directly determined by the level of productive forces, indirectly by production relations; c) natural (geographical, biological, geological) are determined by the characteristics of the natural environment in which work is performed. Specifics of the impact of natural factors on the e.t. The point is that they not only directly influence the formation of the U.T., but also create an environment in which factors belonging to the first two groups operate.
All three groups of factors are in inextricable unity and affect the labor process simultaneously.
Taking these factors into account, their “humanization” is a necessary condition for the implementation of social protection of the population.
Creation of normal u.t. – the most important factor in the social security of people. The responsibility of social services is to actively influence the relevant management structures in order to create (and control) favorable conditions. Working.

Services – 1) actions for the benefit, assistance to someone; 2) household, household and other amenities.
Types of Very varied. This includes repairing shoes, household appliances and apartments; repair and tailoring; repair and maintenance of vehicles; hairdressing services; construction and repair of garden houses; dry cleaning; sale of food and non-food products (shops and order points, away trade, etc.); medical care; u. Cultures; u. Preschool and educational institutions, social services (orphanages, homes for the elderly and disabled, etc.); transport y. (transportation of household goods, garden products, fuel, etc.); tourist and excursion services; catering, etc.
The named species They can be grouped and classified on different grounds. In particular, it is possible to identify social conditions, including medical, legal, social, etc.
U. Can be grouped according to the principle of their safety: a) u., which may pose a danger to the health and life of consumers; b) y., excluding (preventing) such dangers. In the first case, negative consequences for a person are possible (death; injury; loss of health; inclinations (attitudes) to deviant behavior (prostitution, alcoholism, drug addiction, pimping, suicide, etc.); orphanhood, mental illness; involvement in criminal groups, gangs; loss of property, home, work; deviations in morality, etc.). In the second case, we mean measures that prevent negative consequences (for example, special equipment of residential premises for the disabled and elderly, the creation of a system of lifts for caring for bedridden patients, handrails and support brackets for placing an old person in a bath, the elimination of thresholds or the creation instead them gentle ramps, etc., improving the ecological environment in places of residence and recreation, especially for children, etc.).
There are various ways to ensure the security of a country: informational, legal, economic, etc. (in particular, moral). Practice shows that it is necessary to encourage the safety of the services provided, for example, with the help of tax incentives for enterprises and institutions where issues of labor safety, food, recreation, etc. are effectively resolved.

Utility services - water supply, gas supply, electric lighting, etc.

A social attitude is a subject’s value attitude towards a social object, expressed in the readiness of a positive or negative reaction to it.
Developing a positive attitude towards working with clients of social services, and towards social work in general, is an indispensable condition for the successful professional activities of socionomists.

Social-psychological attitude - 1) the readiness, predisposition of an individual or group of people to react in a certain way to certain phenomena of social reality; 2) a system of views that is relatively stable over time, based on the value orientations of the individual, as well as a set of associated emotional states that predispose to certain actions.
Knowledge of U.S.-P. It is of great practical importance in social activities, including social work, contacts between social workers and clients

Hospice – 1) a hospital for cancer patients in the last stage of the disease, where all conditions have been created so that a person experiences as little suffering as possible; 2) a multidisciplinary program that provides assistance to terminally ill people during the last months of their life. This assistance is usually provided in non-hospital settings, in the home environment by family members, friends and acquaintances.

Social goals (guidelines) are the values ​​of an individual, a group of individuals, classes, society, towards which their activities are aimed.

A goal is a planned result, an ideal, conceivable anticipation of the result of an activity. Contents c. Depends on the objective laws of reality, the real capabilities of the subject and the means used.
It is possible to distinguish different types of values: concrete and abstract, strategic and tactical, individual, group and social, values ​​set by the subject of activity himself and assigned to him from the outside.

The goal of social work is to meet the needs of clients. Ts.s.r. Depends on the specifics of the object (clients, groups) and areas of social work.

Social values ​​– 1) in a broad sense – the significance of phenomena and objects of reality from the point of view of their compliance or non-compliance with the needs of society, social groups and individuals; 2) in a narrow sense - moral and aesthetic requirements developed by human culture and which are products of social consciousness. To the number of c.s. Includes peace, social justice, human dignity, civic duty, etc.

Topic 11. Social adaptation and rehabilitation of elderly and senile people

Under social adaptation The process of active adaptation of a person to new conditions of the social environment is understood. This is always a positive social process of active assimilation of social norms of behavior by an individual or a group of people in new conditions in various spheres of life in a relatively short period of time. Therefore, social adaptation is the most important mechanism of socialization.

Indicators of successful social adaptation of older people: high social status in a new social environment and their psychological satisfaction with living conditions or its content. This category of older people is not inclined to dramatize the transition to a retirement lifestyle. They make full use of their increased free time and find a new social environment.

Disadaptation- with the lack of an optimal relationship between the individual and the environment (lack of dynamic balance). For some older people, the adaptation process takes a long time, is painful, and is accompanied by anxiety and passivity. They are unable to find new activities, establish new contacts, or take a fresh look at themselves and the world around them.

Signs of maladjustment may appear already at pre-retirement age (45-55 years) and often arise due to:

with hormonal changes in the body;

with a revision of basic life values ​​and priorities (a person seems to have done something wrong all his life and was left with nothing);

with changes in career (especially with the arrival of young promising employees);

with grown children, since adult children no longer need parents;

with changes in general health.

Types of social adaptation to old age

Adaptive processes are ensured by appropriate methods and technologies. During social adaptation, an elderly person masters and uses in his life physiological, economic, psychological and pedagogical methods and technologies for the development of social space.

A social worker, having discovered symptoms of maladaptation, must determine what in the client’s condition does not suit him most. Most likely, by making a detailed list, the main cause of discontent will be discovered and a possible solution will be found.

Physiological adaptation

Elderly people experience various psychophysiological changes. A decrease in functional capabilities with aging is manifested, first of all, in a decrease in the adaptability (adaptation) of the body to the influences of the external environment. The body of an old person reacts sharply to any influences from the external environment (changes in weather and barometric pressure, heat, cold, air humidity). It should be emphasized that older people have a very difficult time adapting to new life situations and do not like changes in their established way of life.

To solve the problems of physiological adaptation of older people, the following are of great importance:

improving the quality of medical care,

improving the quality of consumer services,

healthy lifestyle,

rational organization and correct choice of activities in the field of leisure and recreation that promote health.

Socio-economic adaptation - uh then the process of assimilation of new socio-economic norms and principles of economic relations. Technologies of economic adaptation are especially necessary for an elderly person if he is poor or ekes out a miserable existence or is unemployed.

To solve the problems of economic adaptation of older people, the organization of feasible employment and good material and living conditions are of great importance.

Socio-pedagogical adaptation - uh that is, the formation of a person’s value orientations with the help of the system of education, training and upbringing.

To solve the problems of social and pedagogical adaptation of older people, the following are of great importance:

mass training using specialized literature (brochures, leaflets, instructions);

organization of individual consultations on various issues of preparation for retirement;

creation of preparatory groups according to specially developed programs.

Socio-psychological adaptation – This is the process of adapting the human psyche to stressful influences and protecting the psyche from excessive stress through the formation of optimal physical and neuropsychic tone, which is necessary for normal human life.

In the system of psychological adaptation of older people, a major role is played by such therapeutic (psychotherapeutic) methods of influence as:

discussion therapy,

communication methods (psychodrama, gestalt therapy, transactional analysis),

methods based on non-verbal activity (art therapy, music therapy, pantomime, etc.),

group (individual) behavioral therapy,

suggestive methods,

creating an environment of positive communication,

organization of leisure time.

Professional adaptation - this is the adaptation of an elderly person to a new type of professional activity, a new social environment, working conditions and the characteristics of a particular specialty. The success of professional adaptation depends on the adapter’s inclination towards a specific professional activity, the coincidence of social and personal motivation for work and other reasons. Professional adaptation, being a type of social adaptation, it manifests itself only in labor relations, in the process of the employee’s adaptation to new professional statuses, the requirements of the technological environment, etc.

Geriatric rehabilitation is the preservation, maintenance and restoration of the functioning of older and older people in order to achieve their independence, improve the quality of life and emotional well-being.

Rehabilitation is needed for elderly and elderly people who have a high risk of disability or disability, as well as a significant deterioration in their economic and social condition.

Patients with pronounced consequences of the disease not only at the organ level, but also at the organismal level have a high risk of disability, which creates a real threat of disability. Here, rehabilitation is the last measure of prevention (mitigation) of disability.

Disability are patients who, due to limited life activity due to physical or mental disabilities, need social assistance and protection. Elderly disabled people make up more than half of the total number of disabled people. Among them, disabled people of group II predominate, that is, people with still real rehabilitation potential and a positive rehabilitation prognosis. Unfortunately, in practice, in most cases, rarely does anyone pay serious attention to the disability of an elderly person - he is treated as “just an old man” who does not need a variety of rehabilitation services, but only basic social assistance.

The risk group of elderly and elderly people subject to rehabilitation also includes:

persons aged 80-90 years and older;

living alone (family of one);

women, especially single women and widows;

forced to live on minimal state or social benefits.

Goals of geriatric rehabilitation:

reactivation,

resocialization,

reintegration.

Reactivation involves encouraging an older person who is in a passive state, physically and socially inactive, to resume active daily life in their environment.

Resocialization means that an older person, after illness or even during it, resumes contact with family, neighbors, friends and other people and thereby emerges from a state of isolation.

Reintegration returns an elderly person to society who is no longer considered a “second-class” citizen and who takes full part in normal life, and in many cases engages in useful activities within his or her ability.

Rehabilitation of people at risk is aimed at:

informing older people about developing internal processes during aging, about sources of social support, etc.;

lifestyle of older people - promotion of physical activity, proper nutrition in late age, overcoming a sedentary lifestyle;

the area of ​​alleviating the suffering of the elderly, improving condition, adding functions;

impact on the environment, including sociopolitical processes, limiting, if possible, the negative impact of social, economic and political factors on the functioning and well-being of the elderly;

improving self-help abilities, which is achieved by teaching the necessary knowledge in the field of self-monitoring for early detection of the disease and the use of self-help techniques.

Main directions of geriatric rehabilitation:

medical rehabilitation;

gerontological care;

resocialization;

educational rehabilitation;

economic rehabilitation;

vocational rehabilitation.

Medical includes physical and psychological rehabilitation. In turn, physical consists of therapeutic exercises, occupational therapy, physiotherapy, etc.

Psychological include both medication and various types of psychotherapy.

Gerontological care includes three areas: diagnosis, intervention, results.

Resocialization, i.e. the return of the elderly to society, overcoming their isolation, the social activity of elderly and old people, the expansion of their social contacts. For this purpose, they use both formal sources of assistance (state social assistance systems) and informal sources - family members, friends, neighbors, co-workers, voluntary and charitable organizations. An important component of resocialization is spiritual rehabilitation, the meaning of which is to provide spiritual support to the elderly.

Educational geriatric rehabilitation- information from old people about the processes occurring in the body of aging people, about self-help opportunities and sources of support. This is an impact on an elderly person in the direction of increasing his self-confidence based on the acquisition of new experiences and new roles. Great importance belongs to the media, which can increase the educational level of older people, inform about common problems associated with old age, and create a positive image of older people in society .

Economic geriatric rehabilitation means encouraging the economic independence of older and older people, which has a significant impact on their psychological well-being. In many ways, this type of rehabilitation is associated with the existing social security, pension, health care and social protection systems, etc., in a particular country.

Vocational geriatric rehabilitation includes such aspects as maintaining the longest possible working capacity, organizing a system of retraining and training for elderly and old people on the basis of rehabilitation centers, providing jobs for older people, and involving pensioners as widely as possible in socially significant activities.

The ultimate goal of all these activities is to restore independence in physical, mental, social, including spiritual, and, if possible, professional relationships, achieving a better quality of life and well-being for older and older people.

Social rehabilitation of elderly disabled people

The status of an elderly disabled person is a special social status in which social functioning is carried out in conditions of severe crises of old age (narrowing of contacts, loneliness, poverty, homelessness, “communication hunger”, etc.), a steady decline in the level of life, depletion of volitional resources and increasing psychological breakdown. With the onset of disability, an elderly person develops a special and new image of “I”, an uncritical attitude towards himself and others, and a difficult internal struggle occurs.

From a clinical point of view, the disability of an elderly person is a conglomerate of mutually aggravating pathological senile changes in the body with the consequences of the disease (anatomical defect in the musculoskeletal system, or pathology in the somatic, sensory, neuropsychic sphere with pronounced functional impairments), leading to limitations in life. Limitation of a person’s life activity is expressed in the complete or partial loss of his ability or ability to carry out self-care, movement, orientation, communication, training, control over his behavior, as well as to engage in labor activity.

Elderly disabled people have much more problems than other disabled people. The chances of solving them on your own are much less. Therefore, they perceive themselves as people in trouble and only count on help. Almost all older people who apply for disability mainly rely on financial assistance and benefits from the state. There are socio-psychological characteristics of elderly disabled people’s perception of their status. Thus, there is a direct correlation between their state of health and the feeling of psychological comfort. Most of all, the status of a disabled person depresses an elderly person who feels worse, whose health does not improve, and whose prospects for leading their previous life are reduced. Such people experience acute physical suffering and psychological discomfort (professional unfulfillment, dependence on medications, a feeling of burden for the family, inability to support themselves, etc.). An elderly person assesses his status as a disabled person satisfactorily if a disability pension and benefits help him improve or maintain health and simply exist during a critical period of life.

Disabilities. Every day people with disabilities solve problems associated with limited life activity. Half (50%) of disabled people have limited mobility and self-care. Disorders of the movement function create difficulties in independent movement, overcoming obstacles, requiring a longer investment of time, fragmentation of execution, reduction of distance, movement is possible with the use of aids or the help of other persons, inability to move independently). Impaired self-care means that they have a reduced or no ability to cope with basic physiological needs (eating, personal hygiene, dressing, etc.), and perform everyday household tasks (buying groceries, manufactured goods, cooking, cleaning the room, etc.) , use ordinary household items.

5-7% of disabled people cannot control their behavior during an exacerbation of the disease. This poses a threat to their lives and serves as a basis for the provision of social protection measures.

5-7% of disabled people experience difficulties in communicating with other people (speech impairments, hearing impairments, decreased speed, decreased volume of assimilation, receipt and transmission of information).

3-5% of disabled people suffer from impaired orientation in time and space (visual and auditory impairment, mnestic-intellectual decline).

Integration into society. Integration of a disabled person into society implies the restoration of his social connections, professional relevance, fulfillment of family functions, exercise of the rights and responsibilities of a citizen in society, etc. “Inclusion” in public life is clearly characterized by two factors - the presence of a permanent job and the presence of a family. 15 - 20% of disabled people do not have a family, or a family and a job. They need psychological support and help, as they feel unnecessary to society and loved ones.

Economic independence. 60-65% of disabled people have an income below the subsistence level. They cannot live on their own. They are dependents in their families, physically and psychologically dependent. There is a social deficiency in this factor.

Housing conditions. Many elderly disabled people live in unsatisfactory conditions. Unsatisfactory conditions include living in an unsatisfactory private house, hostel, communal apartment, rented living space, lack of amenities, large family living in a small area, etc. The lack of comfortable housing for almost a third of disabled people creates difficulties in everyday life and requires great physical effort (bring water from a well, chop wood, etc.). Living with neighbors (in communal apartments and dormitories), as well as in large families, is often perceived by disabled people as a restriction of their private life; sometimes they complain of harassment and disrespectful attitude from neighbors and relatives. Most of them, of course, dream of having separate comfortable housing, but they understand that in the current economic conditions this is impossible. The awareness of the hopelessness of their existence is psychologically difficult for them.

Social rehabilitation of an elderly disabled person is a joint task of doctors, teachers, ergo- and occupational therapists, economists, social workers and other specialists with the active participation of the rehabilitator himself.

The main directions of social rehabilitation of elderly disabled people are:

Rehabilitation therapy, reconstructive surgery, prosthetics and orthotics, spa treatment;

Vocational guidance, training and education, assistance in employment, industrial adaptation;

Social readaptation and reintegration (social-environmental, socio-pedagogical, socio-psychological, socio-cultural and social-household adaptation; physical education and health activities and sports).

The main mechanism for the rehabilitation of disabled people is the individual rehabilitation program for disabled people (IPR), which is drawn up during the examination (re-examination) of a disabled person. Monitoring of the implementation of the IPR is carried out by MREC during the next survey.

Social readaptation and reintegration of disabled people - This is one of the important areas along with medical and professional rehabilitation. Social readaptation and reintegration of disabled people is considered as a set of measures aimed at restoring (forming) social skills that ensure functioning in the environment and relatively independent existence in everyday life. There are social-domestic, social-environmental and socio-legal directions in the readaptation and reintegration of disabled people.

Social and everyday direction of readaptation and reintegration disabled people includes:

social and everyday orientation,

social and everyday adaptation,

social education (training) and social welfare.

Social and everyday orientation means the process of familiarizing a disabled person with objects and environment for social purposes (content). Work with a disabled person begins with studying the issue of his orientation in everyday situations. Living in a family, enjoying support and sometimes overprotection from relatives, a disabled person does not always navigate various everyday situations and therefore needs social and everyday orientation with the help of a specialist.

Thus, some disabled people are poorly oriented in such matters as preparing food, spending money, purchasing food and other goods, and therefore required special influence.

Social and everyday adaptation- the process and result of the adaptation of a disabled person (in his new social status of a person with health problems) to the conditions of the nearest society. Social adaptation concerns living conditions, nutrition, sanitary and hygienic self-service, etc.

Until recently, the living environment was created according to norms and standards for the average person capable of self-service. Compared to a normal person, a disabled person has a number of distinctive features of an anthropological, ergonometric, biophysical, psychophysiological and other nature. Underestimation of these features leads to difficulties and inconveniences, and sometimes even to the inaccessibility of buildings and structures. A discriminatory situation is being created that deprives people with disabilities of the opportunity to enjoy benefits and social values ​​created for all people without exception. Of all categories of disabled people, the most in need of a “barrier-free” environment are disabled people with lesions of the musculoskeletal system, visually and hearing impaired people, and, to a lesser extent, mentally retarded people.

Accessible living conditions for people with disabilities change the lives of people with disabilities: from consumer to independent life, they do not create inconvenience, but, on the contrary, increase the comfort of the environment for healthy people and are not an unbearable burden for the country’s economy.

Disabled people with lesions of the musculoskeletal system that make independent movement impossible are recommended to move on a stretcher, in wheelchairs, wheelchairs, or with an accompanying person. If independent movement is difficult, it is recommended to move on crutches or with a support cane. With blindness, low vision - with an orienting cane, a service dog or an accompanying person, audio information, according to guiding devices; Braille inscription; contrasting coating of pedestrian surfaces. With deafness - with a sound-amplifying device, light alarm and light information. With severe mental retardation - with an accompanying person. With combined pathology - (blindness + musculoskeletal disorder; deafness + musculoskeletal disorder) - in wheelchairs, with sound-amplifying equipment; light and sound information.

Movement disorders, which are associated with the need to create conditions for the accessibility of public buildings, cause the following limitations in life activity:

decreased ability to move;

decreased ability to control the body to solve everyday household problems;

decreased ability to walk;

decreased ability to care for oneself;

decreased ability to climb obstacles or climb stairs;

decreased ability to move around (get up from a chair, from a chair, lie down, sit down, change body position);

decreased ability to maintain a posture;

decreased ability to hold, fix an object, holding it;

decreased ability to reach, reach and reach for objects, lift, hold, move objects;

decreased ability to lead an independent existence (go shopping, wash dishes);

decreased ability to regulate the environment (close doors, windows, bolts, use taps, etc.);

Difficulties in access for disabled people to vertical communications in buildings are often associated with inadequate muscle strength (assessed in the clinic for flaccid paresis and paralysis), with a decrease in the ability of disabled people to move, overcome the weight of the limbs and body when lifting.

When their motor functions are impaired, people with disabilities are prone to rapid exhaustion, which is why they have a need for rest with a relatively short duration of travel. Because of this, when planning travel routes, it is necessary to provide places for people with disabilities to rest, as well as the possibility of compensating motor functions through auxiliary devices. For example, to provide the path of movement with additional support points in the form of handrails, railings, ramps, folding steps, benches, “treadmills”, lifts, ladders, blocks, etc. Level pedestrian paths, handrails, ramps with an inclination of 5°, elevator doors are required - not less than 120 cm, benches on the streets every 300 m, curb height - no more than 2.5 cm, canopies over entrances and other devices provided for by SNiPs.

In addition, the problem of providing those in need with means to facilitate movement is urgent: canes, crutches, walkers, wheelchairs, cars, as well as prosthetic and orthopedic products.

Disabled people with pathologies of the upper extremities represent the most difficult contingent in terms of social and everyday adaptation. Damage to the upper extremities deprives a disabled person of many vital functions and requires the creation of a replacement device of a certain type of complexity.

Currently, there are two complementary directions for upper limb defects:

1) functional devices - prostheses;

2) technical means for adapting the external environment to the capabilities of a disabled person.

Technical devices and facilities for armless disabled people include: lifting devices for entering (exiting) buildings; automatically opening doors; a set of devices for fixing the upper limbs in a functionally advantageous position for various activities; finger bending device; means that make it easier for people with disabilities to carry out independent actions; sanitary and hygienic services; wall-mounted devices in the form of electric shavers, combs, dispensing liquid soap, toothpaste; automatic plumbing using infrared rays; electronic sink faucet; built-in wall electronic faucet; electronic dryer; electronic dispenser for liquid soap and disinfectants; built-in wall-mounted electronic command device for urinals and toilet; a device for lifting objects from the floor or removing them from a shelf; door handles for disabled people without hands; means for dressing disabled people without arms; means ensuring independent eating for disabled people without hands.

3.3.9. Social and everyday adaptation

This section examines the current state and dynamics of the child’s development of social skills and abilities, his adaptability to the conditions of the surrounding reality. For quantitative assessment, two subscales are proposed: “Self-service skills” and “Social and everyday orientation.” The assessment is made within 10 points, the average score is included in the overall scale. Information about the child’s achievements and difficulties, the formation of new skills, etc. is entered into the “Comments” section of the program on the “Social and Everyday Adaptation” scale.

Self-care skills

Criteria for monitoring the development of self-care skills:

• personal hygiene;
• dressing and undressing
• meal.

• Level 1 (0-2): does it only with the help of an adult, cannot cope independently;
• Level 2 (3-5): Can handle a lot of things independently, but requires help or support.
• Level 3 (6-8): copes independently.
• Level 4 (9-10): copes independently, helps and teaches others, actively cares for the less capable.

Social and household

Criteria for monitoring the development of social and everyday orientation skills:

Other news on the topic:

Questionnaire for studying socio-psychological adaptation to school of students in 1st special/correctional/class

Methodology “Assessment of the emotional and communicative-behavioral sphere of children with severe developmental disorders” V.V. Tkachev

We recommend reading

• Description of calorie content of different types of cheese
• Ex-governor Nikita Bely received eight years in prison
• How to properly brew delicious Turkish coffee at home, recipes
• Environmental problems of emergency zones