Design and research work “The role of phraseological units in our speech. Research project "phraseological units" Project on the topic of phraseological units

Introduction
I. Theoretical foundations
1.1. The concept of phraseological units
1.2.Origin of phraseological units
1.3. Signs of phraseological units
1.4.Phraseological units in other languages
II.Practical part
2.1.Results of the study of student questionnaires
2.2.Results of the study of teachers’ questionnaires
2.3.Creation of a phraseological dictionary
Conclusion
References

(Russian language project "The wonderful world of phraseological units»

Introduction

Can be hung on a nail
Towel and cane,
Lamp, cloak or hat.
And a rope and a rag...
But never and nowhere
Don't hang your nose in trouble!
Yu. Korinets

They exist throughout the history of the language; they contain the centuries-old experience of the people, which is passed on from generation to generation.

The Russian language is one of the richest languages in the world, there is no doubt about it. In order to achieve complete mutual understanding and express one’s thoughts more clearly and figuratively, a person uses phraseological units in his speech. Phraseologisms in Russian are used quite often in everyday speech. Sometimes people don’t notice that they are pronouncing these set expressions - they are so familiar and convenient. The use of phraseological units makes speech lively and colorful.

Unfortunately, the speech of modern children is characterized by a poor vocabulary; it often lacks phraseological units at all. When a person and phraseological units are interconnected, they help to clearly express a thought and give imagery to speech. And sometimes they make communication difficult because their meaning is not always clear to everyone.

I assumed that the meaning of popular expressions is related to their origin. Having learned about the origin and meaning of various phraseological units, I will be able to open unknown pages of the history of the language.

I was interested in this topic. I decided to learn more about such stable combinations, their meaning, origin, and the appearance of phraseological units in the Russian language. I decided to research phraseological units and tried to understand how often they occur in speech and what they mean.

Based on this, I had questions: “ Do all the guys know what phraseological units are? Are there phraseological units that are used more often than others? Do the guys in the class know the meaning of phraseological units?

I became interested, and I decided to start looking for an answer to this question, which is why I chose the topic of my research project: “The wonderful world of phraseological units.”

Relevance of the topic is due to the fact that in everyday life, when faced with phraseological units, many people do not even notice it. They do not know how to correctly use phraseological units in speech because they do not know their meanings.

The purpose of my work: create your own phraseological dictionary in pictures.

Object of study: oral speech and survey materials of fifth-graders.

Subject of research: phraseological units.

To achieve this goal, it is necessary to solve the following problems:

search for the necessary information about phraseological units;
get acquainted with phraseological dictionaries of the Russian language;
explore phraseological units found in our speech;
analyze and find out the meaning of the most frequently used phraseological units;
conduct a survey of students on the use and understanding of phraseological units.

Hypothesis: I assume that phraseological units decorate our speech, make it expressive and bright.

Research methods:

study and analysis of literature;
collection of information;
survey – questioning;
observation;
study.

Project type: research, short-term.

Hypothesis testing: Having collected information about phraseological units, conducting research and observations, I created the “Phraseological Dictionary in Pictures.” In my opinion, this material helps to study not only the Russian language, but the history, traditions, customs of Russian and other peoples.

I. Main part

1.1. What are phraseological units?

Once upon a time in a workshop there were 2 parts and a rod, which were used together and separately. But one day a worker took them and welded them into one new part in the shape of the letter F.

Fig.1. Phraseologism formation scheme Fig.2. Put it in your belt

This is what happens in the life of words. Words-details live and live, they are used separately, but when the need arises, the words merge into indivisible combinations - phraseological units. There are words to plug, behind, belt, and phraseology put in your belt, (to easily cope with someone). In phraseological units, words lose their previous meanings.

The Russian language is very rich in apt and figurative stable combinations of words. Such stable combinations are called phraseological units. The word “phraseology” comes from two words in the Greek language: “phrasis” - an expression of a figure of speech, “logos” - a concept, doctrine. A phraseological unit is a stable combination of words used to name individual objects, features, and actions. Ozhegov’s dictionary gives the following definition: “Phraseological unit is a stable expression with an independent meaning.”

The lexical meaning has a phraseological unit as a whole, for example: to beat the thumbs - “to mess around”; distant lands - “far”. Unlike phrases or sentences, a phraseological unit is not composed anew each time, but is reproduced in finished form. A phraseological unit as a whole is one member of a sentence.

Phraseologisms characterize all aspects of a person’s life - his attitude to work, for example, golden hands, beat the thumbs, attitude towards other people, e.g. bosom friend, disservice, personal strengths and weaknesses, e.g. don't lose your head, lead by the nose etc.

They are used in everyday life, in works of art, and in journalism. They give expressiveness to the statement and serve as a means of creating imagery.

Phraseologisms have synonyms and antonyms - other phraseological units; for example, synonyms: at the end of the world; where the raven did not bring bones; antonyms: lift to the skies - trample into the dirt.

There is a section of linguistics that is devoted to the study of the phraseological composition of a language - phraseology.

1.2. Origin of phraseological units

Most of the phraseological units come from folk speech: to prevaricate, at your fingertips, on your own mind...
From the speech of people of different professions: cut like a nut(carpenter), make porridge(cook), as if taken off by hand(doctor)...

Many phraseological units were born in fiction, biblical tales, mythology and only then came into the language. For example: manna from heaven, monkey's work. They are called or.

Phraseologisms have existed throughout the history of language. Already from the end of the 18th century, they were explained in special collections and explanatory dictionaries under various names (catchphrases, proverbs and sayings). Even M.V. Lomonosov, drawing up a plan for a dictionary of the Russian literary language, indicated that it should include “phrases”, “ideomatisms”, “utterances”, that is, phrases and expressions.
However, the phraseological composition of the Russian language began to be studied relatively recently.

Phraseological units were formed in different ways:
1. Phraseological phrases created on the basis of proverbs and sayings ( Hunger is not an aunt, hand washes hand.)
2. Phraseologisms that have entered our lives from professional speech. ( To beat the thumbs, to sharpen the lasses.)
3. Some expressions come from myths ( Achilles heel), folklore ( Megillah- Russian folk tale), literary works ( monkey's work- from I.A. Krylov’s fable “The Monkey and the Glasses”).

Phraseologisms can have multiple meanings. For example, put on your feet:
1. cure, get rid of a disease;
2. raise, educate, bring to independence;
3. to force one to act actively, to take an active part in something;
4. strengthen economically and materially.

Phraseologisms are divided into different groups, which characterize a person, his actions, his character, his psychological state. According to the characteristics:
Characterizing a person’s action based on his relationship and relationship with the environment and the team:
1. Walk, stand on hind legs- “to please, to serve”;
2. Soaps one's head (to whom)- “to scold strongly. Scold someone."

Characterizing the manner of verbal communication:
1. Sharpen laces, balusters- “engage in empty chatter”;
2. Twirl, twirl the ox- “talk, talk nonsense.”

Characterizing a person’s relationship to work and business:
1. Roll up your sleeves- diligently, diligently, energetically, do something.
2. Beat your head- spend time idly, idle.

Characterizing a person’s mental state, which manifests itself externally in his behavior:
1. Pout- get angry, take offense, making a dissatisfied face.
2. How an aspen leaf trembles- shakes, usually from excitement or fear.

All phraseological units originally arose to designate specific events, phenomena, facts. Gradually, for various reasons, they began to be used figuratively to designate other, but somewhat similar to the original meaning, phenomena. This gives phraseological units a special imagery and expressiveness.

Most of the phraseological units originate from the depths of centuries and reflect a deeply folk character. The direct meaning of many phraseological units is connected with the history of our Motherland, with some of the customs of our ancestors, and their work. All phraseological units can be divided into two groups: 1. original Russian;
2. borrowed.

The bulk of currently used phraseological units are stable combinations of words of original Russian origin ( beat your head, look for the wind in the field, you won’t spill water). They originated in the Russian language or were inherited from an older language. Phraseological units of the Russian language are diverse in origin. Most of them originated in the Russian language itself, they are originally Russian: what the mother gave birth in, naked as a falcon, grated roll, hang your nose, on one block, take it to the quick and many more etc.

The image is born as a reflection of reality. In order to imagine a phenomenon of reality in the form of an image, we must, firstly, rely on knowledge of this reality, and secondly, resort to imagination. The image is usually created through “double vision”.

So we see a tall man in front of us, and this is real, but at the same time we can also remember the fire tower, which used to be the tallest building in the city. Combining these two “visions” we call a tall person fire tower, and this is already an image. To better understand the imagery of phraseological units, it is necessary to develop imagination.

Original Russian phraseological units can be associated with professional speech: pull the gimp (weaving), clumsy work, without a hitch (carpentry), set the tone, play the first violin (musical art), baffle, back up (transport).

A certain number of native Russian phraseological units arose in dialect or slang speech and became the property of the national language. For example, smoke like a rocker, clumsy work, pulling the strap etc.

Phraseologisms of the Russian language can also be borrowed. In this case, they represent the result of rethinking phrases from Old Church Slavonic and other languages on Russian soil.

Borrowed phraseological units came to us from other languages.
Old Church Slavonic in origin are such phraseological units as: second coming- “a time that is unknown when it will come”, forbidden fruit- “something tempting, but not permitted.”

Many phraseological units came to us through various sources from mythology. They are international, as they are common in all European languages: sword of Damocles– “a constant threat to someone”; tantalum flour– “suffering caused by contemplation of the desired goal and the consciousness of the impossibility of achieving it”, apple of discord- “the reason, the reason for a quarrel, disputes, serious disagreements”, sink into oblivion- “to be forgotten, to disappear without a trace”, colossus with feet of clay- “something majestic in appearance, but essentially weak, easily destroyed”, etc.

Among the borrowed phraseological units there are phraseological tracing papers, i.e. literal translations of foreign language phrases in parts. For example, blue stocking from English, on a grand scale – auf grobem Fub- from German, to be out of place – ne pas être dans son assiette from French.

The system of phraseological units of the Russian language is not once and for all frozen and unchangeable. New phraseological units inevitably arise in response to the phenomena of modern life and are borrowed as cripples from other languages. And they enrich modern speech with new, relevant expressions.

Original Russian phraseological units can be divided into several groups, each group has an interesting, fascinating history of origin:

Phraseologisms related to the historical past of the people, for example, where do crayfish spend the winter?- many landowners loved to feast on fresh crayfish, but in winter it was difficult to catch them: crayfish hide under snags, dig holes in the banks of a lake or river and spend the winter there.

In the winter, guilty peasants were sent to catch crayfish, who had to get crayfish from the icy water. A lot of time passed before the peasant caught crayfish.

He will freeze in his shabby clothes and his hands will get cold. And often after this the person became seriously ill. This is where it came from: if they want to seriously punish, they say: “I’ll show you where the crayfish spend the winter.”

Figurative expressions reflecting folk customs and beliefs, for example, run to the light– in small towns in Russia there used to be an interesting custom of inviting people to visit. Tall candles were placed on the windows. If a candle (light) is burning on the window, it means that the owners of the house are inviting everyone who wants to see them. And people followed the light to visit their friends.

Stable combinations of words that arose from various crafts, for example, a teaspoon per hour- originally this expression was used in the speech of doctors literally in relation to medicine. Then it began to be used disparagingly in colloquial speech, meaning “to do something very slowly, barely.”

The origin of many phraseological units is associated with folk and literary fairy tales with fables by I. A. Krylov and other works. In our speech, we often use various apt expressions created by writers and poets. ( I didn’t even notice the elephant- did not pay attention to the most important thing, and the casket just opened- a simple way out of a seemingly difficult situation, princess and the pea- a spoiled person).

Such expressions are called catchphrases. They seemed to fly beyond the boundaries of the works in which they were originally created and entered the literary language, receiving a broader, more generalized meaning in it.

To correctly use phraseological units in speech, you need to know their meanings well. The meanings of some phraseological units can only be understood by knowing the history of the Russian people, their customs and traditions, since most phraseological units are originally Russian. While studying this topic, we learned a lot of interesting things about our past, about the history of the Russian people.

1.3. Signs of phraseological units.

Phraseologism:
-Contains at least two words. .
There are always at least two words in a phraseological unit. If we see one word with an unusual meaning, it is not a phraseological unit. For example, in the sentence “The student was flying along the corridor” there is no phraseological unit, and the word fly is used in a figurative sense.

Has a stable composition.

If we see a phrase that is similar to a phraseological unit, we need to check whether one of the words of this phrase can be replaced with another. For example, in the phrase leaky roof, each word can be freely replaced: holey jacket, tiled roof, and the remaining word will retain its meaning. And if you replace any word in the phraseological unit golden hands, you get nonsense, for example: golden legs, silver hands. You can say: “Skillful hands,” but the word skillful in this case will be used in the literal sense.

If one of the words in a phrase can be replaced with a very limited set of other words ( fear takes, melancholy takes), then most likely this is a phraseological combination.
-Not a title.
Geographical names, names of institutions and other names are not phraseological units (Bolshoi Theater, Red Arrow, Dead Sea).

1.4. Phraseologisms in other languages.

Phraseologisms exist in many languages of the world. Often phraseological units are the property of only one language, but despite this, they are similar in meaning, for example:

Russian language	Foreign languages
Wait by the sea for weather.	Wait for the hare under the tree. (Chinese)
Making a mountain out of a molehill.	Making a camel out of a mosquito (Czech)
Deceive yourself.	Stealing a bell while plugging your ears. (Chinese)
	The eyes of a mouse can only see an inch ahead. (Chinese)
White Crow.	Ram on five legs. (French)
Written on the water with a pitchfork.	It's not in your pocket yet. (French)
My soul sank into my heels.	He has a blue fear. (French)
Buy a pig in a poke.	Buy a pig in a sack. (English language)
Ate the dog	He is a great master at this. (German)

II. Practical part

2.1. Results of the study of student questionnaires

Unfortunately, in school, too little time is allocated for getting to know phraseological units. I decided to find out what level of proficiency in phraseological units my classmates have. To do this, I conducted a survey using specially designed questions.

During the study, a survey was conducted among 31 students in grade 3-B.

Purpose of the survey– find out whether schoolchildren know what phraseological units are; do they understand the meaning of phraseological units; How often do schoolchildren use phraseological units in everyday speech?

Students were asked questions:
1. Do you know what phraseological units are? (Not really)

We found out that all the children surveyed know what phraseological units are. Twenty-one of the children surveyed know what phraseological units are, ten people do not know.

2. Do you use phraseological units in your speech? (Yes, no, sometimes)

Analysis of the responses showed that 9 students use phraseological units in their speech, 7 students - sometimes, 15 people - never used phraseological units in their speech.

3. Explain the meaning of the following phraseological units: a disservice, talk with your teeth, your hands are full of holes, like peas against a wall, like water off a duck’s back.

It should be said that out of 31 people with a high level of understanding of phraseological units, only 5 people, 8 people could not explain the meaning of one phraseological unit, 6 people have an average level of understanding and 12 people have a low level. The phraseological units “a disservice” and “water off a duck’s back” caused the greatest difficulty for all children.

The survey showed that the majority of children understand the meaning of phraseological units, but selectively. Children cannot always explain in their own words what an expression means or come up with their own interpretations. This was the case with the fourth question.

4. Complete the phraseological units by choosing the right word.
a) Make an elephant out of... (a mosquito, a fly)
b) Not in your... (cup, plate)
c) Count... (forty, raven)
d) Throw words... (into the sea, into the wind, into the well)
e) ... (fifth, third, seventeenth, seventh) water on jelly.

19 people (60%) answered the question confidently and clearly, choosing the right word; 7 people (28%) could not write down 1–2 phraseological units correctly; 5 students (12%) did not know these phraseological units.

5. Where do you find phraseological units? (At home, at school, in literature, in speech, I find it difficult to answer).

27 students believe that phraseological units occur in speech;
22 students - at school;
13 people answered - in literature;
3 students found it difficult to answer.

The survey showed what children most often consider phraseological units they encounter in lessons at school and in the speech of their parents.

2.2. Results of the study of teachers' questionnaires

I wanted to find out how primary school teachers feel about phraseological units. To do this, I conducted a survey using specially designed questions. The survey involved 15 teachers working in grades 1–4.

Teachers should answer the following questions:
1. Do you use phraseological units during the educational process?
a) yes
b) no
c) rarely

From the diagram we see that the majority of teachers, 83%, often use phraseological units during the educational process, 16% rarely, and there is not a single teacher who does not use phraseological units at all in the educational process.

2. Do you think the students understand the meaning of the phraseological units you use?
a) understand;
b) don’t understand;
c) do not always understand;

From the diagram we see that the majority of teachers believe that 66% of students understand the meaning of the expressions they use, 25% do not always understand, and only 9% do not understand the meaning of the expressions they use at all.

3. Highlight the 10 most “popular” phraseological units among teachers.

As a result of the analysis of this issue, we were able to identify the 10 most “popular” phraseological units among teachers of MBOU Secondary School No. 5, the most “popular” turned out to be “counting crows”, “hover in the clouds”, “hack on the nose” and less so “pulling the tongue”, "like a fish in water."

In the course of the research, it turned out that not all students can correctly explain the meaning of phraseological units, do not know where they are used and rarely use them in speech. Many students have heard catchphrases but do not know their meaning, and some have never heard them at all. But teachers at our school often use phraseological units in their speech when working with children. During the survey, the 10 most “used” phraseological units among teachers of Municipal Budgetary Educational Institution Secondary School No. 5 were identified.

Thus, we can conclude that in Russian language and literary reading lessons little attention is paid to the study of phraseological units. But they express the essence of rather complex phenomena and make speech more vivid and emotional. Undoubtedly, there are a huge number of phraseological units in the Russian language. You can verify this by opening any phraseological dictionary.

I've come to the conclusion that in order for children to know the Russian language better and be able to use phraseological units in their speech, they need to explain what phraseological units are, for what purpose we use them, the origin and meaning of some phraseological units. I wanted to interest the children so that they would use phraseological units more often in their speech, so I created a presentation at home “The Amazing World of Phraseologous Units” and introduced it to the children during extracurricular activities. I hope that it was interesting and useful to them.

2.3. Creating a phraseological dictionary

I decided to create my own dictionary of phraseological units; such a dictionary can be offered to schoolchildren for use. The meaning of phraseological units will be explained in the dictionary and pictures will also be added for better understanding.

The most frequently used phraseological units in everyday speech were chosen for the dictionary, the meaning of which will be interesting for schoolchildren to learn. Phraseological units were also added to the dictionary, which caused difficulties for most children during the survey. In total, our dictionary contains 21 phraseological units.

After production, the dictionary was printed and offered to the children in the class for familiarization. My dictionary attracted the attention of the kids in the class. Everyone liked the pictures that illustrated the phraseology. After looking at the images, the children enjoyed reading the explanations for the phraseological units.

Conclusion

Working on this topic, I gained a more complete understanding of phraseological units, learned to find them in the text, and use phraseological units in my own speech. I also became convinced of the need to work with dictionaries.

I've come to the conclusion that it is necessary to know the meanings of phraseological units in order to use them correctly in speech; they help make our speech lively, beautiful, and emotional. While studying this topic, I learned a lot of interesting things about our past, about the history of the Russian people, their traditions and customs.

The goal of my research work has been achieved– create your own phraseological dictionary in pictures.

The tasks assigned to the work were completed, extended hypothesis confirmed– phraseological units really decorate our speech, make it expressive and bright. In the future, I would like to continue working on this interesting and fascinating topic.

List of used literature

1. Burmako V.M. Russian language in drawings. - M.: Education, 1991.

2. Mali L.D., O.S. Aryamova. Speech development lessons in the third grade: lesson planning and didactic materials - Tula: Rodnichok, 2006.

3. Ozhegov S.I., Shvedova N.Yu. Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language 8000 words and phraseological expressions / Russian Academy of Sciences. – M: ELPIS Publishing House LLC, 2003.

4. S.V. Ivanov, A.O. Evdokimova, M.I. Kuznetsova and others. Russian language: 3rd grade: textbook for students of educational organizations: in 2 hours. Part 1 / 3rd ed., - M.: Ventana-Graf, 2014.

5. M.T. Baranov, T.A. Kostyaeva, A.V. Prudnikova. Russian language. Reference materials: Textbook for students / 5th ed., - M.: Prosveshchenie, 1989.

6. N.V. Bogdanovskaya. Aspects of studying Russian phraseology / textbook - St. Petersburg: 2008.

7. Kokhtev N.N. Russian phraseology / N.N. Kokhtev, D.E. Rosenthal. - M.: Russian language, 1990.

8. Zhukov V.P. School phraseological dictionary of the Russian language / textbook. – M.: Education, 1994.

Phraseologisms

IN OUR LIFE

prepared primary school teacher Linyuk N.P. Surgut

“Phraseological units are pearls, nuggets and gems of the native language...” A.I.Efimov

Project goal:

find out what phraseological units are;
find out what some mean

phraseological units;

determine the role of phraseological units in

human speech.

PROBLEM QUESTION:

Do phraseological units clog our speech or make it bright, figurative, colorful?

Phraseologisms – This stable figures of speech that have independent meaning and are characteristic of a particular language.

Phraseologisms are used all the time in our everyday speech. Sometimes we don’t even notice that we are uttering these unstable expressions - how familiar and convenient they are.

Phraseologisms divided into different groups: - phraseological units with names animals; speech from mythology; - phraseological units that came into our speech from oral folk art; - professional phraseological units; - phraseological units characterizing person.

"Achilles' heel"

Achilles is a beloved hero of many legends of Ancient Greece. This is an invincible, brave man who was not taken by any enemy arrows. You've probably often heard the phraseology Achilles heel ? So what does his heel have to do with it if he was invincible and brave?!

Legend says that Achilles' mother Thetis, wanting to make her son invulnerable, dipped the boy into the waters of the sacred river Styx. But while dipping, she held him by the heel and the heel was unprotected.

In one of the battles, Paris, Achilles' opponent, shot an arrow at Achilles' heel and killed him.

All sorts of things weak , vulnerable place a person is called

Achilles heel .

"Through the Sleeves"

Why sleeves That's what they're called - it's clear (from the word hand). Let's talk about expression carelessly .

So they began to say in those distant times exchange, when Russians wore clothes with very long sleeves: for men they reached 95 centimeters, and for women in were even longer - 130-140 centimeters

Try to work in clothes with such sleeves: it will be uncomfortable, it will turn out bad. To make things work, the sleeves had to be rolled up.

So they started talking about people who do their job lazy, reluctant, slow what they work carelessly .

"Like water off a duck's back"

“He’s like water off a duck’s back!” This expression is often found, but its origin is not known to everyone.

But to say: “Like chicken water” - it is forbidden .

Have you seen a wet chicken?

Pathetic view.

No wonder about unadapted to life, frightened, confused people They say “like a wet chicken.”

And the expression

like water off a duck's back means: he (she) doesn’t care about anything.

"Burn to the ground"

What is tlo? Usually the meaning of the expression is associated with the verb smolder .

In fact tlo Means "base".

Burn to the ground - burn to the ground.

"Know by heart"

The meaning of these words is known to children as well as adults.

Know by heart - means, for example, learn perfectly a poem, a rule, a multiplication table...

And there was a time when know by heart, check by heart taken almost literally. This saying arose from the custom of testing the authenticity of gold coins, rings and other items made of precious metal. You bite the coin with your teeth, and if there is no dent left on it, then it is genuine, not counterfeit. Otherwise, you could have gotten a fake one.

"Get stupid"

This meaning is connected with the ancient Russian tradition. In the old days in Rus' it was not customary for women to appear in public with bare head and bare hair, this was wrong and the woman found herself in an awkward, uncomfortable position.

Make a fool of yourself means “to make a mistake”, “to make a mistake”, “to get into an awkward position”.

"Good riddance"

The custom of seeing off those leaving by waving handkerchiefs so that the path “lies like a tablecloth, even and smooth” has still been preserved. The expression good riddance was originally used only as a wish for a safe journey

But over time it began to be used ironically , in the meaning "go anywhere", "get out" .

So, a little test:

1) Good riddance

2) Make a fool of yourself

3) Know by heart

go anywhere, get out

make a mistake, blunder

good at understanding something

2) Like water off a duck's back

1) Sleeveless

3) Achilles heel

4) Burn to the ground

he (she) doesn’t care about anything

weak, vulnerable place

burn to the ground.

lazy, reluctant, slowly

Phraseological menagerie

Hungry like...

wolf

fox

Cunning as...

hare

Cowardly as...

As healthy as...

Quirky as...

Inflated like...

turkey

Nem To ak …

fish

Dirty as...

pig

Stubborn as...

donkey

Conclusion

After doing my little research, I came to the conclusion that f raseology is the greatest treasure and value of any language. Phraseologisms do not clog up our speech, but make it emotional, beautiful, rich. The more phraseological units we know, the more accurately and colorfully we will be able to express our thoughts.

Information resources : school phraseological dictionary of the Russian language ( resources: http://www.bookvoed.ru/view_images.php?code=444538&tip=1 http://www.elhoschool.ru/russki/frazeol.htm http://edu.tltsu.ru/sites/sites_content/site1065/html/media6815/11.jpg http://iliustracija.lt/wp-content/gallery/erika/brevno_v_glazu2.jpg http://frazbook.ru/wp-content/gallery/illyustracii-k-frazeologizmam/bit_chelom.jpg http://img.labirint.ru/images/comments_pic/0939/010labe6vj1253801714.jpg

Project - Presentation
On topic:
phraseological units
Completed by student 6
"g" class
Shcheglov Alexander
Teacher: Shcheglova
Natalya Alexandrovna

Goals and objectives.
Goals:
1. Get acquainted with the concept of phraseological units.
2. Consider their origin.
3. Analyze the meaning of phraseological units in various
languages, find common features and differences.
4. Determine what role phraseological units play in Russian
language.

This project is based on
lies:

Introduction.
The goal is to explore popular expressions;
Objectives - find out the history of popular expressions, where they come from
by birth;
Problem: Increase the level of knowledge of phraseological units,
study their history of origin, find out whether they share
phraseological units into some subgroups.
Object of study: phraseological units
Hypothesis - The reason for the popularity of winged
expressions lies in the fact that they are
an interesting means of communication, a unique
intellectual game. The topic of catchphrases in
I chose Russian because I'm interested in them
origin, meaning and scope of their application.
Practical significance of the work. This work
allows you to maintain interest in the Russian language and
literature.

Word! Great Russian
word. How much is there in it
shades, so many colors
and depth! Just
it is necessary that it is ours
the wealth of Russian "coloreds"
words" were protected by the smart and
sensitive people.

M. Ladur.

Origin
phraseological units
Formation of phraseological units Despite the apparent originality of certain
phraseological units, their formation in the language is based on certain patterns.
Features of the formation of phraseological units are associated with the type of material on the basis of which
they are created. There are five such types in the Russian language: 1. Individual words of the Russian language;
2. free phrases of Russian speech;
3. proverbs of the Russian language;
4. phraseological units of the Russian language;
5. foreign language phraseological units.
Phraseologisms arise from individual words quite often.
For example: a soul wide open, a man in a case, etc.
The largest number of phraseological units are formed on the basis of free phrases.
Such phrases receive a new meaning transferred to them due to the similarity of phenomena
or their connections. The head, for example, is compared to a pot, hence the pot cooks - “the head
understands."
Many phraseological units arose on the basis of proverbs. Usually a phraseological unit becomes
part of a proverb used independently in speech, without knowledge of such a proverb
phraseology is incomprehensible. For example, an old sparrow (there is no old sparrow on the chaff)
you'll spend it.)
Phraseologisms often become the basis for the formation of new phraseological units. Such
the path is used in the formation of phraseological units based on terminological combinations:
second wind, chain reaction, zero cycle, etc.
A special type of formation of new phraseological units on the basis of existing ones is the following:
when the composition and meaning of a phraseological unit changes. This is like a development of phraseological units,
for example, with the word green - “free”: green light - “free passage”.
Borrowed phraseological units are formed on the basis of phraseological units of other languages.

Sources of Russian phraseological units

All phraseological units of the Russian language can be divided by origin into 2
groups: phraseological units of Russian origin and borrowed ones.
The vast majority of Russian phraseological units arose in Russian itself.
language or the Russian language inherited from the language of its ancestors: you can’t spill water - “very
friendly”, what the mother gave birth in – “without clothes” and many others. Every craft on
Rus' left a mark in Russian phraseology. Originates from carpenters
“hatchet work”, from furriers - “the sky is like a sheepskin”. New professions gave new ones
phraseological units. From the speech of railway workers, Russian phraseology took the expression
"green street" and so on. Establish the time and place of occurrence of the multitude
phraseological units are difficult, so there is only a sentence about where they
arose and on what basis. It is much easier to determine the source of copyright
phraseological units. For example, “leavened patriotism” - false, ostentatious - arose in
letter from the famous Russian poet and critic L.A. Vyazemsky. You can be even more precise
establish the origin of phraseological units that appeared in the work
fiction with the same title. Phraseologism “Trishkin caftan”
arose from a fable by I.A. Krylova. Already as part of the fable, this expression became
phraseological unit with the meaning: a matter when the elimination of some shortcomings entails
present new shortcomings.
Borrowed phraseological units are divided into those borrowed from Old Church Slavonic
languages and borrowed from Western European languages.
Old Slavonic phraseological units became entrenched in the Russian language after the introduction
Christianity, they mostly originate from books, scriptures in
including. Most often they are bookish in nature. For example, "the talk of the town"
“Seek and ye shall find”, “throwing pearls before swine” and others.
Phraseologisms borrowed from Western European languages include
the oldest borrowings from Latin or ancient Greek, for example,
"terra incognita" More recent borrowings are from phraseology
(“to have a tooth”), German (“to break completely”), English (“blue stocking”) languages.

Classification of Russian phraseological units
V.V. Vinogradov identified three main types of phraseological units, which
were called ""phraseologism of merging"", ""phraseologism of unity"",
""phraseologism combination"".
Phraseological adhesions
Phraseological fusions are absolutely indivisible phrases,
""the meaning of which is completely independent of their lexical composition, of
the meanings of their components and are as conditional and arbitrary as the meaning
unmotivated sl. sign "". For example, he ate a dog, sharpened his swords, beat him
boobs and the like.
Phraseological unities
Phraseological unities - phrases in which "" the meaning of the whole
associated with understanding the potential meaning within the figurative core of the phrase
words"". For example, "" keep a stone in your bosom, wash dirty linen in public, shot
sparrow" and the like.
Phraseological combinations
Phraseological combinations – V.V. Vinogradov named the phrases
""formed by the implementation of non-free meanings of words"". He noted that
most of the meanings of words are limited in their connections
intrasemantic relations of the language system itself. These lexical
meanings can only appear in connection with a strictly defined circle
concepts and their verbal designations. For example, you can say ""fear takes over"",
""melancholy takes"", but one cannot say: ""joy takes"", ""pleasure takes"" and so on
similar.

Ancient phraseological units
Alpha and Omega.
A special group of phraseological units consists of phrases that, with their
roots go back to the depths of the ancient era. Myths of Ancient Greece, heroes
ancient literature - many phraseological units cannot be understood and
unravel without knowing the background of their appearance. The source of such
phraseological units are history and mythology. Knowing the reason
the emergence of a phraseological unit, it is very easy to unravel its meaning, successfully
and insert it into speech at the right time. Ancient phraseological units can
serve as an excellent emotional tuning fork, convey feelings,
emotions, personal attitude, serve as a means for subtle hints.
phraseological unit “Alpha and Omega” meaning “Alpha” is the first letter
Greek alphabet, meaning the sound “a”, “omega” (sound “o”) -
last: “I am alpha and omega, beginning and end, first and last,” -
God speaks about himself in the Bible.
Such expressions exist in all languages of the world. For example, we say:
“Learn everything from A to Z,” and in tsarist times they said “From aza to Izhitsa.”
Az is the first letter of the Old Church Slavonic alphabet, Izhitsa, respectively
last letter. Phraseologism “from alpha to omega” means “all
entirely”, “from beginning to end”.

Phraseologism of Tantalus flour
Tantalus - the mythical Phrygian king: Alone
they said that Tantalus allegedly made it a property
some divine secrets to the public.
Others claimed that he stole
Olympic table nectar and ambrosia -
heavenly food and drink that provided
gods immortality.
Finally, there was such a rumor: the impudent king,
who wanted to check how omniscient
celestials, destroyed his son and was going to
feed him the meat of the gods.
In any case, his crime was discovered, and
the retribution was truly terrifying. Tantalum
eternally contained in the Kingdom of the Dead, standing on
throat in the clear water of the lake. Over his head
juicy fruits hang. But as soon as he
tilts, the water goes down; raises his hand
– the wind throws up the branches. Tortured constant
hunger and thirst, unfortunate Tantalus bites
your hands, but everything is in vain. "Tantalum flour" -
this is the suffering from the unattainability of the desired
things that seem to be on
arm's length.

Biblical phraseological units
Biblical phraseological units are often present
in our speech, bringing into it a high
spirituality and educational undertones. Bible –
the most popular book of mankind,
read and repeated many times
church services, family readings. Not
It’s surprising that many sayings and quotes
became winged and are often used in
everyday speech. Biblical phraseological units
distinguished by a high moral component,
which is familiar and understandable to many people.
Well-known biblical events have
clearly expressed instructiveness, meaning
which phraseological units express.

Phraseologism “Prodigal Son”
Prodigal Son - this expression comes from a biblical story. IN
There is a parable in the Gospels that tells about a son who abandoned
father's house and squandered all his fortune. Returning
back to his family with nothing, he falls to his knees in front of his
a parent who, having shown mercy and kindness, forgives
careless offspring. This touching scene is also captured on
Rembrandt's painting of the same name. For centuries "the prodigal
son" is a person who has separated from his family and relatives
Houses.

Egyptian executions phraseology
The Egyptian pharaoh did not want to release people who were
slaves in Egypt - that's what the Bible says. According to legend, God was angry
against Pharaoh and sent ten cruel punishments upon Egypt, and
Old Church Slavonic - “executions”. Among them were the invasion of terrible
insects and reptiles, and the transformation of the water of the Nile River into blood,
terrible diseases of both humans and animals, various natural
cataclysms, and, in the end, the death of the firstborn not only among people, but
and in animals. Of course, the frightened ruler of Egypt released
all slaves. And now we call “Egyptian execution” any torment or
terrible disasters

Phraseologism “Devil's Advocate”
The Catholic Church has been preserved since the Middle Ages
this has been a custom for centuries. When the church meets
recognize a new saint, that is, canonize,
arranged a debate between 2 monks. 1 monk
with all his might he praises the deceased saint,
martyr. And they call him “God’s lawyer.” A
here another monk must prove that the new
the saint sinned a lot, and the fact that he is unworthy
have such a status and should not receive this
rank. They called him the devil's advocate.
Over time, this ritual disappeared, but people began to
continue to use this expression.
Now people are called devil's advocate
who speak ill of others, and who
always try to find their bad sides,
shortcomings, disadvantages.

Victorian phraseological units.
These are phraseological units from Victorian England.
era. Victorian phraseological units, in
for the most part, have a literary
origin, but are actively used in
everyday, colloquial speech. Some
Victorian phraseological units have historical
roots, originating in well-known events.
Those who came to us from another language, another
time period, they are nevertheless excellent
have taken root and are widely used. They bring in
lively speech with emotional overtones, subtle hints,
irony, mockery, have an instructive character.

Ancient phraseological units
A special group of phraseological units consists of
revolutions that have their roots in
depth of the ancient era. Myths of Ancient Greece,
heroes of ancient literature - many
phraseological units cannot be understood and unraveled, not
knowing the background of their appearance. Source
such phraseological units serve the history and
mythology. Knowing the cause
phraseological unit, it is very easy to unravel it
meaning, successfully and at the right moment to insert into
speech. Ancient phraseological units can serve
a wonderful emotional tuning fork,
convey feelings, emotions, personal attitudes,
serve as a means for subtle hints.

Phraseologism “Embrace of Morpheus” meaning
Strong sleeping pill morphine
obtained from poppy heads, has with our
one origin. If we turn again to
myths of Ancient Greece, then we will find there
little god, who is all strewn with flowers
poppy and never opening its eyelids: this and
there is a god of sleep - Morpheus. Since ancient times
“to fall into the arms of Morpheus” meant “to fall asleep.”
Even now the meaning of these words is in no way
has changed, although now it is used with
somewhat ironic.

TOGBOU "Izhavinskaya school - boarding school for students

with disabilities"

PROJECT

“Phraseological units in our speech”

Completed by 7th grade students

Head: Sharovatova E.V.,

Teacher of Russian language and literature.

2017

Inzhavino

1. Introduction

Phraseologisms are pearls, nuggets

And gems of the native language.

A.I.Efimov

In the Russian language, phraseological units serve to express speech, its imagery, brightness and accuracy. The phraseological wealth of the Russian language is enormous. And only those who love their native speech, who know it well, will feel the joy of speaking it freely.

Information about project participants:

Project participants are 7th grade students of TOGBOU “Inzhavinskaya boarding school for students with disabilities” in the village of Inzhavino, Tambov region.

Project manager: Elena Valerievna Sharovatova, teacher of Russian language and literature, TOGBOU “Inzhavinskaya boarding school for students with disabilities”, Inzhavino village, Tambov region.

Relevance of the topic:We come across phraseological units every day. Many of us don't even notice these because we don't know their meanings.

The purpose of our work:study of the origin and meaning of phraseological units most often used in speech.

Project objectives:

1. Study theoretical information about phraseological units.
2. Find out the history of the origin of some phraseological units.
3. Find out the meanings of the most frequently used phraseological units in speech.
4. Create a phraseological dictionary of the meanings and origins of the most frequently used phraseological units in speech.

5. Ug improve your theoretical knowledge on this topic.

Object of study:phraseological units

Subject of research:use of phraseological units in speech.

Research methods:

study and analysis of literature;
collection of information;
observation;
study.

Hypothesis: We assume that phraseological units decorate our speech, make it expressive and bright.

Project type: research, short-term.

2.1. What are phraseological units
The word “phraseology” comes from two words in the Greek language: “phrasis” - an expression of a figure of speech, “logos” - a concept, doctrine. Ozhegov’s dictionary gives the following definition: “Phraseological unit is a stable expression with an independent meaning.”
Phraseologisms are stable combinations that can easily be replaced with one word: to fool around one’s finger - to deceive, to screw around - to mess around.

Phraseologisms - these are popular expressions that do not have an author.

The meaning of phraseological units is to give an emotional coloring to an expression and enhance its meaning.
Phraseology is a branch of the science of words that studies stable combinations and phrases. Phraseological units are used in the language in finished form. They cannot be replaced with other words or any word inserted. For example: Postponing things (you can’t say “long box”).
Phraseological phrases make our speech figurative, bright, expressive. With the help of such stable combinations, a lot can be said briefly. For example: about a person who finds himself in an absurd position, they say that he “got into trouble.” This sounds much more figurative and expressive than describing in length and detail how he found himself in an uncomfortable position due to his naivety or ignorance.
We often encounter stable figurative expressions in everyday life. “Find a common language”, “head on shoulders”, “does not care for the soul”, “time is up”, “long tongue”, “you can’t spill water”... We use each of these phrases in cases where we express our attitude - approving , dismissive or ironic towards this fact.

To clarify the meaning of phraseological units, dictionaries have been created. The first phraseological dictionary edited by V.A. Molotkov. appeared in the late 60s. It contains over 4000 phraseological units. Various forms of use, their synonyms and antonyms are given. For example, a “grated kalach” is an experienced person who cannot be deceived. But its use in fiction: “Such a grated roll, and you can’t control your self-control!” A synonym for the phraseological unit grated kalach is a shot sparrow.

The phraseological unit “fool your head” has two meanings:

Intentionally deceive, confuse;

To bother with some nonsense, to pester with trifles.

“Why are you fooling me, young lady?!”

The phraseological unit “with a fresh mind” means not yet tired. “After school I’ll play football for an hour and a half, and then do my homework with a fresh mind.

The phraseological unit “beat the buck” has two synonyms - chasing a quitter, playing the fool. So, idle around. But its use in the sentence “...he talked incessantly about the fact that now we can kick the bucket until September.”

There are phraseological dictionaries that present the sources of the origin of phraseological units and their meaning. Authors of dictionaries: V.P. Zhukov and A.V. Zhukova "School phraseological dictionary", A.I. Fedorov "Phraseological Dictionary of the Russian Literary Language", A.I. Molotkov "Phraseological Dictionary of the Russian Language", E.A. Bystrova, A.P. Okuneva, N.M. Shansky "Educational phraseological dictionary" and others.

In the dictionaries we found examples of phraseological units-homonyms:To let a rooster fly means to produce a melody out of tune. Letting a rooster mean setting something on fire.

Here are examples of synonymous phraseological units:

Uma chamber - seven spans in the forehead
The head on the shoulders is a light head. Two pairs of boots are alike.
Beat swords into plowshares - sheathe the sword.

AND, finally, examples of antonym phraseological units:

At least a dime a dozen - the cat cried.
Rolling up your sleeves - carelessly.
Brew the porridge - disentangle the porridge.

Hard to climb - easy to climb

2.2. Signs of phraseological units

Phraseologisms usually do not tolerate the replacement of words and their rearrangements, for which they are also called stable phrases.

Through thick and thincan't be pronouncedno matter what happens to me or by all means, A protect like the pupil of the eye instead of cherish as the apple of your eye.

There are of course exceptions: rack your brains or rack your brains, take by surprise And take by surprise, but such cases are rare.

Many phraseological units can be easily replaced with one word:

headlong - quickly,

close at hand - close.

The most important feature of phraseological units is their figurative meaning.

Often a direct expression turns into a figurative one, expanding the shades of its meaning.

Bursting at the seams - from the tailor's speech it acquired a broader meaning - to fall into decay.

Confuse - from the speech of railway workers it has passed into general use in the sense of causing confusion.

According to stylistic coloringThe following phraseological units are distinguished:

1. Neutral – used in all styles of speech: a vicious circle, a just cause, to live out a century, with a sinking heart, know your worth, a game of imagination. come to consciousness.

2. Books – used in book styles, mainly in written speech: probe the waters, follow in the footsteps, tempt fate, disappear from the face of the earth, Egyptian execution, stumbling block, Augean stables.

3. Conversational – used primarily in oral communication: to live happily, behind seven locks, the eye rejoices, as if on pins and needles, through teeth, the first pancake is lumpy, seven Fridays a week.

4. Vernacular – differ from colloquial ones by lowering, rudeness: on Kudykin's mountain, make a mistake, fool your head, it's a trifle, get to the point, kill a worm, shed a tear.

2.3. The origin of phraseological units in the Russian language

There is a lot of controversy about the origin of phraseological units. Some of them arose in the distant past, others were created in the last decade.
All phraseological units can be divided into two groups:
1. originally Russian;
2. borrowed.

The main, largest part was made up of phraseological units of Russian origin (like giving a drink, beating with your forehead, sharpening your lasses), a smaller part was made up of borrowed ones from other languages (blue bird, native penates, hit the bull's eye). There are phraseological units borrowed from the Old Church Slavonic language (like the apple of one’s eye, not of this world). Some phraseological units came to us from ancient mythology (barrel of Danaids, cast a shadow, make an elephant out of a molehill), some from the Bible (Alpha and Omega, massacre of the infants, trumpet of Jericho).

Original Russian phraseological units can be associated with professional speech:pull the gimp (weaving), clumsy work, without a hitch (carpentry), set the tone, play the first violin (musical art), baffle, back up (transport).

A certain number of native Russian phraseological units arose in dialect or slang speech and became the property of the national language. For example,smoke like a rocker, clumsy work, pulling the strapetc.
A whole series of Russian phraseological units are associated with the life, customs, traditions and beliefs of the ancient Slavs. These include:
1) superstitious ideas of our ancestors, for example: a black cat crossed the road (there was a quarrel, a disagreement between someone); neither fluff nor feather (wishing someone good luck, success in any business) - initially: wishing good luck to a hunter going on a hunt, expressed in a negative form, so as not to “jinx” it if you directly wish good luck;
2) games and entertainment, for example: playing spillikins (doing trifles, for nothing, wasting time); from the name of the ancient game, which consisted in the fact that from randomly scattered spillikins (tiny freckles) it was necessary to pull out the spillikins one by one with a small hook, but so as not to touch the others; outshine (outdo in something); not even a blow (to know nothing at all, not to understand);
3) ancient customs of punishing criminals, for example: shorten the tongue (make someone talk less, talk less, be less impudent); written on the forehead (quite noticeable); details of Russian life, for example: washing dirty linen in public (divulging quarrels, squabbles that occur between loved ones); easy to spot (appears at the moment when they think or talk about it).
4) historical events in the life of the Russian people, for example: how Mamai went through (complete disorder, defeat) - from a historical event - the devastating invasion of Rus' (in the 14th century) by the Tatars under the leadership of Khan Mamai.
Almost every craft in Rus' has left its mark in Russian phraseology. For example: phraseological units without a hitch - “smooth”, clumsy work - “rough work” originate from carpenters; from shoemakers - two pairs of boots - “identical”; from hunters and fishermen - to reel in fishing rods - “to leave hastily”, to cover their tracks - “to hide something.”
Oral folk art is a rich source of Russian phraseology.
Phraseologisms came from folk tales: the fairy tale about the white bull - “endless repetition of the same thing”, under Tsar Gorokh - “a very long time ago”, Lisa Patrikeevna - “a very cunning person”, etc.
From proverbs and sayings, phraseological units arose such as: the grandmother said in two - “an indefinite answer” from the proverb: The grandmother wondered and said in two: either it will rain or snow, either it will or not; the wolf took pity on the mare - “about imaginary pity” from the proverb: The wolf took pity on the mare, leaving the tail and mane; without a king in his head - “not a serious person” from his mind - a king in his head.
Many phraseological units appeared from literary works: for example, from Krylov’s fables: to twirl like a squirrel (to be in constant trouble); disservice (a service that brings harm rather than benefit); The cuckoo praises the rooster because he praises the cuckoo (mutual praise). From the works of A.S. Pushkin, for example: to be left with nothing (to be left with nothing).
Borrowed phraseological units are stable combinations, catchphrases that came into the Russian language from other languages.
Some phraseological units appeared from the Old Church Slavonic language. Most often they are expressions taken from biblical texts translated into Old Church Slavonic: by the sweat of the brow - “to work very hard (to work)”, forbidden fruit - “about something tempting, but forbidden”, holy of holies - “the most precious thing, cherished”, daily bread – “that which is necessary for existence.”
Set expressions from ancient Greek mythology: Achilles' heel - “the most vulnerable place”, Gordian knot - “a confusing coincidence of circumstances”, sword of Damocles - “about constantly threatening danger”, etc. The system of phraseological units of the Russian language is not once and for all frozen and unchangeable. New phraseological units inevitably arise in response to the phenomena of modern life and are borrowed as cripples from other languages. They enrich modern speech with new, relevant expressions.

2.4. Examples of phraseological units, their meanings and the history of the emergence of phraseological units.

to beat the knuckles - to mess around
To overeat henbane - to go berserk (applies to people who do stupid things
After the rain on Thursday - never
Anika the warrior - a braggart, brave only in words, far from danger
Give a head wash (bath) - soap your neck, head - strongly scold
A white crow is a person who stands out sharply from the environment due to certain qualities
Living like a Biryuk means being gloomy and not communicating with anyone.
Throw down the gauntlet - challenge someone to an argument, competition (although no one throws down the gloves)
A wolf in sheep's clothing - evil people pretending to be good, hiding under the guise of meekness
Head in the clouds - blissfully dreaming, fantasizing about who knows what
The soul sank into heels - a man who was afraid, afraid
Don't spare your belly - sacrifice your life
Notch it on the nose - remember it firmly
Making a molehill out of a molehill - turning a small fact into a whole event
On a silver platter - get what you want with honor, without much effort
At the edge of the earth - somewhere very far away
In seventh heaven - to be in complete delight, in a state of supreme bliss
You can’t see anything - it’s so dark that you can’t see the paths, paths
To rush headlong - to act recklessly, with desperate determination
Eat a pound of salt - get to know each other well
Good riddance - go away, we can do without you
Roll up your sleeves - work hard, diligently

2.5. Phraseologisms in other languages.

Phraseologisms exist in many languages of the world. Often phraseological units are the property of only one language, but despite this, they are similar in meaning, for example:

Russian language	Foreign languages
To be under someone's thumb Ate the dog Written on the water with a pitchfork. Wait by the sea for weather.	Being under someone's thumb (English) He is a great master at this. (German) It's not in your pocket yet. (French) Wait for the hare under the tree. (Chinese)
Making a mountain out of a molehill. Play the fool	Making a camel out of a mosquito (Czech) Play Donkey (English)
Deceive yourself.	Stealing a bell while plugging your ears. (Chinese)
	The eyes of a mouse can only see an inch ahead. (Chinese)
White Crow.	Ram on five legs. (French)
Buy a pig in a poke.	Buy a pig in a sack. (English language)
The soul sank to its feet	He has a blue fear. (French)
Money can't buy you	Money is everything. (English)

3. Conclusion.

So, we have come to the conclusion that phraseological units play a big role in human speech.

Sometimes there are cases when a phraseological unit does not have an equivalent expression and to accurately convey a particular phenomenon it is necessary to use it.

Phraseologisms are used both in ordinary colloquial speech and in fiction. This makes our speech brighter and more imaginative.

Some phraseological units become obsolete over time, “go out of the language,” but they are always replaced by others that are connected with the events of our lives.

We consider our work relevant because it is necessary to constantly become familiar with phraseological units so that speech becomes more accurate and richer. To do this, you need to read more, consult various dictionaries, conduct search work, turning to the works of writers, the works of Russian scientists.

Introduction ………………………….................................................. ........................ 1
Main part

2.1. What are phraseological units ………………………………………… 2-3

. Signs of phraseological units………………………………………………………........ 3-4
. The origin of phraseological units in the Russian language……………......... 4-6
. Examples of phraseological units, their meanings and the history of the emergence of phraseological units.................................................. ........................................... 6-11
. Phraseologisms in other languages................................................................. .......... 12

3. Conclusion………………………………………………………………………………... 12-13

4. List of references................................................... .................................... 13

References

Yu. Gvozdarev. “Stories about Russian phraseology”, Moscow, “Enlightenment”, 1988.

2. V.P. Zhukova, A.V. Zhukova. School phraseological dictionary of the Russian language. M.: "Enlightenment". 1983.

3. Rosenthal D.E. and others. Russian language for schoolchildren in grades 5-9. Journey to the land of words. Study guide. M.: Bustard, 1995.

4. Fedorov A.I. Phraseological dictionary of the Russian literary language: approx. 13,000 phraseological units. M.: Astrel: AST, 2008.

Encyclopedic Dictionary of a Young Philologist (linguistics) / Comp. M. V. Panov. M.: Pedagogy, 1984.
Vartanyan. “Dictionary of popular expressions”, Moscow, Astrel AST, 2001.
S. Volkov. “Unique illustrated phraseological dictionary for children”, AST Astrel, Moscow, 2010.
Internet resources:

http://www.bookvoed.ru/view_images.php?code=444538&tip=1 E.

http: //wiki.iteach.ru

Slide 1

(Phraseological units)
Accurate sayings of the Russian people
Creative project on the Russian language. Prepared by student 4 “B” of class MBOU secondary school No. 1 Grosheva Yulia

Slide 2

People say: “It’s good to listen to a good speech.”
Why did I choose this topic?

Slide 3

One of the brightest decorations of speech are special turns of phrase, stable expressions - PHRASEOLOGISTS.

Slide 4

How pleasant it is to talk with a person whose speech is rich, varied, every word is used in the right place and time. Therefore, I decided to learn about the origin of some words and expressions, and in an entertaining way to reflect how you can use apt words in your speech.

Slide 5

A name is given to everything - both the beast and the object. There are plenty of things around, but there are no nameless ones. And everything that the eye can see is above us and below us - and everything that is in our memory is signified by words. Some are heard here and there, On the street and at home. One of them is familiar to us, the other is unfamiliar. Language is both old and eternally new - And it’s so beautiful: In a huge sea - a sea of words - Swimming every hour.

Slide 6

expand your abilities, your horizons; develop critical thinking; improve your level of proficiency in your native language; form figurative and expressive speech; cultivate love for the native language; join the world of oral folk art - proverbs, sayings, catchphrases; discover the meaning of phraseological units in modern speech, memorizing their spelling, meaning and artistic and expressive capabilities in an entertaining way.
Goals and objectives of the project.

Slide 7

Sit in a puddle.
Find yourself in an awkward, funny position. This is associated with fights, fights, when one of the opponents could be knocked over, knocked to the ground, in the mud.
Learn phraseological units

Slide 8

He chops the branch on which he sits.
He does things that could be dangerous for him.
Learn phraseological units

Slide 9

Pull the cat by the tail.
To be indecisive in doing something, to delay the resolution of the issue.
Learn phraseological units

Slide 10

He looks like a ram at the new gate.
Very surprised.
Learn phraseological units

Slide 11

Move at a snail's pace.
It's very slow to do anything.
Learn phraseological units

Slide 12

Someone, something is no good, has no value, no meaning. A copper or iron penny is a small coin. After the transition of the monetary system to silver, the copper or iron penny completely depreciated and became a symbol of lack of money. A broken coin was a bent, dented coin that had been damaged by prolonged use.
Your promises are not worth a penny.
Not worth a penny

Slide 13

Sleep very soundly. The origin has to do with how the horse sleeps. After hard work, the horse goes to bed with its hind legs relaxed. If you force her to get up at this time, she will try to stand on her front legs, and her hind legs will be disobedient for some time.
Sleep without hind legs

Slide 14

In Rus', salt was an expensive product; it was transported from afar. The roads were bad and the tax was high. The owner used to salt food (already cooked without salt) with his own hand. To show respect to the guest, they even re-salted it, and sometimes the person sitting at the far end of the table did not get any salt at all. “Over-salt” - overdo it, go too far in something. “Leaving half-baked” means remaining unsatisfied, disappointed, not getting what you expected.
Leave unsalted with a slurp

Slide 15

Doing something useless.
Pound the water in a mortar

Slide 16

Since time immemorial, chicken has been the subject of playful ridicule among people. She does not fly, although she has wings, does not build nests, is afraid of water, does not see in the dark, is timid, and stupid. No wonder they say that cancer is not a fish, and a chicken is not a bird. Hence the expressions: “the chickens laugh” (even stupid chickens laugh); “wet chicken” (about a person who looks pitiful); “scribbled like a chicken’s paw” (about illegible handwriting); “chicken memory” (about a forgetful person); “cackled like a chicken” (about a talkative person); “wander like chickens” (about idle onlookers, stupidly wandering here and there).
Chickens laugh

Slide 17

It's great to learn something, solidify a role, and generally be great at something. There was a time when this expression was understood almost literally. This saying arose from the custom of testing the authenticity of gold coins, rings and other items made of precious metal. You bite the coin with your teeth, and if there is no dent left on it, then it is genuine, not counterfeit. Otherwise, you could have gotten a fake one: hollow inside or filled with cheap metal.

The same custom gave rise to another vivid figurative expression: “getting to the bottom of a person,” that is, thoroughly learning his strengths, weaknesses, and intentions.
Know by heart

Slide 18

Largely exaggerate the significance of what happened.
Making mountains out of molehills

Slide 19

There is a legend among the people: before leaving for the wedding, the bride, who wanted her sisters to get married as soon as possible, must pull the tablecloth with which the table is set, that is, as if pulling her sisters along with her on the road. The custom of seeing off those leaving, waving handkerchiefs, so that the path “lay like a tablecloth, even and smooth” has still been preserved. The expression “good riddance” was initially used only as a wish for a good journey, but over time it began to be used ironically, meaning “go anywhere.” , get out."
Good riddance

Slide 20

Everything is fine, everything is fine. About the successful completion or outcome of something. Several centuries ago, when mail in its current form did not exist, all messages were delivered by messengers on horseback. There were many robbers roaming the roads, and a bag with a package could attract the attention of robbers. Therefore, important papers, or, as they used to be called, affairs, were sewn under the lining of a hat or cap. This is where the expression “it’s in the bag” arose.
It's in the bag

Slide 21

Gogol is a wild duck. He walks importantly along the shore, waddling, sticking his chest forward and proudly throwing his head back. They say about a person who walks importantly and strides that he walks like a gogol.
Gogol walking

Slide 22

“Time has expired” - what does this mean?
Over 2.5 thousand years ago, a water clock appeared in Babylon in the form of a tall narrow vessel with a hole in the bottom. Time was measured by water flowing out of the vessel, i.e. time passed. Hence “how much water has flown under the bridge”, “the current year”.
This is interesting

Slide 23

This expression is closely related to the history of our people. Many landowners loved to feast on fresh crayfish, but in winter it is very difficult to catch them; crayfish hide under snags and dig holes in river banks. In winter, guilty peasants were sent to catch crayfish. A lot of time passed before he caught crayfish. Often after this the person became seriously ill, frozen in the icy water. This is where it came from: if they want to punish someone, they say this phrase.
“Where do crayfish spend the winter?”
This is interesting

Slide 24

Two boots - container.
An elk doesn't make a person look good.
Hunger is not a brush.
A whisker is good, but two is better.
Spins like a bun in a wheel.
Two boots - a pair.
Lies do not make a person beautiful.
Hunger is not a problem.
A mind is good, but two are better.
Spinning like a squirrel in a wheel.
Proverbs are joking