Property is the main production relation because. Property (property relations) as the basis of production relations. The property has signs

FGOU VPO "NGAVT"

Novosibirsk Command School named after S.I. Dezhneva

Test on the discipline “Fundamentals of Economics”

Completed: art. gr. EM-31

Yuriev Anton Anatolievich

Checked:

Novosibirsk 2010

Option No. 9

1. Property as the basis of production relations.

Property occupies a central place in the economic system. It determines the economic way of connecting the worker with the means of production, the purpose of the functioning and development of the economic system, the social structure of society, the nature of the incentives for work, and the method of distributing the results of labor. Property relations form all other types of economic relations.

Property is always associated with certain objects, things, but the concept of property cannot be reduced to its material content. A thing becomes property when people enter into certain relationships with each other regarding it.

The main characteristic is not what is appropriated, but by whom and how it is appropriated.

Property is the relationship between people regarding the appropriation of the means of production and products of labor.

In the production process, material resources are used, i.e. means of production. However, the means of production by themselves, without close contact with human labor, cannot produce goods; it is man who sets them in motion. For the production process to begin, it is necessary to connect the means of production with labor power, which together form the productive forces of society.

Productive forces are the means of production and people, with their experience and knowledge, who set these means of production in motion.

Labor power is the main, decisive element of the productive forces, since:

The labor force contains all the production experience accumulated over many generations;

The means of production are created by people;

The means of production become an element of the production process only as a result of people’s labor activity.

The interaction between labor and means of production is reflected by production technology, i.e. ways of human influence on the subject of labor, therefore productive forces characterize production from the technical side. It is the development of productive forces that determines the improvement of human society, the criterion and indicator of social progress.

Productive forces express man’s relationship with nature, but by entering into active interaction with it, people simultaneously enter into relationships with each other. A person cannot live and produce isolated from society, alone.

Certain connections and relationships that people enter into during the production process are called production or economic relations.

Production relations are relationships between people regarding the production, distribution, exchange and consumption of material goods.

Production relations represent a social form of production through which people appropriate objects of nature.

There are: organizational-economic relations and socio-economic relations.

Organizational-economic relations are relationships between people in the process of organizing production as such, regardless of its nature.

Socio-economic relations are relationships between people regarding the production, distribution, exchange and consumption of economic goods. They are formed on the basis of relations of ownership of the means of production.

The totality of all economic processes occurring in society on the basis of property relations and organizational forms operating in it represents the economic system of society.

The main elements of the economic system are:

Socio-economic relations;

Organizational forms of economic activity;

Economic mechanism;

Specific economic ties between economic entities.

It is necessary to distinguish between the concept of property as an economic category and the legal right of ownership.

In the economic sense, property is complex economic relations between people that develop in social production.

Highlight:

1. Relations of property assignment. Appropriation is an economic connection between people that establishes their relationship to things as their own. The opposite of appropriation is the relationship of alienation.

2. Relations of economic use of property arise when the owner of the means of production himself is not engaged in productive activities, but gives others the right to own his property under certain conditions (lease relations).

Lease is an agreement to provide a person’s property for temporary use to another person for a specified fee.

3. Economic sale of property. It occurs when it brings income (profit, rent) to its owner.

The legal side of property is manifested in the fact that the subject has certain rights to the object, guaranteeing him the opportunity to own, dispose and use the property.

Possession is a property relationship that characterizes the legal ownership of an object by a certain entity.

Disposition is a type of property relationship through which the manager has the right to deal with the object in any desired way (within the framework of the law and contract).

Use is the use of a property in accordance with its purpose.

There are two sides to property relations:

· The subject of property (owner) is the active party to the property (individual, legal entity).

· The object of property (property) is a passive party, i.e. something that is appropriated by the owner.

Property relations have come a long way of development, during which there have been repeated changes in forms of ownership and evolution of types of ownership.

The following types and forms of ownership are distinguished:

· Common property exists when people united in groups treat the means of production and other material goods as jointly owned by them. There is equality of owners in relation to the conditions of life support. The main forms of this type of property are: primitive communal and family.

· Private property is a type of property where a private person has the exclusive right to own, dispose and use the property and receive income.

Main forms: labor and non-labor private property.

Labor property develops and increases from entrepreneurial activity, running one’s own household and other forms based on the labor of a given person.

Unearned property arises as a result of receiving property by inheritance, dividends from stocks, bonds, income from funds invested in credit institutions, and other sources not related to labor activity.

· Mixed property is a type of property in which general and private appropriation are combined in different ways.

Main forms: joint stock ownership, rental ownership, cooperative ownership, ownership of business associations and partnerships, ownership of joint ventures.

· State property is the property of all people of a given country. Management and disposal of property objects here on behalf of the people is carried out by government bodies.

There is currently no state in the world where, in the classical form, there would be only one type of property; on the contrary, their interweaving is observed. Different types and forms of ownership form different types of management (state enterprises, joint stock companies, cooperatives, private enterprises, etc.), which, as world experience has shown, is effective in the development of productive forces and production relations in society.

2. Economic growth

The economic life of society is in constant motion, which is manifested in many quantitative and qualitative changes.

The economic development of society, its dynamics, is the evolution of productive forces and production relations, usually proceeding on the basis of expanded reproduction. During the process, there is an increase in labor productivity, its ability to create an increasing amount of benefits useful to both society and people.

Based on this, the economic development of society presupposes economic growth.

Economic growth means the forward movement of the economy, its progress and development.

Economic growth is necessary because... the needs of society grow and change in quantitative and qualitative terms (the law of increasing needs).

Economic growth on the scale of all social production is represented by an increase in the annual volume of production of goods and services.

There are two main interrelated ways to measure economic growth:

· Determination of the degree of increase in the total volume of real GNP, GDP, ND for a certain period of time (per year).

· Determination of the degree of increase in GNP, GDP, ND per capita.

The pace and nature of economic growth are determined by a number of factors, the main of which are:

Natural Resources;

Labor resources;

Fixed capital (updating fixed capital, increasing investment in the economy);

Scientific and technical knowledge (one of the main driving forces of economic growth);

Economic structure;

Aggregate demand;

In general, these are relationships between people that determine who owns certain benefits. For entrepreneurship, the main importance is the ownership of the means of production (land, structures, buildings, equipment, tools, etc.). The relationship of ownership of the means of production is the appropriation of the means of production (possession, disposal, use); use of means of production and sale of property.

The starting point is the relationship of appropriation of the means of production. Through these relations, the right of various subjects (private individuals, enterprises, the state) to be the owners of the corresponding means of production, namely: to own, use and dispose of them, is established and secured at the legislative level.

Relations of economic use of means of production arise only when the owner of these means does not use them personally, but provides them for temporary use to other persons, for example, rents them out.

The relations of economic realization of property appear only when the means of production used bring income to their owner (profit, rent, etc.).

Own is the right of a person, enterprise or state, recognized by society and protected by law, to own, use and dispose of any resource or economic product.

The property has the following characteristics:

material form;
the presence of relations associated with appropriation;
the existence of a dependence of the income received by the owner of the property on the means of production belonging to him;
availability of legal documents regulating property relations.

In this case, the property performs the following functions:

connects the means of production and labor;
organizes and manages facilities owned by the property owner;
distributes the benefit;
saves and accumulates wealth;
stimulates and encourages the property owner to use his resources more efficiently.

Types of property can be distinguished along two main lines:

by subjects, i.e. who owns the property;
by objects, i.e. what the owner owns.

The first line (by subjects) is most important for the economy. Here you can see a wide variety of forms of ownership, but there are two main types.

1. Private property expresses the appropriation of the means of production and the results of production by individuals, i.e., a private individual receives the right to own, use and dispose of. Positive features of private ownership: powerful incentives to work hard; the basis of material well-being; guarantor of individual freedom and independence; moral satisfaction of the owner. But there is also a negative feature: individualism, selfishness and the desire for acquisitiveness develop, while disunity in society increases.

Private property has two main forms:

property of the citizens themselves (individual property);
property of legal entities (property of organizations, enterprises, firms, companies, etc.).

2. Public (public) property characterized by the joint appropriation of the means and results of production.

It can come in two forms:

collective, in which the rights of the owner are exercised by a group of people;
types of collective property:
a) rental - the labor collective leases the property of a state enterprise for a certain period and on the terms of paid ownership;
b) cooperative - the common property of all members of the cooperative, whose property arises as a union of shares (contributions) of participants;
c) joint stock – shares are issued in proportion to the value of the enterprise’s property; the object of property is financial capital and other property obtained as a result of economic activity;
state property, which can take the following forms:
a) federal property, which is the property of all citizens of the Russian Federation; it includes: land, its subsoil, state budget funds, etc.;
b) regional property, owned by residents of a certain region of the country;
c) municipal property, the right of ownership of which belongs to local authorities; it includes housing stock, trade enterprises, consumer services, transport enterprises, etc.

Public ownership is absolutely necessary in areas such as science, education, health care, social security, etc.

In different countries and at different times, the relationship between private and public property is not the same. For social and other purposes, governments of various countries carry out either nationalization or privatization of property.

Nationalization is the nationalization of property, its transfer from the private sector of the economy to the public sector. It can be of two types:

gratuitous, i.e. without compensation for material damage;
compensated, i.e. with full or partial compensation for damage.

Privatization is the transfer of state property to citizens or legal entities. More often, the transfer of property occurs through its sale at auctions, as well as leasing with subsequent purchase.

There are other processes of denationalization (enterprises are freed from direct government control), the forms of which are:

rent;
ransom;
creation of associations, joint stock companies, cooperatives, etc.

Privatization processes occur differently in each country. However, they all face the following difficulties:

the connection between privatization and changes in power relations in society;
the scale of privatization;
lack of a rational market-competitive environment;
technical difficulties;
the need for ideological choice;
lack of the necessary institutional structure at the initial stage.

Under normal conditions, nationalization and privatization cover only certain sectors of the economy.

property unemployment macroeconomic

Understanding the essence of property began in ancient times. For example, in ancient philosophy the problem of the relationship between property and economic and legal relations was posed, and an attempt was made to reveal its social role. Xenophon considered every household as property, consisting of useful things that people use in their lives. Plato, based on the division of labor between classes, believed that in an ideal state there should be common property, because private property is the basis of property disputes and mutual proceedings. In contrast, Aristotle acted as a supporter of private property and argued that it is an integral part, a necessary condition and prerequisite for the existence of an economy. Based on these views, such basic elements of property as “possession”, “use” and “disposal” were finally defined and recorded.

Such ideas were further developed in modern times in line with the ideas of natural law. Its main principles - personal freedom and private property as sacred and inviolable rights of people - had a great influence on the evolution of classical political economy. A. Smith believed that the best economic system is the one where the right of private property is most fully realized, that is, a market economy. However, the principle of “sacredness and inviolability” of private property was criticized already during the emergence of capitalism.

A characteristic feature of the Marxist interpretation of property was the emphasis on the economic nature of property over its legal form as a relationship between people, as opposed to the relationship of a person to a thing. A significant place in Marxism was occupied by the issues of the abolition of capitalist private property and its replacement with socialist public property.

In modern Western economic theory, on the contrary, the legal interpretation of property as relations between property subjects from the point of view of appropriation of the means of production and products of labor has received the greatest importance.

The production process uses material resources as means of production. For the production process to begin, it is necessary to connect the means of production with labor power, which together form the productive forces of society.

Production relations - the relationships that people enter into during the production process - are relationships between people regarding the production, distribution, exchange and consumption of material goods.

Production relations represent a social form of production through which people appropriate objects of nature.

The main thing that determines the content of property is appropriation - the alienation of an object of property by a subject from other subjects.

Possession, use and disposal should be distinguished from property as a complete form of appropriation and alienation.

Possession is incomplete, partial appropriation. The owner is a representative of the means of production. He is the personalized representative of the owner. Ownership is a functioning property under conditions determined by the owner. For example, rent, credit, which require urgency, payment, repayment, as well as appropriation of part of the income.

Use is the actual use of a thing depending on its purpose. Use is a form of realization of possession and property. If possession is a function of ownership, then use is a function of ownership.

Disposition is the adoption of decisions by the owner or another person regarding the functioning of the property, described on the right of the entrepreneur to transfer property for use within the limits permitted by the owner

As society developed, property relations improved, taking on a wide variety of types and forms. The type of property is understood as a qualitatively special stage in the development of property (types such as primitive communal property, slave ownership, feudal property, capitalist property, socialist property), and its form is the specific nature of the ownership of material factors and results of social production by its main subjects. The following forms of ownership are distinguished: private, group, public.

Private property relations presuppose the isolation of the owner, who exercises his rights independently of other people. Private property is personified, that is, its owner is known and the responsibility for its use is specific. Private property is represented by individual property and capitalist private property. A distinctive feature of individual property (private labor property) is that the owner independently exercises the rights of ownership, disposal, use and appropriation. This implies the desire of the private owner to run his farm in the most rational way, and the high efficiency of private property. The social bearers of this form of ownership are peasants, artisans, private doctors, lawyers and other people who live by their labor. In the case of capitalist private property, basic rights are still exercised by the owner, but some powers may be concentrated in the hands of other people. This type of property alienates the hired worker from the means of production and creates conditions for the enrichment of the owner-owner at the expense of the latter’s labor. Here the divergence of economic interests of owners and workers is inevitable. On the basis of private property, such forms of economic management are formed as personal subsidiary farming, labor farming, private enterprises of any size - from individual production to large enterprises, as well as any other type of use of private property (from renting out apartments to monetary transactions between individuals) .

Each form of ownership has its own areas of most effective application. State ownership operates successfully in areas with limited opportunities for market stimulation. Shareholder and collective ownership are appropriate in cases where concentration of funds is required. Equity ownership is group ownership that is created through the issuance and sale of securities. Collective and cooperative property is shared ownership, which presupposes the collective-group nature of appropriation, joint ownership, use and disposal of factors and results of production. The peculiarity of such property is that, although it is divided into shares, the single and only owner is the collective (group) of owners as a whole. Individual members lose the right of ownership to the property transferred in the form of contributions. Private property is used where the necessary funds for economic activity can be earned and accumulated individually.

Collective ownership is based on an association of individual owners. In Russia, collective property is represented by various types of cooperative property (ownership of consumer cooperatives, collective farms, etc.), as well as joint-stock and partnership property. Cooperative property is a collective type of property that has retained the features of individual property. Each member of the cooperative participates in it with his labor and property, and has equal rights in management and distribution of income. The amount of income received is determined by the individual contribution of the shareholder. Cooperative ownership in a market economy has greater potential, which is determined by the connection between wages and the final results of the cooperative’s activities. A type of collective form of ownership is joint-stock ownership, which combines the characteristics of both private and public ownership. Joint-stock ownership is the property of many legal entities and individuals, implying the voluntary pooling of their funds. Based on the joint-stock enterprise formed with the pooled funds, there is a collective creation of income with its subsequent individual appropriation in the form of dividends. Partnership ownership arises from the combination of capital of two or more persons. Shareholders of an enterprise are co-owners of property created through share contributions, receiving a share of profit corresponding to the size of their property. Based on the collective form of ownership, such forms of management as cooperatives, collective enterprises, rental enterprises, partnerships, joint-stock enterprises, associations, etc. are formed.

Public property relations presuppose that various persons jointly exercise the rights of the owner. Public property is based on joint ownership and disposal, but excludes individual ownership. Public property is depersonalized, since property rights belong to everyone, and specifically to no one. Public property has the highest degree of socialization; it is represented, first of all, by state property, as well as the property of public organizations. State ownership concentrates property rights in the state institution of power. The supreme manager of property is the state, and it is managed by appointed leaders. The right to jointly dispose of state property is exercised through the system of self-government of civil society. Citizens of the state that manages national wealth have the right to receive a portion of the income from the operation of state property. This income is expressed in equal opportunities for everyone in the social security system. Free and equal access to state (public) consumption funds is a prerequisite for the functioning of national in content and state in form of ownership. The public type of property is represented by state property at different levels: federal, federal subjects, municipal. The basis for the functioning of trade unions, labor unions, etc. is public property. The property of public organizations presupposes that it is disposed of and appropriated by members of these associations on an equal basis for all. State and municipal enterprises are formed on the basis of the public form of ownership.

Introduction 3
1. Essence and basic provisions of property 5
1.1 Property as an economic phenomenon 5
1.2 Laws of property and laws of appropriation 15
2. Characteristics of forms and types of ownership 21
2.1 Transformation of forms of ownership in connection with changes in the material conditions of economic activity 21
2.2 Forms and types of ownership 25
Conclusion 33
List of references 36

Introduction
The relevance of the work is determined by the fact that property is one of the most complex economic categories. Property usually refers to property owned by someone. However, this interpretation is erroneous, since in this case we are talking about an object of property. Property expresses the exclusive right of the subject to use the property. Production relations are a set of relationships between people that develop in the process of social production, exchange, distribution of material goods and services. In the structure of production relations, technical-economic (or organizational-economic) and socio-economic relations are distinguished.
The basis of socio-economic relations is the relationship of ownership of the means of production, which characterizes the social way of connecting labor with the means of production, the conditions for the disposal of factors of production and their use, and the appropriation of the results of production. Property relations determine the target direction of production development (in whose interests it is carried out), the social structure of society, and its type. Historically, the following forms of ownership are known: public ownership; private property; state property. In addition, there are varieties of intermediate and mixed forms of ownership.
The object of the work is economic theory.
The subject of the work is the concept of property in economic theory.
The purpose of the work is to study the theoretical aspects of the concept of property as the basis of production relations.
Job objectives:
1. Consider property as an economic phenomenon.
2. Study the laws of property and the laws of appropriation.
3. Reveal the process of transformation of forms of ownership in connection with changes in the material conditions of economic activity
4. Study the forms and types of property.
The structure of the work includes an introduction, a chapter “The Essence and Basic Provisions of Property” and a chapter “Characteristics of Forms and Types of Ownership”, a conclusion and a list of references.

1. Essence and basic provisions of property
1.1 Property as an economic phenomenon
The first idea of property is associated with a thing, a good. But such identification of property with a thing gives a distorted and superficial idea of it. If a thing is not used separately, then the question of ownership does not arise. Property expresses the exclusive right of a subject to use a thing. The subjects of property are individuals, groups of persons, communities at various levels, the state, and the people.
So, as a first approximation, property is the relationship between people regarding the use of material and spiritual goods and the conditions of their production, or a historically determined social way of appropriating goods.
Property as an economic relationship was formed at the dawn of human society. All the most important forms of non-economic and economic coercion to work rest on the monopolization of various objects of property. Thus, under the ancient method of production, non-economic coercion was based on the right of ownership of the slave - the direct producer; in the conditions of the Asian mode of production - on the right of ownership of land; during the period of feudalism - on the right of ownership of a person and land at the same time. Economic compulsion to work comes from ownership of the conditions of production or from ownership of capital. In a developed system of economic relations, property reflects the deepest connections and interdependencies, the essence of economic existence.
Property is the axis around which all legislation revolves and with which, one way or another, most of the rights of citizens relate.

FGOU VPO "NGAVT"

Novosibirsk Command School named after S.I. Dezhneva

Test on the discipline “Fundamentals of Economics”

Completed: art. gr. EM-31

Yuriev Anton Anatolievich

Checked:

Novosibirsk 2010

Option No. 9

1. Property as the basis of production relations.

The main characteristic is not what is appropriated, but by whom and how it is appropriated.

Property is the relationship between people regarding the appropriation of the means of production and products of labor.

Productive forces are the means of production and people, with their experience and knowledge, who set these means of production in motion.

Labor power is the main, decisive element of the productive forces, since:

The labor force contains all the production experience accumulated over many generations;

The means of production are created by people;

The means of production become an element of the production process only as a result of people’s labor activity.

Certain connections and relationships that people enter into during the production process are called production or economic relations.

Production relations are relationships between people regarding the production, distribution, exchange and consumption of material goods.

Production relations represent a social form of production through which people appropriate objects of nature.

There are: organizational-economic relations and socio-economic relations.

Organizational-economic relations are relationships between people in the process of organizing production as such, regardless of its nature.

The totality of all economic processes occurring in society on the basis of property relations and organizational forms operating in it represents the economic system of society.

The main elements of the economic system are:

Socio-economic relations;

Organizational forms of economic activity;

Economic mechanism;

Specific economic ties between economic entities.

It is necessary to distinguish between the concept of property as an economic category and the legal right of ownership.

In the economic sense, property is complex economic relations between people that develop in social production.

Highlight:

Lease is an agreement to provide a person’s property for temporary use to another person for a certain fee.

3. Economic sale of property. It occurs when it brings income (profit, rent) to its owner.

The legal side of property is manifested in the fact that the subject has certain rights to the object, guaranteeing him the opportunity to own, dispose and use the property.

Possession is a property relationship that characterizes the ownership of an object by a certain entity from the legal side.