The Ministry of Health has developed a vaccination schedule for children under 3 years of age, or an immunization table, the use of which is recommended for all parents and attending pediatricians.
Calendar of preventive vaccinations and 7 basic rules for preparing a child for vaccination
A child’s immunity to especially dangerous diseases is formed at an early stage of development. It has been proven that when microorganisms and bacteria are administered in the form of an injection (vaccination) in infancy, vaccination is practically asymptomatic.
The vaccination plan for children under 3 years of age has been agreed upon with WHO (World Health Organization) and is used by workers in hospital maternity wards.
AGE | GRAFT | Newborns (in the first 24 hours of life) | Hepatitis B – 1st vaccination | 3-7 days | Tuberculosis - vaccination | 1 month | Hepatitis B – 2nd vaccination (children at risk) | 2 months | Hepatitis B – 3rd vaccination (children at risk) | 3 months | Hepatitis B – 2nd vaccination, diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus, polio, Haemophilus influenzae type b – 1st vaccination | 4.5 months | Diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus, polio, Haemophilus influenzae type b – 2nd vaccination | 6 months | Hepatitis B – 3rd vaccination, diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus, polio, Haemophilus influenzae type b – 3rd vaccination | 12 months | Hepatitis B – 4th vaccination (children at risk), measles, rubella, mumps - vaccination | 18 months | Diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus, polio, Haemophilus influenzae type b – 1st revaccination | 20 months | Poliomyelitis – 2nd revaccination | 24 months | Pneumococcal infection, chickenpox - vaccination | 36 months | Viral hepatitis A - vaccination |
Parents should follow the following rules to properly prepare their child for vaccination.
- A few days before vaccination, it is recommended not to visit places where there are large crowds of people. Under no circumstances should you change your usual daily routine or diet. Do not introduce new products.
- 3 days before the planned date of vaccination, do not take antihistamines (suprastin, tavegil, etc.), stop taking vitamin D3. You can add calcium to complementary foods.
- To try to avoid the risk of complications, the parent must monitor whether the child has gone to the toilet in a big way. As a last resort, you can do a cleansing enema on the day of vaccination.
- Parents of older children who strictly adhere to the 2015 vaccination schedule for children in Russia are required to prepare their child for vaccination by telling them about the need for an injection. For infants, hospital visits and possible contact with other children should be kept to a minimum.
- After vaccination, you need to spend a maximum of 1 hour in the fresh air.
- On the day of vaccination, it is forbidden to bathe the baby.
- In a situation of hardening at the grafting site, it is recommended to make an iodine mesh. If the temperature rises from 37.1 °C, give an antipyretic and call an ambulance.
The vaccination schedule for children under 3 years of age is valid only for healthy children. In case of frequent illnesses, an individual vaccination table is compiled.
Indications and contraindications for vaccination
As stated above, a child is brought in for vaccination provided that he had no behavioral abnormalities several days before the plans of the doctors and parents. He ate normally, was in high spirits, was not ill, and was not capricious.
Any ARVI pushes scheduled vaccination back 2 weeks. You should inform your attending pediatrician about this circumstance.
Also, the child's disability and birth injuries are considered reasons for not vaccinating, violating the vaccination schedule for children under 3 years of age.
Reaction to the vaccine, side effects, possible complications (using the example of DPT)
DTP stands for adsorbed pertussis-diphtheria-tetanus vaccine.
If you give DTP, the vaccination schedule is as follows:
- 3 months,
- 4.5 months,
- six months,
- 1.5 years.
Consequences: diarrhea, vomiting, fever, cough, loss of appetite.
At this moment, the parent should not worry, there is no need to frantically search for children’s medications in the medicine cabinet: the reaction to the vaccine will pass by the evening. Unless, of course, the child caught a viral disease at the clinic.
Read more about complications after DTP vaccination, how to deal with them, as well as the opinions of doctors and reviews of parents about this vaccination in this material.
If there were any complications after vaccination , The vaccination schedule is still mandatory for doctors, moms and dads.
Is it necessary to get the DTP vaccine at all, is it worth risking the child and is it possible to refuse it? We talk about these and other questions.
How to avoid complications or what to do if they arise? (using the example of vaccination against polio)
There are no antiviral drugs to treat polio. The disease most often affects children under 10 years of age If you pay attention to the schedule of vaccinations for children under 3 years of age, the table shows that the vaccine against such a terrible disease as polio is planned for a baby from 3 months.
The main condition for successful vaccination is good health, which is confirmed by a general blood test, urine test and visual examination by a pediatrician.
If polio vaccination is carried out, the schedule of which has been agreed upon with the WHO organization, this means that there are no other remedies for this terrible disease.
Vaccinations are carried out in the form of drops in the mouth and in the form of injections. Moreover, after vaccination, there are practically no reactions from the baby’s body in this case:
- after vaccination, the temperature may rise to 37.5 ° C within 14 days,
- there is rarely frequent bowel movements. They stop exactly after one or two days.
If complications occur, do not worry. With vaccination, pathogens and bacteria are introduced, and the child’s body, in turn, tries to develop immunity against dangerous diseases. During this period, the baby’s parent should temporarily refrain from various innovations in food and “trips” to relatives and friends.
AND do not forget to revaccinate after 1 year after the first vaccination!
6 rules to follow before and after vaccination
Vaccination is an important step for all parents. The vaccination schedule for children under 3 years of age is mandatory subject to a number of rules:
- Children vaccinated with one vaccine against one infection can be vaccinated with another vaccine no earlier than after 2 months.
- Polio vaccinations can be given on the same day as whooping cough, diphtheria and tetanus vaccinations.
- If a child was born premature, with a body weight of less than 2300 g or slightly more, then the dose of vaccination is halved.
- An individual vaccination table for children under 3 years of age is entered into the child’s medical record.
- When curing from injection hepatitis and meningococcal infection, the vaccination schedule after 1 year is postponed later by 6 months.
- A severe case of acute respiratory viral infection shifts the vaccination calendar by 1 month.
What should parents do if they want to refuse vaccinations and does this make sense?
The vaccination calendar for children under 3 years of age, the table presented above, can become a guide to action. In this case, the child’s legal representative decides for himself whether to vaccinate or not.
Regarding the dilemma of whether to vaccinate or not, smart parents have no doubts. Otherwise, when the child reaches 2-3 years old, he will have problems attending preschool institutions.
Caring parents argue that it is better to vaccinate than to refuse it. Indeed, in case of disagreement with the doctor, all responsibility for life and health is transferred to the parents, and an unexpected illness can ruin the whole fate of the little man and even lead to irreparable consequences.
The 2015 national calendar of preventive vaccinations was developed based on the results of many years of practice by practicing doctors. All experts believe that it is better to prevent a disease than to treat it.
If you still have doubts and do not dare to vaccinate your child, listen to the authoritative opinion of Dr. Komarovsky, a pediatrician, a doctor of the highest category.
Vaccination done on time, according to the schedule, becomes the guarantor of your child’s health and longevity.
Children's diseases are usually called measles, diphtheria, chickenpox and most diseases for which vaccinations are given. In fact, they are not children's at all - nothing changes with age.
It's just that all these diseases are easy to catch. Before mass vaccination, people became infected as soon as they encountered pathogens. This happened at an early age, and then those who became ill either died or acquired active immunity, which protected them. So it seemed that only children were sick.
Now there is no need to risk your life for the sake of immunity - there is. But if you haven’t had them done or have had them done for too long, you are at risk.
Currently, no one will warn a person about the timing of immunization: you need to find out the correct time and age of revaccination yourself.
Olga Vladimirovna Shirai, epidemiologist, head of the epidemiological department of St. Petersburg State Budgetary Institution "Elizabeth Hospital"
Many adults do not revaccinate, but still do not get sick thanks to their immunity. Some people have it after an illness, some after a vaccination (even if everyone has forgotten about it), others are protected by collective immunity - epidemics simply have nowhere to roam if the majority are vaccinated. Revaccination is needed to avoid getting sick and not to provoke epidemics.
How can I find out what vaccinations I have had?
In theory, all vaccinations are recorded on a card or vaccination certificate, and cards with data travel with the person from clinic to clinic.
In practice there is none of this. Even if you have been attached to the same clinic all your life, your registration has not changed, all this data can easily be lost. For everyone else, this is a “I remember - I don’t remember” quest. Most likely you don't remember.
If this is so, then there is a guideline for those born in Russia - the national vaccination calendar. If there is a vaccine in it, you may have received it. Then you most likely need a revaccination, because not all vaccinations last a lifetime. If vaccination is not on the national calendar, then you need to get it anyway.
What tests will show that there were vaccinations?
If a person has ever been vaccinated, he has antibodies to this disease. These are proteins that attack bacteria or viruses that have entered the body. They are designated as IgG. - immunoglobulins type G.
Conduct a blood test for the presence of antibodies to viral hepatitis B, diphtheria, tetanus, polio (for three types of virus), measles, rubella, mumps, and whooping cough. To do this, a RPGA reaction is carried out with the appropriate diagnosticum (diphtheria, tetanus, measles, mumps) or ELISA (whooping cough, hepatitis, rubella).
Olga Shirai
For immunity to work, a certain titer is needed - the amount of these same immunoglobulins. If the titer is low, you need to get vaccinated. The indicators for all vaccinations are different; this is discussed with the doctor separately.
But even if you get vaccinated against a disease to which you already have immunity, nothing special will happen - the agents introduced with the vaccine will be destroyed.
What vaccines can you get vaccinated with?
When it comes to vaccines, the rule of thumb is “the newer the better,” because researchers are constantly working on improvements. New vaccines are well tolerated and often protect against several diseases at once.
Even if you were vaccinated with old vaccines as a child, you can safely revaccinate with new ones - there will be no conflict.
We have listed the vaccines that are approved for use in Russia Vaccines of the national vaccination calendar.. To learn more about them, you need to read the instructions and study the contraindications. Some vaccines are not available in clinics, while others are simply difficult to find.
How to get vaccinated against hepatitis B?
Women who have not had chickenpox and are planning a pregnancy should also be vaccinated against this disease, since infection during pregnancy (especially in the early stages) can lead to the development of defects in the fetus and even miscarriage.
Olga Shirai
The chickenpox vaccination can also be done to prevent the disease if there has been contact with a sick person. WHO considers this measure effective if vaccination is carried out no later than 72 hours after contact of a healthy person with a sick person.
Vaccine:"Varilrix."
How to get vaccinated against polio?
Polio viruses have terrible complications: one out of 200 people who recover from the disease suffers complications in the form of paralysis. You need to get vaccinated if you have no immunity and you are going to a country where the disease is common.
The vaccination is done in three stages. It is better to use an inactivated vaccine - the one that comes in injections, it is much safer than drops in the mouth.
Vaccines:"Pentaxim", "Imovax Polio", "Poliorix", "Tetraxim", "Infanrix Hexa".
How to get vaccinated against hemophilus influenzae infection?
Haemophilus influenzae infection causes severe forms of meningitis, pneumonia, and sometimes leads to sepsis. The infection does not respond well to antibiotics.
Among children, only those who are at risk due to health conditions are vaccinated. This also applies to adults: the elderly, people in contact with sick people, and people with chronic diseases are vaccinated.
Vaccines:"Act-HIB", "Hiberix Pentaxim", "Infanrix Hexa".
How to get vaccinated against papillomavirus?
Some types of papillomavirus (HPV) pose a threat to women's health, causing cervical cancer, genital warts and some other diseases.
Vaccination is recommended for girls and women aged 9 to 26 years, preferably before the onset of sexual activity (because with its onset the risk of becoming infected from a partner increases sharply). The vaccination can also be done at a later age, up to 45 years.
Olga Shirai
Men can also get this vaccination so as not to be teased by the virus that causes cancer (not only of the cervix, but also of other organs) and not to suffer from condylomas. The vaccination is done in three stages according to the instructions.
Vaccines:"Gardasil", "Cervarix".
How to get vaccinated against pneumococcus?
Adults are vaccinated upon request. Pneumococcal infection, as a rule, joins other diseases and is a complication. It causes meningitis, otitis media, sinusitis,.
- adults over 65 years old;
- people who frequently come into contact with possible carriers of infection;
- employees of preschools, schools, boarding homes;
- those who have chronic diseases of the respiratory system, liver, diabetes;
- people suffering from immunodeficiencies;
- patients who have an increased risk of meningitis (after traumatic brain injury, neurosurgical interventions on the spine).
Vaccines:"Pneumo-23", "Prevenar 13".
How to get vaccinated against meningococcus?
Meningococcus causes meningitis, but in a special way. This is always a rapid infection, potentially fatal. Every case of illness is an emergency.
In Russia, vaccination is carried out if there is an outbreak of the disease, as well as among those who are subject to conscription and those who travel to Africa and Asia.
Modern vaccines protect against several subtypes of the disease at once. One vaccination in adulthood is sufficient.
Vaccines:"Menactra", "Mencevax ACWY".
What other vaccinations should I get?
In addition to those listed, there are also vaccinations for epidemic indications. They are done if an epidemic has started somewhere or if a person often encounters rare diseases at work. This is a matter for specialists, but there are several vaccinations that are worth getting without waiting for epidemics.
- Tick-borne encephalitis. We have already written about who, how and when to get vaccinated against ticks (start dealing with the issue in February in order to have time to complete the full course and develop immunity before ticks wake up).
- Flu. We also already talk in detail about the flu shot. Read everything you want to know. Vaccination is the best protection against influenza. It is worth getting vaccinated before mid-October to meet the epidemic head-on.
- Vaccinations for travelers. If you are going to a country where there are frequent outbreaks of infections, you should get vaccinated before traveling. Usually this is hepatitis A (you can get vaccinated against it just for prevention), yellow fever. It all depends on the country you decide to go to.
What to do right now?
To ensure you don't get sick:
- Go to your local clinic and ask your therapist what vaccines are on your card.
- Get tested for antibodies to those diseases for which this is required.
- Find out if the clinic has vaccines and their names.
- Find a private medical center that is licensed to provide vaccinations.
- Find out which pharmacies sell vaccines.
- Set up a vaccination schedule with your doctor. Several vaccines can be administered at the same time; it is not necessary to take breaks between different drugs. It all depends on the instructions for each specific vaccine.
- Get your vaccinations on this schedule.
- Do not be ill.
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Children's vaccinations... How much controversy they cause among parents! There are so many fears about how the baby will survive the vaccination!
At what age and what vaccinations a child needs, the table of childhood vaccinations will help you figure it out.
Is vaccination voluntary?
Whether or not to vaccinate a child is up to each parent. There are no administrative or criminal penalties for refusing vaccination.
Gossip
Why do parents refuse vaccinations? Often, due to fear of how vaccination will affect the baby’s health. After all, vaccination is nothing more than the introduction into the body of a healthy person of weakened or dead infectious agents, against which the vaccination is intended. Sometimes the vaccine consists of artificially synthesized proteins that are completely identical to the proteins of the living pathogen. This is where the view of vaccination as an injection of “poison” arose. Rumors that children die or become disabled from vaccinations are also spreading panic among parents.
Reality
In reality, the vaccine is designed to induce immunity to viruses and diseases: the vaccine enters the body, and the immune system begins to produce antibodies. And when a person encounters a real virus in life, the disease does not occur at all or occurs in a very mild form. Naturally, after vaccination, the child may have a fever or be lethargic: when the immune system adapts, everything will return to normal.
The fact that in countries with a good level of medicine, where vaccination is widespread, there are no outbreaks of epidemics that claimed thousands of lives a hundred years ago speaks in favor of vaccinations! Suffice it to remember how much of the population was destroyed by smallpox, but since 1982, vaccination against it in our country has been completed, since the disease has been completely defeated.
The benefits and harms of vaccinations must be adequately assessed by parents before signing consent or refusal.
What types of vaccinations are there?
Vaccination is planned and according to epidemic indications. Routine vaccinations are mandatory vaccinations prescribed in the vaccination calendar. There are one-time vaccinations, and there are also those that are given multiple times at intervals.
Revaccination is the administration of a vaccine to maintain immunity from a disease.
According to epidemic indications, mass vaccination is carried out independently for both children (some of them from a certain age) and adults if there is an epidemic outbreak in the region, for example, influenza, tick-borne encephalitis, anthrax, Q fever, plague, etc.
Mandatory vaccinations by age
In Russia, vaccinations are given to the population in accordance with the vaccination calendar. This is a document approved by the Ministry of Health and Social Development of the Russian Federation and determines the timing and types of vaccinations.
Routine vaccinations are free. What vaccinations are required for children by month/year?
In the maternity hospital
Each mother, in the first hours after birth, signs a consent or refusal to vaccinate her newborn against hepatitis B.
Why is hepatitis B dangerous? It causes disturbances in the liver and can lead to cirrhosis or cancer. The virus is transmitted through blood and other body fluids. You should not refuse vaccination if the mother is a carrier of the virus. The vaccination is done according to the scheme: 0-1-6 months, or 0-3-6 months. Children from the risk group according to the scheme 0:1:2:12 months.
Children's vaccinations from birth include vaccination against tuberculosis, it is done on days 3-7. Everyone knows how dangerous tuberculosis is and how many lives it has claimed. Vaccination against tuberculosis is done according to the schedule: 0 months. – 7 years – 14 years (according to indications).
In the first year of life
During the first 12 months, the baby is vaccinated more than 10 times. Some vaccines are combined, and several vaccinations are given with one injection, such as DTP - against tetanus, diphtheria, whooping cough. Some vaccinations are given on the same day, such as DPT and polio.
At 3 and 4.5 months, children receive the DPT vaccine and against polio. What do these vaccines protect against?
Tetanus caused by bacteria that grow in the intestines of humans and animals and may be present in feces. Therefore, you can become infected through soil contaminated with them. Tetanus is transmitted through damaged body tissue and even through the umbilical cord, which is cut with an unsterile scalpel. Tetanus affects the human nervous system and can lead to death.
Diphtheria manifests itself as inflammation of the upper respiratory tract and can cause respiratory arrest.
Whooping cough manifests itself in severe coughing attacks, and also causes serious consequences such as pneumonia, bronchitis, and pleurisy. Whooping cough can cause bleeding in the brain.
Polio– a disease of the nervous system that can cause paralysis, affect muscles, paralyze the diaphragm, which is dangerous by stopping breathing. Vaccination against this disease causes a lot of controversy. It is believed that unvaccinated children very rarely become ill with polio, and the administered vaccine can cause mild to moderate forms of this disease.
Mumps- a disease known as mumps. When it occurs, the glands (salivary, pancreas, seminal) are damaged. In a complicated course, the disease can develop into meningitis or encephalitis; Deafness and infertility (usually male infertility) may develop.
Measles, a disease that occupies a leading position in mortality, poses a danger to the baby already in the prenatal period if an unvaccinated mother falls ill. Pneumonia, otitis media, deafness, blindness, mental retardation – these are the complications measles brings to sick children.
Rubella in young children it is relatively mild, but complications such as encephalitis (inflammation of the brain) are known. An unvaccinated woman who gets rubella during pregnancy may lose her baby altogether, or give birth to a child with central nervous system disorders, heart disease, blindness or deafness.
Since 2014, the vaccination calendar in Russia has been supplemented with vaccination against pneumococcus (an infection that causes meningitis, pneumonia, otitis, etc.). In addition, children at risk for hemophilia (blood inability to clot) are vaccinated against this disease according to a schedule of 3-4.5-6 months. 
Vaccinations after one year
In the second year of life, visits to the vaccination office will become less frequent. So, at one and a half years the child will receive DPT revaccination and the first revaccination against polio, and at 20 months. – repeated revaccination against polio.
If you doubt the quality of the vaccine offered by the clinic, purchase the vaccine yourself at the pharmacy! As a rule, both the transportation conditions and the storage method are strictly observed. Ask for a “snowball” (a bag of cooling material) to accompany the vaccine to deliver the vaccine without disturbing the temperature. You do not have the right to refuse an injection of your vaccine in the treatment room.
Child goes to kindergarten
As a rule, kindergartens require you to provide a vaccination certificate. They exclusively require everyone to prove that you have decided to refuse all vaccinations and this does not contradict the laws, sometimes it becomes difficult. However, children who have not received vaccinations have the right to attend all educational institutions!
Vaccinations are not given specifically for kindergarten, but if they are checked and a deficiency is found, the child may be vaccinated unscheduled. At 6 years of age, routine revaccination against rubella, measles and mumps is appropriate.
You can optionally vaccinate your child against rotavirus and chickenpox. Vaccination against rotavirus is free in some regions. It will protect the baby from the “dirty hands disease” that preschoolers often suffer from. The chickenpox vaccine costs from 1,500 rubles, but it will protect the baby from chickenpox, which still kills one person for every million people who are sick!
You need to be prepared for the fact that every year your child will be tested for the Mantoux test - this is the best way to detect tuberculosis in time.
Vaccinations for schoolchildren
At the age of 7 years, the child is given a revaccination against tuberculosis, and a 3rd revaccination against tetanus and diphtheria.
14-year-olds receive a second revaccination against tuberculosis (BCG) and a third for tetanus, polio and diphtheria.
Sometimes a vaccine against the human papillomavirus may be recommended. Be careful! Although they claim that the vaccine will protect girls from uterine cancer, research on the vaccine has not been completed. There is an opinion (not confirmed by science) that vaccination leads to infertility.
Video on the topic: Children's vaccinations Pros and cons
Table of calendar vaccinations for children
| Child's age |
Graft |
|
|---|---|---|
| 0-1 year | 1st day | 1st vaccination against hepatitis B |
| 1st week | BCG is the 1st vaccine against pulmonary tuberculosis |
|
| 1st month | 2nd vaccination against hepatitis B |
|
| 2 months | 3rd vaccination against hepatitis B (for children at risk) |
|
| 3 months |
1st DTP (diphtheria, tetanus and whooping cough) 1st polio vaccination 1st vaccination against pneumococcus |
|
| 4 months | 2nd DTP (diphtheria, tetanus, whooping cough) 2nd polio vaccination 2nd vaccination against pneumococcus 1st vaccination against hemophilia (for children at risk) |
|
| 6 months | 3rd DPT 3rd polio vaccination 3rd vaccination against hepatitis B 2nd vaccination against hemophilia (for children at risk) |
|
| 12 months | Vaccination against rubella, measles, mumps. | |
| 2 years | and 3 months | revaccination against pneumococcus |
| and 6 months | 1st revaccination against polio revaccination against hemophilia (children at risk) |
|
| and 12 months | 2nd revaccination against polio |
|
| 6 years | Revaccination against measles, mumps and rubella |
|
| 7 years | 2nd revaccination against diphtheria, tetanus Revaccination with BCG |
|
| 14 years | 3rd revaccination against tetanus, diphtheria 3rd revaccination against polio |
|
Epidemic indications
If an unfavorable epidemic situation is detected (a virus outbreak) or if there is contact with a carrier of the infection (for example, a dog bite), vaccination is done according to epidemic indications.
Influenza vaccination should be carried out in advance, in the summer and autumn. When a flu outbreak has already begun, a shot will not prevent infection.
Outside the Russian Federation
If you are going on vacation to another country, you need to be prepared that your child will have to be vaccinated. Many countries have special vaccination requirements for those entering and leaving them. So, what vaccinations are needed when traveling to other countries?
When traveling to Africa and South America, it is recommended to get vaccinated against yellow fever. Yellow fever is transmitted through mosquito bites and causes mortality in more than half of cases. It is also worth getting vaccinated against typhoid fever and hepatitis A.
Travelers to Asian countries should take care of vaccination against Japanese encephalitis, which is caused by a mosquito bite. When the disease occurs, brain damage occurs.
You can enter many European countries only with proof of vaccination against cholera, plague and rabies. Why are these diseases dangerous? Cholera manifests itself as diarrhea, dehydration, wrinkled skin and loss of elasticity, blue lips and ears. If left untreated, cholera leads to death in most cases. Those infected with plague (most often from rodent bites or contact with a sick person) without treatment taken at the earliest stage of the disease die within 48 hours (depending on the type of disease).
Contraindications to vaccination
If a child had an allergic reaction to a previous vaccination, vaccination of this type is excluded. Children with immunodeficiency are completely exempt from vaccinations with live vaccines.
Children receive medical withdrawal (schedule shift) from vaccinations:
- during the period of acute respiratory infections and acute respiratory viral infections;
- premature;
- after surgery or blood transfusion;
- if you feel unwell (fever, diarrhea, vomiting, lethargy).
Before vaccination, the pediatrician should examine the child, ideally taking tests. But no one except the mother can accurately assess the baby’s well-being, so do not hesitate to refuse scheduled vaccinations if you notice that something is wrong with the child.
Inpromed Medical Center participates in the promotion "Together against meningitis". The action is held in Moscow. In the Inpromed network of medical centers you can get vaccinated against meningitis with the Menactra vaccine (USA). Call and make an appointment!
Children's vaccination schedule - preventive vaccination calendar
| Age | Graft | Vaccine | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Newborns (in the first 24 hours of life) | Hepatitis B - first vaccination | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 3-7 days | Tuberculosis - vaccination | (BCG-m) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1 month | Hepatitis B - second vaccination, second revaccination incl. children at risk | (Engerix V, combiotech, regevac) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2 months | Hepatitis B - third vaccination (children at risk) Pneumococcal infection - first vaccination | (Engerix V, combiotech, regevac) (Prevenar 13, Synflorix) |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 3 months | first vaccination | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 4.5 months | Diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus, polio, Haemophilus influenzae type b - second vaccination
Pneumococcal infection - second vaccination | (DPT, Infanrix, Pentaxim, Poliorix or IPV, Polymilex, ActHib or Hiberix) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 6 months |
Hepatitis B ( third vaccination). Diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus, polio, Haemophilus influenzae type b - third vaccination |
(Engerix V, combiotech, regevac) |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 12 months | Hepatitis B - fourth vaccination (children at risk) Measles, rubella, mumps - vaccination. Chickenpox (chickenpox vaccine) – vaccination followed by revaccination (before admission to kindergarten, children of orphanages) |
(Engerix V, combiotech, regevac) (Priorix or JCV+ JPV+ rubella vaccine) (varilrix) |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 15 months | Pneumococcal infection - revaccination | (Prevenar, Synflorix) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 18 months | Diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus, polio, Haemophilus influenzae type b - first revaccination | (DTP, Infanrix, Pentaxim, Poliorix or IPV or BiVac polio, Polymilex, ActHib or Hiberix) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 20 months | polio - second revaccination | (BiVac polio or Poliorixili IPV, Polymilex) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 3-6 years | Viral hepatitis A - vaccination twice. Minimum interval 6 months | (Havrix-720 or Avaxim 80 or Vakta 25) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 6 years | Measles, rubella, mumps - revaccination | (Priorix or JCV+, JPV+, rubella vaccine) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 6-7 years |
Within 1-3 days after the birth of the baby, the first vaccination in his life will be given in the maternity hospital. A person is vaccinated against dangerous diseases throughout his life. In recent years, there has been a heated debate between supporters and opponents of immunization of the population. Vaccination is not mandatory by law, and written consent is obtained from parents before each vaccination. Previously, there was no question about whether to vaccinate or not, but now there is active “anti-vaccination” propaganda, and many parents refuse vaccination. The opinion of pediatricians is clear: children should be vaccinated! Whether or not to vaccinate a child is a matter of individual decision for the parents.How many vaccinations are given to a child under one year of age?Most vaccinations occur in the first year of a baby's life. Almost every month at your pediatrician’s appointment you will be asked to give your child another vaccination. Having been born, the baby finds itself in a world full of various infections and viruses; weak immunity is not able to resist them. Medicine comes to the rescue - the child is vaccinated according to a specially developed scheme. After certain periods of time, an appropriate vaccine is introduced into the body, thanks to which antibodies are produced to dangerous and even fatal diseases. In just the first 12 months of life, a baby will have to be vaccinated against seven dangerous diseases. List of basic vaccinations for infantsWhat diseases are all infants vaccinated against? In Russia there is an approved list:
The vaccination schedule does not include vaccinations against influenza, encephalitis, chickenpox and hepatitis A. They can be given to children under one year of age if indicated, for example, if an epidemic of a disease has begun in the region. For hepatitis BHepatitis B is an infectious liver disease that is transmitted at home, through unsterile medical instruments, and in utero from a sick mother. The very first vaccination is usually given to a newborn within 24 hours. This is due to the fact that in Russia there is a high risk of infection with hepatitis B. It is placed intramuscularly in the thigh; the injection site cannot be wet. Sometimes a child has a reaction in the form of an allergy or fever; the mother needs to monitor the baby’s condition after vaccination. As a rule, the drug for hepatitis B is well tolerated without causing any complications. Contraindications to vaccination may be:
Revaccination is carried out twice: at 1 month and at 6 months, and provides immunity from hepatitis B disease for 5 years. For tuberculosisTuberculosis is a severe chronic disease that affects the lungs and gives complications to other organs and systems. The only significant prevention of tuberculosis is vaccination.  BCG is a vaccination against tuberculosis, which should definitely be done in the maternity hospital (more details in the article:) BCG is placed on days 3-7 of a child’s life. If due to some contraindications it was not performed, it can be done later in the clinic. It’s better not to delay and vaccinate your baby before 6 months. The sooner BCG is done, the less likely it is to get tuberculosis, so it is placed in the maternity hospital before contact with the outside world and the virus living in it occurs. If after the maternity hospital an unvaccinated baby has had contact with the tuberculosis pathogen, vaccinating him is no longer effective. You can get infected anywhere: in transport, on the street, which is why it is so important to get vaccinated immediately after the baby is born. The tuberculosis vaccine is given separately from others. It gives children immunity up to 7 years of age. The BCG vaccination is given in the left shoulder, the injection site cannot be wet, a wound will form there, it is not treated with antiseptics and is not opened, and the pediatrician at the clinic will use it to evaluate the activity of the vaccine. Vaccination against tuberculosis is delayed in newborns:
For diphtheria, whooping cough and tetanusDTP is a complex vaccine against diphtheria, whooping cough and tetanus. It is given 4 times: at 3, 4.5, 6 and 18 months. DTP gives the child immunity for a period of 5-10 years.
The vaccine is placed intramuscularly in the thigh. A reaction to the DPT vaccine often occurs with an increase in body temperature to 38-39°C, redness and swelling at the injection site, and the appearance of allergies. DTP vaccination is not given to children with acute diseases, immunodeficiency, or allergies. From polioPoliomyelitis affects the nervous, respiratory and digestive systems, is transmitted by airborne droplets and leads to serious disorders, and in especially severe cases, to paralysis. The polio vaccine is given together with DTP at 3, 4.5 months and at six months. The vaccine provides protection against polio for 5-10 years. It is easily tolerated and, as a rule, does not cause complications. For measles, rubella and mumpsThe vaccine is given at one year of age against three dangerous diseases at once. This makes the vaccination easier to tolerate. Immunity is developed for a period of at least 5 years.
Reactions to the vaccine may occur in the form of redness and fever. Contraindications to vaccination are: allergies, acute diseases, immunodeficiency. Against other diseasesIn addition to the basic vaccinations that are given according to the national vaccination calendar, there are vaccines that are recommended by the doctor or that are given at the request of the parents. If the family lives near livestock farms, the pediatrician may suggest vaccination against anthrax and brucellosis. In regions with high tick-borne activity, vaccination against tick-borne encephalitis is recommended. Flu vaccinations are given every year in regions with high epidemic rates. Children with heart and kidney pathologies, special types of anemia, and immunodeficiency are required to be vaccinated against pneumococcal infection. Vaccination schedule for children under one year old by month with vaccine namesThe table provides a list of the main scheduled vaccinations for children by month and the names of the vaccines. The Russian vaccination calendar is considered one of the most complete and effective in the world. The vaccination table for up to a year will help you figure it out and see which vaccination is next on the schedule. Deviations from the schedule are possible due to health reasons, for example, if a child is vaccinated not at 8, but at 9 months, nothing bad will happen, the pediatrician will draw up an individual vaccination plan.  The pediatrician-neonatologist is obliged to tell the new mother in the maternity hospital about the vaccination schedule and their importance for the baby
In what cases can the schedule be changed?The vaccination table will help you find out how many months the next vaccination will be, or your local doctor will tell you. Before the vaccination, the pediatrician will assess the child’s condition - if there are signs of an acute illness, the vaccination will have to be rescheduled. An individual vaccination schedule is made for infants susceptible to allergies, under the supervision of an immunologist, and entered into the child’s medical record. If you think about it, each child is vaccinated according to his own schedule, because any postponement of vaccination changes the entire vaccination plan. There are contraindications for which any vaccination is removed from the schedule or postponed for some time: for example, a strong reaction to the introduction of this vaccine ahead of schedule, immunodeficiency, malignant neoplasms, low birth weight, severe damage to the nervous system, and others. Is vaccination well tolerated?Nowadays, adverse reactions to vaccines are rare, but they still happen, and parents should be aware of them in order to help their child in a timely manner. The most common complications are: redness, swelling, suppuration at the vaccination site, increased body temperature, allergies. When a severe reaction to a vaccine occurs, such as hyperthermia or significant swelling, you should seek immediate medical attention.
 You need to be prepared that the child’s body may react to vaccination with an increase in temperature Is it necessary to get vaccinated?Recently, there has been active propaganda against vaccinations. The question of whether to vaccinate or not remains at the discretion of the parents. When making a decision, you should remember that before the introduction of state immunization of the population, infant mortality in Russia was up to 40%, and now it is less than 1% - the difference is impressive. To assess the risks of getting complications from vaccination and the risks of remaining unvaccinated from deadly diseases, it is important to look at the issue from all sides. The vaccine activates the child’s immunity, and if a subsequent encounter with the virus occurs, the person will not get sick or the disease will pass in a mild, non-dangerous form. You need to understand that an unvaccinated baby will be completely defenseless against dangerous diseases, and any contact with them can lead to irreparable consequences.
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