Children's skin is especially sensitive. Parents may be concerned about the appearance of a rash or redness. The reasons for this are different. Changes in the epidermis do not always signal the presence of disease.

Often the rash goes away on its own and does not cause any discomfort to the child. Despite this, the baby should be shown to a pediatrician. There may be an infectious disease.

What are the causes of rashes? We will show in the photo what allergic rashes caused by infectious diseases and other types of rashes look like on the face, head and neck, on the body and arms of an infant or an older child, whether it is necessary and how to treat it.

Varieties and their symptoms

It is difficult to independently determine the cause of a rash on a child’s face.. Pimples can appear at different ages. Some of them are localized on the face. Others can affect the head, neck, and torso.

For an accurate diagnosis, an examination by a doctor is required. The pediatrician will order additional examinations. It is important to pay attention to external manifestations.

A significant role is played by:

• location;
• extent of skin damage;
• the presence of accompanying symptoms (itching, burning, pain);
• size of rashes;
• the presence of inflammation or abscess;
• general well-being.

Experts identify several types of rashes affecting the face. Some of them require close monitoring and drug therapy.

The School of Dr. Komarovsky will tell you about different types of rashes:

Prickly heat

A child's sweat glands are imperfect. Because of this, thermoregulation processes in children do not proceed the same way as in adults. – one of the most common causes of rashes.

It is difficult to distinguish it from other conditions on your own. Difficulties with differentiation are associated with the presence of several varieties.

Miliaria rubra. The surface of the skin changes color. In severe cases, it turns bright pink. Rashes with cloudy contents inside form. A red tint to the epidermis indicates inflammation.

Crystal prickly heat. A large number of bubbles with transparent contents form on the skin. When touched and pressed, they burst easily. There is no redness with this form.

Papular miliaria. It manifests itself as a pinpoint rash on the face and body. It can form quite large accumulations on the skin.

Infected heat rash. This is a complicated option. The diagnosis is made if microbes enter the wound formed when the vesicle ruptures. Bacteria provoke an inflammatory process.

The affected area may become suppurated. Possible deterioration in health, rise in temperature.

The rash appears due to problems with the functioning of the sweat glands. Prickly heat can be caused by various factors. The main ones are:

• indoor humidity;
• lack of hygiene;
• excessive insulation of the child;
• use of synthetic underwear and clothing.

Miliaria affects not only the face. Often the rash appears on the neck, armpits, shoulders, and then spreads throughout the body.

If the condition is not complicated by infection, the child feels normal. Pimples do not cause discomfort and do not cause itching.

Miliaria is a disease of newborns. What do you need to know? Watch the video about this:

Allergic reactions

During the first year of life, a baby actively gets acquainted with new foods. After 6 months, it is recommended to introduce complementary foods. Before this, he receives breast milk or formula.

The digestive system continues to develop after birth. Any unsuitable product may cause an allergic reaction. Attentive parents will notice the appearance of a characteristic rash on the baby’s face.

Such rashes are a manifestation of the body’s immune reaction in response to irritants. Among allergens:

• food products;
• wool;
• dust;
• medicines;
• cosmetics;
• household chemicals;
• pollen.

People often ask: does it help? How and how much to give the medicine? Our publication will provide answers to questions.

Read the article about the symptoms and treatment of atopic dermatitis in children.

Symptoms and treatment of acute adenoiditis in a child are discussed in the material.

Newborn acne

Not all facial rashes require treatment. Newborn acne goes away on its own.

The appearance of a strong, small red rash on the face of a month-old baby, like pimples, can frighten parents. These rashes are hormonal in nature. Every fifth child is susceptible to their development.

Acne is localized mainly on the face. Pimples cover the forehead, nose, chin and cheeks. Some of them are filled with purulent contents. Dermatologists call them pustules. In appearance they are close to teenage acne.

Acne does not cause discomfort. Pimples do not cause itching. In most children, this phenomenon disappears on its own at 2-3 months. In rare cases, rashes persist for up to 1.5 years. Then we talk about baby acne.

Should not cause concern and small white nodules on the baby's nose or under the eyes. Many babies are born with milia on their face.

These rashes are associated with blockage of the sebaceous ducts. They also go away without treatment.

Doctor Komarovsky's school will talk about rashes in newborns:

Erythema toxicum

Newborn babies gradually adapt to their environment. During adaptation, a restructuring of all body systems occurs.

The child learns to eat and breathe differently.

During the period of perestroika, they often appear red pimples on the face, they have gray heads. The rash affects the face and scalp.

Erythema toxicum is not dangerous. The rash goes away within a few days.

Infectious diseases

Older children are also more likely to develop rashes. Parents should be careful, as pimples may indicate an infection.

To eliminate peeling, you can use healing non-hormonal ointments. The drugs have good reviews Bepanthen and D-panthenol.

If a rash appears against the background of an elevated temperature, you should consult a doctor. Severe cases will require hospitalization.

Doctors usually prescribe antibiotics or antiviral drugs depending on the type of pathogen. Other medications are designed to relieve symptoms and make the child feel better.

What not to do

Parents find it difficult to cure the rash. Therapy can indeed be lengthy. However, compliance with a number of requirements significantly speeds up treatment. The doctor will tell you what not to do when getting rid of the rash.

It is unacceptable to squeeze out pimples that appear.. This does not affect the rate of healing, but will open the door to infection.

Rashes in newborns should not be treated with alcohol-containing liquids. Their skin is too sensitive. This may cause a burn.

Avoid overheating. The thermoregulation system is not formed. Therefore, the baby is dressed so that he does not feel hot. It is better to use vests and diapers made from natural fabrics.

These are instructions for parents on what to do if their baby is a month old or older and has a rash on the face, around the mouth or on the head, arms and stomach.

If any rash appears it is better to show the baby to the pediatrician. This will eliminate doubts about the correctness of the diagnosis. If necessary, the doctor will order tests and recommend medications.

A rash on a child’s body may indicate various health problems. Photos with explanations will help you figure out which disease is typical for this or that rash, and what to do. Only a pediatrician or dermatologist will make a final diagnosis.

Rashes on a child’s body vary in location, nature, extent and accompanying symptoms: from small red dots to pustular formations. The rash can be located throughout the body or in a specific area.

This rash may appear suddenly and within a short period of time. The rash is smooth (does not protrude above the skin level), only its color gives it away. It may also have protrusions, like goose bumps.

To determine the disease, you need to pay attention to the following features:

• rash color;
• area of ​​the rash;
• the nature of the rash (lumpy or smooth);
• is there itching;
• the presence of an increase in temperature (of the whole body or just foci of the rash).

Rashes on the body are typical: with allergies, prickly heat. Maybe it's a trail of nettles. Problems with blood vessels (blood clotting disorders). Or the child has an infectious disease.

On the body (stomach, buttocks, back)

The appearance of a rash is often allergic in nature. The rash is usually accompanied by itching. If the child is small, then he will let you know about the discomfort that has arisen by crying.

It could be heat rash. If the child is under 6 months old, the rash appears on the back and buttocks. The baby feels better after bathing in herbal baths.

The rash can be a symptom of: rubella, erythema toxicum, scabies. Or is it the initial stage of chickenpox. When there are problems with blood vessels and clotting, red spots may appear on the body. When they appear, you need to take into account: has the child eaten a new product, has there been a change in powder or brand of diapers. Maybe there was a fever or vomiting before this.

The disease can be identified by the accompanying symptoms. The pediatrician makes the final diagnosis. Even if it is just an allergy, consultation is necessary. You need to find out the type of allergy (food or contact). The disease is dangerous because it is unknown how the body behaves from the inside.

On the face

Spots can be a symptom of adaptation and restructuring of the body. They go away on their own. In the absence of additional symptoms. The allergy most often manifests itself as a rash on the face (cheeks, chin). These places also suffer from prickly heat. Increased salivation causes skin irritation.

The appearance of fever or the spread of spots throughout the body indicates an infectious disease. You cannot start treatment without examination and consultation with a pediatrician.

On arms and legs

The appearance of a rash indicates diseases: allergies, dermatitis, infectious diseases. Or are they bites from small insects? Where the rash appears plays a significant role. Spots in the folds of the arms and legs occur with miliaria. Scabies (usually) begins with spots on the palms of the hands.

If your arms or legs are completely covered in a rash and it itches, it may be an allergic reaction. Improper functioning of the gastrointestinal tract can be expressed as a small red rash on the extremities. Spots on the feet are characteristic of fungus.

On the head, neck

Red spots are most often a sign of prickly heat and allergies. It is necessary to monitor the child's condition. If your health worsens, call your pediatrician. There are a large number of folds on the neck and if they are not treated properly, heat rash will quickly make itself felt. A rash on the head may be an allergic reaction to the contents of a pillow or washing powder.

The neck is often a manifestation of an allergic reaction to medications. Rashes may indicate the onset of such diseases: rubella or scarlet fever. Over time, the spots begin to spread throughout the body.

Rash in the form of spots

A rash on a child’s body (photo with explanations of what the rash may look like). Halos can indicate a skin disease (lichen, eczema, dermatitis), be an allergic reaction, or diathesis. These may be infectious diseases: measles, rubella, scarlet fever.

The spots can be of different diameters and colors. If your child has dark skin, the spots will be darker in color. There are also white spots. Their common feature is that there are no irregularities, only a change in skin color in a certain area. The spots themselves can be painful to the touch and have an increased temperature, unlike other areas of the body. Or they may not cause discomfort.

The color of the skin may change when you press on the spot, but not for long.

Attention should be paid to spots that cause discomfort and do not go away for a long time. If there is a general increase in body temperature, a visit to the pediatrician is necessary.

Rash in the form of ulcers

The appearance of a rash on the body is often caused by the work of bacteria. The rash may begin with a small wound. The causative agent may be herpes, syphilis. Or is it an infectious disease, for example, chickenpox (if the rash is not treated correctly).

The rash is harmful and painful for the baby. If the rash is not contagious (this is a consequence of improper wound treatment), a fever may appear. Drug treatment is necessary, it will be prescribed by a pediatrician or dermatologist.

Colorless

A rash may be a symptom of an allergic reaction. Or talk about poor absorption of lactose (in this case, the baby has problems with bowel movements). Or is it a symptom of malfunctioning sebaceous glands. If the rashes are regular. It is necessary to find out the nature of the rash. This is how the body can signal that the digestive organs are not functioning properly.

Watery

A watery rash may indicate the following diseases:

The appearance of watery blisters on the skin, resembling droplets of water, can also be a consequence of a sunburn. It is contraindicated to pierce the blisters and start treatment on your own.

Pustular

Pustules on the body do not appear immediately. At first, the usual small red rash appears. Over time, suppuration appears. This type of rash is typical for staphylococcus and furunculosis. It could also be pimples (acne). The rash is accompanied by fever (up to high levels) and itching. If treated incorrectly, scars from pustules may remain.

After vaccination

A child may develop a rash on his body even after vaccination. Below are photos with explanations of vaccinations: measles-rubella-mumps (MMR) and DPT. These two vaccinations are more likely to cause this complication. After PDA, red spots may appear on the body. This may be due to an allergic reaction. Or is it the body’s response to the administered drug.

Drug treatment is not necessary. Within a day, the rash recedes.

After DTP, the rash may be in the form of urticaria. With the first vaccination, a side effect is high fever. It can cause a small red rash all over the body. If a rash appears after vaccination, it will go away no later than on the 3rd day. When the rash continues, you need to call a pediatrician. This already signals the onset of a disease not related to the vaccine.

Allergic skin rashes

With allergies, skin rashes range from small rashes to ulcers. Accompanied by severe itching. When the allergic reaction is severe, the temperature may rise.

When an allergic rash appears in a child, it is first determined what the body reacted to (food, contact with animals, clothing). You can do this yourself. By exclusion method. But often the help of an allergist is necessary.

Infectious diseases, photos and descriptions

Infectious diseases are dangerous not only due to skin rashes. Their greatest danger lies in complications. Below we discuss which infectious diseases are accompanied by a rash.

Measles

It begins with a rash in the mouth, which gradually spreads to the face, and then to the baby’s entire body. The disease occurs at high temperatures. On the 3rd day after infection, a rash (pink spots) appears. At first it looks like hives. But there is no tissue swelling.

The rash is accompanied by severe itching. The spots may merge and occupy an even larger area. With treatment, the rash disappears on the 7th day. The spots begin to fade and peel. If you suspect that a child has measles, you should immediately call emergency help.

Scarlet fever

Small red spots appear on the skin. They are especially concentrated in the bends of the arms and legs. As the spots heal, they begin to peel off. The rash does not cause severe itching. Mainly for peeling. Along with the rash, the child has a severe sore throat and enlarged tonsils.

The temperature remains high and is difficult to lower. If you suspect a child has scarlet fever, call a pediatrician.

Rubella

A rash on a child’s body (photos with explanations are presented below) appears on different parts of the body. The greatest localization of spots is on the face, back, arms and buttocks. The spots first appear on the head, then throughout the body.

Small pink spots appear due to the action of the virus. It damages small blood vessels. The rash does not cause discomfort, does not peel off, and itching occurs in rare cases.

Additional symptoms: swollen lymph nodes, fever, runny nose. The rash goes away within 2-3 days. Treatment is with antipyretics and antihistamines.

Chicken pox

With chickenpox, at different stages of the disease, rashes come in different types:

Disease stage	Type of rash	On what day does it appear?	Itching
Onset of the disease	No	1-2	No
Beginning of rashes	Small red spots	3-7	Not strong
Change in rash	The appearance of watery bubbles on the spots, over time the liquid becomes cloudy	4-9	Eat
End of the disease	The bubbles burst and a crust forms	5-10	Severe itching

On what day does the rash appear and when does it begin to change, average readings were taken. How long the disease lasts depends on the individual organism. The chickenpox rash begins under the hair on the head, and then covers the entire body, even the genital area.

If crusts form on the rashes, they should not be scratched. Although the itching at this time is unbearable.

It is recommended to use special soothing ointments. At high temperatures, antipyretics are prescribed. When chickenpox is detected, the pediatrician is called to the home. The child is no longer contagious when the last bubble bursts.

Erythema infectiosum

The disease begins like a common cold. On the 4th day, small red spots appear on the cheeks. Then the rash appears on the neck, shoulders, arms and legs. Gradually, the focus of the spots grows (the rash begins to resemble a lace pattern). The rash lasts about 7 days.

Treatment occurs at home, after consultation with a pediatrician and dermatologist. If the child is small, he is observed in the hospital. Antiviral drugs are used for recovery. Antibiotics are prohibited. Upon recovery, immunity is developed for life.

Infectious mononucleosis (Epstein-Barr virus)

This disease can occur with rashes. This is usually a side effect of antibiotics. Appears on the 3-5th day after the disease, and goes away after 3 days. The rash can be either in the form of spots or papules. They do not pose a threat to health. When the rash is in the form of papules, slight peeling is possible.

Mononucleosis can be contracted through airborne droplets. The disease manifests itself with high fever, poor appetite and sore throat (the rash can also be in the mouth). The disease lasts up to 2 weeks, the recovery period takes several months. Treatment is prescribed by a pediatrician, depending on the course of the disease.

Meningococcal infection

Rash in the form of blurry spots (reminiscent of blots). Color - red with a purple tint. The buttocks are affected first, then the legs and torso.

The disease is very dangerous. At the first sign of manifestation, call an ambulance. Otherwise, death is possible. The disease is accompanied by high fever, vomiting, and confusion.

Impetigo

The disease is characterized by purulent rashes. The causative agents are staphylococci and streptococci. Clearance of the skin from the rash occurs independently on the 10th day, depending on the type of disease (causative agent). Itching can be mild or very severe.

Do not allow the rash to get wet. Dry the rashes. Allergy medications are taken and a diet is followed. If neglected, antibiotics are prescribed.

Psoriasis (scaly lichen)

Plaques (red bumps with a scaly surface) appear on the body. At the initial stage there are few of them. But if the disease starts, the plaques grow, and several pieces can unite into a single spot.

The rash can affect the entire body. Not everyone experiences itching during the rash. The temperature rarely rises. The danger of the disease is that when peeling or when plaques fall off, an infection can get into the wounds, which can worsen the situation. It is recommended to immediately consult a dermatologist. The treatment is complex and long. It is difficult to completely recover from the disease.

Herpes

A rash on a child’s body (photo with explanations of rashes near the lips) is most often localized around the oral cavity. Rarely on other parts of the body. Bubbles containing clear liquid appear. Over time, they ripen (the liquid becomes cloudy) and burst, forming a crust. It goes away on its own, leaving no traces.

The blisters themselves are painful to the touch. With rashes, body temperature does not rise. Antiviral drugs are prescribed for treatment.

Meningitis

The rash will depend on the causative agent of the disease. Small red spots appear on the body, which do not itch or hurt. Over time, the spots grow. The disease is accompanied by high fever, fear of light and severe weakness. If a characteristic rash appears, you need to go to the hospital. Death can occur within 3 hours.

They usually appear as small red or pink blisters. You need to see a dermatologist. The itching and rash will go away completely once the infection is cleared.

Worm infestations

To get rid of the rash, you need to get rid of helminthic infestations. For children, it is important to correctly calculate the dosage of medications. Consultation with a pediatrician is required. Usually the dose is calculated based on the baby's weight.

Neonatal hormonal rash

Rashes are typical for newborns. These are usually small bumps or small spots. The color can be flesh or red. The rash occurs on the face, head and neck. The rash is not dangerous and does not cause discomfort. No special treatment is required. It is recommended to do herbal and air baths.

Rash in newborns

A rash on the body of a newborn baby is not uncommon. Photos with explanations will help you understand the diseases.

Erythema toxicum

The rash is caused by an allergic reaction of the body. Appears as large red spots. An area of ​​redness and increased temperature. The rash appears immediately after interaction with the allergen.

Toxic erythema can be caused by: food, children's cosmetics, and chemicals. The spots are usually localized on the baby's cheeks, buttocks and stomach. After a short period of time, blisters appear on the spots, which, when burst, expose the skin to infection.

Erythema toxicum is best treated under the supervision of a pediatrician/dermatologist. Antihistamines are usually sufficient. The disease does not pose a serious danger to the child.

Newborn acne

Small red pimples with a purulent top. Usually the rashes occur on the face, neck, and ears. This is a hormonal change in the child's body. There is no need for treatment (pimples cannot be squeezed). Make sure they don't get wet. The disease is not contagious and does not pose any danger or discomfort to the baby. When the hormonal levels return to normal, the rash will go away.

Prickly heat

The rash appears as small red spots or watery blisters. They itch a lot, and there is often a burning sensation. The reason for their appearance is overheating of the child (when the baby is heavily wrapped in clothes) or rare hygiene procedures.

Rash on a child's body. A photo with explanations shows what prickly heat, rubella, allergies and chickenpox look like.

Locations of rashes: neck, face, head. There is no special treatment for heat rash. If the rash is very itchy, antihistamines may be given. Carry out water procedures using herbs. Provide the child with plenty of fluids. Leave naked.

Dermatological diseases

Rash on a child’s body (photo with explanations and description of diseases) with atopic dermatitis, urticaria and eczema. How to distinguish diseases and when to consult a dermatologist.

Atopic dermatitis

The rashes are of an allergic nature. They are most often localized on the face and neck, but can also occur on other parts of the body. The rash of atopic dermatitis consists of small red spots that merge into one large spot.

The rashes are very itchy and flaky. The skin becomes rougher. Often, moisture appears at the scratch areas. When the moisture dries, a crust forms. The rash begins to itch more intensely.

If dermatitis is detected in a baby, you should consult a pediatrician about treatment. Sometimes antihistamines and soothing ointments are enough. It is also necessary to find out what caused the rash so that there is no recurrence of the disease.

Hives

Blistering rash (bright red or pink). Accompanied by severe itching and swelling of the rash. When scratching, the blisters may come together. In the normal course of the disease there is no fever.

If the disease is advanced or the allergen was strong, an increase in body temperature is possible. Swelling of the baby's internal organs. In this case, you need to call an ambulance. Antihistamines are recommended for treatment. To relieve itching and swelling, herbal baths are necessary. Dieting.

Eczema

Accompanied by characteristic rashes (rough and rough spots). Color may vary. When scratching the rash, moisture is released. After recovery, the skin takes a long time to restore its appearance.

Fever does not always accompany illness. The danger of eczema is that it can occur in severe forms and often becomes a chronic disease. Treatment is prescribed by a dermatologist and pediatrician. When sick, a sedative is often prescribed.

When to call a doctor

If any rash appears, you should immediately seek help from a specialist:

A rash on a child’s body (photos with explanations will help determine the causes) most often appears due to allergies, skin diseases or infection. Don't panic if a rash appears. It is not advisable to determine the nature of the appearance yourself.

Article format: Lozinsky Oleg

Video about a rash on a child’s body

What to say about a rash on a child’s body:

The appearance of a rash on the body is a frequent reaction of the body to an allergen, taking certain medications, insect bites and other negative factors. At the same time, such manifestations can also occur in serious diseases, so this symptom should definitely be kept under control. It is especially important to detect and recognize a rash on a child’s body in time, because the child’s body is more susceptible to infections due to the imperfection of the immune system. The most common pathologies that manifest as skin rashes are discussed in our information.

Skin rashes are not included in a separate category of diseases. This is more a symptom than a consequence of any disease. There are primary and secondary rashes, as well as the nature of the formations. It is very important to pay attention to other signs of the onset of the disease, because the correct diagnosis and treatment depend on this.

Skin rashes in children are often accompanied by fever, lethargy, nausea and itching. By the way, itching is a normal reaction of the body to a skin rash or the release of histamine during an allergic reaction. There is also psychogenic itching, when, under the influence of stress and general fatigue, a person can feel severe itching without visible rashes on the body.

The following types of rash are distinguished according to external manifestations:

• Spots that appear on the skin as areas of a different color. They can be red, pink, white and even colorless, with changes in the structure of the skin.
• Bubbles are convex round or oval formations with an internal cavity. Most often it is filled with plasma or colorless serous fluid.
• Pustules, which are also called ulcers. They are represented by wounds with purulent contents.
• Papules are characterized by nodules on the surface of the skin and do not contain internal voids or liquid contents.
• Vesicles are small blisters with serous fluid inside.
• The tubercles externally look like convex formations on the skin, without an internal cavity. Most often they are colored red or bluish.

Any manifestations on a child’s skin require medical supervision. Many life-threatening infectious diseases manifest themselves as a characteristic rash, so you should not self-medicate.

By the way, traditional “grandmother’s” methods, for example, bathing in herbs or covering up rashes with brilliant green in such cases, are extremely dangerous! Depending on the nature of the rash, contact with water can worsen the child’s condition, and if the child is allergic, medicinal herbs are excluded altogether. In addition, no rash should be covered with dyes until a final diagnosis is made. This not only makes the examination difficult, but also creates the risk of “missing” a life-threatening disease.

The main types of rashes in children, visual photos with explanations, as well as the reasons that influence the appearance of such a symptom as skin rashes are discussed further in the article.

Infectious diseases accompanied by rash

The cause of the rash in this case is a virus. The most common are measles, chickenpox, rubella, and mononucleosis. Scarlet fever is considered a bacterial infection, for which treatment with antibacterial drugs is necessarily indicated. To correctly distinguish between these diseases, you should pay attention to the accompanying symptoms: fever, itching, cough or pain.

Chickenpox

Chickenpox is a relatively harmless disease that most often occurs in childhood. The nature of the rash is very specific and may differ from patient to patient. Basically, these are small bubbles that cover the entire body, except for the hands and feet. The rash appears very quickly and lasts for several days, after which the blisters burst and crusts form on the surface. The chickenpox rash is accompanied by severe itching, and the temperature may rise. When scratching, there is a high probability of scarring, so you should definitely monitor your child.

Scarlet fever

Previously, scarlet fever was considered a deadly disease, but with the invention of antibiotics the situation has changed radically. The main thing is to pay attention to the nature of the rash in time and prescribe suitable antibacterial therapy. The onset of the disease is accompanied by fever (sometimes up to 39 degrees and above), sore throat, weakness and apathy.

After a day or two, a pinpoint red rash appears, first in places of natural folds: armpits, groin, under the knees and elbows. The rash quickly spreads to the entire body and face with the exception of the nasolabial triangle. There is no itching; after antibiotics are prescribed, the rash gradually disappears, leaving no scars or noticeable marks on the skin.

Measles

Refers to more dangerous diseases, especially in adulthood. It begins like a common cold, with fever and sore throat. Almost immediately a red rash appears on the face, which quickly spreads throughout the body. On the sixth day of the disease, the skin begins to turn pale and peel.

Rubella

The first symptoms of the disease are fever, cough, and pain when swallowing. Then it starts to itch behind the ears, where the rash appears. Subsequently, it spreads over the face and body, and disappears after three to four days.

Herpes

It appears as characteristic bubbles with a clear liquid inside on the lips, near the nose and on other parts of the body. The bubbles gradually become cloudy, burst, and a crust appears that disappears without a trace.

Erythema infectiosum

It appears as a small red or pink rash. Gradually, the rashes grow and merge into one spot. It goes away in about 10 – 12 days.

Scabies

Mononucleosis

An infectious disease caused by the Epstein–Barr virus. It manifests itself as symptoms of a cold, with enlargement of the lymph nodes, spleen and liver. The third day of the disease is manifested by a sore throat, rashes appear a little later. The rash with mononucleosis looks like small pimples and pustules, or may not appear at all. The rash goes away on its own when the underlying disease is treated. No marks are left on the skin.

Meningitis

Dangerous infectious disease. It is manifested by the appearance of numerous subcutaneous “stars” due to vascular hemorrhages. Additional symptoms are fever, drowsiness and photophobia. If such a rash appears, you should immediately contact an infectious diseases hospital. Delay can lead to death, which in most cases occurs within 24 hours.

Many of the listed diseases are considered typically “childhood”, because it is believed that an adult cannot suffer from them. In fact, everything is quite the opposite; in adulthood, they are much more difficult to tolerate, and all sorts of complications are not uncommon.

That is why “chickenpox” parties are held in the USA and Europe so that children develop immunity to such viruses. Mandatory vaccinations that children are given against measles, rubella and other dangerous diseases help to develop antibodies to strains of these viruses, so even if a child gets sick, the course of the disease will be less dangerous and the risk of complications will be minimal.

Allergic rash in children

Dermatitis, which occurs as a result of an allergic reaction of the body, may differ in the nature of the rash. Most often these are spots or small red pimples of various locations. An allergic reaction can occur to any product, household chemicals, dust, animal hair, pollen and many other irritants. If you suspect that the rash is allergic, you should not ignore this symptom, but consult a doctor. He will determine exactly what it could be, and also eliminate the possibility of an infectious nature of the rash.

Causes of rash in newborns

In children under one year old, the immune system is just developing, so frequent rashes are considered almost normal. At the same time, the infectious nature of the rash cannot be ruled out, so a visit to the pediatrician is mandatory.

The most common types of rashes that appear are:

• Newborn acne. It appears as pustules and papules, usually on the face, neck and upper chest. It occurs without drug intervention, only if a high level of hygiene is observed. The cause is considered to be a hormonal release remaining in the child’s body after childbirth.

• Prickly heat. It often appears in the warm season, as well as during heat exchange disturbances, excessive wrapping and rare bathing of the child. It looks like a small red rash and can form clear blisters and pustules. Typically appears in folds of skin, on the child's back or face.

• Atopic dermatitis. Numerous red papules with liquid inside form continuous spots on the face and in the folds of the skin. The onset of the disease is similar in symptoms to ARVI; later the skin peels off greatly. Typically, children under one year old experience this disease without consequences. When diagnosed at an older age, there is a risk of the disease progressing to the chronic stage.

• Hives. It is the body's skin reaction to an allergen. It can appear anywhere, and the types of rashes vary. It is accompanied by severe itching and causes discomfort to the child.

The types of rashes in children vary. This is a common symptom of many diseases, some of which are deadly. If parents discover a rash on the child’s arms, legs, face or any other place, it is imperative to visit a doctor with a referral to make an accurate diagnosis and carry out appropriate treatment.

The appearance of a rash on the body is a frequent reaction of the body to an allergen, taking certain medications, insect bites and other negative factors. At the same time, such manifestations can also occur in serious diseases, so this symptom should definitely be kept under control. It is especially important to detect and recognize a rash on a child’s body in time, because the child’s body is more susceptible to infections due to the imperfection of the immune system. The most common pathologies that manifest as skin rashes are discussed in our information.

Skin rashes are not included in a separate category of diseases. This is more a symptom than a consequence of any disease. There are primary and secondary rashes, as well as the nature of the formations. It is very important to pay attention to other signs of the onset of the disease, because the correct diagnosis and treatment depend on this.

Skin rashes in children are often accompanied by fever, lethargy, nausea and itching. By the way, itching is a normal reaction of the body to a skin rash or the release of histamine during an allergic reaction. There is also psychogenic itching, when, under the influence of stress and general fatigue, a person can feel severe itching without visible rashes on the body.

The following types of rash are distinguished according to external manifestations:

• Spots that appear on the skin as areas of a different color. They can be red, pink, white and even colorless, with changes in the structure of the skin.
• Bubbles are convex round or oval formations with an internal cavity. Most often it is filled with plasma or colorless serous fluid.
• Pustules, which are also called ulcers. They are represented by wounds with purulent contents.
• Papules are characterized by nodules on the surface of the skin and do not contain internal voids or liquid contents.
• Vesicles are small blisters with serous fluid inside.
• The tubercles externally look like convex formations on the skin, without an internal cavity. Most often they are colored red or bluish.

Any manifestations on a child’s skin require medical supervision. Many life-threatening infectious diseases manifest themselves as a characteristic rash, so you should not self-medicate.

By the way, traditional “grandmother’s” methods, for example, bathing in herbs or covering up rashes with brilliant green in such cases, are extremely dangerous! Depending on the nature of the rash, contact with water can worsen the child’s condition, and if the child is allergic, medicinal herbs are excluded altogether. In addition, no rash should be covered with dyes until a final diagnosis is made. This not only makes the examination difficult, but also creates the risk of “missing” a life-threatening disease.

The main types of rashes in children, visual photos with explanations, as well as the reasons that influence the appearance of such a symptom as skin rashes are discussed further in the article.

Infectious diseases accompanied by rash

The cause of the rash in this case is a virus. The most common are measles, chickenpox, rubella, and mononucleosis. Scarlet fever is considered a bacterial infection, for which treatment with antibacterial drugs is necessarily indicated. To correctly distinguish between these diseases, you should pay attention to the accompanying symptoms: fever, itching, cough or pain.

Chickenpox

Chickenpox is a relatively harmless disease that most often occurs in childhood. The nature of the rash is very specific and may differ from patient to patient. Basically, these are small bubbles that cover the entire body, except for the hands and feet. The rash appears very quickly and lasts for several days, after which the blisters burst and crusts form on the surface. The chickenpox rash is accompanied by severe itching, and the temperature may rise. When scratching, there is a high probability of scarring, so you should definitely monitor your child.

Scarlet fever

Previously, scarlet fever was considered a deadly disease, but with the invention of antibiotics the situation has changed radically. The main thing is to pay attention to the nature of the rash in time and prescribe suitable antibacterial therapy. The onset of the disease is accompanied by fever (sometimes up to 39 degrees and above), sore throat, weakness and apathy.

After a day or two, a pinpoint red rash appears, first in places of natural folds: armpits, groin, under the knees and elbows. The rash quickly spreads to the entire body and face with the exception of the nasolabial triangle. There is no itching; after antibiotics are prescribed, the rash gradually disappears, leaving no scars or noticeable marks on the skin.

Measles

Refers to more dangerous diseases, especially in adulthood. It begins like a common cold, with fever and sore throat. Almost immediately a red rash appears on the face, which quickly spreads throughout the body. On the sixth day of the disease, the skin begins to turn pale and peel.

Rubella

The first symptoms of the disease are fever, cough, and pain when swallowing. Then it starts to itch behind the ears, where the rash appears. Subsequently, it spreads over the face and body, and disappears after three to four days.

Herpes

It appears as characteristic bubbles with a clear liquid inside on the lips, near the nose and on other parts of the body. The bubbles gradually become cloudy, burst, and a crust appears that disappears without a trace.

Erythema infectiosum

It appears as a small red or pink rash. Gradually, the rashes grow and merge into one spot. It goes away in about 10 – 12 days.

Scabies

Mononucleosis

An infectious disease caused by the Epstein–Barr virus. It manifests itself as symptoms of a cold, with enlargement of the lymph nodes, spleen and liver. The third day of the disease is manifested by a sore throat, rashes appear a little later. The rash with mononucleosis looks like small pimples and pustules, or may not appear at all. The rash goes away on its own when the underlying disease is treated. No marks are left on the skin.

Meningitis

Dangerous infectious disease. It is manifested by the appearance of numerous subcutaneous “stars” due to vascular hemorrhages. Additional symptoms are fever, drowsiness and photophobia. If such a rash appears, you should immediately contact an infectious diseases hospital. Delay can lead to death, which in most cases occurs within 24 hours.

Many of the listed diseases are considered typically “childhood”, because it is believed that an adult cannot suffer from them. In fact, everything is quite the opposite; in adulthood, they are much more difficult to tolerate, and all sorts of complications are not uncommon.

That is why “chickenpox” parties are held in the USA and Europe so that children develop immunity to such viruses. Mandatory vaccinations that children are given against measles, rubella and other dangerous diseases help to develop antibodies to strains of these viruses, so even if a child gets sick, the course of the disease will be less dangerous and the risk of complications will be minimal.

Allergic rash in children

Dermatitis, which occurs as a result of an allergic reaction of the body, may differ in the nature of the rash. Most often these are spots or small red pimples of various locations. An allergic reaction can occur to any product, household chemicals, dust, animal hair, pollen and many other irritants. If you suspect that the rash is allergic, you should not ignore this symptom, but consult a doctor. He will determine exactly what it could be, and also eliminate the possibility of an infectious nature of the rash.

Causes of rash in newborns

In children under one year old, the immune system is just developing, so frequent rashes are considered almost normal. At the same time, the infectious nature of the rash cannot be ruled out, so a visit to the pediatrician is mandatory.

The most common types of rashes that appear are:

• Newborn acne. It appears as pustules and papules, usually on the face, neck and upper chest. It occurs without drug intervention, only if a high level of hygiene is observed. The cause is considered to be a hormonal release remaining in the child’s body after childbirth.

• Prickly heat. It often appears in the warm season, as well as during heat exchange disturbances, excessive wrapping and rare bathing of the child. It looks like a small red rash and can form clear blisters and pustules. Typically appears in folds of skin, on the child's back or face.

• Atopic dermatitis. Numerous red papules with liquid inside form continuous spots on the face and in the folds of the skin. The onset of the disease is similar in symptoms to ARVI; later the skin peels off greatly. Typically, children under one year old experience this disease without consequences. When diagnosed at an older age, there is a risk of the disease progressing to the chronic stage.

• Hives. It is the body's skin reaction to an allergen. It can appear anywhere, and the types of rashes vary. It is accompanied by severe itching and causes discomfort to the child.

The types of rashes in children vary. This is a common symptom of many diseases, some of which are deadly. If parents discover a rash on the child’s arms, legs, face or any other place, it is imperative to visit a doctor with a referral to make an accurate diagnosis and carry out appropriate treatment.

A rash on a child’s body has internal causes and is one of the first signs of the disease. Only a doctor can determine the exact cause and prescribe adequate treatment. However, parents need to know the main types of rashes and be able to determine their nature in order to provide first aid to the child and provide the doctor with the necessary information to quickly make the correct diagnosis.

What does it look like

The appearance of pathological elements of different shapes, colors, sizes and textures on the skin is called a rash. It is often accompanied by other symptoms that can help determine the disease that caused the rash. Causes of rashes include: dysfunction of internal organs, infections and allergies. The rash is often accompanied by itching and fever. Among the secondary elements that accompany the rash are crusts, peeling, scars, cracks, ulcers and erosions, increased skin pattern, pigmentation disorders, and skin atrophy.

1. Infections

If the cause of the rash is an infection, viral or bacterial, the child has a fever, chills, a sore throat, a runny nose and a cough. Possible diarrhea, nausea and vomiting, abdominal pain. The rash appears immediately or within 2-3 days.

In the case of a viral infection, the child’s condition is alleviated by antipyretics and soothing external ointments and creams. For bacterial rashes, antibiotics are prescribed. The main symptoms of infectious diseases accompanied by a rash are presented in Table 1.

Table 1.

Disease, cause	Incubation (hidden) period	Symptoms, nature of rashes
Erythema infectiosum, caused by parvovirus B19, is transmitted by airborne droplets, and contact transmission is also possible. Most often the disease occurs between the ages of 2 and 12 years.	4 -14 days, the patient is contagious until the rash appears.	Low fever, headache and mild cough and runny nose, sometimes arthritis. First, a rash is observed on the cheeks in the form of small, slightly protruding bright red dots, which, increasing in size, merge into shiny symmetrical spots. Then, slightly swollen red patches of rash, sometimes with a bluish tint, spread throughout the body. Then the center of the spots becomes lighter. The rash most often appears on the extensor surfaces. The spots fade away gradually, over 1 - 3 weeks.
Sudden exanthema (roseola), caused by herpes virus type 6 (HHV-6), most often between the ages of 10 months and 2 years, usually transmitted from adults by airborne droplets.	5 -15 days.	Malaise, runny nose, redness of the throat, slight swelling of the eyelids, enlarged lymph nodes, neck and back ears are possible. The temperature rises sharply to 38 - 40.5 degrees, after 3 days the temperature drops, and a small rash appears on the body in the form of pink spots, sometimes slightly rising above the surface (lasting from several hours to three days). Characterized by irritability, lethargy and lack of appetite.
Varicella (chickenpox), is caused by the varicella zoster virus, similar in structure to the herpes virus. Transmitted by air or contact, most often before the age of 15 years.	10-21 days, the patient is contagious until 10 days.	Malaise occurs 1 - 2 days before the appearance of the rash, in the form of a headache, sometimes mild abdominal pain, and a gradual increase in temperature to 38 degrees. A rash accompanied by itching appears on the head, face, and torso. Within a few hours, red spots turn into papules, and then into bubbles with clear liquid (vesicles). The next day, the liquid becomes cloudy, a depression appears in the center of the bubble, and the bubble itself becomes crusty. A characteristic feature of chickenpox is the appearance of new elements (rashes), so that at the same time one can observe different stages of development of the rash: spots - compactions (papules) - bubbles (vesicles) - crusts. After the rash disappears, spots may remain and disappear within a week. Scratching the itchy rash can cause infection and leave scars on the skin. In the majority of those who have recovered from the disease, the chickenpox virus goes into a latent form, strengthening in the nerve cells.
Meningococcal infection, caused by meningococcus (bacterium), transmitted by air, settling in the nasal cavity and becoming more active when the quality of life decreases or viral infections.	2 - 10 days. The period of infection is up to 14 days from the onset of the disease.	The disease is very dangerous - less than a day can pass from the appearance of the rash to death if meningococcus enters the blood or cerebrospinal fluid. Once in the blood, meningococcus can cause blood poisoning (sepsis) and/or meningitis. With sepsis, the temperature rises to 41 degrees and vomiting begins. On the first day, patients complain of headache, impaired consciousness, photophobia, and tension in the back of the head. Against the background of pale grayish skin, a rash appears (small bruises that grow and take on a star-shaped shape); it can rise above the level of the skin, often ulcerates and forms scars. With isolated meningitis there is no rash.
Measles, is caused by an RNA virus from the Paramyxoviridae family of the Morbilivirus genus.	9 - 21 days. The patient is contagious until the 5th day from the appearance of the rash, i.e., approximately by the 9th day of the disease.	General malaise lasts 3 to 5 days, with fever up to 40 degrees, dry cough, runny nose, conjunctivitis, scleritis, blepharitis, lacrimation. On the inner mucous membrane of the cheeks, on the 2nd day, whitish-gray dots with a red rim appear, disappear within 12 to 18 hours (Belsky-Filatov-Koplik spots), leaving looseness of the mucous membrane. In parallel with the rise in temperature, bright, dense spots appear behind the ears and along the hairline. The rash is characterized by stages: on the 1st day the rash covers the face, on the 2nd day it covers the torso, on the 3rd day it covers the limbs, and the face turns pale. The rash is accompanied by mild itching, and sometimes small bruises appear. After the spots disappear, peeling and brownish marks may be observed for 7 to 10 days.
Scarlet fever, is caused by group A streptococci. It is transmitted by airborne droplets and contact not only from patients with scarlet fever, but also from patients with any disease caused by these bacteria (for example, tonsillitis).	2 - 7 days The patient is contagious until the 10th day of illness.	The malaise begins with a rise in temperature and acute sore throat. The pharynx is bright red, the tonsils are enlarged more than with ordinary sore throat. On the 1st - 2nd day of illness, a bright red, pinpoint rash appears, not affecting the nasolabial triangle, while the patient’s cheeks burn and the eyes shine. The rash is more intense in the folds of the body. especially in the armpits, elbow fossae, and groin. May be accompanied by itching. The skin is red and hot, slightly swollen. After 3-7 days, the rash disappears, leaving behind severe peeling (ends after 2-3 weeks).
Infectious mononucleosis, is caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (from a large group of herpes viruses), most often in children and young people, with close contact. It often goes away without a rash or other characteristic symptoms. The degree of infectiousness of patients is low.		The disease occurs with high fever and enlargement of the lymph nodes, especially the posterior cervical, liver and spleen. From the 3rd day of illness, a rise in temperature, inflammation of the pharyngeal and palatine tonsils with a white coating are possible. On days 5-6, a transient rash may occur, especially if the patient has been prescribed ampicillin.
, is caused by a virus from the togavirus group (family Togaviridae, genus Rubivirus), most often between 5 and 15 years of age. Transmitted by contact and airborne droplets.	11 - 21 days. The patient is contagious until the 5th day of illness.	Mild illness with low fever is often not noticed. The occipital and posterior cervical lymph nodes are greatly enlarged. After 1 - 2 days, pale pink small spots (disappear when pressing on the skin or stretching it) appear on the face, quickly spread to the legs within a day and usually disappear after 3 days, leaving no traces. The rash may be accompanied by mild itching and is located on normal, non-hyperemic skin. A common manifestation of rubella is a moderately severe dry cough, sore and dry throat, and headache. Small red elements (Forchheimer spots) are sometimes visible on the soft palate. Often the disease occurs without a rash at all. Rubella is dangerous for expectant mothers, especially in the first trimester of pregnancy, as it causes congenital malformations of the fetus.

2. Allergies

An allergic rash can be caused by food (chocolate, milk, eggs, citrus fruits, etc.), household chemicals, medications, animal hair, even after touching nettles or jellyfish, or after a mosquito bite. The rashes all over the body are clearly visible and prominent. Accompanied by a runny nose, lacrimation and severe itching. You should avoid contact with the source of its occurrence, and take antihistamines and other medications prescribed by your doctor. Allergic rashes differ from infectious rashes in their rapid manifestation and good general well-being of the child.

Quincke's edema. It can occur as a severe reaction of the body to an allergen, most often to medications or foods, but can also to insect bites, contact with jellyfish or nettles. The rash lasts a long time and is accompanied by swelling; if it spreads to the area of ​​the upper respiratory tract and tongue, the risk of blocking the larynx and suffocation increases sharply.

Hives. It occurs as a reaction to foods, medications, other allergens and under the influence of temperature factors (cold, sun), in some cases it is a secondary sign of hormonal imbalances and pathologies of the internal organs. Large, spreading pink, very itchy blisters appear on the skin.

Atopic dermatitis (atopic eczema, neurodermatitis). This is an inflammation of the skin caused by the body's immediate (within the first four hours) reaction to the allergen. It is chronic, cannot be cured completely and requires daily attention throughout life. May be accompanied by allergic rhinitis, bronchial asthma and eczema itself. The disease appears in the first year as an itchy rash on the face, cheeks, and the inner surfaces of the folds of the arms and legs. During an exacerbation, the rash looks like red blisters-papules with scratches and liquid discharge. Bursted blisters become crusty. Over the years, symptoms mutate, skin rashes change appearance and location. The skin becomes dry and rough, lesions appear in the popliteal and elbow fossae, on the chest, face and neck. The occurrence of eczema is provoked by nervous diseases, pathologies of internal organs, and endocrine system disorders.

3. Rash in newborns

Rashes on the body of newborns are caused by:

• an excessive dose of allergenic products received with mother's milk (toxic erythema of newborns is most often caused by dried apricots and walnuts);
• inappropriate care (diaper rash, diaper dermatitis, prickly heat are caused by excessive wrapping, infrequent washing, lack of air baths).

• Erythema toxicum looks like small white-yellow seals surrounded by a red rim. Often only red spots appear.
• Newborn acne occurs on the face, scalp and neck. A rash in the form of inflamed seals causes activation of the sebaceous glands by maternal hormones. Careful hygiene and moisturizing with emollients are required.
• Prickly heat caused by increased skin moisture and disruption of the sweat glands due to excessive wrapping. Small blisters and spots rarely become inflamed, do not bother the patient and disappear quickly with good care.
• Vesiculopustulosis(inflammation of the mouth of the sweat glands caused by pathogenic staphylococcus) is characterized by small pustular blisters of white or yellowish color on the body, neck, legs, arms, and head. In place of the burst bubbles, crusts form. In order to prevent the infection from spreading throughout the body, it is necessary to thoroughly treat the identified lesions with solutions of potassium permanganate or brilliant green, and alcohol - the skin areas between the pustules. You cannot bathe your baby.

Bite marks are formed due to mechanical damage to the skin and toxins and infections that have entered them. The body's reaction to insect bites from a rash of infectious diseases can be distinguished by localization and the absence of other symptoms. Immediately after a bite, the damaged area of ​​the skin turns red, swells, itching, urticaria, anaphylaxis and acute vascular insufficiency in allergy sufferers may occur.

• Bedbug bites look like linearly arranged, itchy lumps and blisters that appear at night. There is a tiny bruise in the center of the rash. Drops of blood may be found on the bed linen.
• Flea bites similar to bedbug bites, but located randomly on the skin.
• Bees, bumblebees, wasps and hornets in the back of the body they have a sting connected to a sac containing poison. This sting often remains at the site of the bite and must be carefully removed.
• Mosquitoes The bites leave behind itchy blisters that then develop into a reddish lump that lasts from several hours to several days. Sometimes the bite site swells. If you are prone to allergies, urticaria and Quincke's edema are possible.
• Scabies mites make microscopic passages in thin skin (between the fingers, on the wrists, on the stomach, etc.). The rash looks like red dots, often located in pairs, 2-3 mm apart, and is accompanied by severe itching. Scabies is contagious. It is transmitted by contact, including through shared things, and requires treatment by a dermatologist.

5. Hemorrhagic rash

A rash due to diseases of the blood and blood vessels (amyloidosis, thrombocytopenic purpura, Wegener's granulomatosis, vasculitis, hemosiderosis of the skin, etc.) occurs as a result of hemorrhages in the skin and requires examination by a hematologist. Depending on the disease, it may appear in the form of small dots or large bruises of various shapes and shades (from blue to brown and dirty gray). If a hemorrhagic rash is detected, you should urgently call a doctor and limit the patient’s mobility until a diagnosis is made. Among the causes of hemorrhagic rash are anthrax, meningococcemia, pseudotuberculosis, typhoid fever, and intestinal yersiniosis. The rash may be accompanied by itching and soreness of the skin, fever, and enlarged lymph nodes.

What to do

If rashes appear on the skin, you need to analyze

• where and for how long the child was;
• what he ate, what he did;
• with whom or what was in contact.

The child must be shown to a doctor; the doctor is called to the house as usual. Before visiting the doctor you should:

1. Isolate the baby from other children (to prevent the spread of possible infection), and, if possible, limit his mobility.
2. Do not scratch itchy areas so as not to expand the affected area (for example, with scabies).
3. The rash should not be treated with any means so as not to distort the clinical picture for making a diagnosis.

IMPORTANT! Emergency care is called if a meningococcal infection is suspected. And also if the rash is accompanied by a temperature above 40 degrees, confusion, vomiting, headache, swelling and difficulty breathing, or has the appearance of star-shaped hemorrhages throughout the body and causes unbearable itching.

Prevention

The simplest and most effective way to prevent infectious diseases (and their serious complications) in children is vaccination under the supervision of a pediatrician, according to the national vaccination schedule. Most modern vaccines are lightweight: they eliminate components that can cause unwanted reactions. They also have the ability to combine into one.

Children's immune system has not yet been fully formed, so in order not to provoke allergic manifestations, new foods should be introduced into the child's diet gradually, in small portions, checking how he tolerates them.

In case of any pathological change in the skin, you need to carefully examine the child, analyze what he ate, what he did, when and with whom he was in contact, reassure the baby, provide him with peace and, if necessary, call a doctor.