Metabolism (Metabolism)- a series of chemical processes active in every cell that convert calories into energy. Even when we do nothing, the body spends energy on basic needs...
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Metabolism (Metabolism) - a series of chemical processes active in every cell, they convert calories into energy. Even when we do nothing, the body spends energy on basic needs: maintaining respiratory function, immune processes, normal temperature, synthesis of hormones and enzymes, mental activity, digestion of food , transporting nutrients through the bloodstream. At rest, the body spends half of the energy received to maintain the functioning of the brain, heart, liver, kidneys, the rest goes to the digestive system, muscles and fat.
Bioimpedance testing (BIA) is a diagnostic method with which you can determine the percentage of muscle tissue, fat, water and some other parameters of the human body. The method is absolutely harmless to the body and is indispensable in the treatment of obesity.
What data can be obtained during the study?
Bioimpedance analysis is a simple and, at the same time, very informative diagnostic method. After the study, the device automatically calculates the following indicators:
- The basal metabolic rate is the minimum amount of energy that is necessary to maintain the most important functions of the body in a state of relative rest.
- Body mass index is the ratio of a person's height and weight.
- The value of the phase angle is an indicator that characterizes the general condition of the body, its endurance, performance, and metabolic characteristics. Phase angle is often used to determine biological age.
- Percentage of fat tissue, muscle tissue, water, active cell mass. These indicators characterize the characteristics of protein or fat metabolism, correlate with physical activity, and indicate physical development.
- Ratio of waist circumference to hip circumference. This index is used to assess the degree of obesity and the associated risk of complications.
The obtained indicators have important practical applications. They allow you not only to develop an individual weight loss program, but can also promptly warn about the high likelihood of developing the following diseases:
- Diabetes mellitus.
- Hypertension.
- Urolithiasis.
- Diseases of the skeletal system.
- Cardiovascular diseases.
- Diseases that are accompanied by high catabolic activity (cirrhosis, hepatitis, malignant tumors, etc.).
Glycated hemoglobin
– a biochemical blood indicator that reflects the average glucose level in the blood over a period of up to three months. This test is considered the main screening test for the presence or absence of diabetes mellitus and prediabetes (a reversible condition in which the risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus is very high).
This indicator is also important when diagnosing hypoxia; the higher the glycated hemoglobin level, the greater the oxygen starvation of the body.
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288. If a liver adenoma is suspected, the most informative research method is a) computed tomography b) angiography c) targeted biopsy under ultrasound control d) scintigraphy 289. Acute hepatitis in an ultrasound image is characterized by a) normal size of the liver with some increase in its echogenicity b) hepatomegaly with rounding of the edges of the liver and a decrease in its echogenicity c) hepatomegaly with increased echogenicity of the liver d) signs of portal hypertension 290. In a 25-year-old young man, an ultrasound examination in the right lobe of the liver revealed a single anechoic formation of a round shape with a diameter of 1.5 cm with a clear, even contour, the effect of dorsal pseudo-enhancement, without internal inclusions. What is your conclusion? a) single liver metastasis b) hydatid cyst of the liver c) liver hemangioma d) solitary liver cyst 291. In a 47-year-old patient with a history of blunt abdominal trauma, an ultrasound examination reveals a round-shaped lesion 3x4 cm with a clear, even contour and single echo signals from the contents under the caudal surface of the left lobe of the liver. Fluid was detected in the left pleural cavity. Leukocytes – 8800, p/i – 5, ESR – 16 mm/h. This picture can be regarded as: a) liver hemangioma b) liver hematoma c) primary liver cancer d) liver abscess 292. In a 52-year-old patient, an ultrasound examination reveals an elongated echo-negative band in the projection of the right lobe of the liver, subdiaphragmatically under the capsule, which does not shift when the patient’s position changes. This can be regarded as: a) atypically located gallbladder b) liver hematoma c) liver abscess d) ascitic fluid 293. An asthenic 52-year-old man has an ultrasound examination of the abdominal organs: the liver protrudes 3 cm from under the edge of the costal arch, there is no change in the diameter of the IVC when straining, and there is no significant dilation of the venous vessels of the liver. These changes can be interpreted as: a) a variant of the age-based constitutional form b) cirrhosis of the liver c) nonspecific ultrasound signs of hepatomegaly d) indirect signs of heart failure 294. The diameter of the portal vein of an adult does not normally exceed 295. The caudate lobe of the liver appears hypoechoic as a result a) a large number of liver veins b) weakening of ultrasonic rays when passing through the round ligament of the liver c) fewer stromal elements d) the presence of a large number of bile ducts 296. In a 63-year-old patient, an ultrasound examination of the abdominal organs revealed that the liver is not enlarged in size, its edges are rounded, the echogenicity is increased, the structure is small-nodular, the IVC and hepatic veins are dilated. The diameter of the IVC does not change during inspiration. These changes can be interpreted as a) cirrhosis of the liver c) indirect signs of chronic heart failure d) fatty infiltration of the liver 297. In a 46-year-old patient, an ultrasound examination of the abdominal organs revealed that the liver protrudes from under the edge of the costal arch 4 cm, its edges are rounded, the echogenicity is increased, the vascular pattern is depleted. These changes can be regarded as: a) fatty liver b) cirrhosis of the liver c) signs of heart failure d) metastatic liver damage 298. In a 67-year-old patient, an ultrasound examination of the abdominal organs revealed: the liver is sharply enlarged in size, its edges are rounded, sound conductivity is increased, the echostructure is depleted, the hepatic veins are dilated, the diameter of the IVC is increased to 3.5 cm, there is fluid in the costophrenic sinuses on both sides. sides These changes can be regarded as: a) signs of chronic hepatitis b) signs of acute hepatitis c) indirect signs of acute heart failure d) atrophic cirrhosis of the liver 299. The bull's eye symptom is a sign a) liver hemangiomas b) liver abscess c) metastatic liver damage d) liver cysts 300. In a 26-year-old patient, an ultrasound examination reveals multiple hypoechoic, round-shaped formations in the liver with dense foci of calcification in the walls and inside the formations. These changes can be assessed as: a) liver hemangiomas b) metastatic liver damage c) hydatid cysts of the liver d) liver abscess 301. In a 53-year-old patient, an ultrasound examination of the abdominal organs in the projection of both lobes of the liver reveals multiple anechoic formations with a diameter of 0.5-1.5 cm with clear, even contours and a symptom of dorsal pseudo-enhancement. These changes can be regarded as: b) liver hemangiomas c) polycystic liver disease d) liver abscesses 302. In a 17-year-old patient, an ultrasound examination of the abdominal organs in the projection of the dorsal surface of the liver under the diaphragm reveals a hypoechoic round formation with a clear, even contour, a thin wall (2 mm), changing its size after a test breakfast. Your conclusion a) liver cyst b) liver hematoma c) atypically located gallbladder d) liver abscess 303. The displacement of the liver is determined a) by the deflection of its ventral surface under pressure from the sensor b) during longitudinal scanning during inhalation and exhalation c) when the patient’s position changes d) with transverse scanning during inhalation and exhalation 304. How many lobes does the liver have? 305. The anatomical landmark of the border between the right and quadrate lobes is a) round ligament b) gate of the liver c) lining of the venous ligament d) gall bladder bed 306. Normal thickness of the left lobe of the liver a) no more than 5 cm d) 12-12.5 cm 307. A 42-year-old patient with asthenic physique showed a normal-sized liver during an ultrasound examination of the abdominal organs. In the projection of the right lobe, an echo-negative formation of irregular shape with an uneven contour is determined. Between the liver and the diaphragm there is an echo-negative strip of fluid. These changes may be a consequence a) liver cysts b) liver abscess c) primary liver cancer d) metastatic liver damage 308. In a 20-year-old patient, an ultrasound examination of the abdominal organs in the projection of the right lobe reveals a hyperechoic formation 3.5x4.0 cm, with a heterogeneous internal structure, with the effect of dorsal pseudo-enhancement behind it, with an uneven clear contour and a hypoechoic tubular structure. This change can be regarded as a) liver abscess b) primary liver cancer c) liver cyst d) cavernous hemangioma of the liver 309. In a 61-year-old patient, an ultrasound examination of the abdominal organs in the projection of the ventral surface of the right lobe of the liver reveals a formation of high density, homogeneous structure, with a clear, even contour with a diameter of 3 cm, giving a bulging contour of the liver. Most likely this is: a) liver lipoma b) metastatic liver damage c) liver hemangioma d) fatty liver 310. In a 36-year-old patient, an ultrasound examination of the abdominal organs in the projection of the dorsal surface of the left lobe reveals a hypoechoic formation with a vague, uneven contour and a somewhat heterogeneous internal structure. The contour of the dorsal surface of the liver is unclear and uneven. In the projection of the lesser omentum, fluid is detected. These changes can be regarded as: a) liver abscess b) primary liver cancer c) liver hematoma d) liver cyst 311. In a 41-year-old patient, an ultrasound examination of the abdominal organs revealed: the liver is enlarged by 3 cm, mainly due to the left lobe, its contours are clear, even, the echostructure is diffusely heterogeneous due to hyperechoic foci of irregular shape. The portal vein is 1.6 cm, the splenic vein is 1.1 cm, the hepatic veins are dilated. These changes can be interpreted as: a) primary liver cancer b) metastatic liver damage c) multiple liver hemangiomas d) liver cirrhosis with signs of portal hypertension 312. In an 18-year-old patient with asthenic physique, during a standing ultrasound examination, the liver protrudes from under the costal arch by 5 cm. CVR of the right lobe is 14.5 cm, the structure is homogeneous, fine-grained, the edges are sharp. Your conclusion: a) age norm option b) features of the constitutional structure c) liver prolapse d) hepatomegaly 313. In a 47-year-old patient, an ultrasound examination of the abdominal organs revealed: the liver is enlarged in size, the contours are uneven, the echogenicity is diffusely increased, the vascular pattern in the periphery is depleted. Portal vein – 1.6 cm. Ascites. These changes may be a consequence of: a) cirrhosis of the liver b) chronic hepatitis c) fatty infiltration of the liver d) heart failure 314. In an 82-year-old patient, an ultrasound examination of the abdominal organs revealed that the liver was not enlarged in size, its contours were clear and even; in the projection of the right lobe, multiple round-shaped formations were identified, without clear contours, surrounded by an anechoic rim. The echogenicity of the liver is increased, the structure is heterogeneous, medium- and coarse-grained. These changes can be regarded as: a) polycystic liver disease b) metastatic liver damage c) cirrhosis of the liver d) liver echinococcosis 315. In a 36-year-old patient, an ultrasound examination of the abdominal organs revealed that the liver was not enlarged, its contours were clear and uneven. In the projection of the 7th segment there is an anechoic round formation measuring 1.8 x 2.4 cm, round in shape, with a clear, even contour, with dorsal pseudo-enhancement of the echo signal. Your conclusion: a) abnormal location of the gallbladder b) liver cyst c) liver hemangioma d) liver abscess 316. In a 32-year-old patient, an ultrasound examination of the abdominal organs revealed: the liver is not enlarged, the contours are clear and even, in the projection of the 8th segment there is a formation measuring 3.5 x 4.5 cm with an uneven clear contour, a heterogeneous structure due to alternating areas of reduced echogenicity. These changes can be regarded as: a) liver hemangioma b) liver hematoma c) primary liver cancer d) liver cyst 317. In a 60-year-old patient with a history of cholelithiasis, an ultrasound examination of the abdominal organs: the liver is not enlarged, the contours are clear, even, in the 5th segment an echo-positive formation measuring 1.0 cm with an acoustic shadow is detected. Your conclusion a) metastatic liver disease b) nodular hyperplasia of the liver c) liver calcification d) liver hemangioma 318. Normally, in the region of the head of the pancreas, the average anteroposterior size is c) 2.5-3.5 cm d) more than 3.5 cm 319. Pancreas a) completely covered with peritoneum b) located retroperitoneally c) covered with peritoneum in the tail area d) the peritoneum covers the anterior and lower surface, and the posterior one is devoid of peritoneum 320. The widest part of the pancreas a) head d) head and body 321. The head of the pancreas is located a) anterior to the spine and to the left of it b) to the right of the spine and surrounded by a loop of the duodenum c) to the left of the spine and surrounded by a loop of the duodenum d) borders the spleen and the upper pole of the left kidney 322. A fusion can be traced in the area of the head of the pancreas a) splenic and superior mesenteric veins b) splenic and portal veins c) splenic and inferior mesenteric veins d) superior mesenteric and inferior mesenteric veins 323. The splenic vein serves as a reference point for studying a) heads and bodies b) body and tail d) tail 324. The tail of the pancreas is detected at the level a) hilum of the spleen b) in the area of the upper pole of the left kidney c) in the area of the left adrenal gland d) in the area of the upper pole of the left kidney or the hilum of the spleen, depending on individual characteristics 325. A ribbon-like hypoechoic or anechoic formation caused by effusion into the omental bursa is detected by echography a) anterior to the pancreas b) behind the pancreas c) in the area of the head of the pancreas d) tail of the pancreas 326. Pathomorphological changes in chronic pancreatitis are characterized by the development a) sclerotic and atrophic processes b) regenerative and atrophic processes c) sclerotic, atrophic and regenerative processes d) sclerotic and regenerative processes 327. In pancreatic lipomatosis, the main pancreatic duct a) not expanded, the walls are not thickened, often not visualized b) expanded, its contours are uneven, its walls are thickened, its diameter is uneven c) the diameter is expanded, sometimes accompanied by thickening of the walls d) the diameter is not expanded, the walls are often thickened 328. In age-related fibrosis of the pancreas, calcifications in the parenchyma: a) are discovered b) are not detected c) cannot be detected d) always visualized 329. The presence of an echo-positive formation in the lumen of the main pancreatic duct is characteristic of a) chronic inflammation b) ductal fibrosis c) compression by a tumor d) ductal pancreatolithiasis 330. Name secondary pancreatitis a) viral and traumatic b) alcohol and medications c) traumatic and biliary d) reactive (for peptic ulcer, myocardial infarction) 331. In a 50-year-old woman, an ultrasound examination of the abdominal organs revealed an echo-positive formation with a diameter of 4 mm without an acoustic shadow in the lumen of the gallbladder, which did not shift with changes in body position. The most likely judgment is: a) chronic cholecystitis b) adenomyomatosis of the gallbladder c) cholesterol polyp of the gallbladder d) gall bladder stone 332. Congenital diverticula of the gallbladder are most often localized a) at the bottom of the bubble b) in the neck of the bladder c) along the front wall of the bladder d) along the back wall of the bladder 333. With intrahepatic cholestasis, characteristic of hepatic jaundice, there is a) dilation of the common bile duct, gallbladder, common hepatic duct and intrahepatic ducts b) expansion of the gallbladder c) expansion of the common bile duct d) no changes in the biliary tract 334. An ultrasound examination of a patient revealed dilation of the common bile duct, gallbladder, common hepatic duct and intrahepatic ducts. Pathology should be looked for a) in the common hepatic duct b) in the distal part of the common bile duct c) in the gallbladder d) in the liver parenchyma 335. In a patient, during an ultrasound examination of the abdominal organs: the gallbladder is of normal size, in its lumen there is a large number of freely moving hyperechoic structures that give acoustic shadows; the cavity of the bladder is echo-negative, its walls are thin. Your conclusion: a) cholesterosis of the gallbladder b) cholelithiasis c) abnormal development of the gallbladder d) gallbladder cancer 336. The common bile duct is located a) in the gastroduodenal ligament b) in the hepato-lienal ligament c) in the hepatoduodenal ligament d) in the round ligament 337. Ultrasound examination normally reveals the greatest thickness of the gallbladder wall: a) in the bottom area b) in the body area c) in the cervical area d) in the area of the bottom and body 338. The maximum length of the gallbladder in adults is normally 339. The area of the maximum cut of the gallbladder along the length is on average c) 11-15 cm 2 d) 15-18 cm 2 340. A necessary condition for ultrasound examination of the gallbladder is its maximum filling, which is achieved a) in a horizontal position b) in a vertical position c) after a trial breakfast d) 12-hour fasting 341. On average, the diameter of the common bile duct is a) 1.5–2 mm 342. The best frequency of ultrasound scanning of the gallbladder should be considered a) 3.5-5.0 MHz b) 5.0–7.5 MHz c) 7.5-10 MHz d) is not of fundamental importance 343. Ultrasound examination of the gallbladder with a 3.5 MHz probe allows for the best visualization of structures at depth d) more than 24 cm 344. The use of a 5.0 MHz sensor for ultrasound of the gallbladder and bile ducts allows for the best visualization of structures at depth 345. Ultrasound of the bile ducts revealed multiple intrasegmental liquid tubular formations with echo-negative homogeneous internal contents, thin, practically undetectable walls and a distal pseudo-enhancement effect. What is your guess: a) gallbladder diverticulum b) duplication of the gallbladder c) intrahepatic duct cysts d) congenital ectasia of the intrahepatic bile ducts 346. In the thickness of the liver parenchyma along the branches of the portal vein, echo-negative formations of irregular round shape with thin walls that are difficult to visualize are determined. Judgment about which pathology should be considered the most competent? a) gallbladder diverticulum b) cysts of intrahepatic bile ducts c) Caroli's disease d) cholangiocarcinoma 347. The bottom of the gall bladder is normally in contact a) with the transverse colon, pyloric stomach, duodenum b) with the transverse colon, antrum of the stomach, duodenum c) with the descending and transverse colon d) with the descending colon, the gate of the right kidney 348. The common hepatic duct is formed by fusion a) right and left lobar hepatic ducts b) interlobular ducts c) cystic, right and left hepatic ducts d) cystic and bile ducts 349. The common bile duct is formed by the fusion of: a) right and left hepatic ducts b) cystic, right and left hepatic ducts c) cystic and common hepatic duct d) cystic and interlobular ducts 350. Ultrasound examination shows that the length of the spleen is normal. b) up to 12 cm c) up to 14 cm d) up to 16 cm 351. During an echographic examination, the width of the spleen is normal. 352. Ultrasound examination shows normal thickness of the spleen. 353. Under the lower edge of the spleen, an oval formation, isoechoic, in the parenchyma of the spleen, measuring 1.5x2.0 cm, is identified. Which assumption is most likely? In recent years, devices for ultrasound diagnostics have been created (Echoline20, Mark5, Superscan50, Echovision, from Alok and Tashiba, etc.), which in terms of efficiency can compete with the X-ray method of studying the liver and biliary tract. The operation of these devices is based on the properties of an ultrasonic beam to penetrate body tissues containing a liquid medium and to be reflected at the boundary of two media of different densities. Special electronic devices capture the reflected rays, convert them and make an image visible on the screen, from which one can judge the anatomical structure of the organs being studied. The sensor of the device moves sectorally or longitudinally, and as a result, sections of organs in the studied area are obtained on the screen. The air environment is impenetrable to ultrasonic waves, so research is carried out in such a way that ultrasound penetrates dense tissues that do not contain gases (liver, heart, muscles, kidneys, etc.). Bone tissue is also impermeable to ultrasonic waves. Therefore, it is important to master research techniques and know the topography of the organs through which the slice passes. The most accessible for research are the liver, bile ducts, and with certain methods of work - the pancreas, kidneys, and retroperitoneal space in the area of the porta hepatis. Thus, the head of the pancreas is studied through the liver tissue, its tail part - through the lumbar region and kidney. A series of sections allows you to obtain an image of different areas of the organ being studied. In this way the organ can be traced throughout its entire length. In almost 100% of cases, an image of the anatomical structure of the gallbladder can be examined; in a minority of patients, the cystic and common bile ducts are detected. You can study the common and lobar hepatic ducts, the portal vein and its ducts. The aorta and its branches (superior mesenteric), inferior vena cava, gastric veins and arteries, tissue or lymph nodes located in the area of the porta hepatis and around the vessels passing there are always identified. Images on longitudinal and transverse sections of tissues make it possible to study the volume of an organ and its relationship with neighboring tissues. Ultrasound scanning using modern scanning devices is currently a promising and important method for early diagnosis of inflammatory diseases of the biliary tract, liver, pancreas, cholelithiasis and, most importantly, the most important way to diagnose pancreatic tumors. If you have any questions. Then you can lead Ultrasound (US) is a popular research method that is now actively used to diagnose a wide range of diseases. Its principle is based on the piezoelectric effect, thanks to which it is possible to obtain an image of internal organs on the device screen. The method appeared relatively recently - it began to be used in medicine in the 50s of the twentieth century, and mass use began in the 70s.What is ultrasound used for?Ultrasound allows you to visualize internal organs, identifying changes in them that are characteristic of various diseases. Ultrasound is widely used in obstetrics - it allows you to monitor the development of the fetus, identifying possible pathologies and determining the timing of maturation. Many surgical interventions are carried out under ultrasound control - this allows them to be performed purposefully and accurately, without damaging surrounding tissues.How is ultrasound performed?Ultrasound does not require special preparation, which is its additional advantage. For gynecological examinations or breast ultrasound, they are usually recommended to be performed on certain days of the cycle. A transabdominal ultrasound of the pelvic organs is performed with a full bladder. To increase the information content, a special diet with reduced gas formation is prescribed before an ultrasound of the abdominal cavity.Other advantages of the method include:
In gynecology, the transvaginal examination technique is increasingly used, when a sensor is inserted into the vagina. This method is more informative and does not require preparation - filling the bladder. DopplerographyA type of ultrasound is Dopplerography, which allows you to evaluate the speed and uniformity of fluid flow. Most often it is used to detect changes in blood flow in vessels, which may be the result of atherosclerosis, congenital deformities, or compression by neoplasms.Three-dimensional ultrasoundThree-dimensional ultrasound is highly informative, allowing one to obtain a three-dimensional image. It is especially popular in obstetrics - future parents are given a disc with an image of an unborn child.Who performs ultrasound?Ultrasound is performed by an ultrasonic echographer with special training. Some doctors specialize in a particular anatomical area, achieving excellence in performing, for example, gynecological or obstetric examinations.We recommend readingRelated Posts
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