HPV quantum 21 is a relatively new quantitative diagnostic method. The analysis makes it possible to detect the presence of papillomavirus in the early stages of infection, determine the infectious load on the body, and inform about the presence of oncogenic strains.

Human papillomavirus is a contagious infectious disease. Transmission occurs through contact with a carrier through intimate proximity. HPV is divided into types - non-oncogenic, low-oncogenic, moderate and high. The presence of the latter is dangerous for a person with the possibility of cellular degeneration and the initiation of a malignant process. Accurate and high-quality diagnosis allows you to detect strains in a timely manner and gain control over the development of the disease. Quantum 21 and 15 are a diagnostic analysis that refers to the PCR polymerase chain reaction research method.

The essence of PCR diagnostics is the artificial laboratory multiplication of virus DNA copies. Quantum 21 is one of the most accurate diagnoses. Based on the results of the analysis, treatment tactics for the patient are selected and the dynamics of recovery are monitored.

Efficiency of using the analysis method

Cervical cancer is one of the most common types of cancer in women and accounts for 14%. It was found that in 99% of cases of cervical cancer, an oncogenic strain of HPV was identified in patients.

Among many research methods, quantum 21 is the main diagnostic criterion by which the presence or absence of oncogenic HPV strains is determined.

This is a quantitative analysis, thanks to which it is possible to obtain and determine:

• degree of infectious concentration, influence on the state of immunity;
• the ability to observe the patient as part of the dynamics of the disease;
• assessment of the person’s condition at the time of the test, development forecast;
• fast, high-quality results with a high degree of data accuracy.

The polymerase chain reaction makes it possible to obtain a complete picture of the state of HPV in the body. Unlike enzyme immunoassay, which shows the presence of specific antibodies in the blood, PCR indicates the DNA of the virus. The quantum test helps to identify the strain, which is necessary if cancer is suspected.

Differences between HPV quantum 21 and quantum 15

The very concept of quantum speaks of conducting a quantitative PCR analysis of HPV. Translated from Latin, quantum means how much, allowing you to determine a portion of a quantity. The number indicates the number of strains studied. Kvant 21 carries out genotyping of 21 strains of the virus, a variant for 15 - 15 types.

Quantum 21 includes research on types 6, 11, 44, which have a low degree of carcinogenicity. HPV types 16, 18, 26, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 53, 56, 58, 59, 66, 68, 73, 82 are being studied. With a high degree of oncogenicity.

HPV quantum 15 detects 16, 31, 33, 35, 52, 58, 6, 11, 18, 39, 45, 59, 51, 56, 68 strains.

Strains 6 and 11 are low-oncogenic. Condylomas appear on the external genitalia. The growths are benign. They may progress to the stage of papillomatosis.

16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59, 68 – strains of high risk of oncogenicity. They cause the appearance of condylomas, sometimes covered with a serous film. Localized in the area of ​​the external, internal genital organs, and anus. There is a high chance of developing cancer. If we talk about differences, quantum 21 identifies a larger number of genotypes, which makes it possible to accurately determine the presence of a dangerous type of HPV.

How to prepare for the test

Proper preparation for taking tests for quantum 21 plays an important role in the diagnostic study; it determines how accurate the results will be. It is carried out during the period of exacerbation of the disease with the appearance of the first symptoms of warts, papillomas and condylomas.

Preparation consists of several simple steps:

1. Stop taking antiviral drugs, antibiotics, and other medications at least 21 days before the study. Medicines can affect the final test result, distorting the results into false positives or false negatives.
2. Refuse intimacy 2-3 days before submitting biomaterials for analysis. This is necessary to obtain accurate results.
3. Do not use hygiene items that contain substances that have an antibacterial effect. It is worth abandoning antimicrobial baths.
4. The use of vaginal contraceptives, douching, and other auxiliary elements of therapy is contraindicated.
5. The last urination should occur no later than 2 hours before taking the material.

Polymerase chain reaction for HPV is not performed several days after suspected infection. A person can become infected, but in the early stages the likelihood of reliable detection is minimal.

The study is not carried out during menstrual bleeding in women. In this case, the analysis is postponed to a later date. Before performing laboratory diagnostics, the doctor will inform the patient about the necessary precautions.

If preparation is done correctly, it increases the chances of highly accurate HPV test results. Ignoring the rules may result in erroneous data. Unless the patient avoids taking antiviral drugs, it is likely that the actual viral concentration will not be able to be detected. Consequently, the person will receive incorrect data, which will either affect treatment or cause the need for repeated examination.

Technology for collecting material for HPV 21 quantum

The biomaterial for the study is epithelial cells, which are obtained by taking a scraping (smear) from the cervical canal, urethra or cervical wall. The procedure must be carried out exclusively in a medical institution by a specialized doctor.

Cervical canal

Before collecting the material, the vagina and cervix are cleaned of mucous secretions using a sterile cotton swab. Next comes treatment with saline solution. A special probe is inserted into the woman’s vagina and moved 0.5 to 5 centimeters deep. After receiving the necessary material, the probe is pulled out with extreme caution so as not to injure the walls. The resulting HPV smear is sent for quantum 21 analysis using the PCR method.

If the procedure is performed correctly, the woman will not feel pain. There may be some discomfort in the genital area throughout the day.

Urethra

A smear from the urethra is necessary to identify tumors in the ureteral canal.

The entrance to the urethral canal is disinfected. If purulent discharge is observed, which indicates the presence of an acute inflammatory process, it is necessary to clean the canal. Most often this is done through natural urination. In this case, the procedure is repeated 15–20 minutes after the patient visits the toilet.

When collecting material for quantum 21, the doctor needs to carry out several actions that feel similar to a massage. During this, a scraping is taken using a probe, which, once removed, is applied to a glass slide.

Cervix

The procedure for taking a scraping from the cervix for HPV is similar in method to taking a scraping from the cervical canal. The doctor’s main task is to clean the required area from foreign impurities, disinfect it, and take a sample. After scraping, the biomaterial is sent to the laboratory for further research. The analysis is key for diagnosing HPV infection in cases of erosion, dysplasia, and cervical cancer; the sampling must be done correctly and efficiently.

After PCR diagnostics, the doctor will receive the results of the study and decipher the analysis to draw up a further treatment plan.

Interpretation of HPV tests

The form of certain values ​​indicates the laboratory indicators of quantum 21, on the basis of which the result of the study is interpreted.

The doctor will inform the patient about the results of the study. The doctor will explain the values ​​of the indicators and suggest further tactics of antiviral therapy. The right approach will stop the impact of the infection and restore normal functioning of the body. The main task of the doctor is to select the current method of treatment. The main task of the patient is to see a doctor.

Quantum 21 is a unique technique that allows you to determine the presence of HPV and its effect on the human body. A person needs to understand that the study does not guarantee accuracy if the patient ignores the necessary rules. Before taking the PCR test, you should obtain full information about the specifics of the analysis.

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TORCH PCR complex(qualitative definition) includes the definition:
- Cytomegalovirus DNA
- Herpes 1-2 DNA types
- Toxoplasma DNA
- Epstein-Barr Virus DNA
Intrauterine infections (IUI) are a group of infectious and inflammatory diseases of the fetus and newborn, caused by various pathogens, in which the fetus was infected during the ante- or intranatal period. The term “TORCH syndrome” is also used to refer to IUI, which was proposed in 1971 by Andre J. Nahmias. This term is formed by the first letters of the Latin names of the most frequently verified IUIs: T - toxoplasmosis, R - rubella (Rubella), C - cytomegaly (Cytomegalia), H - herpes (Herpes) and O - other infections (Other). The latter include syphilis, listeriosis, viral hepatitis, chlamydia, HIV infection, mycoplasmosis, etc. The danger of TORCH complex infections is that with primary infection during pregnancy they can cause intrauterine infection of the fetus with damage to systems and organs, increasing the risk of miscarriage , stillbirths, congenital deformities and malformations. These infections were grouped according to a number of principles:
- transplacental infection of the fetus during primary infection, teratogenic effect on the fetus;
- ability for long-term persistence in the body without pronounced clinical manifestations;
- similar clinical manifestations in intrauterine infection of the fetus;
- similar principles of laboratory diagnostics
Epidemiology. The true incidence of IUI has not yet been established, however, according to a number of authors, its prevalence among newborns and children in the first months of life can reach 10-15%.
Etiology and pathogenesis . IUIs occur as a result of intrauterine (antenatal or intrapartum) infection of the fetus. In the vast majority of cases, the source of infection for the fetus is the mother. Antenatal infection is more typical for viruses (CMV, rubella, Coxsackie, etc.), toxoplasma and mycoplasma, while vertical transmission of infection can be carried out by transovarial, transplacental and ascending routes. Intranatal contamination is more typical for bacteria and fungi and largely depends on the characteristics of the microbial landscape of the mucous membranes of the mother’s birth canal. Most often during this period, the fetus becomes infected with such microorganisms as group B streptococci, enterobacteria, as well as herpes simplex viruses, HIV, mycoplasma, ureaplasma, chlamydia, etc. The risk of infection increases significantly in the presence of inflammatory diseases of the urogenital tract in the mother, unfavorable course of pregnancy (severe gestosis, threat of miscarriage, pathological condition of the uteroplacental barrier, infectious diseases), prematurity, perinatal damage to the central nervous system, pathological course of the intranatal or early neonatal period. Most often, infection of the fetus and the development of severe forms of IUI are observed in cases where a woman suffers a primary infection during pregnancy. Penetration of the pathogen into the fetal body during embryogenesis often leads to spontaneous miscarriages and the development of severe malformations incompatible with life. Infection of the fetus in the early fetal period leads to the development of an infectious-inflammatory process, which is characterized by the predominance of the alterative component of inflammation and the formation of fibrosclerotic deformations in the damaged organs, as well as the frequent occurrence of primary placental insufficiency, accompanied by chronic intrauterine fetal hypoxia and the development of symmetrical IUGR (intrauterine growth restriction). fetal development). The infectious process that develops in the late fetal period is accompanied by both inflammatory damage to individual organs and systems (hepatitis, carditis, meningitis or meningoencephalitis, chorioretinitis, damage to the hematopoietic organs with the development of thrombocytopenia, anemia, etc.), and generalized organ damage.
Clinic. With antenatal infection of the fetus, pregnancy, as a rule, ends in premature birth, and clinical symptoms of the infectious disease appear at birth (congenital infection). With intranatal infection of the fetus, the manifestation of intrauterine infection can occur not only in the first weeks of life (in most cases), but even in the postneonatal period. It is extremely important to differentiate between intrauterine infection, which developed as a result of intrapartum infection, and nosocomial infection. TORCH infections of various etiologies in the vast majority of cases have similar clinical manifestations: IUGR, hepatosplenomegaly, jaundice, exanthema, respiratory disorders, cardiovascular failure, severe neurological disorders, thrombocytopenia, anemia and hyperbilirubinemia from the first days of life.
Diagnosis. If there are clinical and anamnestic data indicating the likelihood of IUI in a newborn, verification of the disease must be carried out using “direct” and “indirect” research methods. “Direct” diagnostic methods include virological, bacteriological and molecular biological methods (PCR, DNA hybridization) and immunofluorescence. Of the “indirect” diagnostic methods, ELISA is the most widely used.

Cytomegalovirus infection (CMVI) One of the pressing problems of modern medicine is cytomegalovirus infection, which back in 1984 the WHO regional office included among the “new and mysterious” and identified as an infection of the future. According to WHO data, class G antibodies (Ig) to CMV infection in the blood of various population groups in Europe, Asia, America and Africa are detected with a frequency of 40 to 100%. In children, this figure varies from 13 to 90%. Thus, in the UK and USA, among adults with average and high socio-economic levels, 40-60% are seropositive, compared with 80% in populations with low social status. In developing countries, the prevalence of CMV infection is even higher. In the United States, 1-2% of all newborns have CMV detected in their urine at birth. By 1 year of life, the number of such children increases to 10-20%, and by 35 years, 40% of adults have seroconversion with the appearance of antibodies to CMV, and by 50 years, almost all adults are infected with CMV. No seasonal distribution of CMV infection is detected. CMV is a DNA virus belonging to the Herpesviridae family. CMV infects various tissues and organs: cells of the bone marrow, lymph nodes, liver, lungs, genitals, blood, etc., resulting in a wide variety of clinical manifestations of CMV. Cytomegalovirus can be transmitted sexually, through blood, saliva, urine, semen, vaginal secretions, etc., during breastfeeding. The effect of CMV on a person depends, first of all, on the state of the immune system: most people infected with CMV experience the infection without even noticing it. Antibodies to CMV are stable and last a lifetime.
In recent years, there has been an increase in the share of intrauterine infections in the structure of infant morbidity and mortality. Among this group of infections, CMV plays a special role. It is known that CMV poses a danger to the health of the pregnant woman, fetus and newborn. In this case, acute primary CMV infection in a pregnant woman poses a particular danger to the fetus. In this case, vertical transmission (transplacental route) of the virus to the fetus occurs very easily. Intrauterine infection of the fetus can be dangerous due to damage to the central nervous system and congenital malformations of the central nervous system. Sometimes congenital cytomegalovirus infection manifests itself only in the 2-5th year of life of an infected child with blindness, deafness, speech inhibition, mental retardation, and psychomotor impairment. Pregnant women account for a significant percentage in the epidemiology of CMV, which is detected twice as often as rubella. CMV infection can contribute to the development of complications during pregnancy, childbirth and the postpartum period. Obstetric pathology most often manifests itself in the form of spontaneous miscarriages, stillbirths, and the birth of non-viable children. Characterized by malnutrition, prematurity, often severe brain damage (microcephaly, hydrocephalus, convulsive syndrome), as well as generalized organ damage and the development of shock, disseminated intravascular coagulation syndrome and the risk of death (11-20%) in the first 6 weeks of a child’s life. With congenital CMV, complications are observed in the form of: hearing loss, neurological disorders, mental retardation. Congenital cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and musculoskeletal anomalies of organ development are often diagnosed.
Qualitative determination of Cytomegalovirus DNA (Cytomegalovirus) by PCR.
Qualitative PCR is used only as an additional examination method. This is due to the fact that up to 90% of the adult population are carriers of cytomegalovirus, which does not mean its activity in the body, i.e. This method has a low predictive value, due precisely to the fact that PCR detects viral DNA even in a latent state. In other words, this method does not distinguish between an active virus and a dormant one. Detection of CMV by qualitative PCR in human biological tissues does not allow us to determine whether the infection is a primary infection or a reactivation of a current infection. In such cases, it is recommended to perform a quantitative PCR reaction, which allows one to judge the degree of reproduction of the virus, and therefore the activity of the infectious process, or carry out ELISA diagnostics, which allows one to clarify the duration of infection with the virus and predict the further course of the disease. A feature of CMV is its optional presence in all biological fluids at the same time.
Main indications for examination for CMV:
- preparation for pregnancy (recommended for both partners);
- state of immunosuppression due to HIV infection, neoplastic diseases, taking cytostatic drugs, and so on;
- clinical picture of infectious mononucleosis in the absence of infection caused by the Epstein-Barr virus;
- hepatosplenomegaly of unknown origin;
- fever of unknown origin;
- increased levels of liver transaminases, gamma-GT, alkaline phosphatase in the absence of markers of viral hepatitis;
- miscarriage;
The main indications for examination for CMV infection in newborns:
- damage to the central nervous system (focal neurological symptoms, seizures, microcephaly, hydrocephalus, cysts, calcifications in the brain;
- jaundice, direct hyperbilirubinemia, hepatosplenomegaly, increased transaminase activity;
- hemorrhagic syndrome, thrombocytopenia, anemia with reticulocytosis;
- prematurity, intrauterine growth retardation syndrome;

- a mononucleosis-like disease suffered by the mother during pregnancy;
- detection of seroconversion to the cytomegaly virus in the mother;
- detection of active CMV replication in the mother during pregnancy

Herpes simplex virus (HSV). The herpes simplex virus belongs to the Herpeveridae family. According to WHO, diseases caused by the herpes simplex virus rank second (15.8%) after influenza (35.8%) as the cause of death from viral infections. During epidemiological studies, it was established that the presence of specific antibodies to HSV is observed in 90–95% of examined individuals among the adult population, while the primary infection manifestly occurs in only 20–30% of those infected. HSV is capable of reproduction in various types of cells; it often persists in the central nervous system, mainly in the ganglia, maintaining a latent infection with the possibility of periodic reactivation. Most often it causes mucocutaneous forms of the disease, as well as damage to the central nervous system and eyes. The HSV genome can integrate with the genes of other viruses (including HIV), causing their activation; it is also possible for it to become active during the development of other viral and bacterial infections. Routes of transmission of HSV: airborne, sexual, household contact, vertical, parenteral. Transmission factors for HSV include blood, saliva, urine, vesicular and vaginal secretions, and semen. The entrance gates are damaged mucous membranes and skin. The virus travels along peripheral nerves to the ganglia, where it persists for life. When activated, HSV spreads along the nerve to the original lesion (the “closed cycle” mechanism is the cyclic migration of the virus between the ganglion and the surface of the skin). Lymphogenous and hematogenous dissemination of the pathogen may occur, which is especially typical for premature newborns and persons with severe immunodeficiency (including HIV infection). HSV is found on lymphocytes, erythrocytes, platelets; when the virus penetrates tissues and organs, they may be damaged due to its cytopathic effect. Virus-neutralizing antibodies that persist throughout a person’s life (even in high titers), although they prevent the spread of infection, do not prevent relapses. HSV (mainly HSV-2) causes genital herpes, a chronic, relapsing disease. The clinical manifestations of the primary episode of infection caused by different types of virus are similar, but infection caused by HSV-2 is much more recurrent in nature. Transmission of the virus occurs through sexual contact, the source of infection is localized on the mucous membrane and skin of the genital organs and perigenital area. Reproduction of the virus in epithelial cells leads to the formation of a focus of grouped vesicles (papules, vesicles), which contain viral particles, accompanied by redness and itching. The initial episode is more acute (usually with symptoms of intoxication) than subsequent relapses. Symptoms of dysuria and signs of cervical erosion often occur.
Herpetic infection, even if asymptomatic, can cause a number of pathologies in a pregnant woman and newborn. The greatest threat to reproductive function is genital herpes, which in 80% of cases is caused by HSV-2 and in 20% by HSV-1. Asymptomatic progression occurs more often in women and is more typical for HSV-2 than for HSV-1. Primary infection or relapses during pregnancy are the most dangerous for the fetus, as they can lead to spontaneous miscarriage, fetal death, stillbirth, developmental defects, and can cause severe damage to the nervous system and internal organs. When the visual organs are damaged, keratitis, phlebothrombosis, chorioretinitis, and iridocyclitis occur. If the ENT organs are affected, sudden deafness, herpetic sore throat and damage to the inner ear may occur. Damage to the cardiovascular system manifests itself in the form of myocarditis, atherosclerosis and myocardiopathy. If the herpes virus penetrates the central nervous system, there is a risk of encephalopathy, meningitis, and nerve plexuses are affected. Infection of the fetus and newborn is more often observed with asymptomatic genital herpes than with a clinically pronounced typical course. A newborn can acquire a herpes infection in utero, during childbirth (in 75–80% of cases), or postnatally. HSV-2 can penetrate the uterine cavity through the cervical canal, affecting the fetus in 20–30% of cases; transplacental infection can occur in 5–20% of cases, infection during childbirth in 40% of cases. The virus can be transmitted during medical procedures.
Qualitative determination of DNA Herpes simplex virus 1/2 types (Herpes simplex virus 1/2 types) by PCR.
Main indications for examination for HSV 1, 2:
- preparation for pregnancy (recommended for both partners);
- HIV infection;
- immunodeficiency states;
- differential diagnosis of infections;
- patients with a history or at the time of treatment of typical herpetic rashes of any location, including recurrent genital herpes, or the presence of vesicular and/or erosive rashes on the skin, buttocks, thighs, etc.;
- burning, pain and swelling in the area of ​​the rash;
- ulceration, painful urination;

- women with a burdened obstetric history (perinatal losses, birth of a child with congenital malformations);
- pregnant women (primarily those with ultrasound signs of intrauterine infection, lymphadenopathy, fever, hepatitis and hepatosplenomegaly of unknown origin)

The main indications for screening newborns for HSV:
- the presence of clinical signs of congenital infection in the newborn, regardless of the possible etiology;
- signs of intrauterine infection, fetoplacental insufficiency;
- children with vesicles or crusts on the skin or mucous membranes;
- documented primary HSV infection,
- reactivation of latent disease in the mother during pregnancy, regardless of the presence/absence of clinical manifestations of the disease in the child;
- signs of damage to the placenta by HSV during pathomorphological examination, as well as detection of HSV antigens in the placenta by immunohistochemical, immunocytochemical methods, genetic material of the pathogen by PCR (if such studies were carried out);
- signs of fetal infection detected antenatally

Epstein-Barr virus
Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) is the 4th antigenic serotype of the Herpesviridae family, belongs to the subfamily Gammaherpesvirinae, genus Lymphocryptovirus and is the causative agent of infectious mononucleosis (IM), as well as a number of diseases associated with it. EBV infection is widespread globally, almost 90% of the population over the age of 30 years have specific antibodies, about 50% of the population suffer MI in childhood or adolescence in a manifest form, the other part of the population in an atypical: erased or latent form. Sources of infection are patients with manifest (erased and typical) and asymptomatic forms of the disease, as well as virus carriers. The main route of transmission is airborne; household contact and parenteral routes are also possible. There is data in the literature on the isolation of EBV from cervical secretions, sperm and on the possibility of sexual transmission of the virus. Cases of vertical transmission of the virus to the fetus have been described, leading to damage to the heart, eyes, and liver of the fetus; suggest the presence of intrapartum transmission of EBV during the passage of the fetus through the birth canal. EBV can also be found in breast milk, but this route of transmission remains poorly understood. There is evidence in the literature that lytic forms of IVEB are a threatening factor in the development of miscarriage, premature birth, as well as intrauterine infection (IUI) of the fetus. There is a known connection between EBV and a number of autoimmune diseases, although the role of EBV in the development of autoimmune diseases is not fully understood. In the structure of IUI, the Epstein-Barr viral infection occupies a significant place, accounting for about 50%, and can cause various damage to the fetus and newborn: damage to the nervous system, visual organs, recurrent chroniosepsis, hepatopathy and respiratory distress syndrome. This infection can cause the development of chronic fatigue syndrome, prolonged low-grade fever, lymphadenopathy, and hepatosplenomegaly. Infection or reactivation of EBV during pregnancy affects not only the course and outcome of pregnancy, but also the neuropsychic state of the pregnant woman. The literature describes associations of active forms of IVEB with depressive symptoms in women during pregnancy and in the early postpartum period; the most common reactivation of IVEB during pregnancy occurs in the first and second trimesters of pregnancy.
Qualitative determination of DNA Epstein-Barr virus, (Human Herpes Virus type 4) (Epstein-Barr Virus) by PCR method.
Main indications for EBV testing:
- confirmation of the diagnosis of infectious mononucleosis;
- pregnancy planning;
- mononucleosis-like syndrome in persons with weakened immunity (HIV, chemotherapy for malignant neoplasms, immunosuppressive therapy for internal organ transplantation, etc.);

- recurrent inflammatory diseases of the oropharynx;
- preventive screening studies;
- skin rashes (mononucleosis-like rash);
- hepatitis of unknown etiology;
- hepatosplenomegaly;
- gastrointestinal pathology that is difficult to respond to standard therapy;
- presence of a burdened obstetric history (perinatal losses, birth of a child with congenital malformations);
- Pregnant women or women planning pregnancy have a history of infectious mononucleosis;
- monitoring the effectiveness of therapy (not earlier than a month after the end of taking etiotropic drugs).
The main indications for screening newborns for EBV:
- children with symptoms of congenital infection, developmental defects, or born to women at risk for intrauterine transmission of EBV;
- children born to mothers with a history of infectious mononucleosis;
- newborns with sepsis, hepatitis, meningoencephalitis, pneumonia, gastrointestinal tract damage;
- lymphadenopathy (with a predominant increase in the occipital, posterior cervical and submandibular lymph nodes);
- early diagnosis of acute primary infection.
- detection of EBV virus DNA, control of virus persistence and isolation.
The most informative material may be if it is obtained under the following conditions (examination of adults):
- the material was taken in the presence of clinical signs of the disease;
- it is optimal to collect clinical material before the start of treatment;
- it is advisable to donate blood for PCR testing on an empty stomach; The day before, you should avoid eating fatty foods and alcohol for 1-2 days;
- monitoring the effectiveness of therapy (not earlier than a month after the end of taking etiotropic drugs).
Clinical material for research:
- Toxoplasmosis: plasma, cerebrospinal fluid.
- HSV - Children: Scraping from the base of a fresh bladder, blood plasma, cerebrospinal fluid, scraping from the conjunctiva.
- CMV - Children: saliva samples, cerebrospinal fluid, buccal scraping, morning urine sediment, blood plasma;
- EBV - Children: saliva samples, blood plasma, cerebrospinal fluid, smears from the oropharyngeal mucosa, buccal scraping, leukocyte fraction of blood (according to indications).

The selection of clinical material is carried out by a clinician, taking into account the tropism of the pathogen to possible sites of localization.

Units of measurement: qualitative test (not detected/detected).

Reference values : not found

Many people already know that HPV exists. But not everyone knows how to do an instant examination, without a long waiting time. HPV quantum 21, what is it, we will try to figure it out in this article.

HPV quantum 21 is a thorough study for the presence of low and high oncogenic risk. This method allows you to quickly determine the quantitative composition of the virus and recognize the nature of the genotype. Which is very important for many patients, since the disease detected in the initial stage is easier to cure.

It is worth noting that many clinics offer tests for a fee. Each has its own pricing policy. There is plenty of information on Internet resources about such centers existing in cities.

Features of testing for the development of HPV

A routine examination by a gynecologist can only diagnose the external presence of condylomas. But what is the nature of this neoplasm can be said with confidence only after undergoing specific tests.

In order to detect the presence of HPV in the body, it is necessary to thoroughly examine a smear or scraping taken from the infected area. The most reliable and informative base is provided by PCR tests. This method is based on molecular diagnostics, the duration of use is guaranteed by time. As statistics prove, the accuracy of determining the presence of HPV is 100%. But this is in the case that all work is performed by qualified specialists.

During a scheduled or extraordinary examination, a specialist may identify any abnormalities. What will allow him to offer the patient to undergo analysis, for reliability in his arguments. We note the following requirements that must be observed before submitting the biomaterial.

During the day, you should not use local medications, that is, use (contraceptives, ointments, suppositories, douches), and all kinds of gels for intimate hygiene. The use of these medications and agents can dramatically affect the performance of the procedure. And incorrect data will lead to disastrous consequences. And one more thing, you should not urinate for 1.5-2 hours before the procedure (this is if tests are taken from the urethra).

What other quanta are there?

There are three types of quantum research used in medicine. Each of them reveals the presence and quantitative composition of certain strains. The presented methods allow real-time recognition of a specific type of viral infection.

Features of taking material for research

Knowledge of the necessary actions during testing will be your assistant in the future. The results obtained sometimes cause distrust, which is why it is necessary to be “savvy” in this matter. For example, you have all the symptoms of a virus on your face, but tests show the opposite. You can safely contact a specialist or higher management and request additional examination.

The evidence base will be the patient’s words that the specialist did not adhere to the general rules when taking tests. That is why it is necessary to familiarize yourself with the features of such fences.

Extraction of biomaterial from the urethra:

• It is strongly recommended not to urinate before taking tests, the time frame is within 1.5-2 hours;
• to ensure the sterility of the sampling site, immediately before taking the test material, the external opening of the urethra is wiped with a disinfected cotton swab;
• in the presence of purulent discharge (which in itself indicates the presence of infection), a scraping is taken only after urination after 15-20 minutes; if there is no discharge, the doctor massages the urethra and uses a probe to extract the biomaterial;
• When taking samples from women who are sexually active, the probe is immersed into the urethra to a depth of 1-5 cm; in girls, the biomaterial is scraped off only from the surface.

Extraction of biomaterial from the cervical canal:

• first you need to clean the cervix, remove mucus with a cotton swab and then treat the sample collection site with saline solution;
• depth of insertion of the probe into the channel 0.5 – 5 cm;
• The probe must be removed extremely carefully so that there is no contact with the vaginal walls.

Extraction of biomaterial from the cervix:

• material for research is removed with the help of hands, in other words, the method of manual examination is used;
• before removing the sample of the test material, it is necessary to treat the surface with a cotton swab to remove unwanted mucus;
• then use a special brush to scrape off the biomaterial and outer epithelium from the cervix or cervical canal.

What you need to know about HPV and vaccination?

Human papillomavirus is an infectious disease and you need to know about it. And a frivolous attitude towards the presence of growths on the body can lead to disastrous consequences. Some strains are capable of transforming into cancer. This fact is extremely undesirable for every person. The appearance of condylomas in the genital area warns of the presence of a viral infection. And the most important way the virus enters the body is through sexual intercourse. Carriers are equally both men and women.

In many cases, the presence of infection is not difficult to detect. This is the appearance of various growths throughout the body: eyes, hands, face. Everywhere you can see thread-like or mushroom-shaped growths. The color range ranges from flesh (light beige) or burgundy. In some cases, the wart turns black. If any growths are detected on the body, you should contact a qualified specialist for a complete diagnosis of the growths. Internal papillomas can only be detected using special equipment.

Back in the last century, medicine developed a way to protect oneself from a harmful virus - vaccination. Currently, two drugs are used: GARDASIL and CERVARIX. The peculiarity of the drugs is that they do not contain a viral infection. The main component is the L1 protein, which in turn has the ability to concentrate into viral particles, thereby suppressing the development of the disease.

Clinical studies have shown that HPV type 21 does not take root in vaccinated women. The immune system clearly copes with its responsibilities. The main thing in vaccinations is compliance with all vaccination rules. And then the result will be positive. Be attentive to your health and longevity is guaranteed!

Details Published 12/27/2019

Dear readers! The library team wishes you a Happy New Year and Merry Christmas! We sincerely wish you and your families happiness, love, health, success and joy!
May the coming year give you prosperity, mutual understanding, harmony and good mood.
Good luck, prosperity and fulfillment of your most cherished desires in the new year!

Test access to EBS Ibooks.ru

Details Published 12/03/2019

Dear readers! Until December 31, 2019, our university has been provided with test access to the EBS Ibooks.ru, where you can familiarize yourself with any book in full-text reading mode. Access is possible from all computers in the university network. Registration is required to obtain remote access.

"Genrikh Osipovich Graftio - on the 150th anniversary of his birth"

Details Published 12/02/2019

Dear readers! In the “Virtual Exhibitions” section there is a new virtual exhibition “Henrikh Osipovich Graftio”. 2019 marks the 150th anniversary of the birth of Genrikh Osipovich, one of the founders of the hydropower industry in our country. An encyclopedist scientist, a talented engineer and an outstanding organizer, Genrikh Osipovich made a huge contribution to the development of domestic energy.

The exhibition was prepared by employees of the library's scientific literature department. The exhibition presents the works of Genrikh Osipovich from the LETI history fund and publications about him.

You can view the exhibition

Test access to the IPRbooks Electronic Library System

Details Published 11/11/2019

Dear readers! From November 8, 2019 to December 31, 2019, our university was provided with free test access to the largest Russian full-text database - the IPR BOOKS Electronic Library System. EBS IPR BOOKS contains more than 130,000 publications, of which more than 50,000 are unique educational and scientific publications. On the platform, you have access to current books that cannot be found in the public domain on the Internet.

Access is possible from all computers in the university network.

To obtain remote access, you must contact the electronic resources department (room 1247) VChZ administrator Polina Yurievna Skleymova or by email [email protected] with the topic "Registration in IPRbooks".

Synonyms: detection and quantification of human papillomavirus, HPV DNA typing and quantification.

Related tests: clinical visual examination, colposcopy, histology, cytological examination of smears (Papanicolaou smears, Pap test)/liquid cytology.

Study to determine the DNA of HPV HCR is the main diagnostic method for detecting human papillomavirus in scrapings of epithelial cells of the urogenital tract. Molecular biological methods (PCR) make it possible to identify certain types of HPV and have a high prognostic significance, especially if, against the background of HPV infection, there is already a picture of cervical epithelial dysplasia, which allows us to talk about the degree of risk of developing cancer. Today, an important step in the diagnosis and prevention of the development of neoplasia and cervical cancer is also the determination of the amount of virus.

HPV is the most common sexually transmitted disease.

The virus infects epithelial cells of the skin and mucous membranes. The main route of HPV infection is sexual transmission (including anal sex and oral-genital contact). It should be noted that in 70% of young people aged 15 to 25 years, HPV is eliminated within 18-24 months; after 35 years, HPV persists for a longer time. HPVs are classified into high- and low-risk groups according to their potential to cause cancer:

• high oncogenic risk – 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59, 68;
• low oncogenic risk – 6, 11, 42, 43, 44.

Low-risk HPV genotypes are detected during the development of benign neoplasms (genital and exophytic condylomas, genital and venereal warts). In patients with squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma, high-risk HPV genotypes are detected.

Detection and determination of the HPV type makes it possible to assess the risk of developing neoplasia and differentiate the persistence of the virus from the case of a new infection. A high level of HPV viral load is generally associated with disease severity. Cervical cancer (CC) has a long development period. To assess the risk of developing the disease or eliminating the virus from the body, the change in viral load between visits to the doctor (6-12 months) is very important, and not just one quantitative value.

• the presence of subjective and/or objective symptoms of the disease;
• screening tests for STIs;
• pregnancy;
• screening examination in combination with cytological examination;
• uncertain and questionable results of cytological studies;
• dynamic monitoring of HPV infection;
• differential diagnosis with diseases of non-papillomavirus etiology.

Research method used

Real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR).

Material for research

Scraping of epithelial cells from the cervical canal, vagina, urethra.

Preparing for the study

On the expected day of examination, the genitals are toileted without the use of detergents, disinfectants, or antibacterial soap; vaginal douching in women is excluded; At least 2 hours must pass from the last urination to taking the material.

Please pay your attention!

The study is carried out no earlier than:

• 2 days after an ultrasound examination using a vaginal sensor, a gynecological examination;
• 5 days after colposcopy and biopsy/liquid cytology;
• 2 weeks after using all types of local dosage forms (suppositories, ointments, etc.), antiseptics and medications (probiotics, eubiotics) containing microorganisms;
• 3 weeks after unprotected sexual intercourse with a partner you are not sure about;
• 4 weeks after the use of systemic antibacterial drugs and to monitor therapy.

For 2–3 days before the test, you must refrain from unprotected sexual intercourse.

For additional information about the possibility of conducting research in a particular case, it is recommended to contact our center by phone.

Collection of clinical material from pregnant women is carried out only by a doctor; You must make an appointment in advance.

Result format:

HPV type (6, 11 (without typing); 16, 31, 33, 35, 52, 58 types (without typing); 18, 39, 45, 59 types (without typing); 51; 56; 68); HPV number: Lg copies per 100,000 epithelial cells, Lg copies/sample.

Determination of HPV HCR DNA may indicate a high level of oncogenic risk and the need for observation in medical institutions.

Prices for studies of human papillomavirus infections

Research	Cost, rub.	Due date
	8.41	1-3 days
	8.41	1-3 days
	17.70	1-3 days