By 2020, the world's tallest building is set to be built in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. The future skyscraper-tower is given the name “Kingdom”, and its height will be 1600 meters. According to preliminary estimates, at least $30 billion will be spent on the project. The possible infrastructure of the future building remains secret, but, without a doubt, there will be offices, apartments, and entertainment centers. Below is a ranking of the tallest buildings in the world that have the “tower” architectural type. To give you an idea, the Burj Khalifa is the tallest skyscraper building in the world, 828 meters.
The first place in this ranking is quite controversial. " tree of heaven "in Tokyo is a radio mast by type, but at the same time it is considered the tallest television tower in the world; experts believe that, in principle, the design features do not interfere with calling this architectural miracle a tower. The height of this giant is 634 meters, and the tower began operation in 2012. During construction, a number of strong earthquakes occurred in Japan, the amplitude of which reached 9 points, but the “Tree of Heaven” coped well with the first serious test of seismic resistance.
2nd place 
TV Tower " Guangzhou ", located in China, has the structure of a hyperboloid tower and a height of 600 meters. The opening of this high-rise structure took place in 2009, and was timed to coincide with the opening of the 2010 Asian Games. The design solution of the television tower corresponds to the developments of the Russian engineer Shukhov, who in 1899 patented the hyperboloid type of structure. Excluding underground premises, it has 37 floors.
3rd place 
Canada Television Tower CN Tower "has a height of 553 meters and was built in 1976. This grandiose structure made of reinforced concrete structures is located in Toronto. The construction of the tower took only 3 years, while it has a high degree of safety and can withstand winds reaching speeds of 420 km/h. The number of floors of this building, excluding underground premises, is 147.
4th place 
Located in Moscow Ostankino Tower with a height of 540.1 meters it ranks fourth in the ranking. Construction of this structure ended in 1967, after seven years of work. In addition to the main direction of operation of the tower - television and radio broadcasting - meteorological observations and research take place here. The number of floors of the Ostankino tower is approximately 120, the structure is made of reinforced concrete materials.
5th place 
TV tower " Oriental pearl ", located in Shanghai in China, has a height of 467.9 meters. It began its operation in 1994 after four years of construction work. The number of floors is 14, the tower is used to provide television broadcasting and entertainment tourism purposes.
« Borje Milad ", a concrete tower with a height of 435 meters, is the tallest in Iran. It provides television and radio broadcasting, telecommunications, and serves as one of the Iranian tourist symbols, located in Tehran. Construction of the tower took 11 years, and its operation began in 2007. Number of floors - 12.
« Menara Kuala Lumpur » is a concrete tower located in the capital of Malaysia, in operation since 1996. The height of the building is 421 meters. The tower serves for television broadcasting. Construction lasted almost five years and was divided into four phases. For various reasons, the tower is often closed to tourists, which has a rather bad effect on its profitability.
Concrete tower in Tianjin at a height of 415.2 meters it is the eighth tallest tower in the world. Used for transmitter installation and surveillance. The construction began operating in 1991.
In the deep gorge of Daryal,
Where the Terek rummages in the darkness,
The ancient tower stood
Blackening on a black rock.
In that tower high and cramped
Queen Tamara lived:
Beautiful as a heavenly angel
Like a demon, insidious and evil.
And there through the midnight fog
The golden light shone,
He threw himself into the traveler's eyes,
He beckoned for a night's rest.
On a soft down bed,
Decorated in brocade and pearls,
She was waiting for a guest... They hissed
There are two cups of wine in front of her.
Hot hands intertwined
Lips stuck to lips
And strange, wild sounds
All night long they heard:
As if that tower was empty
One hundred ardent youths and wives
We agreed on a night wedding,
For the funeral feast of a big funeral.
But just the morning glow
Threw its beam across the mountains,
Instantly darkness and silence
They reigned there again.
Only the Terek in the Daryal gorge,
Thundering, breaking the silence,
Wave upon wave ran over,
The wave drove the wave.
And with a cry the silent body
They were in a hurry to carry it away;
There was something white in the window then,
It sounded from there: sorry.
And it was such a tender farewell,
That voice sounded so sweet
Like the delights of a date
And he promised the caresses of love.
Analysis of the poem “Tamara” by Lermontov
“Tamara” became one of Lermontov’s last works. He was inspired by his recent (in 1837) trip to the Caucasus. It is believed that the poem is based on folk legends and traditions of this region.
The main character is the demonic temptress Tamara. Her love is deadly, it foreshadows imminent death. The very environment where the action takes place evokes fear and makes you doubt the reality of what is happening. It is here that Tamara waits for her lovers.
She is a collective image of all evil witches from folk tales and legends. A beautiful voice, like a siren, attracts random travelers, envelops and lulls them to sleep. She is not interested in wealth or other material values. The queen spends an unforgettable night of love with her victims, and in the morning throws them off a high cliff. The poet describes in great detail the gloomy details of Tamara’s life: “She was dressed in brocade and pearls,” “He was met by a gloomy eunuch.”
The queen becomes attached to her random guests, the author describes her farewell to them using contrasts to convey the completeness of the situation and tragedy. The raging Terek River carries away the lifeless body, while the queen laments over past love and tender promises. Her love is devoid of sensual content, she is only interested in her own egoism and self-admiration. This is the whole demonism of her character.
The work also resembles a fairy tale in the way it is presented. Lermontov uses constructions characteristic of folklore or folk art:
"In that tower high and cramped
Queen Tamara lived."
This introduction clearly resembles the fairytale beginning of “once upon a time.” The author uses such turns to make the story more mysterious and mystical. The poet dwells in detail on the action taking place at night in the tower. Precisely selected epithets convey all the sensuality and eroticism of the situation: “strange, wild sounds”, “a hundred ardent young men and wives.”
It is believed that the work is based on Georgian folklore. However, such a legend about Tamara or other mention of her does not exist. Some literary scholars agree that it is based on the myth of Queen Cleopatra from Pushkin’s story “Egyptian Nights.” The plot of both works is largely the same. Whatever the source, this does not detract from the author’s merits in accurately conveying Tamara’s demonism, her captivating sensuality, beauty and, at the same time, tragedy.
"Tamara" Mikhail Lermontov
In the deep gorge of Daryal,
Where the Terek rummages in the darkness,
The ancient tower stood
Blackening on a black rock.In that tower high and cramped
Queen Tamara lived:
Like a demon, insidious and evil.And there through the midnight fog
The golden light shone,
He threw himself into the traveler's eyes,
He beckoned for a night's rest.On a soft down bed,
Decorated in brocade and pearls,
She was waiting for a guest... They hissed
There are two cups of wine in front of her.Hot hands intertwined
Lips stuck to lips
And strange, wild sounds
All night long they heard:As if that tower was empty
One hundred ardent youths and wives
We agreed on a night wedding,
For the funeral feast.But just the morning glow
Threw its beam across the mountains,
Instantly darkness and silence
They reigned there again.Only the Terek in the Daryal gorge,
Thundering, breaking the silence,
Wave upon wave ran over,
The wave drove the wave.And with a cry the silent body
They were in a hurry to carry it away;
There was something white in the window then,
It sounded from there: sorry.And it was such a tender farewell,
That voice sounded so sweet
Like the delights of a date
And he promised the caresses of love.
Analysis of Lermontov's poem "Tamara"
A trip to the Caucasus in 1837 gave Mikhail Yuryevich Lermontov many amazing impressions. For a long time, the poet turned to the theme of mountain legends in his work. A striking example of this is the poem “Tamara,” dated 1841.
This work consists of 12 stanza-quatrains. They all have a cross rhyme like abab. The author acts as a narrator. The poem is written in a measured amphibrach, which gives it a resemblance to a fairy-tale chant.
“Tamara” really resembles a fairy tale. It uses lexical structures characteristic of folklore works. Here, for example, is how the author introduces the reader to the heroine:
In that tower high and cramped
Queen Tamara lived:
Beautiful as a heavenly angel
Like a demon, insidious and evil.
This beginning is reminiscent of a typical fairy tale “once upon a time.”
Even the scenery itself in which the action takes place creates the impression of unreality. We see formidable mountains, a rapid river flow. The sense of danger is enhanced by alliteration: “Blackening on a black rock.”
The heroine of the work, Queen Tamara, waiting for her victims in the silence of the night, is the embodiment of the image of an evil witch from folk legends. In the darkness, she lights a fire that attracts late travelers and starts a drawn-out song, just like the mythical sirens or insidious sorceresses from fairy tales do. However, unlike Baba Yaga or the shriveled witches of the Brothers Grimm, Tamara does not lure wanderers in order to eat them. She lures men for a night of love and then kills them by throwing them off cliffs.
The image of the witch is complemented with characteristic details. For example, she owns countless treasures:
On a soft down bed,
Decorated in brocade and pearls...
She also has henchmen:
He was met by a gloomy eunuch.
Depicting the actions that take place in Tamara’s tower, the poet uses epithets filled with eroticism: “strange, wild sounds”, “hot hands”, “a hundred ardent youths and wives”.
But in the morning the spell dissipates, and the sounds of the past night dissolve. The unfortunate traveler dies by falling from a cliff. The author reports that the queen says “Forgive me” as the body is carried away by the waters of the river. Maybe she sincerely grieves for him? Maybe there is a terrible curse hanging over the tower that dooms Tamara to loneliness and her guests to death? The reader will never know this. Unless he himself, checking the legend, goes to the Daryal Gorge and hears the enchanting voice of the queen.
The work is believed to be inspired by an ancient legend about a beautiful and treacherous Georgian queen, but there has never been a heroine named Tamara in local folklore. The poem guesses the plot of the myth about Queen Cleopatra, set out in the story “Egyptian Nights” by A. S. Pushkin. But it doesn’t matter what exactly the source of the work is. In any case, the merit of Mikhail Yuryevich Lermontov is undoubted, who gave poetry and sensual beauty to this legend.
In the deep gorge of Daryal,
Where the Terek rummages in the darkness,
The ancient tower stood
Blackening on a black rock.
In that tower high and cramped
Queen Tamara lived:
Beautiful as a heavenly angel
Like a demon, insidious and evil.
And there through the midnight fog
The golden light shone,
He threw himself into the traveler's eyes,
He beckoned for a night's rest.
On a soft down bed,
Decorated in brocade and pearls,
She was waiting for a guest... They hissed
There are two cups of wine in front of her.
Hot hands intertwined
Lips stuck to lips
And strange, wild sounds
All night long they heard:
As if that tower was empty
One hundred ardent youths and wives
We agreed on a night wedding,
For the funeral feast.
But just the morning glow
Threw its beam across the mountains,
Instantly darkness and silence
They reigned there again.
Only the Terek in the Daryal gorge,
Thundering, breaking the silence,
Wave upon wave ran over,
The wave drove the wave.
And with a cry the silent body
They were in a hurry to carry it away.
There was something white in the window then,
It sounded from there: sorry.
And it was such a tender farewell,
That voice sounded so sweet
Like the delights of a date
And he promised the caresses of love.
Lermontov, 1841
The poem is based on Georgian folk legend about Queen Daria, who lived in an ancient tower on the Terek, lured travelers to her place for the night, killed them in the morning and threw the corpses into the Terek. The name of Queen Daria is not in Georgian history. This name probably arose from the name of the Daryal Gorge, where the legendary castle was located, or from a similarity with the name and appearance of Queen Darejan, who lived in the 17th century. Lermontov heard a version of the legend in which the name Darejan was replaced by the name of a popular one in Georgia Queen Tamara, glorified in the poem by Shota Rustaveli "The Knight in Tiger Skin".
