Yakoshuk Alexey, Kireeva Natalia (students of the 10th grade)

Health is one of the most important human values. However, the state of health is a variable value, it is determined by a number of factors: heredity, a person’s lifestyle, the impact of environmental factors, the quality of medical care, etc. The environment around us can not only have a beneficial effect on our body, but also be a source of serious diseases that cause microorganisms living in it, therefore, an important public health task is to protect the population from the harmful effects of pathogens. Very relevant at any time is the thesis: Therefore, the importance of vaccines and their use cannot be overestimated. In the Middle Ages, while vaccination was not used in Europe against smallpox, plague, cholera, entire cities died out, with the use of vaccines it became possible to protect the population from these terrible diseases.

Relevance:Vaccination has not lost its significance at the present time, because pathogens continue to evolve, forming more and more new forms, therefore, in order to protect the human body, more and more new vaccines have to be created, in addition, scientists around the world continue to work on the creation of vaccines against currently incurable diseases such as AIDS. However, all their hard work will be of little significance if people do not understand the importance of preventive measures, i.e. measures for the prevention of diseases. Identification of the level among students, parents and teachers will help to understand at what level it is necessary to start work on the formation of preventive knowledge.

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State budgetary educational institution of the Samara region

secondary school "Education Center" pos. Varlamovo

Municipal district of Syzransky, Samara region

REGIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE OF STUDENTS.

SECTION: psychology and pedagogy.

Nomination: "Sociology"

"Vaccination is one of the conditions for maintaining health"

Yakoshuk Alexey, Kireeva Natalia

10th grade students

GBOU secondary school "Center

education" pos. Varlamovo

Scientific adviser:

Safonova Olga Viktorovna

Biology teacher (II qualified category)

Syzran, 2013

1. Introduction (introduction, relevance, hypothesis, goals and objectives) 3-4
2. Main part 5-16

1. Factors affecting human health 5-6
2. Concepts of “vaccination” and “immunization” 7-8
3. The concept of “vaccine”, its types 9-10
4. Legal approach to immunization 11
5. List of medical contraindications for preventive vaccinations 12-13
6. Risk groups 13-14
7. Vaccination tactics. Ways to administer the vaccine 15
8. Prevention of infectious diseases at school 16

1. Research part 17-25

A) Compilation of the questionnaire 17

B) Questioning of students in grades 8-11, their parents and teachers of the SBEI secondary school “TsO” p. Varlamovo 17-19

C) Analysis of the survey 19-23

D) Comparison of the results of the survey and data obtained from the Varlamovskaya Central District Hospital 24

1. Final part (conclusion, conclusions, perspectives) 26
2. Used literature and Internet resources 27
3. Appendix:

1. The results of the survey of students and teachers of the SBEI secondary school “Education Center”, Varlamovo village, parents.

2. Vaccination data for students in grades 8-11 obtained from the Varlamov Central District Hospital.

Introduction:

Health is one of the most important human values. However, the state of health is a variable value, it is determined by a number of factors: heredity, a person’s lifestyle, the impact of environmental factors, the quality of medical care, etc.

The environment around us can not only have a beneficial effect on our body, but also be a source of serious diseases that cause microorganisms that live in it, so an important public health task is to protect the population from the harmful effects of pathogens.

Very relevant at any time is the thesis:“The disease is easier to prevent than to cure”Therefore, the importance of vaccines and their use cannot be overestimated.

In the Middle Ages, while vaccination was not used in Europe against smallpox, plague, cholera, entire cities died out, with the use of vaccines it became possible to protect the population from these terrible diseases.

Relevance:

Vaccination has not lost its significance at the present time, because pathogens continue to evolve, forming more and more new forms, therefore, in order to protect the human body, more and more new vaccines have to be created, in addition, scientists around the world continue to work on the creation of vaccines against currently incurable diseases such as AIDS.

However, all their hard work will be of little significance if people do not understand the importance of preventive measures, i.e. measures for the prevention of diseases. Identification of the levelthe formation of a preventive worldviewamong students, parents and teachers will help to understand at what level it is necessary to start work on the formation of preventive knowledge.

Target:

To form an idea of ​​the importance of vaccination as one of the conditions for maintaining health.

Tasks:

1. Determine the factors influencing human health.
2. Expand the concept of "immunization" and "vaccine"
3. To introduce the legal basis of the vaccination process and its main methods.
4. Describe the main types of vaccines.
5. Conduct a survey of students in grades 8-11, their parents and teachers of the SBEI secondary school "TsO" p. Varlamovo
6. Analyze the results of the survey and compare them with the vaccination statistics provided by the Central District Hospital of the village of Varlamovo.

Object of study:

Teachers and students of GBOU secondary school "TsO" of the village of Varlamovo, their parents.

Subject of study:

The degree of formation of propaedeutic thinking in children and adults.

Hypothesis:

The formation of the worldview of adults affects the attitude of both themselves and children to the vaccination process.

Methods:

1. Theoretical (study and analysis of literature, forecasting, design and modeling)
2. Empirical (questionnaire, testing)
3. Mathematical (methods for checking results)

Factors affecting human health

A person throughout his life is under the constant influence of a whole range of environmental factors - from environmental to social. In addition to individual biological characteristics, all of them directly affect its vital activity, health and, ultimately, life expectancy. The approximate contribution of various factors affecting the health of the population is assessed in four positions:lifestyle, human genetics (biology), environment and healthcare.Evidence shows that lifestyle has the biggest impact on health. Almost half of all cases of diseases depend on it. The second place in terms of impact on health is occupied by the state of the human environment (at least one third of diseases are determined by adverse environmental influences). Heredity causes about 20% of diseases. A healthy body constantly ensures the optimal functioning of all its systems in response to any environmental changes, such as changes in temperature, atmospheric pressure, changes in the oxygen content in the air, humidity, etc. Preservation of the optimal life activity of a person when interacting with the environment is determined by the fact that for his body there is a certain physiological limit of endurance in relation to any environmental factor, and beyond the limit this factor will inevitably have a depressing effect on human health. For example, as tests have shown, in urban conditions, factors affecting health are divided into five main groups:living environment, production factors, social, biological and individual lifestyle.

Unfortunately, the state of health of Russian children cannot be considered satisfactory. The life of an average child, especially in big cities, passes in an atmosphere of polluted environment, emissions from enterprises and cars, which have a pronounced negative effect on the child's respiratory system, contribute to a decrease in the protective properties of the body and the formation of bronchopulmonary diseases. The combination of environmental factors forms an allergic pathology in children. A sedentary lifestyle, continuous computer games instead of walking in the park with friends, snacking on hamburgers and rolls instead of a full meal sooner or later cause metabolic disorders that lead to a decrease in the body's defenses, contributing to the development of diseases.

The concepts of “Vaccination” and “Immunization”

Given the ability of the human body to develop immunity simultaneously to several contagious diseases, complex vaccination preparations are widely used, which are a mixture of several vaccines and toxoids (for example, pertussis-diphtheria-tetanus vaccine, trivaccine - rubella, measles, mumps).

Vaccinations in order to obtain active immunity are carried out in a planned manner according to epidemic indications. Routine vaccinations carried out by the Ministry of Health according to the preventive vaccination calendar, regardless of the epidemiological situation, include vaccinations against childhood infections (measles, whooping cough, poliomyelitis, parotitis, diphtheria, rubella, etc.)

Protective vaccinations(immunization, vaccination) - the creation of immunity to infectious diseases by introducing vaccines, immunoglobulins, immune sera into the body. Preventive vaccinations are carried out in order to create active immunity or short-term specific protection against the pathogen or its toxins (creation of passive immunity)

Actively acquired immunityoccurs as a result of the transfer of an infectious disease or the introduction of a vaccine into the body. It is formed 1-2 weeks after the introduction of the antigen and persists for years and decades (for measles - for life)

passively acquiredimmunity occurs when an antigen is passed from mother to fetus through a patient, ensuring that newborns are immune to certain infectious diseases (for example, measles) for several months. The same immunity is created artificially when immune sera containing antibodies against the corresponding microbes or toxins produced by bacteria are introduced into the body. The high effectiveness of immunoprophylaxis, primarily for a number of infectious diseases with an airborne mechanism of pathogen transmission, not only led to a sharp decrease in the incidence rate, but also ensuredelimination of some common dangerous infectious diseases(for example, smallpox).

Immunization with vaccines (vaccine prophylaxis) and antitoxinsas a routine preventive measure, it is more effective than immunization with serum preparations (seroprophylaxis), as it provides protection for a longer period.

Serum immunization is carried out primarily to persons who have not been previously vaccinated due to contraindications, as well as to patients who are in serious condition. Immunization with sera is carried out as soon as possible after contact with the source of infection in the epidemic focus. To create passive immunity are also introducedimmunoglobulins. Immunoglobulins are administered in cases where it is necessary to quickly increase the protective functions of the body, create temporary immunity to a particular infectious disease, or ease the severity of the onset of the disease.

To create active immunity in the human body is injectedvaccines or antitoxins.Vaccines contain killed, or live, but weakened, disease-causing pathogens, in response to the introduction of which specific protective properties are produced, called antibodies. Anatoxins obtained by neutralizing microbial toxins with formalin. In this case, the toxin loses its toxicity, but retains the ability to induce immunity.

Vaccines may be given intradermally (tuberculosis vaccines), subcutaneously (diphtheria-tetanus), through the mouth (poliomyelitis), intranasally (influenza). For each vaccine, the most effective scheme has been established: the frequency of administration (once, twice); intervals for the need for injections, the dose of the drug. Anatoxins are administered subcutaneously or intramuscularly. To achieve a constant high intensity of immunity, in some cases, repeated vaccinations (revaccination) are carried out at various times after vaccination.

The concept of "Vaccine", its types

Vaccine - a special preparation of antigenic material, which is used to stimulate the production of its own antibodies in the body and create immunity against any disease or group of diseases. Most vaccines are created by growing bacteria or viruses under special conditions in which they lose their virulence but retain their antigenic nature. Other vaccines contain specially processed toxins or dead bacteria, which, despite this, continue to retain their antigenic nature. For example, vaccines against tuberculosis, rabies, and smallpox use live but weakened viruses that cause these diseases. Dead organisms are used in cholera vaccines, and attenuated toxoids are used in diphtheria and tetanus vaccines.

Disease	Vaccine used	When is the vaccine given?	Number of vaccinations	Intervals between vaccinations	Reaction to vaccination	Duration of immunity
Diphtheria	Liquid diphtheria toxin			month	None or little	various
Whooping cough	whooping cough vaccine	At younger preschool age or after contact with the patient		month	Weak or moderate	Some years
Tetanus	Anti-tetanus serum	In early childhood or after trauma			None or little	unknown
smallpox	measles virus	In preschool, school, adulthood		month	moderate	Constant
Polio	Polio Vaccines	Ages 1 to 40 years and older		1-4 weeks	no	1-3 years
Typhoid fever	Typhoid vaccine		No injections, 3 doses by mouth	a week	no	unknown
Piggy	mumps vaccine	In adolescence or adulthood		Day	moderate	4-6 weeks
infectious hepatitis	Gamma globulin	After contact with the patient		Day	moderate	4-6 weeks
Scarlet fever	Penicillin	After contact with the patient		A week	no	3-6 months
Rabies	Rabies vaccine	After being bitten by an animal		A week	no	small
Cholera	cholera vaccine	Before traveling to an infected area		a week	weak	small
Typhus	Typhus vaccine	Before traveling to an infected area		a week	weak	small
Plague	Plague vaccine	Before traveling to an infected area		a week	weak	small
Flu	flu vaccine	During the epidemic		a week	weak	small
Measles	measles vaccine	Aged 9-22 months			moderate	constant
Rubella	rubella vaccine	At the age of 9-12 months			no	constant

Legal approach to immunoprophylaxis

The legal approach to immunoprophylaxis provides for a combination of rights, duties and responsibilities of the individual and the state; these principles, to some extent reflected in the legislation of many countries, provide for the following:

All citizens are provided by the state with the opportunity to get all the necessary vaccinations free of charge, as well as to receive information about the nature of the vaccination, its effectiveness, possible situations, etc. Vaccinations are carried out only with the consent of the vaccinated person or his parents (guardians), and the state guarantees free medical care, which may be needed in the event of a reaction or complication.

Every citizen has the right to refuse vaccination for himself or his child (with the exception of vaccinations against especially dangerous infections carried out according to epidemiological indications), which he must record in writing; if he refuses, put a signature - this is done by at least two health workers;

If an unvaccinated person (or his child) falls ill with the corresponding infection, he is not paid days of disability. Unvaccinated children are not allowed in children's institutions, health camps and educational institutions, as they can be sources of epidemic outbreaks.

Provision is made for the manufacturer's liability related to the quality of the drug. The vaccinating health workers are responsible for the correct determination of indications and contraindications, for achieving the necessary vaccinations, for the correct storage of drugs, as well as for the technique of administering the vaccine and monitoring the vaccinated children according to the instructions.

Before vaccination, all vaccinated are examined by a paramedic in order to identify persons for whom it is contraindicated. Before the examination, thermometry is obligatory, and if necessary, preliminary laboratory tests and consultations of specialists.

List of medical contraindications for preventive vaccinations

A number of contraindications are common to the administration of all vaccine preparations. These include:

Acute infectious and non-infectious diseases (vaccination is carried out only one month after recovery and not earlier than one month after the end of the exacerbation); malignant blood diseases, malignant tumors;

Immunodeficiency states (primary immunodeficiency)

Progressive neurological disease, severe allergies, and allergic reactions to vaccine components (for example, live measles and mumps vaccines prepared with chicken protein are contraindicated in people who are allergic to egg protein)

Vaccines	Contraindications
All vaccines	Severe reaction or complications to the previous phase
All live vaccines	Immunodeficiency, immunosuppression, malignancy, pregnancy
BCG - vaccine	The weight of the child is less than 2000; keloid scar after previous dose
OPV (oral polio vaccine)
DTP	progressive diseases of the nervous system
KDS, ADS-M	There are no absolute contraindications
ZhIV, ZhK, rubella vaccine	Severe reaction to aminoglycosides. Anaphylactic shock to egg white

Note: scheduled vaccination is postponed until the end of the manifestation of an acute disease and an exacerbation of a chronic one. In severe acute respiratory viral infections, acute intestinal diseases, etc., vaccinations are carried out immediately after the temperature returns to normal.

A strong reaction is the presence of a temperature above 40 degrees, at the injection site - edema, hyperemia - 8 cm in diameter, an anaphylactic shock reaction.

states	History
Perinatal encephalopathy	Prematurity, sepsis
Stable neurotic states	hyaline membrane disease
Allergies, asthma, eczema	Complications after vaccination in the family
birth defects	allergies in the family
Dysbacteriosis	Epilepsy
Supportive care	Sudden death in the family
Topical steroid treatment	Breast-feeding
homeopathic treatment	Antibiotic treatment

At-risk groups

The statistics are sad. Today, only 10% of children leave school healthy, that is, the remaining 90% have deviations in their health. Many people have a whole bunch of chronic diseases. If you do not take action constantly, the situation will continue to worsen every year.

Since many factors influence the health of children, the approach must be comprehensive. It is impossible to completely solve environmental problems, drive cars out of the city and ban fast food. But to form an understanding of a healthy lifestyle in children is the task of every pediatrician and parents. Disease is easier to prevent than to cure. Sunbathing, hardening, hygiene skills will help increase the body's resistance to infections.

When drawing up a plan for mass immunization of the population, it is necessary to first establish the epidemiological priority of groups subject to priority and most effective protection, justify the use of means and methods, and clarify the timing and degree of protection for each of them.

As criteria for the selection of such groups, it is most advisable to take:

1) The degree of risk of infection

2) The degree of risk of severe complications of the disease

3) Socio-economic significance of the consequences of an influenza epidemic in a particular social group of the population.

The group of particular risk of infection in the first place should includechildren of organized groups. At the same time, it should be noted that epidemic outbreaks most often begin in children's groups and that among school-age children, who make up no more than 15% of the population, more than 40% of all cases of influenza "A" and over 55% of cases of influenza "B" are noted. This group should also include:medical workers, workers of trade, transport, public catering and municipal services. Each member of these groups is characterized by a high degree of personal contact, a high probability of meeting with an influenza patient and a wide possibility of infection with massive doses of the influenza virus.

The high-risk group for severe complications of the disease should primarily includechildren under 3 years old,virtually no immunity to influenza pathogens, elderly people and people who often get the flu and other acute respiratory infections. Persons of the last group deserve special attention, constituting no more than 10-12% of all social and age groups of the population, excluding young children (18-20%). Taking into account the frequency of illness of each of them during the year, up to 50% of the total number of patients with acute infections falls on the group of frequently ill patients. Therefore, this group should be under the constant supervision of specialists. It is these people who should be provided with effective protection against influenza as a priority.

Adult workers get sick with influenza much less frequently and more easily than people from any other social and age group, and their role in the development of the epidemic process can be considered secondary. However, this group, given the mass coverage of the population with vaccinations, needs special attention and control - the socio-economic significance is too great.

Vaccination continues to be the leading means of planned protection of the population and the most important link in the overall complex of protective anti-influenza measures.

Vaccination tactics. Ways of administering the vaccine

The selection of adults and children is carried out by a paramedic at FAPs. Vaccinations are carried out by trained medical personnel. Before vaccination, it is necessary to carefully check the quality of the drug, its labeling, the integrity of the ampoule.

Vaccines should not be used:

With inappropriate physical properties

With violation of the integrity of the ampoules

With unclear or missing markings on the ampoule

Sorbated vaccines stored in violation of the temperature regime.

Live, exposed to a temperature of more than 8 degrees. Opening the ampoules, dissolving lyophilized vaccines, the vaccination procedure is carried out in accordance with the instructions, with strict observance of asepsis rules

Prevention of infectious diseases at school

Prevention of infectious diseases at school is the most important link in the overall chain of anti-epidemic measures, an integral part of nationwide measures aimed at improving the health of students, since infectious diseases suffered in childhood cause profound changes in the body and can leave an indelible mark on a lifetime.

The sources and ways of spreading infectious diseases are different. Infection can occur during the incubation period and at the beginning of the prodromal period of diseases; from students who had an acute infection and came to class ahead of schedule; from children with mild and erased forms of an infectious disease, admitted to classes without a doctor's certificate. Sources can be books, notebooks, personal items used by the patient. Late detection of bacillus carriers is also essential in the spread of certain infections.

The fight against infectious diseases includes: providing a sanitary and anti-epidemic regime, increasing specific and non-specific immunity, blocking possible routes of transmission and spread of infection.

Important for the early detection and prevention of the spread of infectious diseases is the organization by medical personnel with the help of teachers, parents and children of a systematic record of school absences by students.

Research part

A) Compiling a survey

5) Does it help you?

B) Survey results

Total polled:

1. Students in grades 8-11 - 76 people
2. Parents of students in grades 8-11 - 67 people
3. Teachers - 21 people

Children
Bad habits	Lifestyle	Ecology	Viruses, diseases	No answer
Yes	Not	Difficult to answer
3) What is your attitude towards vaccination?
positive	negative
4) Do you get vaccinated against the flu every year?
Yes	Not	Difficult to answer
5) Does it help you?
Yes	Not	Difficult to answer
6) Do you think there will be vaccines for AIDS and other incurable diseases?
Yes	Not	Difficult to answer
7) Do people need to know about the meaning and rules of vaccination?
Yes	Not	Difficult to answer
8) Would you advise your loved ones to get vaccinated against influenza and other infections?
Yes	Not	Difficult to answer
Parents
What factors do you think affect human health?
Bad habits	Lifestyle	Ecology	Viruses, diseases	Maintenance of the daily routine	No answer
2) Does timely vaccination contribute to protection against infections?
Yes	Not	Difficult to answer
3) What is your attitude towards vaccination?
positive	negative
4) Do you get vaccinated against the flu every year?
Yes	Not	Difficult to answer
5) Does it help you?
Yes	Not	Difficult to answer
6) Do you think there will be vaccines for AIDS and other incurable diseases?
Yes	Not	Difficult to answer
7) Do people need to know about the meaning and rules of vaccination?
Yes	Not	Difficult to answer
8) Would you advise your loved ones to get vaccinated against influenza and other infections?
Yes	Not	Difficult to answer
teachers
What factors do you think affect human health?
Bad habits	Lifestyle	Ecology	Viruses, diseases	Maintenance of the daily routine	No answer
2) Does timely vaccination contribute to protection against infections?
Yes	Not	Difficult to answer
3) What is your attitude towards vaccination?
positive	negative
4) Do you get vaccinated against the flu every year?
Yes	Not	Difficult to answer
5) Does it help you?
Yes	Not	Difficult to answer
6) Do you think there will be vaccines for AIDS and other incurable diseases?
Yes	Not	Difficult to answer
7) Do people need to know about the meaning and rules of vaccination?
Yes	Not	Difficult to answer
8) Would you advise your loved ones to get vaccinated against influenza and other infections?
Yes	Not	Difficult to answer

C) Survey analysis

1 ) The majority of respondents, both among students and among teachers and parents, believe that bad habits (children - 29%, parents - 33%, teachers - 35%), lifestyle (children - 26%, parents -22%, teachers -30%) and the state of the environment (children -21%, parents -16%, teachers -18%) and few of these groups of respondents think about the fact that preventive vaccination, which can protect the body from infections and thereby maintain health or improve its condition.

2) One of the ways to protect the body from infections is vaccination, it allows you to avoid infection, due to the formation of immunity in the body to certain infections-antigens, due to the formation of specific antibodies in the body.

The majority of respondents, both among students (63%) and among parents (72%) and teachers (61%), believe that timely vaccination can protect the body from infections.

3) Based on the results of the survey, the majority of respondents (children -68%, parents -75%, teachers -74%) have a positive attitude towards vaccination, which indicates their understanding of the importance of this event for maintaining their health and protecting them from infections.

Many of our actions and deeds are determined by one or another attitude to objects or phenomena.

4) It was the positive attitude towards vaccination that determined the fact that the majority of respondents (children - 65%, parents - 38%, teachers - 74%) are annually vaccinated against influenza - a disease that is dangerous for its complications. According to statistics:

Influenza affects people of all ages worldwide, but the highest incidence occurs in children aged 1 to 14 years (37%), which is four times higher than in the elderly (10%).

In people with certain other conditions, such as diabetes, heart and lung disease, or people with weakened immune systems, such as those who are very young or very old, the flu can cause serious complications, such as pneumonia, even be fatal. Although secondary bacterial pneumonia is not a very common complication of influenza, viral pneumonia is the leading cause of death.

Encephalopathy associated with cerebral edema sometimes occurs during the acute phase of influenza and can be fatal. In childhood Reye's syndrome, an acute form of encephalitis can occur after influenza, fatal in about 40% of cases, especially if the patient used aspirin.

Hospitalization rates:

During epidemics, the level of hospitalizations increases by 2-5 times. The hospitalization rate is particularly high in young children (under 5 years of age) and in the elderly (over 65 years of age):

Children under the age of 4 years - 500 hospitalizations per 100 thousand people. population in high-risk groups for complications from influenza and 200 cases per 100 thousand. population outside the risk group;

Children 5-14 years old - 200 hospitalizations per 100 thousand people. among the risk group and 20 cases per 100 thousand. population outside the risk group;

Persons 15-44 years old - 40-60 cases per 100 thousand. population among the risk group and 20-30 cases per 100 thousand. population outside the risk group;

Persons 44-64 years old - 80-400 cases per 100 thousand. population among the risk group and 20-40 cases per 100 thousand. population outside the risk group;

By grafting, we can avoid all these consequences.

5) A significant part of the respondents (children -34%, parents -41%, teachers -52%) believe that vaccination helps them avoid infection and subsequent illness, and there is an increase from students to parents and teachers, teachers are vaccinated annually and efficiency vaccination is traced by them for a certain time.

6) The presence of progress ensures the development of all spheres of human activity, including medical developments related to protection from the body. In particular, from such terrible diseases as AIDS and cancer.

The United States, Canada, the Netherlands, Porto Rico and Thailand have been most successful in testing AIDS vaccines containing a substance called AIDSVAX, which is manufactured by the American company VaxGen. Vaccine trials are underway in Thailand (exposure to B and E virus subtypes) and in other countries (exposure to subtype B)

But this is not the only way. Another response to a virus invasion is to produce a large number of cells that can destroy HIV-infected cells. This is called a cellular immune response. Vaccines based on this principle are already being tested in humans. They contain ALVAC, manufactured by Aventis Pasteur. It contains an avian virus (canarypox), in which elements of the human immunodeficiency virus were found. And despite the fact that the first ALVAC vaccines were based on subtype B, tests conducted on American volunteers showed that the vaccine works on other subtypes of the virus.

The next type of vaccine that can be tested in humans is being developed jointly by the Universities of Nairobi and Oxford in partnership with IAVI (InternationalAidsVaccineInitiative). The vaccine contains DNA or RNA of HIV subtype A. Scientists from Nairobi called their project KenyaAIDSVaccineInitiative (Kenya AIDS Vaccine Initiative). The second IAVI project to develop a vaccine is in partnership with a small American company AlphaVax from North Carolina and the University of Cape Town, South Africa and aims to develop vaccine against subtype C. Trials will begin soon. Its idea is very close to the DNA vaccine. The third branch of IAVI's development will use new advances from the Baltimore Institute of Virology to develop an HIV vaccine that can be taken by mouth or as a nasal spray. This can be done by placing the vaccine inside safe strains of Salmonella bacteria that are able to survive if swallowed. It is hoped that an immune response that occurs in the mouth or nose will kick-start an immune response in the urethra and vagina, preventing sexual transmission of HIV.

Scientists at Trinity College Dublin have developed a new vaccine that can treat cancer at the preclinical level. A research team led by Kingston Mills, professor of experimental immunology at the College of Ireland, has discovered a new method to fight a deadly disease that relies on manipulating the immune response to malignant tumors. The discovery has been patented and the researchers plan to further develop a vaccine for clinical use, i.e. to treat patients suffering from cancer.

The majority of respondents (children -54%, parents -54%, teachers - 39%) are confident in the power of progress and human thought and believe that vaccines will be created in the future to defeat incurable diseases.

7) The majority of respondents (children -71%, parents -97%, teachers -91%) believe that it is necessary to know about the meanings of vaccination and the rules for its implementation, this is understandable, since the health of the person himself largely depends on this. parents show this issue - 97%!

8) Since the majority of respondents understand the importance of vaccination and could feel the effectiveness of this procedure for themselves, a significant part of the respondents, especially parents - 54%, will advise their loved ones to be vaccinated against infections. Comparing the results of the survey on all questions, it turned out that they are most positive about preventive vaccinations parents, which is probably due to their awareness of this issue and concern for the health of their children and their own. Starting this work, we believed that teachers were the most progressive in this matter, since teachers are always the conductor of everything new, however, it turned out that the teachers of our school are distinguished by conservative thinking.

The experience of preventive work indicates that the epidemic process in case of influenza is noticeably suppressed if at least 70% of the vaccinated team is covered by vaccination. Only in this case it is possible to achieve conditions for maximum limitation of the “dispersion” of the influenza pathogen in the indoor air, a noticeable decrease in the intensity of the epidemic outbreak, and a reduction in the appearance of secondary foci of influenza infection.

The epidemiological effectiveness of influenza vaccination largely depends on the extent to which the entire population is vaccinated. Until recent years, influenza vaccines for adults were mainly produced under industrial conditions. The children's part of the population, most affected by the flu, remained almost unprotected. This not only contributed to the widespread circulation of the "wild" influenza virus in this age group, both in epidemic and inter-epidemic periods, but also activated the epidemic process among adults. Therefore, it is natural that the widespread introduction of mass vaccination of children into public health practice will significantly increase the epidemiological effectiveness of vaccinations in adults as well.

Class	Number of children vaccinated against influenza in 2012	Percentage vaccinated out of the total number of students in the class
8th grade	8 people	30,8%
9 "A" class	11 people	57,9%
9 "B" class	4 people
Grade 10	1 person	5,6%
Grade 11	1 person	6,7%
Average percentage vaccinated across all classes	25 people

D) Comparison of the results of the survey with data obtained from the Varlamov Central District Hospital.

According to the results of a survey of students, the number of annually vaccinated children is 34%, however, the statistics obtained from the Varlamov Central District Hospital show that the actual number of vaccinated students in grades 8-11 is 21%, the reasons for this, in my opinion, lie on the surface and are related to:

1. With the absence of a nurse and a medical office in the SBEI secondary school "Education Center" in the village of Varlamovo.
2. With the lack of organized vaccination by the Varlamov Central District Hospital of schoolchildren.
3. The district health department of the Syzran district does not properly control the number of vaccinated students of the SBEI secondary school "Education Center" in the village of Varlamovo.

Unlike students, almost all teachers who took part in the survey were vaccinated against influenza in 2012. This is due to the fact that the vaccination of teachers is properly organized, since the nurse of the therapy room performs the vaccination in the school building. That is why, according to the results of a survey of teachers, the percentage of people who get vaccinated against influenza every year is 74%, which is significantly higher than this figure for students (34%).

Conclusions:

1. The effectiveness of vaccination largely depends on the level of knowledge and ideas about the importance of vaccination.

2. Parents have a higher level of positive attitude towards vaccination (parents - 75% of 67 people), which is apparently due to concern for the health of their children.

3. Most respondents believe in the possibility of creating such vaccines through the efforts of scientists that will help defeat many incurable diseases (children - 54% of 76 people, parents - 54% of 67 people, teachers - 39% of 21 people).

Outlook:

1. To familiarize with the results of the work of students in class hours and parents at parent meetings.

3.Create a booklet with a summary of the content of the work.

Conclusion.

Human life and health are priceless, but in order for life to be bright and full, it is necessary to have good health. It is possible to maintain health for many years thanks to the vaccination process. To create vaccines against various diseases, scientists have spent a lot of effort and often did not spare their own lives. Member of the anti-plague expedition (1910-1911) I.V. Mamontov wrote in the last hour of his life: “Life now is a struggle for the future ... We must believe that all this is not without reason and people will achieve, even if through many sufferings, a real human existence on Earth, so beautiful that for one idea of ​​it you can give everything that is personal, and life itself! ”The words turned out to be prophetic, many diseases are now defeated thanks to the vaccination process, but despite this, scientists continue to work on creating new vaccines against currently incurable diseases.

Used literature and Internet resources.

1. “Home doctor”; Publishing house Ripol Classic 2004

2. Reading book on human anatomy, physiology and hygiene

Does timely vaccination help protect against infections?

What is your attitude towards vaccination?

Do you get vaccinated against the flu every year?

Does it help you?

Do you think there will be vaccines for AIDS and other incurable diseases?

Do people need to know about the meaning and rules

vaccinations?

Would you advise your loved ones to get vaccinated against the flu and other infections?

Analysis of the results of vaccination obtained from the Varlamovskaya Central District Hospital.

memo

1. Risk groups: children, the elderly,

Patients with chronic diseases

heart and lungs, as well as doctors.

2. Flu symptoms:

Temperature from 38 degrees and above.

Pretty strong chill

Or a feverish state

Severe headache that responds

any sudden movement

Aches in muscles and joints

Weakness

Loss of appetite

Nausea

Scratching sore throat

Runny nose

3. Complications:

Pneumonia

Sinusitis

Meningitis

Otitis

Fatal outcome

4. Flu Warning:

Vaccination

Taking specialized drugs

(arbidol, dibazol, vitamins)

hardening activities

Folk remedies

Maintaining a healthy lifestyle

The next flu wave

Coming at the end of March - beginning of April!

Introduction Health is one of the most important human values. However, the state of health is a variable value, it is determined by a number of factors: heredity, a person’s lifestyle, the impact of environmental factors, the quality of medical care, etc. The environment around us can not only have a beneficial effect on our body, but also be a source of serious diseases that cause microorganisms living in it, therefore, an important public health task is to protect the population from the harmful effects of pathogens. The thesis is very relevant at any time: “It is easier to prevent a disease than to treat it”, so the importance of vaccines and their use can hardly be overestimated. In the Middle Ages, while vaccination was not accepted in Europe against smallpox, plague, cholera, entire cities died out, with the use of vaccines it became possible to protect the population from these terrible diseases.

Relevance Vaccination has not lost its significance at the present time, because pathogens continue to evolve, forming more and more new forms, therefore, in order to protect the human body, more and more new vaccines have to be created, in addition, scientists around the world continue to work on creating vaccines against incurable diseases. current diseases, such as AIDS. However, all their hard work will be of little significance if people do not understand the importance of preventive measures, i.e. disease prevention measures. Identification of the level of formation of the propaedeutic worldview among students, parents and teachers will make it possible to understand at what level it is necessary to start work on the formation of preventive knowledge.

Objectives To determine the factors influencing human health. Expand the concept of "immunization" and "vaccine" To get acquainted with the legal basis of the vaccination process and its main methods. Describe the main types of vaccines. Conduct a survey of students in grades 8-11, their parents and teachers of the SBEI secondary school “TsO” in the village of Varlamovo Analyze the results of the survey and compare them with the vaccination statistics provided by the Central District Hospital of the village of Varlamovo.

Object of study: Teachers and students of the SBEI secondary school "TsO" of the village of Varlamovo, their parents.

Subject of study: The degree of formation of propaedeutic thinking in children and adults.

Hypothesis Formation of adults' worldview affects the attitude of both themselves and children to the vaccination process.

Factors affecting human health Environmental pollution Sedentary lifestyle Improper diet Continuous computer games

The concepts of "vaccination" and "immunization" Considering the ability of the human body to develop immunity to several contagious diseases at the same time, complex vaccination preparations are widely used, which are a mixture of several vaccines and toxoids. To create active immunity, vaccines or antoxins are introduced into the human body. Vaccines contain killed, or live, but weakened, disease-causing pathogens, in response to the introduction of which specific protective properties are produced, called antibodies. Toxoids are obtained by neutralizing microbial toxins with formalin. In this case, the toxin loses its toxicity, but retains the ability to induce immunity. Vaccines can be administered 1. Intradermally (tuberculosis vaccines) 2. Subcutaneously (diphtheria-tetanus) 3. Orally (poliomyelitis) 4. Intranasally (influenza). For each vaccine, the most effective scheme has been established: the frequency of administration (once, twice); intervals between injections, the dose of the drug.

The concept of "vaccine", its types. A vaccine is a special preparation of antigenic material that is used to stimulate the production of its own antibodies in the body and create immunity against a disease or group of diseases. Most vaccines are created by growing bacteria or viruses under special conditions in which they lose their virulence but retain their antigenic nature. Types of vaccines: Inactivated vaccines Anatoxins Conjugated vaccines Subunit vaccines Recombinant vector vaccines

Legal approach to immunization The legal approach to immunization provides for a combination of rights, duties and responsibilities of the individual and the state; these principles, to some extent reflected in the legislation of many countries, provide for the following: - All citizens are provided by the state with the opportunity to receive all necessary vaccinations free of charge, as well as to receive information about the nature of the vaccination, its effectiveness, possible situations, etc. ; - Every citizen has the right to refuse vaccination for himself or his child, which he must record in writing; if he refuses, put a signature - this is done by at least two health workers; - If an unvaccinated person (or his child) falls ill with the corresponding infection, he is not paid days of disability. Unvaccinated children are not allowed in children's institutions, health camps and educational institutions. Provision is made for the manufacturer's liability related to the quality of the drug. The vaccinating health workers are responsible for - the correct determination of indications and contraindications - for the achievement of the necessary vaccinations - for the correct storage of drugs - for the technique of administering the vaccine.

List of medical contraindications for prophylactic vaccinations A number of contraindications are common for the introduction of all vaccine preparations. These include: - Acute infectious and non-infectious diseases; malignant blood diseases, malignant tumors; - Immunodeficiency states (primary immunodeficiency) - Progressive neurological pathology, severe forms of allergy and allergic reactions to the components that make up the vaccine Scheduled vaccination is postponed until the end of the manifestation of an acute disease and exacerbation of a chronic one. In severe acute respiratory viral infections, acute intestinal diseases, etc., vaccinations are carried out immediately after the temperature returns to normal. A strong reaction is the presence of a temperature above 40 degrees, at the injection site - edema, hyperemia - 8 cm in diameter, an anaphylactic shock reaction.

Risk groups The most appropriate criteria for identifying such groups are: 1) The degree of risk of infection 2) The degree of risk of a severe complication of the disease 3) The socio-economic significance of the consequences of an influenza epidemic in a particular social group of the population. The group of special risk of infection in the first place should include children of organized groups. At the same time, it should be noted that epidemic outbreaks most often begin in children's groups and that among school-age children, who make up no more than 15% of the population, more than 40% of all cases of influenza A and more than 55% of cases of influenza B are noted. it is necessary to include medical workers, workers in trade, transport, public catering and public utilities. The group of high risk of severe complications of the disease in the first place should include children under 3 years of age, who have practically no immunity to influenza pathogens, the elderly and people who often have influenza and other acute respiratory infections.

Vaccination tactics. Ways of administering the vaccine. The selection of adults and children is carried out by a paramedic at FAPs. Vaccinations are carried out by trained medical personnel. Before vaccination, it is necessary to carefully check the quality of the drug, its labeling, the integrity of the ampoule. Vaccines should not be used: - With inappropriate physical properties - Violation of the integrity of the ampoules - With unclear or missing markings on the ampoule - Sorbated vaccines stored in violation of the temperature regime. - Live, exposed to temperatures over 8 degrees. Opening of ampoules, dissolution of freeze-dried vaccines, vaccination procedure is carried out in accordance with the instructions in strict observance of asepsis rules.

Prevention of infectious diseases at school all life. The sources and ways of spreading infectious diseases are different. - Infection can occur during the incubation period and at the beginning of the prodromal period of diseases; - From students who had an acute infection and came to class ahead of schedule; - From children with mild and erased forms of an infectious disease, admitted to classes without a doctor's certificate. Late detection of bacillus carriers is also essential in the spread of certain infections. Important for the early detection and prevention of the spread of infectious diseases is the organization by medical personnel with the help of teachers, parents and children of a systematic record of school absences by students.

Research part Compilation of the questionnaire What factors do you think influence human health? Does timely vaccination help protect against infections? What is your attitude towards vaccination? Do you get vaccinated against the flu every year? Does it help you? Do you think there will be vaccines for AIDS and other incurable diseases? Do people need to know about the meaning and rules of vaccination? Would you advise your loved ones to get vaccinated against the flu and other infections?

What factors do you think affect human health?

What factors do you think affect human health?

What factors do you think affect human health?

Does timely vaccination help protect against infections?

What is your attitude towards vaccination?

Do you get vaccinated against the flu every year?

Does it help you?

Do you think there will be vaccines for AIDS and other incurable diseases?

Do people need to know about the meaning and rules of vaccination?

Would you advise your loved ones to get vaccinated against the flu and other infections?

Analysis of the results of vaccination obtained from the Varlamovskaya Central District Hospital.

Conclusions 1. The effectiveness of vaccination largely depends on the level of knowledge and ideas about the importance of vaccination. 2. Parents have a higher level of positive attitude towards vaccination (parents - 75% of 67 people), which is apparently due to concern for the health of their children. 3. Most respondents believe in the possibility of creating such vaccines through the efforts of scientists that will help defeat many incurable diseases (children - 54% of 76 people, parents - 54% of 67 people, teachers - 39% of 21 people).

Conclusion Human life and health are priceless, but in order for life to be bright and full, it is necessary to have good health. It is possible to maintain health for many years thanks to the vaccination process. To create vaccines against various diseases, scientists have spent a lot of effort and often did not spare their own lives. Member of the anti-plague expedition (1910-1911) I.V. Mamontov wrote in the last hour of his life: “Life now is a struggle for the future ... We must believe that all this is not without reason and people will achieve, even if through many sufferings, a real human existence on Earth, so beautiful that for one idea of ​​it you can give everything that is personal, and life itself! The words turned out to be prophetic, many diseases are now defeated thanks to the vaccination process, but despite this, scientists continue to work on creating new vaccines against currently incurable diseases.

List of used literature: 1. "Home Doctor"; Publishing house Ripol Classic 2004 2. Book for reading on human anatomy, physiology and hygiene I.D. Zverev Moscow “Enlightenment” 1978. 3. Newspaper “Medical Bulletin” No. 21 (526), ​​July 23, 2010. 4. “Prevention and treatment of influenza” R.I. Karpukhin, Leningrad, Medicine, Leningrad branch 1991 5. “Guidelines for nurses in schools”, Moscow, publishing house “Medicina”, 1991. 6. “Reference book of a practical doctor”, Moscow, publishing house “Ripol classic”, 2009. 7. Paramedic's Handbook, Moscow, Exli Press, 2002. 8. Grow healthy; Moscow Physical culture and sport 1993 List of websites used: www.feldsherstvo.ru www.golkom.ru knowledge.allbest.ru aids.ru cbio.ru GlobalScience.ru www.privivka.ru www.medprivivki.ru

Thank you for your attention!

About vaccination

An important feature of the human immune system is its ability to recognize foreign agents that enter the body and immunological memory. If the cells of the immune system meet with any microbe, then this contact will remain in the "memory" of the immune system, and if the same microbe ever enters our body again, then the immune response will be much more intense and faster than the primary . This is due to pre-formed "memory" and various chemicals produced by immunological memory cells, which are activated by secondary contact. It turned out that the effect of immunological memory can be achieved by introducing into the body the so-called. weakened microbes, related microbes or their individual components. This phenomenon has found application in medicine and is called vaccination. Preparations of attenuated microbes, related microbes, or their individual components are called vaccines. Immunization is an outstanding public health success. Thanks to vaccinations, millions of children have been saved and given the right to a healthy life.

Smallpox has been eradicated by vaccination. The world has forgotten this infection that kills a person or disfigures the face. Poliomyelitis, which most recently caused global epidemics, is on the verge of elimination from the entire planet. This once again confirms how radically vaccination can solve the problems of combating infectious diseases.

The right to be protected from preventable diseases is a human right. Vaccination includes all defense mechanisms that protect the body from the pathogenic action of microbes and viruses, the body becomes immune to the disease against which it is vaccinated.

Wide coverage of vaccinations has led to a decrease in infectious diseases throughout the country. Today, vaccination is the most effective way to prevent various infectious diseases.

VACCINE PREVENTION

Vaccination is the creation of artificial immunity to certain diseases; it is currently one of the leading methods of preventing infectious diseases.

Infectious diseases occur as a result of the penetration of pathogenic microorganisms into the human body. Each infectious disease is caused by a specific microorganism, characteristic only of this disease. For example, influenza will not cause dysentery, and measles will not cause diphtheria.

The purpose of vaccination is the formation of specific immunity to an infectious disease by simulating a natural infectious process with a favorable outcome. Active post-vaccination immunity lasts an average of 10 years in those vaccinated against measles, diphtheria, tetanus, poliomyelitis, or for several months in those vaccinated against influenza, typhoid fever. However, with timely re-vaccinations, it can last a lifetime.

The main provisions of vaccination:

1. Vaccination is the most affordable and economical way to reduce morbidity and mortality from childhood infections.

2. Every child in every country has the right to be vaccinated.

3. A pronounced effect of vaccination is achieved only in those cases when at least 95% of children are immunized within the framework of the vaccination schedule.

4. Children with chronic diseases are at high risk for mass childhood infections, and therefore immunization for them should be mandatory.

5. In the Russian Federation, the National Immunization Calendar has no fundamental differences from the calendars of other states.

The essence of preventive vaccinations: a special medical preparation is introduced into the body - a vaccine. Any foreign substance, primarily of a protein nature (antigen), causes specific changes in the immune system. As a result, their own protective factors are produced - antibodies, cytokines (interferons and other similar factors) and a number of cells. After the introduction of vaccines, as well as after the transfer of the disease, active immunity is formed when the body produces immune factors that help it cope with the infection. Antibodies produced in the body are strictly specific, that is, they neutralize only the agent that caused their formation.

Subsequently, if the human body encounters the causative agent of an infectious disease, antibodies, as one of the immunity factors, combine with the invading microorganisms and deprive them of the ability to have a harmful effect on the body.

All vaccines are created in such a way that they can be administered to the vast majority of children without preliminary tests, and even more so, studies of antibodies or immunodeficiency, as it is sometimes heard in the press. If the doctor or parents have doubts about vaccination, then the child is sent to the centers of immunoprophylaxis, where, if necessary, additional studies are carried out. The list of contraindications includes only a few conditions. There are fewer and fewer reasons for “recusals”, the list of diseases that exempt from vaccinations is getting shorter. What used to be a contraindication, such as a chronic disease, is now, on the contrary, an indication for vaccination.

In people with chronic diseases, infections that can be protected by vaccination are much more severe and lead to more complications. For example, measles is more severe in patients with tuberculosis and HIV infection; whooping cough in premature babies; rubella in patients with diabetes mellitus; flu in patients with bronchial asthma. Protecting such children and adults from vaccinations is simply illogical.

Infectious diseases continue to claim lives

Infectious diseases accompany humanity from the moment of its formation as a species. The widest spread of infectious diseases at all times not only led to the death of many millions of people, but was also the main reason for the short life expectancy of a person. Modern medicine knows more than 6.5 thousand infectious diseases and syndromes. And now the number of infectious diseases prevails in the general structure of diseases.

Prior to the introduction of routine childhood vaccination, infectious diseases were the leading cause of child mortality, and epidemics were common.

So, diphtheria infection is ubiquitous. Thanks to the implementation of mass immunization, the incidence of diphtheria in the USSR decreased from 1959 - the year immunization began - to 1975 by 1456 times, and mortality by 850 times. The lowest incidence of diphtheria was registered in Russia in 1975. - 0.03 per 100 thousand. Since 1977, the country has recorded an annual increase in the incidence, and in 1976-1984 it increased by 7.7 times. In 2005, a mass immunization of the population was carried out, which made it possible to reduce the incidence of diphtheria to single cases - 0.2-0.3 per 100,000 population in 2005-2006.

Compared with the pre-vaccination period, the incidence of measles in Russia has decreased by 600 times, the incidence rate in 1967 was 909.0 per 100 thousand, and in 2007 it was reached the lowest rate - 1.1 per 100,000 population.

Tetanus is widespread during wars. During the First World War in the armies of some countries, the incidence of tetanus among the wounded reached 100-1200 per 100 thousand wounded. During the Second World War, the number of complications of tetanus wounds was less due to the use of active immunization with toxoid. In the Soviet Army during the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945. the incidence of tetanus was 0.6-0.7 per 1000 wounded.

Prior to the start of mass immunization, the consequences of a severe form of whooping cough were both organic lesions of the central nervous system (hearing impairment, convulsive conditions, epileptic seizures) and disorders of the central nervous system of a functional nature (increased irritability, sleep disturbance, fatigue, and others). It is in connection with the risk of developing severe complications that whooping cough is especially dangerous for young children. The situation changed dramatically with the introduction of pertussis vaccination. The incidence has decreased tenfold. Specific prophylaxis of whooping cough in the country has been carried out since the early 60s of the last century. The negative experience of refusal to vaccinate, which took place under pressure from parents concerned about adverse reactions to vaccinations (DTP vaccine) in the 90s, led to a decrease in vaccination coverage of children by 1/3.

There is undeniable evidence that diseases re-emerge when immunization coverage declines. In connection with the unsatisfactory level of vaccination coverage in recent years, there have been large outbreaks of the disease:

· the diphtheria epidemic in the CIS countries in the 1990s, which peaked in 1995, when the number of cases exceeded 50,000;

· More than 100,000 cases of measles (during outbreaks only) reported in Central and Western Europe in 2002-2004.

Since 1990 The epidemic situation in the Russian Federation for diphtheria and other infectious diseases has changed. The morbidity of children and especially adults, as well as the mortality of the population, has sharply increased. This was due to a combination of reasons, but, above all, the unreasonable refusal to vaccinate, the violation of the terms of vaccination and revaccination, and the imperfection of the organizational principles of work. In 1995, in Chechnya, where no vaccination was carried out for 3-4 years, a polio epidemic broke out with 140 cases of paralysis and 6 deaths.

Despite leading the European Region in the third millennium of all WHO regions (Americas, Eastern Mediterranean, African, etc.), vaccine-preventable diseases continue to kill approximately 32 000 young children each year. It is unacceptable.

Thus, measles is considered one of the leading causes of child mortality worldwide, and in 2003. in the WHO European Region, it has claimed 4850 young lives.

In 2002 about 2.1 million people worldwide have died from diseases preventable by widely available vaccines. The many negative consequences of inadequate vaccination coverage include avoidable deaths, consequences from disease and suffering, not to mention the economic cost of dealing with large-scale disease outbreaks.

At the same time, the European Region has the lowest prevalence of such diseases of all WHO regions. Children in industrialized countries are 10 times less likely to die from a vaccine-preventable disease than in developing countries.

For 2008 in the Russian Federation, there is a further decrease in the incidence of infections controlled by means of specific prevention, including diphtheria - by 45.5% (incidence rate of 0.04 per 100 thousand population), whooping cough - by 2.3 times (indicator - 2.51 per 100 thousand population), measles - 6 times (indicator 0.02 per 100 thousand population), rubella - 3.2 times (indicator 6.8 per 100 thousand population), mumps - 17.4% (indicator 1 1 per 100 thousand population), viral hepatitis B - by 23.2% (4.04 per 100 thousand population).

As a result of the implementation of the Priority National Project (PNP) in the field of healthcare in terms of the implementation of mass additional immunization of the population against rubella, the incidence rate was reduced by 2.1 times, an indicator of 13.6 per 100 thousand of the population.

Implementation of supplementary immunization against hepatitis B as part of the PNP during 2006-2008. allowed to achieve a decrease in the overall incidence by 2008. 2.5 times compared to 2005, among children 5 times, among adolescents - 20 times. Immunization of the population against hepatitis B led to a 2-fold decrease in the incidence of not only acute forms of hepatitis B, but also chronic forms of infection, and more than 7 times erased forms.

Vaccine-preventable diseases can be defeated and eliminated

With a stable and high level of vaccination coverage, incidence rates decrease, and diseases can even be completely eliminated:

· Smallpox, which killed 5 million people worldwide every year, was completely eradicated in 1978, and today the disease is almost forgotten.

In 2002 WHO has declared the European Region polio-free, and the goal of eradicating polio worldwide is now close to being achieved.

· Measles, rubella and congenital rubella syndrome continue to be a major problem in the Region, but there are ways to eliminate measles and rubella if the will is to do so. A major measles outbreak in the Region of the Americas in 1990 resulted in more than 250,000 cases and more than 10,000 deaths. the Region has set the goal of eliminating measles; in 2002 the European Region was declared free of endemic measles transmission. While there is still much work to be done in the WHO European Region, the goal of eliminating the disease by 2010 can be achieved.

Does the vaccine give 100% protection against the disease?

Unfortunately, no vaccine provides 100% protection for a variety of reasons. But we can say with confidence that out of 100 children vaccinated against tetanus, diphtheria, measles, rubella, viral hepatitis B, 95% will be protected from these infections. In addition, if a child gets sick with an infectious disease, then the disease, as a rule, proceeds much more easily and there are no complications leading to disability than in unvaccinated people.

Vaccinations should be carried out only in the vaccination rooms of medical institutions by specially trained medical workers.

Before vaccination, a doctor or paramedic should carefully examine the patient and conduct a survey in order to establish contraindications to vaccination. A contraindication to vaccination is an acute infectious or non-infectious disease before the recovery period, a strong reaction to a previous vaccination (anaphylactic shock, Quincke's edema, etc.), pregnancy, malignant neoplasms. By the way, there are no age restrictions on vaccination, on the contrary, it is recommended to vaccinate people over 60 years of age, due to the extinction of their own protective functions of the body.

In response to the introduction of the vaccine, a local and general reaction develops. The local reaction manifests itself in the form of redness and induration at the injection site, the general reaction is an increase in body temperature up to 38.5 ° C, headache, and malaise. This is not a complication for vaccination. The vaccinated are monitored: in the first 30 minutes, when immediate reactions can develop, incl. anaphylactic shock, in which medical care should be provided immediately on the spot. Reactions to vaccination may occur in the first 3 days after the administration of killed vaccines (DTP, etc.) and on days 5-6 and 10-11 after the administration of live vaccines (measles, polio, etc.).

A medical institution of any form of ownership is obliged to issue a certificate or certificate of preventive vaccinations indicating the batch number, expiration date, manufacturer, date of administration and the nature of the reaction to the vaccination. Similar information is entered by the medical worker into the registration forms of medical documentation.

It should be noted that vaccination of infectious diseases is by far the most effective measure to prevent the occurrence of infections and the development of severe complications. After all, what is the danger of infections: for 1 case of a clinically pronounced disease, there are up to 7-10 cases of erased forms and asymptomatic carriage. Long-term observations have shown that vaccinated people suffer from infectious diseases 4-20 times less often than unvaccinated people. Unvaccinated people are just the "pantry" where infectious agents are stored, and can cause the spread of the disease among young children who have not yet been vaccinated due to age restrictions, or among the elderly, whose immune system is overloaded with the fight against chronic diseases and will not cope with an infectious agent.

Immunization is a cost effective measure

Immunization is undoubtedly one of the most effective and cost-effective health interventions currently available. It is one of the few interventions that requires very little input but provides very large benefits for the health and well-being of the entire population. Every year, immunization saves millions of lives by preventing infectious disease-related death and disability, although the cost is much lower than the cost of treatment.

The cost of vaccination is immeasurably less than the cost of diagnosis, treatment and rehabilitation measures for infectious diseases.

Influenza vaccination justifies itself: with vaccination coverage of the city's population up to 30%, the incidence of influenza decreases by almost 6 times and the period of the epidemic is reduced. At the same time, the cost of vaccinating one third of the city's population - about 500 thousand people, will amount to about 75 million rubles, and the economic damage from the same number of people with influenza and SARS is already estimated at more than 1.5 billion rubles.

The economic damage from the rubella disease in 2006 amounted to 56 million 545.4 thousand rubles - 16631 people were ill. And the economic costs of purchasing a vaccine if this number of people fell ill would be only 748,395 thousand rubles.

The cost of treatment and vaccination program per case of measles, according to WHO estimates, ranged from 209 euros to 480 euros, while the cost of vaccination and measles control, including indirect costs, per person ranged from 0.17 euros up to 0.97 euros.

Because immunization helps prevent disease, it provides significant, though unmeasured, cost savings in terms of productivity, employability, and access to education, as well as reduced costs of treating preventable diseases.

Preventive vaccinations and health

Currently, unfortunately, a lot of information has appeared about the dangers of immunization, about the presence of a large number of complications after vaccination, about the dangers of vaccines. These arguments are unfounded. The science of vaccines does not stand still. Today, the purification of vaccines from unnecessary components has reached a high level, as a result of which the number of adverse reactions has significantly decreased.

Not being vaccinated is not safe.

Preventive vaccinations are carried out within the framework of the National Immunization Schedule, which is a system of the most rational implementation of them, ensuring the development of immunity at an early age in the shortest possible time.

The national vaccination schedule provides for mandatory vaccination against 9 infections, such as rubella, mumps, whooping cough, tuberculosis, diphtheria, poliomyelitis, tetanus, viral hepatitis B, measles.

In addition, vaccinations are carried out according to epidemic indications: certain professional groups, people living in areas with a high incidence of natural focal diseases, traveling to countries that are unfavorable for especially dangerous infections, in foci of infections. These are vaccinations against tick-borne encephalitis, brucellosis, tularemia, anthrax, influenza, hepatitis A, typhoid fever, meningococcal infection, etc.

Of course, there are certain temporary contraindications to vaccination. Depending on the person's health, the doctor may postpone the immunization to a later date. It is very important not to refuse immunization, but, together with the doctor, to find the possibility of its implementation, if necessary, having received appropriate training.

Timely vaccination prevents the development of the disease, and, therefore, preserves our health!

Parents about preventive vaccinations for children

Preventive vaccinations - the most effective measure in the fight against infectious diseases. This is a means of creating individual and collective immunity - a powerful barrier to the spread of diseases. It was vaccinations that helped many times reduce the incidence of many infections.

However, against the background of a general significant decrease in the incidence of vaccine-preventable infections, rises are not excluded, since the circulation of infectious agents does not completely stop. Therefore, it is very important to maintain the individual and collective level of immunity.

Issues of immunoprophylaxis in the Russian Federation are regulated by the Federal Laws "On Immunoprophylaxis", "On the Sanitary and Epidemiological Welfare of the Population", "Fundamentals of the Legislation of the Russian Federation on the Protection of the Health of Citizens". The national calendar of preventive vaccinations includes mandatory immunization against 9 infections: tuberculosis, measles, poliomyelitis, mumps, whooping cough, diphtheria, tetanus, influenza, viral hepatitis B. Immunization begins in childhood. Vaccinations are carried out with vaccines of domestic and foreign production, registered and approved for use in the prescribed manner.

AGAINST VIRAL HEPATITIS B The child is being vaccinated at the maternity hospital. It is very important to get vaccinated at this time to exclude the possibility of infection of the newborn from the mother. The child receives the second vaccination at 3 months, the third - at 6 months.

ANTI-TUBERCULOSIS VACCINATION they also do the child in the maternity hospital, repeated (revaccination) - at 7 and 14 years old.

Before revaccination, to make sure that the child's body is free from Mycobacterium tuberculosis, an intradermal test is made - the Mantoux reaction. And if it turns out to be negative, revaccination is carried out.

AGAINST POLIO the child receives the vaccine for the first time at the age of three months, and then two more times at intervals of one and a half months. Since 2008, immunization against poliomyelitis in children of the first year of life has been carried out using an inactivated vaccine. Revaccination is carried out at 18 and 20 months, each time twice, also at intervals of one and a half months, and then once at 14 years.

IMMUNIZATION AGAINST PERTUSSIS, DIPHTHERIA AND TETANUS also begins at the age of three months simultaneously with the introduction of the polio vaccine. The second and third vaccinations are given at 4.5 and 6 months.

The first revaccination is carried out at 18 months. This completes the pertussis vaccination.

Immunization against diphtheria and tetanus is continued with ADS-M-anatoxin. The second revaccination against these infections is carried out at 6-7 years, the third - at 14 years.

Vaccination against measles and mumps the child receives at the age of one year, revaccination - at 6 years.

They often ask: what if the child is often sick, suffers from allergies, if he has pronounced manifestations of exudative diathesis, other deviations in health? Based on the state of health of the child, doctors in each case determine the possibility and time of immunization.

A set of measures has been developed to allow vaccination of frequently ill children with chronic diseases. For such children, if necessary, an individual vaccination schedule is drawn up. You should not refuse vaccinations, you should take all measures to protect your child from infections. After all, weakened children in the event of a disease endure it much harder, and require longer treatment and recovery.

In preparing the page, materials from the site http://www.epidemiolog.ru were used

• Download Vaccinations questions and answers

Do I need to be vaccinated?

Vaccinations. To do or not?! This is a dilemma for every parent. And opponents and supporters of vaccination only add fuel to the fire of doubt. What to believe - we will understand objectively.

Only after the start of vaccination of children against poliomyelitis did paralytic forms of the disease disappear, and in the early 1960s diphtheria almost completely disappeared in Moscow.

But today these diseases have returned. The reason for this is both the migration of large groups of the population, and the fact that many children do not receive vaccinations due to various diseases, and most adults have already lost immunity to these infections. All this set the stage for a new outbreak of the same diphtheria, first among adults and then among children.

Many experts will tell you that vaccinations are unsafe, but necessary - the risk of serious infectious diseases is too great. Therefore, for sane and prudent parents, there is not and cannot be any discussion about whether vaccinations should be done or not. Be sure to do!

Every civilized country has its own national vaccination calendar, which provides for routine vaccination taking into account the age of the child and observing the intervals between vaccinations. The Russian vaccination calendar differs from the vaccination calendar of the leading countries of the world in two points:

Mandatory vaccination against tuberculosis for all newborn children (this is due to the high risk of contracting tuberculosis in our country).

There is no vaccination against Haemophilus influenzae type B in the domestic calendar.

The first vaccination, which is carried out in the maternity hospital for 3-7 day old children, is vaccination against tuberculosis (BCG - from the French abbreviation BCG "Bacillus Calmette - Guerin").

Also today, it is customary to vaccinate against viral hepatitis B in the first twelve hours of a baby's life, which is then repeated a month later and at six months of age. However, this vaccination is quite difficult for a child, in principle it must be done before school, so you can wait until the age of 6.

The second item at the age of 3 months is DTP vaccination (against diphtheria, whooping cough and tetanus) and polio vaccination, which are then repeated at 4.5 months and six months. This vaccination is vital, especially the vaccination against polio, which is terrible for its consequences in the form of paralysis. For parents who have refused such a vaccination, it is important to remember that if their unvaccinated child ends up in a children's group where revaccination against polio is carried out, he will need to be isolated for 40 days in order to avoid vaccine-associated polio disease (!!!) .

Then at the age of 12 months they are vaccinated against measles, rubella and mumps. It is also necessary to do these vaccinations, because in the future, rubella disease in unvaccinated pregnant women threatens with the death or malformations of the child, and infertility is the main complication of mumps (or “mumps”) in boys.

For children suffering from allergies, having any chronic diseases or weakened immunity, an individual approach is needed. They are recommended to consult an immunologist or a specialist doctor, but, in any case, vaccination is also necessary for such children.

In addition, any vaccination is given to a child who at this moment does not have any acute infectious disease (as well as a runny nose, diarrhea, rash, fever). This is important because any vaccine is a burden on the immune system, and the correct immune response will be formed if the child's protection (immune system) is not busy with something else at this time - for example, fighting the flu.

You need to prepare for vaccinations: a hypoallergenic diet is necessary for two weeks before and after vaccination, infants should not introduce new complementary foods. Three days before vaccination, in the morning on the day of vaccination and three days after vaccination, the child should be given an antiallergic drug in a prophylactic dose that the pediatrician will help determine.

After any vaccination, there may be an increase in body temperature, refusal to eat, lethargy. This is a normal reaction of the body - there is a development of immunity to a specific disease. Some vaccines are very easily tolerated and do not give serious reactions, the introduction of others, on the contrary, is often accompanied by a pronounced increase in temperature and a significant violation of the general condition of the child (for example, the pertussis component of the DTP vaccine). Complications after vaccinations are always serious. Each such case is analyzed in detail, the whole commission analyzes why it happened and what to do next. To vaccinate or not, if so, what drug and from what diseases.

Maria Organova

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SBEI SPO "Krasnodar Regional Basic Medical College" of the Ministry of Health of the Krasnodar Territory

Cycle Commission "Medicine"

FINAL QUALIFICATION WORK

ON THE TOPIC: "VACCINE PROPHYLAXIS AS A TOOL FOR SAVING LIFE"

student

Kochetkova Maria

Leonidovna

Supervisor

Volkova O.I.

Krasnodar - 2015

INTRODUCTION

2.2 Study of parents' awareness of the need to vaccinate their children and the reasons for negative attitudes towards vaccination

2.3 Features of vaccination in HIV-infected children

CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

ANNOTATION

APPS

INTRODUCTION

Relevance of the topic

The epidemic situation in the world has never been calm. Outbreaks of infectious diseases have been observed all the time and new types of infectious diseases have appeared, and in the last 10 years there has been a return of “old” infections. Genetic variability of circulating strains, nosocomial infections, bacteriocarriers, difficulties in providing and using immunobiological preparations require intensification of work in the field of immunoprophylaxis and immunotherapy. Insufficient attention to these problems inevitably leads to an increase in infectious diseases. .

Russia has created a unique system of vaccination, recognized by WHO as one of the most effective. It provides for state accounting and reporting on ongoing vaccinations and cases of post-vaccination complications, the functioning of specialized vaccination rooms, special training of sick children for vaccination with specific drugs, monitoring the state of collective immunity of the population, creating a "cold chain" during transportation and storage of vaccines.

The implementation of the federal and regional programs "Vaccinal Prevention" led to a sharp increase in the coverage of children with preventive vaccinations. As a result, in recent years, the incidence of measles and diphtheria has been reduced to sporadic cases, the incidence of whooping cough and mumps has sharply decreased, and the Polio Eradication Program in the Russian Federation has been implemented. At the same time, the experience of vaccine prophylaxis in the 20th century clearly shows that when immunization is stopped or its volume is reduced, infections that have not been recorded for a long time or registered at a sporadic level are activated, and in this regard, we should talk about vaccine dependence at the present stage.

At the beginning of the 21st century, some old problems persist in the field of vaccine prevention, new strains of the influenza A / H1N1 virus (“swine” flu) have appeared. HIV infection has spread widely around the world and has taken the form of a pandemic, and vaccines for them are under development and testing.

Vaccines are the most effective means of preventing infection. However, decisions are sometimes made that it is not possible to vaccinate children with poor health. [3;448c].

But according to the recommendation of the World Health Organization, it is the weakened children who should be vaccinated in the first place, since they are most seriously ill with infections. Recently, the list of diseases that were considered a contraindication for vaccination has been significantly narrowed.

Field of study: Vaccination work in medical organizations.

Object of study: The role of the paramedic in the organization of vaccination work for the children's contingent at the FAP of the village of Grigorievskaya.

Subject of study: normative documentation regulating the conduct of vaccinations for children, maps of the development of children, materials for questioning parents.

Purpose of the study: To study the role of the FAP paramedic in the village of Grigorievskaya in the organization and conduct of specific prevention for children, to prove the groundlessness of parents' fears regarding the threat of post-vaccination complications in children as a motivation for refusing to be vaccinated.

Research objectives:

1. Conduct an analytical review of literary sources and regulatory documentation on the immunization of children.

2.Develop a questionnaire that determines the awareness and attitude of parents to vaccinations.

3. Conduct a survey of parents of children applying for FAP st. Grigorievskaya, Krasnodar Territory.

4. Conduct a selection and systematization of post-vaccination reactions, that is, manifestations of the usual vaccination process, and complications based on the materials of the FAP Art. Grigorievskaya Krasnodar Territory for 2 years

5. Analyze the results of the parents' survey and plan the informational aspect of the paramedic's activities.

Hypothesis: in the implementation of vaccination for children at the FAP, an essential role, explanatory and organizational, belongs to the paramedic, and the fears of parents regarding the threat of post-vaccination complications in children are not justified and are mostly associated with low competence on this issue.

Methodsresearch:

Method of theoretical analysis of literary sources and normative documentation;

Sociological survey method (questionnaire);

Scientific research method;

Method of mathematical statistics (calculation of percentages).

Practical significance: development of practical proposals for improving the explanatory work of the paramedic with parents about the need to vaccinate children. The results of the study can be used in the educational activities of the medical college in the study of PM. 02. "Therapeutic activity" in the specialty "General Medicine".

CHAPTER 1. MODERN ASPECTS OF IMMUNOPROPHYLAXIS

1.1 Ethical and legal basis of immunoprophylaxis. Provisions of regulatory documentation that ensure the implementation of immunoprophylaxis in the Russian Federation

Russia has created a unique system of vaccination, recognized by WHO as one of the most effective. It provides:

1. Maintaining state records and reporting on ongoing vaccinations and cases of post-vaccination complications.

2. Functioning of specialized vaccination rooms.

3. Special preparation of sick children for vaccination with specific drugs

4. Monitoring the state of collective immunity of the population.

5. Creation of a "cold chain" for the transportation and storage of vaccines.

Citizens have the right to:

Obtaining complete and objective information from a nurse and a doctor about vaccinations, the consequences of refusing them, and possible post-vaccination complications.

Free preventive vaccinations included in the national calendar of preventive vaccinations.

Free medical examination before preventive vaccinations.

Free treatment in case of post-vaccination complications.

Social protection in the event of post-vaccination complications.

Refusal of preventive vaccinations.

Prospects for improving immunoprophylaxis are associated both with the expansion of the range of preventable infections and with the creation of more advanced vaccines. The expansion of the range of immunoprophylaxis in recent years is due to the inclusion of "new vaccines" in the calendars.

Recently, it would seem that the special problems of vaccination have become a subject of public interest.[ 5; 17-21].

Regardless of the fundamental justification, the use by the state of any coercive measures for a citizen should be limited to the appropriate legal framework. If we approach the vaccine prevention policy in Russia from the point of view of the principles of the rule of law, we can see that such a policy as a massive and mandatory policy does not fit into these principles.

Vaccination (immunoprophylaxis) is recognized throughout the world as an ideal means of preventing, containing and eliminating infectious diseases. In most countries, vaccination is a government priority. It was vaccination that led to success in the fight against infectious diseases. But this does not mean at all that it is necessary to vaccinate everyone without exception against any existing infectious diseases. It is important to take into account the ratio of costs and the effect obtained.

In our country, the legal foundations of the state policy in the field of vaccination (immunoprophylaxis) are determined by the Federal Law No. 157 of September 17, 1998 (as amended on December 29, 2004) "On the Immunoprophylaxis of Infectious Diseases" and other documents:

Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 825 of July 15, 1999 “On approval of the list of works, the implementation of which is associated with a high risk of contracting infectious diseases and requires mandatory preventive vaccinations”;

Guidelines approved by the Chief Sanitary Doctor of the Russian Federation, MU No. 3.3.1889-04 dated 03/04/2004 "The procedure for conducting preventive vaccinations according to epidemic indications";

Letter of the Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Welfare No. 0100/3939-05-32 3.3.1878-04 of May 24, 2005 “List of vaccines for the prevention of infectious diseases registered and approved for use in the Russian Federation, as of January 1, 2005"

Vaccination is a single set of activities, including legal, organizational, educational, medical, social and technical processes. Its specific features, unlike other types of medical care, is that medical intervention is usually carried out in relation to a healthy person and, in addition to protecting a particular individual, serves the strategic goals of society to prevent, eliminate or eliminate this or that infection. From this point of view, many ethical problems come to the fore, which play an important role in shaping the attitude of citizens to this type of medical care and require the correct legal and ethical interpretation in resolving a possible conflict of interests between the individual and society.

The Russian Federation has and is constantly improving the regulatory framework that regulates all stages of the immunoprophylaxis process: production, testing, authorization of the use of immunobiological preparations, as well as their storage, transportation, use and destruction. In addition, the rights of citizens in the implementation of this type of medical care are clearly defined. Let us consider some issues of ensuring the quality of immunoprophylaxis.

The first quality criterion is accessibility. The current legislation of the Russian Federation in the field of healthcare and a unified licensing system for medical institutions make it possible to carry out immunoprophylaxis in medical institutions, regardless of their form of ownership. The availability of vaccination is based primarily on the provisions of the Constitution of the Russian Federation. So, in Art. 41 states that “everyone has the right to health protection and medical care. Medical assistance in state and municipal health care institutions is provided to citizens free of charge at the expense of the relevant budget, insurance premiums, and other revenues. In addition, Federal Law No. 52-FZ of March 30, 1999 “On the Sanitary and Epidemiological Well-Being of the Population” directly determines the levels of responsibility of the state and subjects of the Russian Federation when carrying out relevant activities. So, in paragraph 2 of Art. 2 of Federal Law No. 52-FZ states that the implementation of measures to ensure the sanitary and epidemiological well-being of the population is an expenditure obligation of the Russian Federation, and to prevent epidemics and eliminate their consequences, as well as to protect the environment, the subjects of the Russian Federation. In Art. 35 of Federal Law No. 52FZ also defines the general grounds for conducting vaccination: “Prophylactic vaccinations are carried out for citizens in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation to prevent the occurrence and spread of infectious diseases.”

Article 4 of the Federal Law of September 17, 1998 No. 157-FZ "On Immunoprophylaxis of Infectious Diseases" also defines state guarantees for the availability of immunoprophylaxis. In particular, the state guarantees the availability of preventive vaccinations for citizens, as well as free vaccinations included in the National Calendar of Preventive Immunizations, and vaccination according to epidemic indications in organizations of the state and municipal health systems.
It should be noted that free vaccinations within the framework of the National Calendar and according to epidemic indications do not exclude the possibility of attracting extrabudgetary funds for vaccination using vaccines from well-known foreign manufacturers, including drugs that have no Russian analogues. This contributes to improving the quality of care, as well as obtaining valuable scientific data on the effectiveness of vaccines in a particular country. The study of the results of the use of vaccines after their registration in different countries is recommended by WHO and is an integral part of the pharmaco-epidemiology of vaccines.

The next most important criterion for the quality of immunoprophylaxis is timeliness. This criterion has three components:

Timely development of new or updating existing immunopreparations;

Compliance with the terms of delivery of vaccine preparations to medical organizations;

Compliance with the schedule and schemes of vaccination.

The main document that defines the regulations and schedules for the vaccination of the population (both in a planned manner and under the conditions of a certain epidemic situation) is the order of the Ministry of Health of Russia dated June 27, 2001 No. Order of the Ministry of Health and Social Development of Russia dated April 9, 2009 No. 166). At the same time, it should be taken into account that vaccination schedules may change depending on the use of specific vaccine preparations or new scientific data on the use of already known vaccines. The basis for the use of a particular vaccination scheme with a specific drug or dose selection is the approved instructions for its medical use.

The procedure for vaccination against various infections, taking into account the specific epidemic situation, is also determined by the sanitary rules and regulations of the sanitary service of the Russian Federation, its subjects, cities or regions.

The terms and volumes of vaccine supply are regulated by the state system of vaccination planning for children and adults. There is a system of centralized supplies of vaccines in accordance with the requirements of regulatory documents. Failures in the system of timely provision of vaccination can significantly affect the effectiveness of ongoing activities.

At the present stage of development of medicine, a special place is occupied by the observance of human rights in the conduct of any medical interventions. Voluntariness is the main ethical principle in the implementation of medical activities.

The rights of patients during immunoprophylaxis are clearly spelled out in Art. 5 of the Federal Law of 07.09.1998 No. 157-FZ “On Immunoprophylaxis of Infectious Diseases” (as amended by the Federal Law of 22.08.2004 No. 122-FZ).

Thisrights:

To receive complete and objective information from medical workers about the need for preventive vaccinations, the consequences of refusing them, and possible post-vaccination complications;

The choice of state, municipal or private healthcare organizations or citizens engaged in private medical practice;

Free preventive vaccinations included in the National Calendar of Preventive Immunizations and preventive vaccinations according to epidemic indications in state and municipal healthcare organizations;

Medical examination, and if necessary, a medical examination before preventive vaccinations;

Obtaining qualified medical care in state and municipal healthcare organizations in the event of post-vaccination complications within the framework of the Program of State Guarantees for the Provision of Free Medical Care to Russian Citizens;

Social support in the event of post-vaccination complications;

Refusal of preventive vaccinations.

In Art. 11 of the same law defines the requirements for preventive vaccinations.

They are held:

In state, municipal or private healthcare organizations or citizens engaged in private medical practice, with licenses for medical activities;

With the consent of citizens, parents or other legal representatives of minors and citizens recognized as incompetent, in the manner prescribed by the legislation of the Russian Federation;

Citizens who do not have medical contraindications (the list of medical contraindications to preventive vaccinations is approved by the federal executive body in the field of healthcare);

In accordance with the requirements of sanitary rules and in the manner prescribed by the federal executive body in the field of healthcare.

Implementation of the patient's right to receive information is the direct responsibility of organizations and personnel involved in vaccination at all stages of its implementation, and informing the patient is the main factor in the process of forming a trusting attitude of society towards immunoprophylaxis.

Information provided both publicly to the general population and to a particular patient must be scientifically substantiated, and information must be carried out in a respectful, accessible form, without elements of pressure. This ensures that the patient can make a voluntary, informed decision.

Normative documents:

1. Order of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation No. 125n dated March 21, 2014 "On approval of the national calendar of preventive vaccinations and the calendar of preventive vaccinations for epidemic indications."

2.MU 3.3.1.1095-02 « Medical contraindications for prophylactic vaccinations with preparations of the national vaccination schedule.

In accordance with the Federal Law of March 30, 1999 N 52-FZ "On the sanitary and epidemiological well-being of the population" (Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation, 1999, N 14, art. 1650; 2002, N 1 (part 1), art. 1; 2003, N 2, item 167; N 27 (part 1), item 2700; 2004, N 35, item 3607; 2005, N 19, item 1752; 2006, N 1, item 10; N 52 (part 1), art. 5498; 2007, N 1 (part 1), art. 21, art. 29; N 27, art. 3213; N 46, art. 5554; N 49, art. 6070), Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of September 15, 2005 N 569 "On the Regulations on the implementation of state sanitary and epidemiological surveillance in the Russian Federation" (Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation, 2005, N 39, Art. 3953), Regulations on state sanitary and epidemiological regulation, approved by the resolution Government of the Russian Federation of July 24, 2000 N 554 (Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation, 2000, N 31, Art. 3295; 2005, N 39, Art. 3953).

1. Federal Law "On Immunoprophylaxis of Infectious Diseases" No. 157-FZ introduces immunoprophylaxis into the rank of state policy, 2. Federal Law of 10.01.2003 No. 15-FZ "Requirements for preventive vaccinations"

3. Order of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation of January 31, 2011 N 51n. "Prophylactic vaccinations according to epidemic indications"

4. Control over the observance of rights and freedoms is carried out by ethics committees: the National Bioethics Committee under the Presidium of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Committees on Biomedical Ethics under the Presidium of the Russian Academy of Sciences and the Russian Ministry of Health.

1.2 Achievements and perspectives of immunization

The era of vaccination was opened by the great Louis Pasteur and in the 18th-19th centuries 5 vaccines against smallpox, rabies, cholera, plague and typhoid were created.

XXcentury - 32 vaccines against 22 infectious diseases have been designed

1980 - WHO declares global eradication of smallpox worldwide

1970-90 - an expanded three-stage program for immunization of children in Russia was created

2001 - declared the eradication of polio in Russia

By 2025 - it is planned to create vaccines against 37 infections.

Immunoprophylaxis occupies a leading place in the fight against infectious pathology. We owe this to the success of immunology, which made it possible to understand many aspects of the vaccination process and get rid of unjustified fears in connection with vaccination. [6; 503c].

Since 1997, poliomyelitis caused by a wild strain of the virus has not been registered. The incidence of diphtheria, whooping cough, measles, which increased in the 90s as a result of a decrease in vaccination coverage, was successfully suppressed, it was possible to contain and even reduce the incidence of tuberculosis in children 0-14 years old, despite the high incidence of adults. In fact, elimination of measles has been achieved, epidemic parotitis is close to this, a two-dose vaccination regimen against which was introduced much later by measles. The avalanche-like incidence of hepatitis B has been reduced by 20 times, and the incidence of rubella by almost 400 times.

The 2014 priority national project and the 2008 Immunoprophylaxis Calendar provide for annual vaccinations against hepatitis B for persons under the age of 55, which will make it possible to raise the issue of its complete elimination in the future. Rubella vaccination of all adolescents under 18 years of age and women under 25 years of age will reduce the infectious pool and provide individual protection against the disease during pregnancy and, thereby, the prevention of congenital rubella syndrome. Thus, losses associated with intrauterine rubella infection will be reduced, the share of which among all perinatal pathologies is close to 40%. Vaccination against influenza of organized children and a number of other categories, despite the lack of reliable records, judging by the registration data, has reduced the incidence of seasonal influenza over the past 2 years by at least 4 times, which indicates the effectiveness of the adopted mass vaccination scheme against this infection.

In recent years, the main directions of the World Health Organization are the development of new immunobiological preparations and ensuring their safety. Fundamentally new approaches to the creation of therapeutic and prophylactic agents (recombinant drugs: monoclonal antibodies, DNA vaccines, plant vaccines and cytokines, synthetic adjuvants) are being intensively developed.

The production of immunobiological preparations has changed, genetic engineering, cellular and other types of modern technology are widely used. A quality assurance system began to operate at the enterprises, which is a guarantor of the stability of production and the release of high-quality drugs.

There are a number of types of vaccines - live, killed, component and subunit, recombinant, synthetic oligopeptide, anti-idiotypic.

1. Killed (inactivated) vaccines are vaccine preparations that do not contain live microorganisms. Vaccines may contain whole microbes (corpuscles) - vaccines against plague, influenza, Salk polio vaccine, as well as individual components (polysaccharide pneumococcal vaccine) or immunologically active fractions (vaccine against hepatitis B virus).

There are vaccines containing antigens of one pathogen (monovalent) or several pathogens (polyvalent). ). Killed vaccines are usually less immunogenic than live vaccines, reactogenic, and can cause sensitization of the body.

2. Weakened (attenuated) vaccines. These vaccines have some advantages over those killed. They completely preserve the antigenic set of the microorganism and provide a longer state of specific immunity. Live vaccines are used to prevent poliomyelitis, tularemia, brucellosis, measles, yellow fever, mumps. Disadvantages - the presence of not only necessary (protective), but also antigenic complexes harmful to the body (including those that cross-react with human tissues), sensitization of the body, and a large antigenic load on the immune system.

3. Component (subunit) vaccines consist of main (major) antigenic components capable of providing protective immunity. They may be:

Components of cell structures (cell wall antigens, H - and Vi - antigens, ribosomal antigens);

Anatoxins - preparations containing chemically modified exotoxins, devoid of toxic properties, but retaining high antigenicity and immunogenicity. These drugs provide the production of antitoxic immunity (antitoxic antibodies - antitoxins). The most widely used are diphtheria and tetanus toxoids. DPT - associated pertussis-diphtheria-tetanus vaccine. Vaccine preparations obtained chemically (example - toxoids obtained by processing exotoxins with formalin) are called chemical vaccines;

conjugate vaccines - a complex of low immunogenic polysaccharides and highly immunogenic toxoids - for example, a combination of antigens and a diphtheria toxoid that ensures the immunogenicity of the vaccine;

Subunit Vaccines . The hepatitis B vaccine is prepared from the surface proteins (subunits) of the viral particles (HBs antigen). Currently, this vaccine is produced on a recombinant basis - using yeast cells with a plasmid encoding the HBs antigen.

If the vector is a plasmid, then during the propagation of a recombinant clone of a microorganism (yeast, for example), the necessary antigen is produced, which is subsequently used to produce vaccines.

4. Synthetic oligopeptide vaccines. The principles of their construction include the synthesis of peptide sequences that form epitopes recognized by neutralizing antibodies.

5. Cassette or exposure vaccines. As a carrier, a protein structure is used, on the surface of which the corresponding certain antigenic determinants introduced by chemical or genetic engineering are exposed (arranged). Synthetic polymers-polyelectrolytes can be used as carriers in the creation of artificial vaccines.

6. Liposomal vaccines . They are complexes consisting of antigens and lipophilic carriers (example - phospholipids). Immunogenic liposomes more effectively stimulate the production of antibodies, the proliferation of T-lymphocytes and their secretion of IL-2.

Currently, our country produces 7 toxoids, about 20 antiviral and more than 20 antibacterial vaccines. Some of them are associated - containing antigens of various pathogens, or one, but in different versions (corpuscular and chemical). Immunomodulatory therapy. Methods of immunomodulation can be conditionally divided into methods of immunostimulation and immunosuppression. Most immunotropic drugs are described in detail in pharmaceutical reference books.

1.3 Features of immunoprophylaxis in children. Reactions and complications after vaccinations

Preventive vaccinations are carried out by medical workers who are trained in the rules of organization and technique of their implementation, as well as emergency care in the event of post-vaccination complications, and who have documented evidence of training.

Numerous studies and practical experience have shown that almost all children can be vaccinated with an individual approach. Children with chronic diseases are most at risk of contracting infectious diseases, so they should be immunized first. Vaccination rules. Vaccinations should be carried out in medical institutions. Before vaccination, the doctor must conduct a thorough analysis of the condition of the child being vaccinated, determine the presence of possible contraindications to vaccination. Simultaneously with the study of the anamnesis, it is necessary to take into account the epidemiological situation, that is, the presence of infectious diseases in the environment of the child. This is very important, since the addition of infections in the post-vaccination period aggravates its course and can cause various complications. In addition, the development of specific immunity is reduced. If necessary, laboratory examinations and consultations with specialists are carried out. Before the prophylactic vaccination, a medical examination is carried out to exclude an acute disease, mandatory thermometry. In the medical documentation, a corresponding record of the doctor (paramedic) about the vaccination is made. It is recommended to carry out vaccinations, especially live vaccines, in the morning. The vaccination should be carried out in a sitting or lying position to avoid falling during fainting. Within 1--1.5 hours after vaccination, medical supervision of the child is necessary, due to the possible development of allergic reactions of the immediate type. Then within 3 days the child should be observed by a nurse at home or in an organized team. After vaccination with live vaccines, the child is examined by a nurse on the 5-6th and 10-11th days, since reactions to the introduction of live vaccines occur in the second week after vaccination. It is necessary to warn the parents of the vaccinated about possible reactions after the introduction of the vaccine, to recommend a hypoallergenic diet and a protective regimen. Vaccination of children with various pathologies. Numerous studies and practical experience have shown that almost all children can be vaccinated with an individual approach. Children with chronic diseases are most at risk of contracting infectious diseases, so they should be immunized first. The most important rule that all medical workers must adhere to is that vaccination can and should be carried out only for a healthy child. This is the main contraindication for vaccination. If in doubt, it is better to invite parents to write an application for a temporary refusal. In addition, to be sure that the child is completely healthy at the time of vaccination, it is necessary to do a general blood and urine test. Based on these indicators, the pediatrician will decide whether the baby can be vaccinated and give a referral. A few days before the vaccination, you need to start giving your child antihistamines, which will help to avoid allergic reactions. Often a similar reaction opens up on the constituent components of vaccines. If the child suffers from allergies or has other chronic diseases, it is better to start immunization with a consultation with an immunologist. , who will order further research. Based on this data, he will help you choose the most appropriate vaccine.

Also, this specialist can be visited after vaccination. The doctor, using serological diagnostics, will determine the presence of antibodies in the body. If vaccination is carried out under the guidance of an experienced immunologist, the child will endure the entire process easily and without complications.

Features of vaccination in children with pathology.

1. Vaccination of children with neurological pathology requires an individual approach. These children are vaccinated during the period of disappearance of neurological symptoms or during a period of stable remission.

2. Children with a history of seizures are vaccinated using anticonvulsants, which are prescribed 5-7 days before and 5-7 days after the introduction of toxoids and from the 1st to the 14th day after the measles and mumps vaccines. The drugs of choice are seduxen, relanium, sibazon. In the event that the child receives anticonvulsant therapy constantly, it is necessary to increase the daily dose of the drug by 1/3 at the same time or prescribe a second anticonvulsant drug.

3. Vaccination of children with hypertension-hydrocephalic syndrome, hydrocephalus is carried out in the absence of disease progression using dehydration therapy (diacarb, glycerol).

4. Vaccination of children with allergic diseases is carried out during the period of stable remission. Children suffering from hay fever are not vaccinated during the entire flowering period of plants. Children with allergies to household allergens and often ill with SARS are best vaccinated in the summer. It is possible to lengthen the intervals between vaccinations. Strict observance of a hypoallergenic diet within a month after vaccination is necessary.

Antihistamines are prescribed. Currently, loratadine (Claritin) can be recommended as the optimal drug in pediatrics, combining two key characteristics: a) high efficiency (H2 blocking and anti-inflammatory action) and b) high degree of safety. The use of Claritin does not affect the degree and severity of a specific immune response. In children with allergic diseases (atopic dermatitis in the form of eczema, neurodermatitis; allergic rhinitis and other respiratory manifestations of allergies, bronchial asthma), it is advisable to prescribe Claritin 1-2 weeks before antigenic exposure (vaccination) and within 1-2 weeks after vaccination. In children with a history of manifestations of food, drug and other allergies, as well as in children with a hereditary burden for allergic diseases, it is advisable to prescribe Claritin 1-3 days before vaccination and within 5 days after. Dosage of the drug: children from 2 years old and weighing less than 30 kg - 5 mg (5 ml of syrup or 1/2 table) 1 time per day; children weighing over 30 kg - 10 mg (10 ml of syrup or 1 tablet) 1 time per day (regardless of food intake and time of day).

Vaccination of children with frequent acute respiratory infections (more than 6 times a year), it is better to vaccinate during the period of the lowest prevalence of acute respiratory viral infections.

Vaccines are immunobiologically active drugs that cause

certain changes in the body.

Adverse reactions are a normal reaction of the body to the introduction of a foreign antigen and in most cases reflect the process of developing immunity.

Complications of vaccination are undesirable and rather severe conditions that occur after vaccination. For example, a sharp drop in blood pressure (anaphylactic shock). Other examples of complications are convulsions, neurological disorders, allergic reactions of varying severity.

Types of adverse reactions

There are local and general reactions. Local reactions usually occur at the injection site and range from mild redness, lymphadenitis to severe purulent abscess. General reactions are most often manifested in the form of allergic, as well as a slight or severe increase in temperature with the involvement of various systems and organs in the process, the most severe of which is damage to the central nervous system.

Common side effects. Side effects can vary from vaccine to vaccine. However, there are a number of reactions that can occur in many cases:

Allergic reactions to vaccine components.

Effects of the disease in a mild form.

Live vaccines can be dangerous for people with weakened immune systems (immunodeficiencies).

Local reactions at the injection site.

Elevated temperature.

When using vaccines, there is also another danger - over time, the effect of the vaccine decreases, and the patient may become ill. However, the disease will be milder and cause fewer complications than in the unvaccinated. Types of adverse reactions to vaccines are presented in Appendix 1.

Normal reactions to vaccines are presented in Appendix 2.

Post-vaccination complications:

In cases where vaccine reactions manifest themselves as a pronounced pathological process, they are called post-vaccination complications.

In addition to the "true" post-vaccination complications, in the post-vaccination period, pathological processes can be observed resulting from the provoking effect of vaccinations. We are talking about the exacerbation of chronic diseases and the revival of latent infection in vaccinated people. at the same time, vaccinations are rather not a cause, but a condition conducive to the development of these processes.

Evidence of post-vaccination complications.

The appearance of clinical symptoms after the administration of a vaccine does not mean that the vaccine caused these symptoms. The latter may be associated with the addition of some intercurrent infection, which can change and aggravate the body's response to vaccination, and in some cases contribute to the development of post-vaccination complications.

In such cases, a thorough investigation must be carried out to prove a causal relationship between vaccination and the pathological syndrome. So, after the introduction of live viral vaccines, this connection is most proven when the vaccine strain is isolated and identified from the patient. However, after vaccination with a live polio vaccine, the vaccine strain can be excreted from the stool of the vaccinated person for several weeks, and therefore the appearance of clinical symptoms of encephalitis in this period does not mean at all that they are caused by the polio virus. More reliable evidence of causation in such cases may be isolation of the virus from a naturally sterile tissue or body fluid, such as the brain or cerebrospinal fluid. Forms of complications for vaccines are presented in Appendix 3.

1.4 Study of positive and negative opinions of scientists about vaccinations

German scientists from the Robert Koch Institute conducted a scientific study, and as a result they found out that vaccinations do not weaken the immunity of children and do not have any effect on it at all.

Researched data from children and adolescents across the country. They compared the incidence of infectious diseases (gastrointestinal, bronchitis, eczema) and allergic reactions in those who were vaccinated and those who were not.[9; 188-230c].

As a result, it was found that vaccinated children differ from unvaccinated children only in the frequency of diseases. According to scientists, vaccinated children get sick less. Other differences - neither positive nor negative between the children, scientists have not identified.

How effective the flu shot is, according to the German publication DeutscheWelle, which tells how the health care system is handling the flu in Germany. In addition, the publication reports the latest research by the country's virologists.

For a long time, it was believed that the annual prophylactic vaccination against seasonal influenza provides an almost complete guarantee of immunity. But now it turns out that this is not the case at all.

In many countries of the world, autumn vaccination against the so-called seasonal flu has long become a routine. In Germany, this issue is in charge of the Permanent Commission for Vaccinations at the Berlin Institute named after Robert Koch. They emphasize that a preventive flu shot will not hurt anyone, but they especially strongly recommend it to pregnant women, the elderly, chronically ill people, people with a weakened immune system, as well as medical staff. In the mass consciousness, the belief was established that this vaccination almost completely eliminates the disease, although, of course, there are no rules without exceptions. immunoprophylaxis vaccination vaccination infected

Now, however, it turns out that the flu vaccine is not at all as effective as was commonly believed. This follows from a 160-page report compiled by a group of prominent American influenza virologists from the Center for Infectious Diseases at the University of Minnesota. The report provides a detailed analysis of more than 12 thousand scientific papers, documents and statistics on the incidence of influenza since 1936, and on this basis outlines the goals of further research. The goal, in fact, is the same, says the director of the Center and project leader Professor Michael T. Osterholm: “We need a new and better vaccine!”

After all, everything seems to be so good! “The public is told again and again that the vaccine provides 90 percent protection against influenza,” complains Professor Osterholm. “But this is completely untrue. Influenza vaccines in use today are just under 60 percent effective. However, this is an average, which means that it is not yet the whole truth. Influenza is most dangerous for children and for people over 65, and in these age groups we have virtually no data at all to support the effectiveness of preventive flu shots.”

The scientist sees the reason for such an overestimation of the effectiveness of vaccines in the fact that research results have been misinterpreted for decades: antibodies in his serum. But people who get the flu shot don't go up, even if they later carry the flu. Accordingly, the result of a blood test in such people was negative, but should have been positive. We now have better methods of analysis to confirm infection. Accordingly, the statistics became more accurate, and therefore the picture turned out to be less rosy than we thought.” However, many experts have guessed this before. In any case, Jan Leidel, chairman of the Permanent Commission on Immunizations, was not surprised by these data. “There are a number of reasons why influenza vaccines are not as effective as we hoped. In particular, the variability of the influenza virus. As you know, because of this, every year a new vaccine against the virus of this season is needed, last year is no longer suitable. But while a vaccine is being developed and produced, the virus continues to mutate. And the effectiveness of the vaccine depends on how different the circulating virus really is from what it was based on, ”explains the German expert. According to his American colleague, the low effectiveness of current influenza vaccines is also due to the fact that they do not sufficiently activate the human immune system. Be that as it may, almost all experts point to the need for a fundamentally new, universal vaccine, effective against all varieties of the influenza virus. Research in this direction is underway, but the matter rests on funding.

“The fact that our report implies the need for a new vaccine is clear to everyone,” says Professor Osterholm.

However, because we have been talking for so long about the supposedly high efficiency of current vaccines, work on the next generation of vaccines has been nipped in the bud. After all, the full cycle of creating a completely new vaccine costs more than a billion dollars, and neither the government nor private companies will go to such expenses if we continue to pretend that current vaccines are effective enough. We need to end this once and for all." Jan Leibel is not so decisive: “I fear that this discussion about the effectiveness of the flu vaccine may lead many, including those who absolutely need such a vaccine, to refuse it altogether, considering it pointless. This is fraught with fatal consequences. Until the best vaccines are created, we must use those that are. There are no more effective means against the flu in our arsenal.” This opinion is fully shared by Professor Osterholm: "At least some protection is still better than none at all."

Comparing attitudes towards vaccination in the world, Russian parents often ask doctors the question: “What is the best way to vaccinate my child? And do we have safe vaccines?”

Vaccination is designed to form immunity against the disease: to teach the body to "remember" viruses and produce antibodies against them. Unfortunately, active immunity is not always maintained, and some vaccinations need to be repeated.

Why do pediatricians advise parents to vaccinate their children? Vaccinations do not protect the child from infectious diseases by 100%, but they can reduce the risk of diseases in children of the first year of life. This is important, because the smaller the child, the more his immune system needs help. And if the baby still gets sick, then the vaccination made in advance will help him recover faster and relieve complications.

Now scientists around the world are working to create new vaccines that are as safe and effective as possible. And yet in the media from time to time we read and hear about cases of complications after vaccinations. Here it is necessary to clearly distinguish between two concepts: post-vaccination reaction and complications. Post-vaccination reactions occur in 3-5% of cases. They pass without causing harm to health. The instructions for the drug warns about complications. As a rule, these are isolated cases associated with an exacerbation of a chronic disease. And not only complications, but also other good reasons divide people into two irreconcilable camps: supporters and opponents of immunoprophylaxis.

Vaccinations for children: pros and cons.

The opinion of opponents of vaccination:

The decrease or increase of this or that epidemic practically does not depend on universal vaccination of the population or its refusal.

Vaccination destroys a person's natural immunity, and there is no guarantee that it will fully develop its "artificial" equivalent.

Some vaccines and their effect on the human body are still not well understood.

Many of the diseases that are vaccinated against are harmless and easily tolerated by children (diphtheria and polio are even often mistaken for SARS)

Opinionon the security of modernvaccinations:

The effectiveness and safety of modern vaccines is almost 100%.

Vaccinations are useful for immunity as a variety of additional "information".

Vaccinations against some diseases give immunity for life.

The consequences of viral infections can go far beyond the mere "recovery" of childhood.

Influenza is a common disease that needs to be vaccinated against. Its main danger is severe complications.

There are fathers and mothers who come to the vaccination room with their child, confident in their decision. Most likely, before that they studied literature, studied the Internet, consulted with various specialists. No less common are those parents who, for one reason or another, do not consider it necessary to vaccinate their children.

In any case, we should not forget that the health of our children is in our hands. And therefore, only we have the right to take responsibility - to vaccinate a child or refuse it.

Thanks to childhood vaccinations, up to 2.5 million children are saved in Russia every year, who could die from childhood infections. Currently, vaccines have been created against 50 infections.

Immunoprophylaxis occupies a leading place in the fight against infectious pathology. We owe this to the success of immunology, which made it possible to understand many aspects of the vaccination process and get rid of unjustified fears in connection with vaccination.

Preventive vaccinations are carried out by medical workers who are trained in the rules of organization and technique of their implementation, as well as emergency care in the event of post-vaccination complications, and who have documented evidence of training.

Numerous studies and practical experience have shown that almost all children can be vaccinated with an individual approach. Children with chronic diseases are most at risk of contracting infectious diseases, so they should be immunized first.

Vaccination in the history of mankind has played a huge positive role, stopping the spontaneous spread of serious infectious diseases. The question of its necessity causes a lot of controversy among modern parents. At the same time, at each age, a child has his own special susceptibility to the consequences of the diseases he has suffered, which is why the national vaccination schedule is an immune shield that closes him from hypothetical, but quite real and dangerous infections.

CHAPTER 2

2.1 Determination of the spectrum of post-vaccination reactions in children based on the materials of the FAP of the village of Grigorievskaya

Side effects after routine vaccination.

The research work was carried out at the FAP of the village of Grigorievka, where I analyzed the data of the vaccination work carried out at the site in children based on documentation materials. Scheduled vaccinations for children were carried out in accordance with the vaccination calendar and two months before the expected epidemic - vaccinations against. Having studied and processed the developmental maps of children, I received the following data: out of 58 children, one child had a medical temporary exemption from vaccinations.

Post-vaccination reactions, local and general, were observed only in the first 2-3 days after vaccination in 16 children. (Appendix 4). Severe vaccine-associated complications were not observed in any case.

The greatest number of post-vaccination reactions was noted to the introduction of the DPT vaccine, which can be considered quite natural. Typically, reactions occurred several hours after the introduction of the vaccine and were expressed by a rapid rise in body temperature to 38°C and above, a deterioration in appetite. Some children experienced general and local adverse reactions. They are presented in Appendix 5. These adverse reactions were within the limits of compensation and were not accompanied by a significant impairment of the state of health. They did not require special treatment and passed after a single or double dose of Brufen syrup or children's Tylenol, Suprastin and other symptomatic agents.

Terms of occurrencepost-vaccination reactions.

Side effects of vaccines usually appear within 4 weeks after immunization. Only after BCG vaccination, osteomyelitis can occur even 14 months after vaccination.

...

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Vaccination is an integral part of preventive medicine. Thanks to vaccination, it was possible to prevent the spread of acute infectious diseases that threaten life.

Vaccination (immunoprophylaxis) - the introduction of drugs to prevent the development of infectious diseases.

For immunoprophylaxis, domestic and foreign immunobiological drugs registered in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation are used.

For vaccination, drugs are used - vaccines, preparations of antibodies or sera, toxoids, immunoglobulins and other drugs designed to create specific immunity to infectious diseases (adjuvants).

Vaccination - one of the ways to form active immunity - is aimed at preventing, limiting the spread and eliminating infectious diseases.

Vaccines interact with the human immune system, due to which an immune response is formed, similar to that formed in the process of a past infection, but a past infection exposes a person to complications, sometimes incompatible with life.

In response to the vaccine, the body produces antibodies that protect against infection, recognizing and getting rid of it. Immunity after vaccination lasts for years, some vaccines cause the body to become resistant to infection for life (for example, chicken pox).

There are two main types of vaccines: live and inactivated (killed).

Live vaccines are derived from "wild" or disease-causing viruses or bacteria. These wild viruses or bacteria are attenuated in the laboratory, usually by recultivation.

The storage of immunobiological preparations intended for vaccination is very strictly controlled, the conditions of the cold chain are carefully observed.

Any factors that damage the "living organism" in the vial (eg heat, light) may cause the vaccine to fail.

After the introduction of the vaccine preparation into the human body, the DNA molecule of the virus or bacteria is doubled, which is necessary for the production of antibodies. After the introduction of the drug, the infection does not develop, but, even in those rare cases when the development of infection takes place, the disease proceeds in a mild, often asymptomatic form, which excludes the development of complications.

Inactivated vaccines may consist of either whole viruses, or bacteria, or fractions.

Federal Law No. 157-FZ of September 17, 1998 (as amended on March 7, 2018) "On the Immunoprophylaxis of Infectious Diseases" is the main document establishing the legal framework for the state policy in the field of immunoprophylaxis of infectious diseases, carried out in order to protect health and ensure sanitary and epidemiological well-being population.

In Russia, vaccination is carried out strictly in accordance with the National Immunization Schedule, approved by Order of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation dated March 21, 2014 No. 125n. (as amended on April 13, 2017) (registered with the Ministry of Justice of Russia on April 25, 2014 N 32115).

The calendar establishes the timing and procedure for preventive vaccinations.

To date, the calendar includes vaccinations against hepatitis B, diphtheria, whooping cough, measles, rubella, polio, tetanus, tuberculosis, mumps, hemophilic infection, pneumococcal infection and influenza.

It is these diseases that threaten the spread, involve a large number of people, up to the development of epidemics, threaten the life and health of the population.

The timing of the introduction of vaccines according to the National Immunization Schedule is set taking into account the age-specific risk of infection, the development of complications, as well as taking into account the immunobiological properties of vaccines, as well as the development of a protective level of antibodies after vaccination.

In addition to the main infections included in the calendar, there are others, such as anthrax, tularemia, chicken pox. These infections are included in the second part of the National Immunization Schedule - a calendar for epidemic indications. Preventive vaccinations according to epidemic indications are carried out for citizens in case of a threat of infectious diseases, as well as for persons traveling to regions included in the calendar that are dangerous for diseases.

The calendar according to epidemic indications includes vaccination against 24 infections, vaccination against which is individual or group.

Before the introduction of the vaccine, the patient is examined by a doctor and decides on the possibility of administering the drug. Before the administration of the drug, the patient receives full information about the need for vaccinations, the consequences of refusing them, and possible post-vaccination complications.

Vaccination is carried out in medical organizations of the state health care system (polyclinics at the place of residence).

The principles of vaccination include:

• vaccine safety

Before using the vaccine, it is carefully examined.

Each country has a body that oversees the safety of vaccines.

Vaccine safety is monitored in 3 steps:

• At the development stage
• At the production stage (the manufacturer controls the safety of drugs at all stages of production)
• Certification (all vaccine preparations, including foreign ones, are subject to mandatory state certification. Without certification, vaccines are not allowed to be sold).
• At the place of application (Rospotrebnadzor specialists monitor compliance with the rules for storage, transportation, sale of drugs)

A vaccine that does not meet safety requirements is recalled and not allowed to be sold.

The needles and syringes used to administer vaccines are always sterile and intended for single use.

• awareness:

Based on the foregoing, it should be repeated that before the introduction of the vaccine preparation, the healthcare professional must inform the parent or legal representative of the patient about the benefits, safety and risks of vaccination in an accessible form. The vaccine is administered after obtaining the informed consent of the parent or legal representative of the child.

• availability (free)

Vaccinations within the framework of the preventive vaccination calendar are provided free of charge to contingents subject to vaccination.

Failure to vaccinate increases the risk of infection not only for those who are not vaccinated, but also for those who, for medical reasons, are not eligible for vaccination, including infants who have not reached the age recommended for the introduction of a particular vaccine.

Those who refuse immunization often expect their families to be protected by "herd immunity" - the highest level of protection among all others. But to be effective, herd immunity for a highly contagious disease such as measles requires vaccination rates of 95 to 99% of people. And to achieve these indicators is possible only due to the absence of refusals to vaccinate for no reason.

Every year, the resistance of infectious agents to antibacterial drugs and other drugs increases, and therefore the treatment becomes difficult. Many of the infections that are vaccinated against are lightning fast, leading to death or disability. According to the World Health Organization, more than 12 million children die worldwide every year, 2/3 of these deaths are caused by diseases that could be prevented by vaccines.

Vaccination is not limited to children. The adult population should also be vaccinated to protect against infections.

An infectious disease can occur in each of us, in a child or an adult. Elderly people, as well as children, have a high risk of contracting this or that infection, getting serious complications, sometimes incompatible with life.

To protect your health and the health of your child, decide in favor of vaccination!

Yalutorovsk branch

State autonomous vocational educational institution of the Tyumen region "Tyumen Medical College"

(Yalutorovsk branch of GAPOU TO "TMK")

People's attitudes towards vaccination

Final qualifying work

Students Dmitrieva L.I.

course III groups 306

Yalutorovsk 2014

Introduction

Protection against infection through immunization has been relevant for many hundreds of years. So, since ancient times, the Chinese for this purpose pulled dried and crushed crusts of smallpox patients into their noses. However, this method, called variolation, was an unsafe exercise, fraught with great risk to life and health. Currently, vaccination is one of the leading methods of preventing infectious diseases.

The purpose of vaccination is to create specific immunity to an infectious disease by simulating a natural infectious process with a favorable outcome. . Active post-vaccination immunity persists for 5-10 years in those vaccinated against measles, diphtheria, tetanus, poliomyelitis, or for several months in those vaccinated against influenza, typhoid fever. However, with timely revaccination, it can last a lifetime.

At the end of the twentieth century, there is no need to discuss the importance of immunoprophylaxis of infectious diseases; the effectiveness of immunoprophylaxis has been clearly demonstrated by decades of its practical application. It is well known that vaccination is the leading factor in reducing morbidity, reducing the severity of the clinical course and reducing the mortality of patients, reducing the number of complications in those who have had infectious diseases. (Annex 1)

Purpose of the work: to study the attitude of people to vaccination. Object: the problem of vaccination.

Subject of research: reasons for refusal to vaccinate

Work tasks:

To study the opinion of the population about vaccination.

Find out the reason for the refusal of vaccination.

Research methods: Population survey.

Theoretical Significance: There are currently conflicting views on whether perfectly healthy children should be vaccinated. The question - why do we need vaccinations is very thin and painful. Many parents believe that vaccinations harm the body of their child, and the state will drive everyone into the vaccination room, otherwise the child will not be able to attend kindergarten, the chosen school or sports section. Most experts believe that it is still necessary to vaccinate children against infectious diseases, but one should take into account the fact that each child must be approached individually. In the fight against infectious diseases, methods of specific prevention are becoming increasingly important.

Practical significance: The use of the results of the study in the conduct of sanitary and hygienic health education work, in the education of the population.

Research base: State Healthcare Institution "Regional Hospital No. 12", Zavodoukovsk.

Chapter I. The concept of vaccination

In the 18th century, Edward Jenner was the first physician to vaccinate people with cowpox to protect them from the smallpox. In 1777 he founded the world's first smallpox vaccination station in London. This was the birth of a scientific approach to the application of active immunization. 100 years later, Louis Pasteur produced the first successful human vaccination against rabies.

An important feature of the child in the first year of life is the presence of transplacental immunity. Only class G immunoglobulins cross the placenta, starting at 16 weeks of gestation. The mother, as it were, passes on her individual “immunological experience” to the child, mainly in the last trimester of pregnancy. Therefore, IgG concentrations are lower in preterm infants than in term infants. The destruction of passively obtained antibodies begins after 2 months of a child's life and ends by 6 months - 1 year. Passively transferred IgG antibodies may interfere with active antibody synthesis following immunization with live virus vaccines. In this case, IgG antibodies neutralize the vaccine virus, as a result of which there is no viral replication necessary to create immunity after the introduction of the vaccine. This phenomenon was taken into account when developing the vaccination calendar.

Such major medical achievements as the eradication of smallpox in the world, a significant reduction in the incidence of poliomyelitis (which made it possible to raise the question of its elimination), diphtheria, measles became possible only due to the fact that effective vaccine preparations against the causative agents of these infections were created. Their use on a large scale made it possible to protect people from infection, to create immunity of the human body to an infectious agent. Widespread immunization of children with diphtheria toxoid created the conditions for the practical elimination of diphtheria in many European countries in the 70s. By 1990, the number of countries where diphtheria was not reported reached 81%. . The effectiveness of vaccination allowed the World Health Organization (WHO) to set a goal - by the year 2000 to eliminate local cases of poliomyelitis, diphtheria, neonatal tetanus and a number of other infections in the European region. However, a sharp deterioration in the epidemiological situation with diphtheria in Russia, Ukraine and Belarus since 1990, with the development of severe and even fatal cases of the disease in the unvaccinated, raised the question of the need for unremitting control over the immunization of the child population and the state of the immune status in adults with in order to maintain a high level of vaccination. Children whose body is weakened due to various congenital or acquired causes are especially susceptible to infection, get seriously ill, often with complications and possible adverse outcomes; such children need protection from infectious diseases in the first place. Children with a history of oncological diseases belong to the "risk group" of infection with infectious agents, especially since after a malignant neoplasm is detected, they receive a lifelong medical exemption from preventive vaccinations.

1 Types of vaccination

Vaccines (Vaccines) - drugs designed to create active immunity in the body of vaccinated people or animals. The main working principle of each vaccine is an immunogen, i.e. a corpuscular or dissolved substance that carries chemical structures similar to the components of the pathogen responsible for the production of immunity.

Depending on the nature of the immunogen, vaccines are divided into:

Biosynthetic vaccines are vaccines obtained by genetic engineering and are artificially created antigenic determinants of microorganisms. An example is the recombinant hepatitis B vaccine, the rotavirus vaccine. To obtain them, yeast cells are used in culture, into which an excised gene is inserted that encodes the production of the protein needed to obtain the vaccine, which is then isolated in its pure form.

At the present stage of the development of immunology as a basic biomedical science, the need to create fundamentally new approaches to the design of vaccines based on knowledge of the antigenic structure of the pathogen and the body's immune response to the pathogen and its components has become obvious.

Biosynthetic vaccines are peptide fragments synthesized from amino acids that correspond to the amino acid sequence of those structures of the viral (bacterial) protein that are recognized by the immune system and cause an immune response. The principal advantage of synthetic vaccines compared to traditional ones is that they do not contain microbes and viruses, their vital products and cause an immune response of narrow specificity. In addition, the difficulties of feeding viruses, storage and ability to replicate in the body of the vaccinated in the case of using live vaccines are excluded. When developing this type of vaccine, several different peptides can be attached to the carrier, and more immunogenic ones can be selected for complexation with the carrier. At the same time, synthetic vaccines are less effective than traditional ones, because many regions of viruses exhibit variability in terms of immunogenicity and are less immunogenic than native virus. But, the introduction of one or two immunogenic proteins instead of the whole pathogen ensures the formation of immunity with a significant decrease in the reactogenicity of the vaccine and its side effects.

Recombinant vaccines - to produce these vaccines, recombinant technology is used, embedding the genetic material of the microorganism into yeast cells that produce the antigen. After culturing the yeast, a suitable antigen is isolated from it, purified and a vaccine is prepared. An example of such vaccines is the hepatitis B vaccine (Euvax B).

ribosomal vaccines. To obtain this type of vaccine, the ribosomes present in each cell are used. Ribosomes are organelles that produce protein from a template - mRNA. The isolated ribosomes with the matrix in their pure form represent the vaccine. An example is bronchial and dysentery vaccines (for example, IRS-19, Broncho-munal, Ribomunil).

Vaccination can be done in the following ways:

orally - a dose of the vaccine is instilled into the mouth. After vaccination, food and liquids are not allowed for an hour.

Intranasal - drugs are injected into the nasal passages, which contributes to the development of not only general, but also local immunity.

Skin (scarification vaccination) is optimal for immunization with live vaccines against especially dangerous infections (plague, tularemia, etc.). Vaccines are applied to the outer surface of the shoulder, and then notches are made through a drop with a dry smallpox feather.

intradermal - the introduction of the vaccine is carried out in the area of ​​​​the outer surface of the shoulder (live vaccine against tuberculosis (BCG)).

subcutaneous - vaccination is used for the introduction of some live vaccines (measles, mumps, etc.). The injection is made in the subscapular region or the region of the outer surface of the shoulder.

· intramuscularly - vaccination is mainly used for the introduction of inactivated vaccines, since the local reaction with this method of immunization is less pronounced. For children under the age of 3 years, it is recommended to administer the vaccines in the anterolateral part of the thigh, for children over 3 years old, adolescents and adults - in the region of the deltoid muscle of the shoulder.

The development and manufacture of modern vaccines is done in accordance with high requirements for their quality, first of all, harmlessness for the vaccinated. Traditionally, such requirements are based on the instructions of the global Health Organization, which attracts the most distinguished professionals from various countries of the world to compile them. An "ideal" vaccine could be considered a product that has the following properties:

Complete harmlessness for the vaccinated, and in the case of live vaccines - for persons to whom the vaccine microorganism comes as a result of contacts with the vaccinated;

the ability to induce persistent immunity after a small number of injections (no more than three);

the possibility of introducing into the body by a method that excludes parenteral manipulations, for example, by applying to mucous membranes;

sufficient stability to prevent deterioration of the vaccine parameters during transportation and storage in the conditions of the vaccination station;

· reasonable price, which would not interfere with the mass use of the vaccine.

2 Vaccines of the future

New generation of vaccines. The introduction of the latest technologies has made it possible to produce second-generation vaccines.

These include:

Conjugated - some bacteria that cause such dangerous diseases as meningitis or pneumonia (hemophilus influenza, pneumococci) have antigens that are difficult to recognize by the immature immune system of newborns and infants. In conjugate vaccines, the principle of binding such antigens to proteins or toxoids of another type of microorganisms, which are perfectly recognized by the child's immune system, is used. Protective immunity is produced against conjugated antigens.

subunit vaccines. Subunit vaccines consist of antigen fragments capable of providing an adequate immune response. These vaccines can be presented as particles of microbes, or obtained in the laboratory with the introduction of genetic engineering technology.

Examples of subunit vaccines that use fragments of microorganisms are vaccines against Streptococcus pneumoniae and vaccine against meningococcus type A.

· Recombinant subunit vaccines (for example, against hepatitis B) are obtained by introducing part of the genetic material of the hepatitis B virus into baker's yeast cells. As a result of the expression of the viral gene, antigenic material is produced, which is then purified and bound to the adjuvant. The result is an effective and safe vaccine.

recombinant vector vaccines. A vector or carrier is a weakened virus or bacterium, inside of which genetic material from another microorganism can be inserted, which is causally significant for the development of a disease to which protective immunity is to be created. The vaccinia virus is used to create recombinant vector vaccines, in particular against HIV infection. Similar studies are carried out with weakened bacteria, in particular, salmonella, as carriers of particles of the hepatitis B virus. Currently, vector vaccines have not been widely used.

While vaccines continue to improve, there are a number of developments that cannot be changed in real time. These include the following: the addition of stabilizers to the vaccine, the presence of residual culture media, the addition of drugs. It is clear that vaccines can be different even when they are produced by different companies. In addition, the active and inert ingredients in different vaccines may not be consistently identical (for the same vaccines).

Thus, the creation of modern vaccines is a high-tech process that uses achievements in many branches of knowledge.

Vaccines of the future. In 1990, some research laboratories began to develop new vaccines, which are based on the introduction of a "naked" DNA molecule. Already in 1992-1993. As a result of the experiment, several independent groups of researchers proved that the introduction of foreign DNA into the body of an animal contributes to the formation of immunity.

The principle of using DNA vaccines is that a DNA molecule containing genes encoding the immunogenic proteins of a pathogenic microorganism is introduced into the patient's body. DNA vaccines are also called gene, genetic, polynucleotide vaccines, nucleic acid vaccines. At a meeting of experts on gene vaccines, held in 1994 under the auspices of WHO, it was decided to give preference to the term "nucleic acid vaccines" with their subdivision, respectively, into DNA and RNA vaccines. To obtain DNA vaccines, a gene encoding the production of an immunogenic protein of a microorganism is inserted into a bacterial plasmid. A plasmid is a small, stable, circular double-stranded DNA molecule that is capable of replication (reproduction) in a bacterial cell. In addition to the gene encoding the vaccinating protein, genetic elements are inserted into the plasmid that are necessary for the expression (“switching on”) of this gene in eukaryotic cells, including humans, to ensure protein synthesis. Such a plasmid is introduced into a culture of bacterial cells in order to obtain a large number of copies. Then plasmid DNA is isolated from bacteria, purified from other DNA molecules and impurities. The purified DNA molecule serves as a vaccine. The introduction of a DNA vaccine ensures the synthesis of foreign proteins by the cells of the vaccinated organism, which leads to the subsequent development of immunity against the corresponding pathogen. At the same time, plasmids containing the corresponding gene do not integrate into the DNA of human chromosomes.

DNA vaccines can be administered in a saline solution by the usual parenteral route (IM, IM). In this case, most of the DNA enters the intercellular space and only after that is included in the cells. Another method of introduction is also used, using the so-called gene gun. To do this, DNA is fixed on microscopic gold granules (about 1-2 microns), then using a device powered by compressed helium, the granules are "shot" directly into the cells. It should be noted that a similar principle of drug administration using a jet of compressed helium is also used to develop new methods of drug delivery (for this purpose, drug particle sizes and density are optimized to achieve the required penetration depth into the corresponding body tissue). This method requires very little DNA for immunization. If micrograms of protein are introduced during immunization with classical subunit vaccines, then nanograms and even less are administered when using DNA vaccines. Speaking about the minimum amount of DNA sufficient to induce an immune response, S.A. Johnston, director of the Center for Biomedical Invention at the University of Texas, notes that with the gene gun, you can inject "virtually 27,000 different plasmids" into mice once and get an immune response to an individual plasmid.

Scientists from the Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry (IBCh RAS) have developed a universal method for obtaining microcapsules - a kind of mini-containers for drugs or vaccines. Proteins, DNA, and other molecules can be introduced into a multilayer biodegradable polymer shell. On the basis of such microcapsules, a new generation of vaccines, DNA vaccines, are being developed.

There are not so many similar microcontainers for the delivery of, for example, DNA. There are foreign analogues in which the capsule shell is made of polylactic acid. On their basis, create vaccines against hepatitis and even AIDS.

Protein, DNA, and other substances that need to be delivered to the body are introduced into a porous calcium carbonate (CaCO3) microsphere. Cover it with a semi-permeable shell of a few layers of natural polymers - polysaccharides. You can cover the framework with polypeptides or purchase a combined shell. If microspheres in a polymer shell are placed in an acidified solution, the calcium carbonate inside will dissolve and leave through the polymer membrane. Only the protein or DNA will remain inside to be transported. Microcapsules with vigorous "stuffing" are ready

The average diameter of microcapsules for the delivery of DNA vaccines is 1-2 microns (µm). It can be reduced by using smaller carbonate microspheres. Such microcapsules can be injected subcutaneously or even into the blood. The short size provides them with free action through the vessels: they are smaller than erythrocytes (whose diameter is 7.2-7.5 microns), plastic, change shape, squeezing through thinned capillaries. Cells "swallow" capsules, their shell is dissolved by cellular enzymes, releasing a vigorous "stuffing".

The method allows not only to deliver medicinal substances to the cells of the body, but to extend and regulate the time of their movement. If an enzyme that splits the capsule shell from the inside is placed in a microparticle, for example, with DNA or a drug, the release of the drug can be controlled: the less enzyme, the slower the shell collapses.

Russian scientists have successfully used microcapsules to obtain DNA vaccines, tested them on cell lines and laboratory mice. A traditional vaccine contains proteins from viruses or bacteria, while a DNA vaccine contains genes for such proteins. The antigen proteins of the traditional vaccine are soon destroyed because they are foreign. The same happens with non-encapsulated DNA - it is soon cleaved in the body by the corresponding enzymes. Microencapsulated DNA, once in the cells, allows the body to produce a sufficient amount of antigen itself, which forms immunity. This results in the movement of a long time: in the body, the capsules gradually, for at least a month, dissolve and help the desired concentration of the antigen, which is important for the sake of cultivating stable immunity.

The attractiveness of DNA vaccines lies in the relative simplicity of their creation, low cost of production and ease of storage, which allowed some authors to talk about DNA vaccines as third-generation vaccines and about the revolution in vaccination that has taken place. However, their widespread use is constrained by some concerns, primarily caused by the theoretical possibility of introducing such foreign DNA into the genome of a vaccinated organism. However, no convincing evidence has yet been obtained for the integration of the DNA of such vaccines into the mammalian genome, while there is a lot of evidence for the long-term existence of DNA vaccines introduced into the body in the form of the original plasmid. However, such fears, perhaps, can be considered unnecessary, if we recall that when using classical vaccines (which have been used for two hundred years), pathogen DNA, in particular, also enters the human body, which theoretically is also capable of integrating into the genome. Moreover, according to some researchers, if DNA vaccines were developed earlier than classical ones, then the situation could be radically reversed, and proposals to use “live” or “killed” vaccines as new types of vaccines would also cause similar and probably justified concerns.

The advantages of DNA vaccines, in addition to the already mentioned simplicity of their preparation, production and storage, include the fact that, when introduced into the body, they seem to imitate the presence of a real pathogen in it, since the formation of protein products that act as antigens occurs directly in this case. in human or animal cells, and therefore all post-translational modifications of proteins occur exactly as they do in a real infection. Apparently, this can explain both the high level of immune response to DNA vaccines and their specificity.

1.3 Statistics

Measles is an acute viral infection transmitted by airborne droplets. The source of infection is a sick person who releases the virus when sneezing, coughing, with droplets of saliva.

Specific measles prevention in Russia, which has been carried out in the country for more than 30 years, as well as epidemiological surveillance of the infection, have led to a sharp decrease in the incidence of measles, the almost complete elimination of mortality and mortality.

Thanks to active vaccination of the population in 2007-2009, not a single case of measles was registered in the Tyumen region (Fig. 1).

Fig.1 Dynamics of airborne infections, such as measles in the Tyumen region for 1996-2012

1.4 Legal framework

federal laws

The Constitution of the Russian Federation

· Federal Law No. 52-FZ "On the sanitary and epidemiological well-being of the population" of 1999. (appendix 2)

Federal Law No. 157-FZ “On Immunoprophylaxis of Infectious Diseases”

Federal Law No. 323 “On the Fundamentals of Protecting the Health of Citizens in the Russian Federation”

Law of the Tyumen region of 10.10.1996

"On vaccination of the population of the Tyumen region"

5 Anti-vaccination

Anti-vaccination (anti-vaccination, anti-vaccination movement) is a social movement that disputes the effectiveness, safety and legality of vaccination, in particular mass vaccination.

The anti-vaccination movement arose shortly after Edward Jenner's development of the first smallpox vaccine. The main arguments against vaccination at that time were religious. As the practice of vaccination grew, so did the movement of anti-vaccinators.

In the second half of the 19th century, the first anti-vaccine organizations began to emerge. In 1866, the National Anti-Vaccination League was founded in Great Britain, and in 1879 the Anti-Vaccination Society of America was founded. In the 1870s and 1880s, a large amount of anti-vaccination literature began to appear. Opponents of vaccination published several journals. The main arguments of the movement at that time were the inefficiency and insecurity of vaccination, the infringement of human rights by mandatory vaccinations. The movement was based on supporters of alternative medicine - homeopathy, chiropractic, herbal medicine.

In defense of anti-vaccination, a number of arguments are put forward, such as the "Pharmacist conspiracy theory", "Denial of the effectiveness of vaccination in many cases", "Religious motives" and many others.

In the pharmacist conspiracy theory, anti-vaccinators believe that the production of vaccines is an extremely developed and profitable business, and based on this they postulate the assertion that vaccine manufacturers, colluding with employees of public health services, clinics, research institutions, and so on, produce and impose vaccines often contrary to objective expediency, for reasons of significant commercial benefit. Many conclusions about the objective usefulness of vaccination are declared by them to be either fabricated on the money of unscrupulous pharmacists, or made on the basis of fabricated initial data.

Denial of the effectiveness of vaccination in many cases.

It is declared that vaccines do not work at all, or the positive effect from their use is minimal and obviously does not justify the risk of undesirable consequences. There are claims of distortions in the statistics on the relationship between vaccination and morbidity, as well as on the occurrence of epidemics after mass refusals of vaccination; the data are declared to be mathematically flawed or manipulated to justify the need for vaccination.

Denial of the role of vaccination in reducing the incidence rate.<#"822674.files/image002.jpg">

Fig.2 Correlation of age groups

The attitude of respondents to vaccination in general. Whether it is considered useful, necessary or treated with distrust. More than half of the respondents were in favor of a positive attitude towards vaccination (Figure 3).

Vaccination against tick-borne encephalitis: 94% of respondents were vaccinated, which shows that it is in demand. Influenza vaccinations are made by most employers at the expense of the enterprise, but strictly at the request of the workers themselves. 92% of the respondents were vaccinated against the flu. (Fig. 4).

Fig.3 Attitude towards vaccination

Rice. 4 Vaccination against tick-borne encephalitis and influenza

When vaccinating children in infancy, there is a problem associated with parental distrust of vaccines. When interviewed, many parents complained that they were not sufficiently informed about what vaccinations their children were given and the possible consequences. Often they were forced to vaccinate for the reason that without vaccination their child would not be accepted into kindergarten. Law of the Russian Federation No. 157 “On Immunization of Infectious Diseases”: citizens have the right to refuse vaccinations (Article 5), and vaccinations for minors are carried out only with the consent of their parents. The results of the answer to the question "Have you vaccinated your children?" (Fig.5).

Rice. 5 Have you vaccinated your children?

Currently, there is a public anti-vaccination anti-vaccination movement that disputes the effectiveness, safety and legality of vaccination. The anti-vaccination movement is not yet well known among the respondents. The vast majority do not know about it, and only 32% were able to answer that "Yes, I know about the public anti-vaccination movement anti-vaccination, which disputes the effectiveness, safety and legality of vaccination." The result of answering the question “Do you know about the Anti-Vaccination movement?” (Fig. 6).

The results of the survey “do you think vaccinations are effective?” can be considered very optimistic than in the whole country. It turns out that three out of four believe that vaccinations are effective and should be done. If we take as a basis the survey conducted by the Superjob.ru Portal Research Center in 2008, the results of which show that 57% of respondents were against vaccinations. (Fig.7)

Fig.6 Do you know about the "Anti-Vaccination" movement

Fig.7 Do you think vaccinations are effective

Based on the results of the survey, it can be argued that even those who consider vaccination to be ineffective still use it and most likely will vaccinate their children, because believe that vaccination is essential for the health of themselves and their children.

Chapter III. Reasons for not getting vaccinated

The reasons why people refuse to be vaccinated are always different. For religious reasons, safety issues, lack of trust in the vaccine manufacturer or medical officer.

To the question “For what reasons do you refuse vaccinations?” 70% of respondents refuse vaccination for religious reasons, 20 of them believe that vaccinations are a sin, 30% believe that they are dangerous to health. (Fig. 8).

Rice. 8 Reasons for not vaccinating

Based on the results of the survey, we came to the conclusion that most people refuse for religious reasons, so we need to conduct explanatory work with the population. I believe that it is necessary to conduct health education work and talk with parents about the possible consequences in the absence of vaccination.

Conclusion

Systemic problems of vaccination:

· Lack of public policy understandable to the population.

· Underestimation of the danger associated with reduced vaccination coverage.

· Lack of information support for vaccination.

· Lack of reliable statistics on infectious morbidity and post-vaccination complications.

After studying the literature and conducting research on this topic, we came to the conclusion that the population is not sufficiently informed about the possible consequences.

The population understands that vaccination is one of the best means to protect themselves and their children from infectious diseases.

Vaccination is one of the very best means to protect children against infectious diseases that caused serious illness before vaccinations were available. Yes, side effects are common to all drugs, including vaccines. But the risk of getting a complication from vaccination is much smaller than the risk from the consequences of an infectious disease in unvaccinated children. Vaccines stimulate the immune system to respond as if it were a real infection. The immune system then fights the "infection" and remembers the microorganism that caused it. Moreover, if the microbe enters the body again, it effectively fights it. In order to avoid post-vaccination complications, it is necessary to strictly observe the terms and rules for the introduction of vaccines. The doctor should be informed about all the features of the child's condition. Each child should be examined by him immediately before the vaccination with the measurement of body temperature.

It is important to make sure that your children are immunized at the correct time. Usually, only healthy children are vaccinated strictly according to the schedule, so the question of the timing of vaccination is decided individually by the pediatrician.

All over the world, the lack of vaccinations in a child at the moment indicates that parents are not taking good care of their baby. In our country, parents are afraid to vaccinate their children, and for many of them the absence of vaccinations in a child is a matter of special pride. There are several reasons for this. This includes the massive anti-vaccination group that is unfolding in many media and the incorrect administration of the vaccinations themselves in a medical institution.

Carry out sanitary and educational work among the population (distribution of booklets, leaflets, memos);

Conduct propaganda among the population - it is necessary to talk about what the consequences can be - positive and negative;

Talk to parents about the possible consequences of not getting vaccinated;

Alternative ways of deciding when choosing a vaccine for certain conditions;

Adequate and accessible information about vaccination to competent persons.

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