Vaccination is the main preventive measure to prevent infectious diseases. The procedure is carried out to strengthen the body’s natural resistance and prevent complications after a possible infection. In the Russian Federation, there is an official document - “Vaccination Calendar for Children”, which provides information on the types of vaccinations and timing. Vaccination is provided free of charge to all Russian citizens according to the compulsory health insurance policy.

All vaccinations in the preventive vaccination calendar for children are, although planned, only recommended. Parents have the right to refuse vaccination by confirming their refusal in writing.. In this case, the responsibility for the possible infection of children lies entirely with the parents.

The refusal is provided for in clause 4 of the Federal Law “On Immunoprophylaxis of Infectious Diseases” dated September 17, 1998 No. 157-FZ.

What are the consequences of refusal? Children who are not immunized are more susceptible to illness. Those who have not been vaccinated are more likely to experience complications than those who have been immunized.

There are administrative restrictions:

• a ban on travel to countries where stay requires certain preventive vaccinations due to the epidemiological situation;
• temporary refusal of admission to educational institutions in the event of a threat of epidemic or mass infection (in the absence of vaccinations against the very disease that provokes the epidemic).

Vaccination according to epidemic indications

In addition to the main planned vaccination activities, there is an additional list of preventive measures based on epidemic indicators.

Additionally, vaccination is carried out among the population who live in areas with an increased risk of epidemics.

Additional vaccination is carried out among the population who live in areas with an increased risk of various epidemics.

The list of epidemic zones has been approved by the Ministry of Health. Depending on the characteristic spread of certain infections, vaccination in these territories is carried out against:

• tick-borne spring-summer encephalitis;
• Q fever;
• leptospirosis;
• plague;
• tularemia;
• anthrax;
• brucellosis.

Preventive vaccination is carried out when there is a risk of epidemics.

Features of the formation of immunity

Immunization is carried out by introducing (intramuscularly, orally) antigenic material to produce antibodies to a specific virus or infection.

Antigenic substances include:

• weakened strains of living microbes or viruses;
• killed or inactive microbes;
• proteins of infectious microorganisms;
• synthetic vaccines.

When antigenic material is introduced, the immune system begins an active fight against the irritant. The body's resistance is strengthened due to specific fighting mechanisms.

National calendar of preventive vaccinations for children

The calendar of preventive vaccinations for 2018 differs from the similar calendar for 2017 in minor amendments (dated April 13, 2017 No. 175n).

The calendar is determined by order of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation dated March 21, 2014 No. 125n “On approval of the national calendar of preventive vaccinations and the calendar of preventive vaccinations for epidemic indications.”

The 2018 vaccination calendar contains certified domestically produced drugs and several foreign high-quality vaccines. More details are given about vaccinations for children under 1 year of age.

Preparing for vaccination

There are several rules that parents must follow before vaccination.

Mixed-fed babies should not be introduced to new complementary foods 10-12 days before the vaccination date

5 mandatory rules of preparation:

• Children who are prone to allergies are recommended to be given antihistamines 3 days before the procedure. Such prevention will reduce possible allergic reactions after vaccination.
• It is strictly prohibited to introduce new foods to children under 1 year of age 10-12 days before vaccination.
• Breastfeeding mothers must follow a strict diet to eliminate the body’s negative reaction to breast milk.
• It is not recommended to start hardening 2-3 weeks before vaccination if the baby has not previously undergone the procedure.
• It is necessary to often be in the fresh air, including doing exercises, but avoid overheating or hypothermia.

An important role for successful vaccination is played by the psychological attitude. Parents should gradually prepare their children for the need for the procedure. At an earlier age, when persuasion is ineffective, it is recommended to think about how to distract the baby’s attention during vaccination (toy, song, cartoon on the phone, etc.).

If the preparation rules are followed, the risks of adverse reactions are minimized. However, it should be remembered that a post-vaccination reaction can occur regardless of the above reasons, under the influence of external and internal factors, as well as the individual sensitivity of the body.

Before vaccination, the baby is examined by a pediatrician. If there are no signs of various diseases (allergies) and normal body temperature, the doctor will allow you to undergo the vaccination procedure according to the vaccination schedule.

Is it possible to reschedule vaccination dates?

There are no negative consequences from postponing vaccinations. Each person has an individual schedule.

There is no set maximum interval between treatments other than DTP.

However, even vaccination against whooping cough, diphtheria, and tetanus can be carried out with a shift in timing. The main thing is that the first 3 vaccinations are given within 1 year.

It is strictly forbidden to vaccinate a sick person, even if the symptoms are mild. During illness, children's bodies are weakened, and antigenic bodies can cause a lot of negative immune reactions.

After a forced break, immunization can be resumed. After the examination, the pediatrician will give the necessary recommendations for subsequent vaccinations and the timing of the procedure according to the 2018 vaccination calendar.

What are the side effects and complications?

There are two types of post-vaccination reactions - natural, complicated. Natural reactions include short-term weakness, lethargy, loss of appetite, and an increase in body temperature to 38 degrees or higher.

Such symptoms occur rarely and only with some vaccines. Doctors at the clinic must warn parents about possible complications. Natural reactions disappear within 1-2 days after the procedure.

Complicated reactions:

• body temperature above 38 degrees for a long time - more than 2 days (taking antipyretic drugs, for example);
• anaphylactic reactions, difficulty breathing, spasms;
• convulsive muscle contraction at normal body temperature;
• rashes on exposed skin and redness at the injection site;
• neurological disorders.

If you have symptoms of a complicated post-vaccination reaction, you should immediately call emergency help.

Conclusion

Only the people closest to him - his parents - are concerned about the health and well-being of the child. The issue of vaccination should be approached with a cool mind. Before deciding to carry out the procedure, familiarize yourself with all the adverse reactions of vaccines and learn about their harmful effects on the baby’s body.

The domestic healthcare system pays a lot of attention to the prevention of diseases, among which infectious diseases occupy a special place. To prevent the epidemic process among the population, epidemiologists developed a national calendar of preventive vaccinations. The official document regulates age periods and types of vaccination, which is absolutely free. According to the social insurance program for the medical industry in the Russian Federation, starting from birth, every resident of our country must be vaccinated against 12 mandatory infectious pathologies.

The national calendar of preventive vaccinations includes two main parts. The initial appendix indicates the necessary vaccinations against the most common and potentially life-threatening pathologies, after what time they should be given, and the dosages of the drugs. The second part indicates vaccination episodes that are prescribed when necessary for epidemiological reasons or when there is a risk of an epidemic developing in the region where people live.

Number of preventable diseases included in the list of mandatory vaccinations in different countries of the world

Most countries support the basic concepts of the policy of the World Health Organization and are its participants, and have their own national calendars of preventive vaccinations. This is an urgent preventive measure to prevent the spread of the most dangerous diseases around the globe and significantly reduce mortality among the population. In the Russian Federation, the national immunization calendar is not particularly different from its foreign counterparts, although it does not contain some vaccinations, as in other countries. In Russia, it is not mandatory to vaccinate against viral hepatitis A, human papillomavirus, rotavirus or meningococcal invasion.

The United States of America boasts the most extensive calendar of preventive vaccinations, where the document list includes 16 diseases. In other states this list is somewhat smaller. Germany prefers to vaccinate against 14 diseases, while Russia and the UK prefer to vaccinate against only 6 of them. In total, 30 pathologies are included in national calendars and vaccination calendars for epidemic indications in the world. These pathogens pose a particular danger to the normal existence of humanity.

Interesting fact. The US vaccination schedule does not include vaccination against tuberculosis. American infectious disease specialists do not regard the vaccine liquid against tuberculosis as a reliable means of preventing it. Our doctors are of the exact opposite opinion and are convinced that it is anti-tuberculosis vaccination that makes it possible to reduce the high incidence of tuberculosis among our fellow citizens. Today, vaccination against tuberculosis is among the mandatory anti-infective measures in more than 100 countries.

Features of vaccination calendars in foreign countries

Each individual country uses its own personal schedule of preventive vaccinations. This vaccination list is approved at the legislative level and can be supplemented depending on the epidemiological characteristics of the region. The general appearance and content of the national calendar is influenced by several factors:

• indicators of general morbidity in the country;
• the presence of patients from so-called risk groups;
• territorial predisposition of the region to the spread of pathogenic agents (climate, population density, presence of vectors, etc.);
• socio-economic level of wealth.

Table 1. Comparative content of vaccinations in several countries

Despite the fact that in Russia vaccination is carried out against only 12 pathogens, each child under the age of two receives 14 injections of vaccine preparations. At the same time, children from America and Germany up to 24 months are vaccinated 13 and 11 times, respectively. With such a busy plan, there is always a risk of immunization complications.

The Russian schedule differs from its foreign competitors in less saturation. It does not include vaccination against HPV, rotavirus and chickenpox. Vaccinations against acute hemophilus influenzae infection are given only to people at risk, and vaccination against hepatitis A is administered exclusively for epidemic indications. In addition, our doctors do not see the point in a second revaccination against pertussis agents and rarely give preference to combined vaccines. Most injections are given 3-12 months after birth.

National calendar of preventive vaccinations

The vaccination schedule in our country has been approved by the Ministry of Health and provides a list of vaccinations against the most dangerous diseases from an epidemiological point of view.

Table 2. Calendar of preventive vaccinations: content by month

There are a number of vaccinations indicated for several age categories at once:

• For previously unvaccinated children from one year of age and adults up to 55 years of age, the first anti-hepatitis vaccination is carried out at any time;
• children over 12 months of age and adult women from 18 to 25 years of age who have not had this disease and have not previously been vaccinated against it receive a one-time vaccination against rubella;
• against measles, children after twelve months and adults up to 35 years of age, if they have not been vaccinated before or have been immunized once and have not been infected with infectious diseases, are vaccinated once;
• Children after six months, students of secondary schools and higher educational institutions, adults from risk groups, pensioners over 60 years of age with concomitant pathological conditions from ARVI are vaccinated annually to avoid the spread of the epidemic.

The implementation of the preventive vaccination calendar must take place in the approved manner and in compliance with the rules prescribed by law:

• vaccinations against infectious diseases in childhood and older age are given only in medical organizations if they have the appropriate license from the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation;
• vaccination is carried out by a specially trained employee who has completed a special training course and knows how to use immunobiological preparations, and also, if necessary, provide first medical and emergency aid;
• immunization against pathologies from the list, as well as revaccination against such painful conditions, is carried out with vaccines certified in the country, according to official instructions;
• Before vaccination, all patients or their legal representatives are given an explanation about the possible consequences of the procedure and the risks of refusing it;
• vaccination is carried out after a medical examination;
• vaccination against pneumococcal-associated infection in children without vaccination within six months should be carried out unscheduled, twice with a break between injections, lasting 2 months;
• Children of the first year of life are vaccinated against hepatitis and influenza with vaccine solutions that do not contain preservatives.

In addition to the generally accepted rules of vaccination against the most dangerous pathologies, there is a list of recommendations regarding vaccination of HIV-infected patients. This group of people needs special preventive measures, since they are more susceptible to pathogenic microorganisms than others. When immunizing HIV-infected adults and children, it is important to use the following settings:

• vaccination against diseases in HIV-infected children is carried out according to the immunization schedule and in accordance with the recommendations attached in the annotations to immunobiological forms of preventing infections in a child (taking into account the type of vaccine, the child’s HIV status, age, and the presence of concomitant pathologies);
• revaccination against tubercle bacilli in children born to HIV-positive mothers who have received three-time prevention of transmission of the virus from woman to child is carried out in the maternity hospital with gentle vaccines for primary vaccination;
• children with the HIV virus are not revaccinated against Koch bacillus infection;
• with live vaccines for HIV infection in young patients, vaccination is carried out in the absence of immunodeficiency or a weak degree of its development;
• toxoids and killed vaccines are administered to a child with HIV infection only in the absence of severe immunodeficiency.

In addition to the national immunization schedule, there is a calendar of preventive vaccinations for epidemic indications. This schedule is approved at the legal level and allows you to prevent infection in a child or adult patient who is part of certain groups at risk of infection.

The schedule of preventive vaccinations for epidemic indications includes a list of pathologies and people most at risk of infection:

• vaccination against tularemia is indicated for people living or working in areas affected by disease;
• vaccination against plague is given to persons living in areas that are dangerous in terms of infection or working with live plague pathogens;
• the vaccine against brucellosis is administered to patients from foci of the disease, workers at enterprises for the procurement, processing and storage of raw materials obtained from farms where brucellosis was previously registered, veterinarians, livestock specialists, and developers of the anti-brucellosis vaccine;
• Persons whose work activities are associated with pre-slaughter livestock maintenance, slaughter, skin processing, geologists and builders sent to territories where episodes of the virus have been recorded are vaccinated against anthrax;
• Foresters, veterinarians, hunters, people involved in catching wild or stray animals, and workers in laboratories where the virus is stored are vaccinated against rabies;
• vaccination against leptospirosis is indicated for livestock workers in regions unfavorable for leptospirosis, slaughterers of infected livestock, and people working with weakened but live cultural strains of the pathogen;
• vaccination against tick-borne viral encephalitis is indicated for people registered in endemic zones with an unfavorable situation in terms of infection, workers in the construction industry and geologists, forwarders to typical tick habitats, exterminators, foresters;
• Vaccination against Q fever is carried out for workers in the field of procurement, cutting and processing of livestock products obtained from farms with registered cases of the disease, and in contact with live cultures of the pathogen;
• against yellow fever, a preventive vaccination for epidemic indications is given to subjects planning to visit enzootic regions and having contact with the causative virus;
• Citizens visiting countries with an unfavorable situation in terms of infection with Vibrio cholerae, and residents of regions of our country where incidents of the disease are registered, are vaccinated against cholera;
• Residents of disadvantaged areas, workers in the food industry and service sector, maintenance personnel of sewer and water supply systems, and contact persons in regions with outbreaks of the virus are immunized against viral hepatitis A;
• anti-meningococcal vaccination is recommended for children under 18 years of age and adult members of the public living in endemic areas or who have come into contact with patients, and conscripts;
• Unvaccinated individuals of all age groups who are in contact with infected people and have not previously been ill are immunized against measles;
• against viral hepatitis B, it is necessary to vaccinate people in areas of infection who have no data on previous vaccinations or facts of the disease;
• an anti-diphtheria injection is given to people who do not have information about the injections performed that form protection against diphtheria;
• mumps are prevented in unvaccinated persons, regardless of their age, motivating actions with information about their lack of confirmation of vaccination;
• Children who are not immunized in the first year of life are vaccinated against hemophilus influenzae infection;
• Infection at an early age caused by rotaviruses is prevented if there is a risk of infection.

According to epidemiological indications, the polio vaccine is offered to contact people in areas of rapid spread of the virus, which allows patients to avoid possible infection. Among these categories are:

• children after three months, since their pathology leads to irreparable consequences (the vaccine is used once);
• Medical workers are vaccinated against polio once;
• people without permanent residence;
• children who arrived from disadvantaged areas;
• people in contact with people potentially dangerous in terms of infection.

The painful process in children often occurs under the guise of a cold and is often determined at the stage of pronounced clinical manifestations or complications. Therefore, it is better to vaccinate children according to the national vaccination schedule recommended by the country's leading immunologists.

In any country, the Ministry of Health has approved its own vaccination schedule for the population. The national vaccination calendar in Russia was finalized in 2014 and includes mandatory vaccinations for the population of any age. Minor changes have been made to the document. The regional Ministry of Health is developing the approved calendar to suit its own needs. This is due to the epidemiological characteristics of each region and material capabilities. Let's look at what vaccines our vaccination schedule includes.

It is almost impossible to convince those parents who are against immunization that, if they are followed, the mandatory calendar is one of the guarantors of the survival of their generations. But it makes sense to ask this question. For when a question arises, there is doubt; whether there are any doubts, there is an indication of a problem, concern, search for a solution.

So, there are concerns about the Romanian connection in two measles outbreaks in our country. The virus itself can, in the acute phase, affect both the brain and lungs and itself causes a fatal disease. In addition, measles suppresses the immune system and leads to secondary bacterial infections - another from which he died, warned the head of the infant clinic at the Sofia Hospital for Infectious Diseases. Thirdly, in a few cases, one in several thousand, a complication occurs. occurs after about 10 years or more.

Changes and innovations

At the end of 2014, Russia adopted the newest national calendar of preventive vaccinations. Changes have been made to it:

• Babies from 2 months of age will receive a preventive vaccination against pneumococcal infection. The injection will be given twice.
• Flu vaccinations are required for pregnant women. Previously, pregnant women were not vaccinated against seasonal viruses.
• Before a preventive vaccination, the doctor must conduct an informational conversation and explain to the patient why this or that vaccination is needed. If the patient writes a refusal, he must be informed what consequences await him after infection. Previously, the doctor did not concentrate his attention and did not explain to the patient what complications may arise after vaccination and what the contraindications are.
• According to the principles of the Public Health Law, consent and refusal of preventive vaccination must be documented. Consent or refusal for minors is signed by their parents or guardians.
• Before any vaccination, the patient should receive a full medical examination. Previously, they simply asked the patient if there were any complaints; today the doctor is obliged to listen to the patient, examine the skin, nasopharyngeal mucosa, and listen to breathing.
• Medical workers in educational institutions are required to warn parents 6–7 days before vaccinating their children. Parents now have time to prepare their baby.

This is a brain disease that is fatal. Again, how much worse, more dangerous, could an immunization that builds lifelong anti-corrosion antibodies be? The most important prerequisite for epidemic outbreaks is the low frequency of vaccination among the population. In Bulgaria, almost all smallpox, which is actually small in name only, is not immune.

Vaccinations according to epidemiological indications

According to official data, 92% of the population has been vaccinated with the required range of at least 95%. In fact, the number 92 is not real. Despite efforts by health authorities to improve vaccination coverage since then, there have been many problems with the mandatory schedule that, with the epidemic raging in Europe, have yet to be counted. The fact that two women who were diagnosed with measles in Bulgaria were vaccinated, but only one of the two doses required. The most vulnerable, of course, are the unimmunized.

If one of the conditions before the preventive vaccination was not met, the doctor’s actions are considered illegal.

In small provinces, the transition to new rules is difficult. Doctors are used to working differently and do not always talk to the patient. On the other hand, a doctor can spend no more than 7 minutes examining 1 patient on a first-come, first-served basis. What can you tell us during this time? And there is no need to talk about quality inspection once again.

For the most part, they are socially and economically marginalized Roma groups, and this comes as no surprise to anyone. The Roma community, among other things, has disastrously low herd immunity. In general, infectious disease specialists in Bulgaria expect an outbreak of measles in Plovdiv, and health authorities are already closely familiar with the situation. About 100 unimmunized children from the Roma quarter of Stolipino are being traced for observation and vaccination. As of March 23, eight people have been infected with measles in the country.

What is childhood vaccination

These include a 7 month old and a 2 year old. Samples from tested cases are sent to a reference laboratory in Europe. In addition to Plovdiv, health authorities have also been mobilized in the cities of the Danube due to their proximity to the outbreak - Romania. By the end of March, general practitioners in the Veliko Tarnovo region must submit information on the extent of measles immunization to the Regional Medical Inspectorate, said Dr. Irina Mladzeva, director of the Office of Infectious Disease Surveillance.

What vaccinations are included in the calendar

The new vaccination schedule includes vaccinations against diseases: Hepatitis B, Pneumococcal infection, Measles, Diphtheria, Whooping cough, Tetanus, Poliomyelitis, Haemophilus influenzae, Rubella.

Vaccinations are the infection of the body in a weak form, artificially obtained, dead or living bacteria or viruses. It takes place once or in several injections, at a certain interval.

She recalled that the vaccine for this type of smallpox is mandatory. The drug is combined against measles, rubella and mumps. He is currently 13 years old and reimmunized at 12 years old. Jupiter must report his patients from 13 months to 18 years.

Doctor Komarovsky's opinion

On Wednesday, March 22, the National Coordination Council for the control and regulation of the increase in morbidity was created in the Ministry of Health. The Council is an advisory body to the Minister responsible for it, and is tasked with analyzing the country's epidemic situation regarding measles, proposing measures to limit the spread of the disease, and discussing and evaluating the phasing out of these measures. He must prepare and submit updated information on the epidemic situation to the Minister of Health, Dr. Ilko Semerdzhiev.

So, Hepatitis B is vaccinated according to two schemes. The first is prescribed to children from the normal group (0/1/6), the second with a high risk of infection (0/1/2/12).

Revaccination is the support of the immunity that developed after the first vaccination.

Let's consider the stages of vaccination and revaccination according to the national calendar in the form of a table:

The population from 18 to 35 years old is also vaccinated against Measles. The interval between injections is maximum 2 months. The group includes those who have not been previously vaccinated or have not been vaccinated again. This also includes people at risk.

Romanian traders import the infection. There is a suspicion of a “Romanian connection” in two outbreaks of measles in Plovdiv - in Stolipinovo and in the village. One of the families with a child infected with smallpox in the gypsy area in the city under the hills has relatives along the Danube, there is a measles epidemic. Zlatitrap and nearby villages have been bargaining with traders from Romania, who are negotiating to buy fruits and vegetables from local farmers. Since the infection is transmitted by airborne droplets, it is possible that the disease in the region was imported from our northern neighbor.

In every country in the world, children are vaccinated in accordance with National vaccination calendar. It is compiled based on the characteristics of the spread of dangerous infections in a specific area. In Russia, a child’s first vaccination is given in the maternity hospital. What is the current vaccination schedule?

Vaccination against hepatitis B

On the first day after birth, all newborns are given an injection that protects the baby from the virus. hepatitis B. The vaccine is administered intramuscularly into the anterolateral region of the thigh. Immunity against the pathogen develops almost instantly, but does not last long. Therefore, two more vaccinations are carried out at the age of 1 and 6 months, and for children who have a high risk of infection (for example, from mothers with hepatitis) - at 1, 2 and 12 months. As a result, immunity is formed that reliably protects the child from a dangerous disease for at least 15 years.

Although Croatian remains the most popular foreign destination, more and more Czechs are daring to travel to exotic places far beyond the borders of our small republic. In addition to recognizing different cultures, it is necessary to take into account less "attractive" situations, such as all types of diseases and infections. Therefore, the main prevention of any such route should be appropriate vaccination.

In exotic countries, foreign tourists are more exposed to health risks, which are very often associated with different lifestyles, dietary habits, hygiene and natural and thermal conditions. Therefore, before any planned travel, the passenger must ensure that he has been properly vaccinated. You can get the information you need from specialized workplaces such as vaccination centers and travel medicine. Here you will find all the information about compulsory vaccinations in the country.

The hepatitis B vaccine is considered one of the safest for patients. It does not contain viral particles of the pathogen, but only tiny pieces of antigens of its shell, to which immunity is developed. Over a long-term observation period, no serious reactions or complications were identified after the administration of the vaccine preparation. Vaccination is allowed for newborn children weighing more than 1.5 kg, as well as pregnant women, which indicates the absolute confidence of the World Health Organization (WHO) in its safety.

Vaccination must be carried out on time

In addition, vaccination is recommended. Vaccination must be planned in advance. It is not enough to simply show up and have an injection of the active ingredient. Each vaccination must be administered on time and in some cases repeated. Most types of vaccinations require several weeks between doses.

What is the assessment of the vaccination plan?

A personalized vaccination plan based on the target country and risk assessment will prepare you at the vaccination center. Destination destination seasons length of stay travel program method of travel method of accommodation method of nutrition age, gender and current health status immune status contraindications vaccination. The basis for each vaccination is the validation of tetanus vaccination. For people over 30 years of age, vaccination against polio and diphtheria is recommended. Especially when traveling to endemic areas.

Vaccination against tuberculosis and Mantoux test

At the age of over 3 days of life, children undergo intradermal injection against tuberculosis. It is carried out with a special fine-needle syringe into the outer surface of the shoulder, approximately at the level of the border between the upper and middle third. Depending on the health status and epidemiological situation in the child’s place of residence, a drug with a normal content of vaccination material is used ( BCG) or with reduced ( BCG-M).

Children are screened to ensure they have completed all basic vaccinations. After the initial screening, mandatory vaccinations are applied if required and then vaccinations are recommended if the passenger is interested. The list of mandatory and recommended vaccinations changes every year in accordance with the global rules of the World Health Organization, depending on the epidemic. Therefore, always look for current information. Currently, compulsory vaccinations are required in relation to.

Yellow fever vaccines are required, for example, when traveling to India if the traveler is in countries where the disease is endemic. Viral hepatitis A viral hepatitis B typhoid fever meningococcal meningitis type A and C rabies Japanese cholera encephalitis and enterotoxigenic E. coli disease influenza encephalitis influenza. Vaccination against yellow fever is mandatory for all countries in Africa and Central and South America where the disease is endemic.

The tuberculosis vaccine contains a weakened tuberculosis bacillus that infects cows. That is, even in an active state, it is not capable of causing disease in people, but at the same time it forms a stable immune defense against aggressive strains of bacteria that infect people. A few weeks later, a post-vaccination reaction occurs at the injection site in the form of a dense nodule, after opening which a small scar remains. Its size is more than 4 mm – proof that the child is protected from infection.

Never underestimate the vaccine, it can save your life. Yellow fever is a serious disease, killing about 30,000 people every year. Apart from vaccination, there is no reliable protection or treatment. The source of infection is monkeys or humans, and transmission to humans is accidentally mediated by a mosquito. Yellow fever manifests itself in high fever, back and head pain, fatigue, nausea and vomiting. Particularly severe cases also include the development of jaundice and bleeding into the skin and digestive tract.

The downward trend is noticeable, but exact data on vaccination coverage of the population, especially children, are more or less known today. However, the Ministry of Health plans to change this by creating a continuous vaccination monitoring system and incorporating regional hygiene stations into this system.

When children turn 1 year old, and annually thereafter, they are given a Mantoux test.. 0.1 ml of a special protein extract of antigenic particles of Koch bacteria is injected under the skin of the inner surface of the forearm and after 72 hours the severity of the local allergic reaction is assessed. Using it, the doctor can determine whether the child has immunity against tuberculosis and how pronounced it is, whether there was infection with a pathogenic mycobacterium, and whether the disease has occurred. If immune protection has not formed or weakens over time, then at the ages of 7 and 14 years, children are repeated with BCG or BCG-M vaccination.

The result should be “up-to-date vaccination data and rationalization of vaccination strategy.” You can find the action plan on the Department of Health website here. It has been developed for a year now. Judge for yourself how this is done.

How does the Ministry plan to increase vaccinations?

There's really a lot to do there. Just give some of the planned measures and tools. Educational events, lectures; increasing the frequency and improving the content of media; launching provocative communications on social networks; creating a system of regular meetings in the media; participation of media celebrities in promoting vaccination; Creation of an interactive server for the public; regular entries in the media - print, radio, television; creation of a working model for monitoring population coverage by health authorities; motivation to support parents in the form, for example, of tax benefits; support of insured persons by health insurance companies in the form of bonuses, etc.; bonuses for nurses by health insurance companies; inclusion of vaccines in pre-university education. Removal of the vaccination obligation; resignation of pediatricians, general practitioners for children and adolescents as a result of parental antiviral installations; increase in infectious diseases; a significant increase in anti-vaccination campaigns; misconduct at the faculty level; insufficient staffing and overload of key people in the system. They are members of the Task Force to create the Pro-Action Strategy Action Plan.

Vaccination against diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus, polio and Haemophilus influenzae

It is not for nothing that we have combined all these vaccinations, since vaccination and revaccination against the listed infections are carried out in the same age periods:

• three-time vaccination - at 3, 4.5 and 6 months;
• The first revaccination is at 18 months.

Thanks to the current immunization calendar, parents have the right to choose: give their baby 3 injections in one day (DPT+Imovax+Hiberix vaccines) or just one complex one - Pentaxim, which also contains a highly purified acellular pertussis component, which significantly reduces the likelihood of a reaction to vaccination.

To create reliable immunity against infection and to prevent such an extremely rare but serious complication as vaccine-associated polio, a vaccine containing inactivated (killed) viral particles is used for the first two vaccinations. And for the third vaccination, a drinking solution (drops) containing live weakened pathogens is used.

• against polio – at 20 months and at 14 years (with a vaccine containing live attenuated viral particles);
• against diphtheria and tetanus - with the ADS-m vaccine at 7 and 15 years of age, and then every 10 years (the last revaccination is recommended at 65 years);
• against hemophilus influenzae and whooping cough, additional revaccinations are not required.

Vaccination against rubella, measles and mumps

The vaccination is carried out in the form of a single intramuscular injection at the age of 1 year, revaccination - with the same drug - at 6 years. A combination vaccine is used Priorix or Trimovax(that is, in one syringe against all infections). It is usually well tolerated and leaves lasting, long-lasting immunity.

If before a child reaches the age of 1 or 6 years he gets sick with any of these infections, he is no longer vaccinated against it. In this case, single-component vaccine preparations are used to create immunity against the remaining pathogens. Against measles this is the measles vaccine or Ruvax, against rubella - Rudivax or anti-rubella, against mumps - Mumps vaccine.

To make it easier for parents to navigate and not miss the next scheduled vaccination, we offer a small reminder:

Flu vaccination

The national vaccination calendar also includes annual immunization against influenza. The vaccine contains antigens from different serotypes of the virus each year. Its composition is predicted by WHO experts based on many years of observation of the migration of the pathogen in the human population.

In any country, the Ministry of Health has approved its own vaccination schedule for the population. The national vaccination calendar in Russia was finalized in 2014 and includes mandatory vaccinations for the population of any age. Minor changes have been made to the document. The regional Ministry of Health is developing the approved calendar to suit its own needs. This is due to the epidemiological characteristics of each region and material capabilities. Let's look at what vaccines our vaccination schedule includes.

Changes and innovations

At the end of 2014, Russia adopted the newest national calendar of preventive vaccinations. Changes have been made to it:

• Babies from 2 months of age will receive a preventive vaccination against pneumococcal infection. The injection will be given twice.
• Flu vaccinations are required for pregnant women. Previously, pregnant women were not vaccinated against seasonal viruses.
• Before a preventive vaccination, the doctor must conduct an informational conversation and explain to the patient why this or that vaccination is needed. If the patient writes a refusal, he must be informed what consequences await him after infection. Previously, the doctor did not concentrate his attention and did not explain to the patient what complications may arise after vaccination and what the contraindications are.
• According to the principles of the Public Health Law, consent and refusal of preventive vaccination must be documented. Consent or refusal for minors is signed by their parents or guardians.
• Before any vaccination, the patient should receive a full medical examination. Previously, they simply asked the patient if there were any complaints; today the doctor is obliged to listen to the patient, examine the skin, nasopharyngeal mucosa, and listen to breathing.
• Medical workers in educational institutions are required to warn parents 6–7 days before vaccinating their children. Parents now have time to prepare their baby.

If one of the conditions before the preventive vaccination was not met, the doctor’s actions are considered illegal.

In small provinces, the transition to new rules is difficult. Doctors are used to working differently and do not always talk to the patient. On the other hand, a doctor can spend no more than 7 minutes examining 1 patient on a first-come, first-served basis. What can you tell us during this time? And there is no need to talk about quality inspection once again.

What vaccinations are included in the calendar

The new vaccination schedule includes vaccinations against diseases: Hepatitis B, Pneumococcal infection, Measles, Diphtheria, Whooping cough, Tetanus, Poliomyelitis, Haemophilus influenzae, Rubella.

Vaccinations are the infection of the body in a weak form, artificially obtained, dead or living bacteria or viruses. It takes place once or in several injections, at a certain interval.

So, Hepatitis B is vaccinated according to two schemes. The first is prescribed to children from the normal group (0/1/6), the second with a high risk of infection (0/1/2/12).

Revaccination is the support of the immunity that developed after the first vaccination.

Let's consider the stages of vaccination and revaccination according to the national calendar in the form of a table:

The population from 18 to 35 years old is also vaccinated against Measles. The interval between injections is maximum 2 months. The group includes those who have not been previously vaccinated or have not been vaccinated again. This also includes people at risk.

The vaccination schedule includes a flu vaccine. It is mandatory for pregnant women, school students, children in kindergartens, and the working part of the population in the public service. Private entrepreneurs can purchase the vaccine separately for their employees.

The calendar includes additional vaccinations, which are prescribed in regions with low epidemic rates, for people with professional activities at risk. These include: herpes zoster, tick-borne encephalitis. But anyone who wants can get these vaccinations at a clinic at their place of residence. But, it is worth understanding that in order to develop immunity to tick-borne encephalitis, you need to be vaccinated with three injections. The disease becomes active from April to July. All three injections must be given before the beginning of summer. The interval between them is no more than 1 month. More details in the video:

Diagnostic reference book for immunologist Polushkina Nadezhda Nikolaevna

Chapter 8 Other infections not included in the national vaccination calendar

Haemophilus influenzae type B (Hib infection)

Hemophilia infection type B in children under 5 years of age causes meningitis, pneumonia, epilottitis, and fasciitis. Children often carry the capsule form. More than 100 countries provide Hib vaccination (Table 39). WHO recommends that all countries around the world introduce Hib vaccination into their national vaccination schedules.

Table 39. Hib vaccines

Tetanus toxoid, which is included in the vaccine as a protein conjugate, does not create immunity or tetanus. Post-vaccination reaction

Minor, sometimes hyperemia and compaction appear at the injection site. General reactions are rare.

Sonne dysentery

Dysentery is an infectious disease caused by Shigella Sonne with the phenomenon of damage to the distal colon, gastroenteritis and intoxication.

Currently, a vaccine has been developed to prevent Sonne dysentery in children from the age of three and adults (Table 40).

Table 40. Vaccine for the prevention of Sonne dysentery

Post-vaccination reaction

Reactions to the vaccine are rare and include pain at the injection site and low-grade fever.

Chickenpox and herpes zoster

Chickenpox is caused by a virus from the herpes virus group; the characteristic symptom is a papulovesicular rash.

Chickenpox is an anthroponosis. The source of infection is a sick person; the infection is transmitted by airborne droplets. People of any age who do not have immunity to the pathogen get sick. The entry point for infection is the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract. The virus enters the blood through the lymphatic tract; the virus has a tropism for the skin, where the typical chickenpox element occurs. Scars may remain on the skin. In severe forms, damage to internal organs and the development of encephalitis are possible.

Under the influence of various external influences, the virus can be located in the ganglia and become active in an adult in the form of herpes zoster. In many countries, vaccination against chickenpox (Table 41) is included in the vaccination calendar (Japan, USA, Germany, etc.).

Table 41. Chickenpox vaccines

When the vaccine is administered in the first 3 days after contact, the effect occurs in 90% of cases. Post-vaccination reaction

Reactions to the vaccine are rare and manifest as vesicular and macular rashes.

Contraindications

The same as for other vaccines, as well as leukopenia. In the latter case, it is recommended to take aspirin for 4 weeks after vaccination.

Rotavirus infection

Rotavirus infection is a viral infection that occurs with symptoms of gastroenteritis, high fever, and vomiting. Endemic outbreaks occur in the winter-autumn period in children, especially young children.

There are a large number of serotypes of the virus. Recombination of genetic material was used to create vaccines (Table 42).

Table 42. Vaccines against rotavirus infection

Contraindications

Vaccination against rotavirus infection is contraindicated for the following categories of persons:

1) children with hypersensitivity to vaccine components;

2) children who have had a reaction to a previous vaccine;

3) children with gastrointestinal defects;

4) children with immunodeficiency.

A temporary contraindication is diseases of the gastrointestinal tract accompanied by intestinal disorders.

Human papillomavirus infections

Numerous studies have established that the main cause of cancer of the cervix, vulva, vagina, precancerous dysplastic conditions, cervical neoplasia of degrees II and III, genital warts is infection and further carriage of human papilloma viruses.

Human papillomavirus is now known to cause a number of cancer precursors. Human papillomaviruses are divided into 2 groups: high and low oncogenic risk.

The high-risk group includes a large number of virus types (18, 31, 33, etc.). They cause many cancers of the female genital area. Low activity viruses in children and adults cause recurrent respiratory papillomatosis.

Papillomatous vaccines include Gardasil (Netherlands) and Cervarix (Belgium).

Vaccine Gardasil

It is a vaccine against human papillomavirus (types 6, 11, 16, 18). Available in the form of a suspension for intramuscular administration. It is a sterile suspension prepared from a mixture of highly purified particles of recombinant basic colloidal protein of papillomavirus strains 6, 11, 16 and 18.

The active substances of the vaccine are immunogens (recombinant antigens), human papillomavirus protein in the following ratios: type 6 - 20 mcg, type 16-40 mcg, type 18-20 mcg. Also contains excipients - aluminum adjuvant, hydrogen sulfate phosphate, sodium chloride, L-histidine, polysorbate, sodium borate.

When immunization is carried out, specific antibodies are formed to 4 types of papillomavirus for a period of at least 36 months in all age groups.

The Gardasil vaccine is intended for vaccination of children and adolescents from 9 to 17 years old, young women aged 18 to 26 years to prevent the following diseases:

– cancer of the cervix, vagina;

– genital warts.

The vaccine is also prescribed in the following cases:

– precancerous dysplastic conditions;

– cervical adenoma;

– cervical intraepithelial neoplasia;

– intraepithelial neoplasia of the vulva;

– intraepithelial neoplasia of the vagina II, III degrees;

– cervical intraepithelial neoplasia.

Application and route of administration

The vaccine is administered intramuscularly into the deltoid muscle or anterolateral thigh muscle. Vaccination schedule: “0–2–6” months.

The first dose is on the appointed day; the second – 2 months after the first; the third – 6 months after the first.

To administer the vaccine, a single dose is used; the vaccine is administered using syringes with a single dose of the vaccine.

Post-vaccination reaction

A local reaction manifests itself in the form of redness, swelling, pain and itching at the site of vaccine administration. As a rule, it lasts no more than 5 days.

Symptoms of a general reaction are headache, short-term increase in body temperature. Gastroenteritis and inflammation of the pelvic organs are rare.

Due to the possibility of developing immediate reactions to the vaccine, the vaccinated person is monitored for 30 minutes after vaccination.

Contraindications

These include:

1) hypersensitivity to the active components of the vaccine;

2) allergic reactions to the previous vaccination;

3) disorders of the blood coagulation system in hemophilia, thrombocytopenia.

The vaccination is compatible with other vaccinations in accordance with current instructions.

Vaccine Cervarix (Belgium)

The vaccine is a suspension for intramuscular administration. 1 dose is 0.5 ml.

The vaccine contains the following components:

– L1 protein of human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV1621) – 20 μg;

– L1 protein of human papillomavirus type 18 (HHV-18L) – 20 μg;

– excipients: 3-0-desacyl-4-monophosphoryl lipid (50 mcg), aluminum hydroxide (0.5 mg), sodium chloride (4.4 mg), sodium dihydrogen phosphate dihydrate (0.624 mg), water for injection (0. 5 ml).

Basic properties of the vaccine

Since human papillomaviruses 16 and 18 are responsible for the occurrence of cervical virus, vaccination with the Cervarix vaccine helps reduce the incidence of infection with human papillomaviruses, as well as the occurrence of cervical infection, providing protection against the development of viral papillomavirus infection.

Vaccination provides cross-protection in 40% of vaccinated people against any manifestations of human papillomavirus.

Within 18 months after the introduction of the vaccine, antigens to HPV-16 and HPV-18 are formed in the age group from 10 to 25 years.

Indications for vaccinations:

1) prevention of the cervix;

2) prevention of acute and chronic infections caused by the human papillomavirus.

Contraindications

1) hypersensitivity to any of the components of the drug;

2) reactions to the administration of previous doses of the vaccine;

3) acute diseases and exacerbation of chronic diseases;

4) pregnancy and lactation.

Directions for use and doses

The vaccine is injected intramuscularly into the deltoid muscle area.

Before administration, shake the vial or syringe to obtain an opaque whitish suspension.

If there are foreign particles in the vaccine, it must be destroyed.

A single dose for girls over 10 years of age and women is 0.5 ml.

The vaccine is administered according to the scheme “0–1–6 months”.

Post-vaccination reactions

Most often there is pain at the injection site. From the nervous system, headache and dizziness are recorded.

Nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and diarrhea may occur.

A rash, itching, and hives appear on the skin. From the musculoskeletal system, pain in muscles and joints is possible, and muscle weakness may appear.

Common reactions include fever.

Acute respiratory diseases

There are a large number of medications available to reduce the incidence of respiratory infections.

These include thymus preparations (taktivin, etc.), vitamins, microelements, homeopathic medicines (for example, anaferon, aflubin, etc.), herbal products (Eleutherococcus, etc.) and stimulants (pentoxyl, etc.).

There are also bacterial lysates (bacterial vaccines) consisting of refined microbial cells. These are drugs close to vaccines. Their essence is that they lead to stimulation of the immune response, increase the concentration of interferon gamma, form immunological memory, stimulate the production of cytokines, increase the production of JgA, lysozyme and suppress the production of JgE and antibodies of this class (Table 43).

All this helps reduce the incidence of respiratory infections.

Table 43. Bacterial vaccines (lysates)

Contraindication Prescription of these drugs is due to hypersensitivity to their components. Post-vaccination reaction The reaction to the administration of lysates can manifest itself in the form of low-grade fever, the appearance of catarrhal symptoms (nasal congestion, cough). In some cases, rhinorrhea gets worse.