Intestinal obstruction- slow movement of food masses or its absence in the intestines, caused by functional or organic damage. Most common in horses and ruminants, dogs and cats.
There are mechanical, dynamic and hemostatic or thromboembolic obstruction. Mechanical obstruction includes the closure of the intestinal lumen by its contents, foreign objects, as well as as a result of volvulus, intussusception, strangulation, hernia or prolapse.
Blockage of the small intestine is called chymostasis, and blockage of the large intestine is called coprostasis. The reason for this is feeding animals with rough, low-nutrient feed. Blockage can be caused by stones and concrements formed in the intestines (more common in horses), soft and hard objects swallowed with food or when appetite is perverted in cattle, tightly matted balls of wool - bezoars in sheep (more often in lambs), various objects in dogs.
Obstruction can be caused by intestinal volvulus with a section of intestine rotating by 180° or more due to intestinal strangulation by connective tissue cords, tumors, etc., as a result of intussusception, when one part of the intestine is inserted into another, as well as due to the exit of intestinal loops from the abdominal cavity with preservation of the peritoneum (hernia) or its rupture (prolapse).
Dynamic obstruction is caused by functional disorders due to spastic and paralytic disorders, leading to the stopping of food masses without blocking the intestinal lumen.
Hemostatic or thromboembolic obstruction occurs with preservation of the intestinal lumen and occurs as a result of embolism or thromboembolism of intestinal vessels.
Obstruction often leads to acute expansion of the stomach and intestines with gases, accompanied by impaired circulation in cases of intussusception, volvulus and other displacements with the formation of infarctions and necrosis of the intestinal walls, asphyxia and intoxication develop.
Etiology. The leading role in the occurrence of obstruction is played by disturbances in the feeding, maintenance and exploitation of animals. Diseases of the abdominal organs are of particular importance. The cause of blockage by foreign objects is a metabolic disorder, as a result of which the appetite is distorted.
Symptoms A common symptom of all forms of obstruction is sudden pain, manifested by a symptom complex of colic. Dogs and cats also experience food refusal, vomiting, diarrhea, and constipation.
Diagnostics. The diagnosis is made based on a complex of clinical signs and medical history. In large animals, a rectal examination can play a significant role, with the help of which it is sometimes possible to determine both the location and nature of the obstruction.
Treatment. The therapeutic effect using conservative methods can be obtained only in such forms of obstruction when the possibility of its restoration remains and there are no irreversible pathological processes (necrosis, infarction, etc.). This applies to a greater extent to dynamic (spastic and paralytic) and some forms of mechanical obstruction. The general method is to relieve pain by administering chloral hydrate, alcohol, analgin and other drugs. In large animals (horses), an attempt is made to restore patency through the rectum. If gases accumulate, antifermentation agents are given. Symptomatic treatment is used. After pain has been relieved and general condition has improved, dietary foods are prescribed.
Prevention. Observe the regime of feeding and exploitation of animals, prevent metabolic disorders in them.

From this article you will learn:

• Where is the abomasum located in cows?
• What does abomasum displacement mean in cows?
• What are the causes of abomasum displacement in cows?
• What are the signs of left-sided displacement of the abomasum in cows?
• How to detect right-sided displacement of the abomasum in cows
• How is abomasum displacement treated?
• What to do to prevent abomasum displacement
• Where to buy quality premixes for cows

The highest costs for veterinary services occur for cattle owners during calving and in the first month of lactation. Improper organization of feeding during the dry period has a primary impact on all types of metabolic diseases (ketosis, hypocalcemia, acidosis) and displacement of the abomasum as well. Since more and more attention has been paid to this disease, in this article we will tell you why it is dangerous and how it manifests itself in animals.

Where is the abomasum located in cows?

The abomasum is located at the bottom of the abdominal cavity. The shape resembles a curved pear. The thicker part connects it with the book; near the exit into the duodenum, the abomasum is thinner. The mucous layer of the epithelium covering the chamber from the inside is penetrated by numerous glands. The soft and smooth muscles of the walls of the abomasum are collected in large folds; they never straighten out and remain motionless.

In a healthy state, the abomasum (abomasum) - the real stomach of ruminants - stretches up to 15 liters. With its right side it touches the wall of the abdominal cavity along the costal arch from the 12th symphysis to the xiphoid cartilage of the sternum.

When food gets inside, it is broken down through rennet juice, which consists of hydrochloric acid and enzymes. In newborn calves, it is this section of the stomach that works, the function of which is to process cow's milk.

Further, for digestion, the mass moves to the duodenum and small stomach. Under the influence of a mixture of intestinal juice with beneficial bacteria, food is broken down further, nutritional components are released from it, which are absorbed into the blood. Next, water is removed from the food and in a more solid form it moves through the intestines due to peristaltic contraction of the muscles of the walls.

What does displaced abomasum mean in a cow?

The diet of livestock must be comprehensive. Displacement of the abomasum can be right-sided or left-sided. Shifting to the left side, it passes between the outer surface of the scar and the left wall of the peritoneum. The gases formed inside it increase the volume of the abomasum chamber. In advanced situations, it is greatly stretched in the animal’s abdominal cavity. Upwards it can reach the transverse processes of the lumbar vertebrae, behind - the middle of the left abdominal cavity. The scar is pushed out of its place, the location of the book and mesh remains the same.

Right-sided displacement is less common. The abomasum inflates to the entrance to the pelvic cavity and fills the space upward and backward along the right abdominal wall.

As already mentioned, painful changes often occur in the month following calving. During pregnancy, the uterus moves the abomasum, but then it should return to its place.

What causes displacement of the abomasum is not entirely clear. The main reasons are considered to be an unbalanced diet, overeating by animals of concentrates (15 kg or more), easily fermented feed, large amounts of finely ground grain, squeezing by the uterus during pregnancy, and even rough handling of livestock and poor living conditions: cramped stalls, lack of walks, stuffiness .

When a cow eats a large amount of grain, the release of chyme into the abomasum increases, the chamber overflows, and mixing of food stops due to strong gas formation. The accumulation of feed is accompanied by displacement of the abomasum. The disease becomes acute. Most often, it can appear within three months before calving, and at any time.

Clinical manifestations: lack of appetite, refusal of concentrates (animals eat more silage and roughage), colic, abdominal bloating, diarrhea (diarrhea). There is little feces, it is dark green in color. Diarrhea replaces constipation. The cow's breathing, pulse, and body temperature are normal. The scar works weakly, but there is no final stenosis.

Displacement of the abomasum can be diagnosed by examining the left side with a stethoscope (auscultation) at the junction of the ribs with the costal cartilages. In this case, high-pitched sounds are detected due to the passage of gas bubbles through the liquid in the abomasum. The same noises are also heard during stasis of the contents of the scar, which indicate obstruction in the mesh-book opening.

The displacement of the abomasum is also indicated by the absence of any sounds in the rumen. Loud noises in the rumen indicate the normal location of the abomasum. When auscultating the abdominal wall during its oscillatory movements, a splashing noise is detected. When percussing the supposed site of the displaced abomasum, a characteristic high-pitched tympanic sound is heard, indicating the incorrect position of this part of the scar - it occurs due to gases in the distended abomasum. Sometimes you can notice a bulging abdominal wall on the lower left side of the abdomen.

Since veterinarians have rarely encountered left-sided displacement of the abomasum in domestic animals, this disease is poorly described in the Russian specialized literature; diagnostic methods, methods of treatment and prevention have essentially not been proposed. But due to the increased import of Holstein-Friesians, I had to closely study this topic.

A similar displacement of the abomasum occurs in 3–8% of cows of this breed. And since conventional treatment is ineffective, the damage from this disease is simply enormous. Therefore, breeders should be prepared to lose 30–80 cows out of 1000 cows due to left-sided displacement of the abomasum after calving.

What happens with a left-sided shift? The abomasum moves to the left side of the abdominal cavity between the ventral bags of the rumen and takes up space between the surface of the rumen and the left abdominal wall. On rectal examination, the scar moves significantly from the left abdominal wall and moves to the center.

The food stagnates, ferments, gases are formed, and the abomasum begins to grow in volume. The veterinarian, listening with a stethoscope (auscultation method), does not hear sounds common to a healthy abomasum. When percussing in the area of ​​the left hypochondrium, a characteristic tympanic sound is heard from the left hungry fossa forward and downward.

When you get sick, your appetite decreases. Animals hunch over when defecating. The stool is very dark, with mucus. Has an uncharacteristic odor.

With an ulcer of the abomasum or its torsion volvulus, blood appears in the stool. The pulse increases to 110–120 beats per minute. The pressure decreases and scar atony appears. A blood test determines a decrease in the level of chlorine, potassium, and calcium.

Displacement of the abomasum in 20% of cases is noted immediately after calving or in the first month, and displacement to the left is observed in approximately 85% of such situations.

Most often, this pathology occurs after diseases such as milk fever, laminitis, retained placenta, mastitis, and rumen acidosis. The reasons may be violation of feeding rules.

During pregnancy, the cow must eat well. Of the 11 kg of food she is given, concentrates should make up only 30%. If the animal does not eat the entire amount of feed (for example, silage, hay or haylage is tasteless or of poor quality), then the amount of concentrated feed in the diet is increased, which leads to the development of rumen acidosis, and subsequently aseptic laminitis and retained placenta.

If a cow does not receive enough fiber, the rumen volume is reduced. Bulky feed should not be crushed too much.

During pregnancy, the growing uterus moves the abomasum to the left under the ventral rumen sacs. The mass of food passes normally, since the pylorus of the abomasum remains in place. After childbirth, the abomasum, due to the small volume of the scar, moves under the left hypochondrium, and does not return back, capturing the pylorus and duodenum. A displacement with a torsion rotation of 180–270° is formed.

If the animal received the required amount of fiber and the rumen was in normal condition, then displacement of the abomasum most likely will not occur. Digestive failure occurs due to oversaturation with concentrates; the abomasum fills with gases, swells and cannot take its original position.

The cause of the disease can also be sudden rises and falls of the animal.

The reasons for the displacement of the abomasum can lead to other complications, for example, volvulus, which leads to the rapid death of the animal. Intestinal volvulus usually occurs counterclockwise, so to get rid of it with conservative treatment, the lying cow is turned clockwise.

Displacement of the abomasum to the right occurs infrequently and is easier to recognize. The swollen abomasum finds a place between the intestinal loops and the abdominal wall to the hungry fossa on the right side.

The puncture site with right-sided displacement is found by conducting a full examination using auscultation, rectal examination and percussion.

The introduction of root vegetables, for example, beets, into the feed can provoke a deterioration in the condition and the development of ulcers of the abomasum, which can lead to its atony and displacement to the right. One of the reasons is sand and small stones that fall into the abomasum along with root crops. Treating right-sided displacement is more difficult.

With this pathology, the possibility of developing ketosis increases 50 times. With normal displacement, the disease can be sluggish and long-lasting. And although the cow will produce a lot of milk, she will eventually die from exhaustion.

The work of the abomasum and the likelihood that it will return to its original position depends on the amount of calcium in the animal's body. With a left-sided shift, its level is 40% lower than normal. You should pay attention to the structure of the cow’s diet and its balance in individual microelements.

How is displaced abomasum treated?

The faster diagnosis and treatment is carried out, the greater the likelihood of the animal’s recovery.

Treatment goals for displaced abomasum:

1. Returning the abomasum to its original position.
2. Ensuring reliable attachment of the abomasum.
3. Rumen filling.
4. Administration of antibiotics for prophylactic purposes after surgery.
5. Treatment of the disease that caused the displacement of the abomasum.

Basically, they resort to turning the cow over (displacing the abomasum to its original location) or surgery.

When turning over, the main thing to remember is that with a right-side shift, the cow is turned over to the left, and with a left-side shift, the cow is turned over to the right. Despite the fact that this method is easy and fast and does not require surgery, it also has disadvantages: over time, the abomasum shifts again and if the intestine is displaced or rotated to the right, complications are likely (if the torsion is 180° and gases are not released, then when it is twisted veterinarian may cause rupture).

It is much more effective to perform an operation, that is, left-sided, right-sided and medial laparotomy. The advantage of surgical intervention is the frequent complete recovery of the animal, but subject to extensive experience of the veterinarian, visual control and reliable fixation. The downside is the possible lack of qualifications of the specialist, long rehabilitation of the cattle, and postoperative complications.

Preventive measures for abomasum displacement

The main thing in preventing abomasum displacement is compliance with animal nutrition standards. To avoid abomasum atony, you should:

• Make sure that cows do not gain excess weight before calving (more than 3.5 points on the body condition rating scale).
• The feed must be of high quality.
• Concentrates should make up no more than 30% of the diet.
• Feeding tables must be of the required size.
• The diet for late dry animals should not differ much from the diet of cows in the early stages of lactation.
• Provide regular examination by a veterinarian to diagnose diseases (eg, milk fever, mastitis, retained placenta, metritis) that reduce cattle's feed intake.
• Make sure that cows are kept in comfortable conditions and are not stressed.

Proper nutrition throughout the year, comfortable maintenance, and veterinary examinations will prevent many problems, including displacement of the abomasum.

Optimal nutritional structure: concentrate content of no more than 45% in terms of nutritional value for animals, fiber no less than 16–18% of the dry matter of the feed.

In addition, according to some observations, animals that often rest on their left side are less likely to experience displacement of the abomasum. Currently, designs are even being developed to encourage cows to lie this way.

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Volvulus and torsion of the intestines (Torsio et volvulus intestinorum) - rapid closure of the intestinal lumen due to its rotation along the longitudinal axis or constriction by other intestinal loops. There are intestinal volvulus, entanglement, twisting of loops around the mesentery and nodulation. In horses, mainly the left knees of the large colon are wrapped, rarely the right ones - the cecum and small colon. More often, twisting, tangling and knotting occur with complete closure of the lumen of the small intestine. Volvulus and torsion of the intestines are observed less frequently in cattle and pigs.

Etiology.

The cause of volvulus and twisting of the intestines is a sharp change in intra-abdominal pressure during jumps, a sudden stop under strong traction stress, sharp turns, especially when the animal is rolled or turned over. Typically, volvulus and torsion of the intestines are facilitated by the existing flatulence of individual intestinal loops, coprostasis or chymostasis, intestinal stones, enteralgia and enteritis, fibrous adhesions of intestinal loops, neoplasms, etc.

Pathogenesis.

The conditions for the development of the pathological process are the same as for internal intestinal strangulation. The leading factors in the development of the pathological process during volvulus and twisting of the intestine with disruption of its patency are constant pain impulses, intoxication and dehydration of the body.

Pathological changes.

Inversion of the left columns of the large colon is possible to the left and right at 90, 180 and 360° around its axis. At the site of the volvulus, contraction of the intestine is detected, its wall is anemic, sometimes with pronounced necrosis. From the site of the volvulus, the obstructed part of the intestine is greatly distended with gases, its serous membrane is dark red; the intestinal wall is infiltrated and thickened, the veins are heavily engorged with blood; the mucous membrane is dark red, loose, with folds, and in places in a state of necrosis. The contents of the intestine are liquid and bloody.

When the small intestine is twisted and knotted, its proximal part, above the obstruction, is always greatly distended with gases and chyme of a watery consistency. At the site of intestinal twisting, the same changes are found as during volvulus. In the abdominal cavity, with all types of volvulus and twisting of the intestines, up to 5-10 liters of cherry or dark red transudate are found, and in case of intestinal rupture, feed particles and inflammation of the peritoneum are found.

Symptoms.

At the beginning of the disease, relatively mild anxiety appears: the animal looks at its stomach, tries to move, tries to lie down, and lies around. As edema develops in the compressed area of ​​the intestine and flatulence, the pain increases sharply. The animal falls to the ground, rolls around, lies on its back with outstretched limbs, and assumes a sitting dog pose. Body temperature often rises to 39-39.5 ° C, and at the end of the illness it drops below normal. The conjunctiva is diffusely red. With obstruction of the small intestines, the pulse quickly increases to 70-100 beats per minute, and blood pressure drops. Breathing is intense, rapid, up to 30-40 per minute. Appetite disappears. Large when turned up. colon, a slight increase in the abdomen is noticeable. Intestinal peristalsis is uneven, accompanied by periodic ringing noises, and disappears in the late period. Intestinal flatulence develops. Defecation stops.

With complete obstruction of the small intestine, signs of secondary expansion of the stomach appear. The gastric contents are yellow-brown in color, have an unpleasant putrid odor, and have low acidity. Reactions to lactic acid and bile pigments are positive. Pleiochromia and erythrocytosis, neutrophilia are detected in the blood, and in the late stage - relative lymphocytosis. ESR is extremely slow. With a test puncture of the lower abdominal wall, it is possible to obtain an effusion, which at the beginning of the disease is yellowish and opalescent, later reddish, containing erythrocytes and leukocytes. Fluoroscopy sometimes reveals limited intestinal flatulence.

Flow.

With obstruction of the small intestines, horses die within 24 hours, ruminants and other animals - 2 days, with obstruction of the large intestines, the disease lasts 2-4 days. Cases of recovery without surgery are extremely rare.

Diagnosis is made by rectal examination and clinical signs. When twisting the small intestine and mesentery, highly swollen loops of these intestines are found; there is no flatulence in other departments. In places accessible for palpation, a laced part of the loop is found; the swollen intestine turns into a dense, very painful folded cord or knot.

When the left knee of the large colon is torsioned, it is found to be swollen, and the gastro-shaped dilatation is relatively collapsed. When the intestine is rotated 90° along the axis, the pelvic bend takes a horizontal position, the upper and lower knees lie on the same horizontal plane. If the knee with shadows and pockets is located next to the left abdominal wall, then the rotation is right-sided; its location closer to the middle plane indicates a left-hand turn. When turning right or left 180°, the upper knee is located under the lower one. When turning 360°, the knees of the pelvic bend take a close to normal position, but the movement of the shadows becomes spiral-shaped. Volvulus of the cecum is determined by severe swelling of its bottom, increased tension, pain and the spiral course of the shadows. Volvulus and torsion of the small colon are detected by palpation through the rectum. In this case, there is a narrowing of the place of volvulus, pain in the intestinal wall, which is gathered into a fold. The volvulus of the small intestine around the root of the mesentery is palpable at the level of the left kidney with a painful folded cord stretching to the left and right, under which there are swollen loops of intestine. In cattle, volvulus and torsion of the intestines in the area accessible to palpation are also detected through the rectum in the right half of the abdominal cavity.

Treatment should be aimed primarily at relieving pain; this is achieved by intravenous administration of chloral hydrate, alcohol or analgin. Probing the stomach and removing the contents when it expands significantly improves the condition of the sick animal. Giving inside 0.5-2 g of menthol, 15-25 g of ichthyol, and other antimicrobial agents inhibits fermentation and putrefactive processes and the development of intestinal flatulence.

Gas from the intestines is removed by puncture. However, for all forms of volvulus and torsion of the intestines, the radical method of treatment is surgical - laparotomy. In ruminants and small animals, surgical intervention is always indicated and as early as possible. In order to reduce intoxication, dehydrate the body and improve blood circulation, 5-10% solutions of sodium chloride (250-500 ml) with glucose and caffeine are administered intravenously. Strophanthus tincture, ephedrine and other drugs that improve blood circulation are prescribed.

Intestinal obstruction- slow movement of food masses in the intestines, caused by functional or organic damage. They are most often observed in ruminants.

Differentiate between mechanical, dynamic and hemostatic or thromboembolic obstruction. Mechanical obstruction includes the closure of the lumen of the gastrointestinal tract by its contents, foreign objects, as well as due to volvulus, intussusception, strangulation, hernia or prolapse.

Blockage of the small intestinal tract is called chemostasis, and blockage of the thick intestinal tract is called coprostasis. Their root cause is the feeding of agricultural animals with coarse, low-nutrient foods. Blockage can be triggered by stones and concrements forming in the intestinal contents (observed very often in horses), soft and hard things swallowed with food or with a perversion of appetite in cattle, densely matted balls of wool - bezoars in sheep (very often in young sheep ), a variety of things in dogs.

Obstruction is caused by volvulus of the intestinal tract with a rotation of a section of the intestine by 180° or more as a result of infringement of the intestinal tract by connective tissue cords, tumors, etc., due to intussusception, when one part of the intestine enters another, as well as as a result of the exit of intestinal loops from the abdominal cavity with preservation of the peritoneum (hernia) or with its rupture (prolapse).

Dynamic obstruction is determined by functional disorders as a result of spastic and paralytic dysfunctions, which lead to the stopping of food masses without blocking the lumen of the gastrointestinal tract.

Hemostatic or thromboembolic obstruction passes with preservation of the lumen of the intestinal tract and appears as a result of embolism or thromboembolism of the vessels of the gastrointestinal tract.

Obstruction often leads to acute expansion of the stomach and intestinal tract with gases, accompanied by circulatory disorders in episodes of intussusception, volvulus and other displacements with the formation of infarctions and death of the walls of the gastrointestinal tract, asphyxia and intoxication are formed.

Etiology. The leading role in the occurrence of obstruction is played by disorders in nutrition, maintenance and exploitation of agricultural animals. Diseases of the abdominal organs play a certain role. The root cause of blockage by foreign objects is metabolic dysfunction, as a result of which appetite is distorted.

Signs. The collective symptom of all forms of obstruction is unexpected pain, expressed by symptoms of colic.

Diagnostics. The diagnosis of intestinal obstruction is made based on a combination of clinical symptoms and medical history. In large farm animals, a rectal examination can be of great importance, with the help of which it is sometimes possible to establish both the location and nature of the obstruction.

Treatment. A therapeutic result using conservative methods can be obtained only in such forms of obstruction when the likelihood of its recovery remains and irreversible pathological processes (necrosis, infarction, etc.) are not visible.

This applies at its highest level to dynamic (spastic and paralytic) and some forms of mechanical obstruction. The general method is to relieve pain by including chloral hydrate, alcohol, analgin and other means.

In large farm animals (horses), an attempt is made to restore patency through the rectum. If gases accumulate, antifermentation agents are given. Use symptomatic treatment. After relieving pain and improving general condition, dietary foods are prescribed.

Warning. They adhere to the diet and operation of farm animals, and prevent metabolic disorders in them.

Simple measures to prevent volvulus in pigs should be taken this summer to avoid sudden deaths.

According to Duncan Berkshire, there has been an increase in such cases in England this summer. A large difference in summer temperatures, as a rule, causes an increase in morbidity, mainly in fattening. High temperatures can reduce feed intake, but when it drops pigs try to satisfy their hunger. As a result, the intestines suddenly become overcrowded, causing them to twist and die within two hours.

Symptoms are also difficult to detect. You can sometimes see symptoms of discomfort in pigs similar to colic in horses, which are signs of pain. But since this happens quickly, the first sign will most likely be a corpse that appears bloated.

Another factor that can influence access to feed and its passage through the intestines is social hierarchy. If there is no free space at the feeder or deficiencies in the automatic feeding system, pigs may greedily swallow the feed when it arrives. In addition, pigs lower in the hierarchy may also be able to ingest food quickly to avoid collisions with pigs higher in the social hierarchy.

This is why it is important to ensure that pigs are in stable social groups, with adequate access to feed and water, and sufficient space in the pen. Frequent movement of pigs may also increase the risk of volvulus, so all environmental and social factors must be taken into account.

However, the prevalence of pig deaths from volvulus may be underestimated because not all pig carcasses are sent for autopsy. But, when sudden death occurs, then one should try to find the cause so that proper measures can be taken.

According to Derek Armstrong, BPEX VET Advisor, volvulus occurs randomly. With liquid feeding, if whey is used, gases are released as a result of fermentation of carbohydrates, which leads to instability in the intestines. The same thing happens with other feedings with a high carbohydrate content. Mr. Armstrong recommends the use of organic acids in feed and water if such cases occur.

Feeding large amounts of whey and dairy products can be particularly risky when it comes to volvulus, agrees Richard Pearson of George Vet Group. When whey makes up more than 20% of the diet you are in the danger zone. And when producers have a lot of whey at their disposal, the mortality rate due to volvulus can be as high as 2%. To minimize the risk of pigs becoming gluttonous, producers should feed them ad libitum.