Fixed assets are means of labor that are repeatedly involved in the production process, while maintaining their natural form, gradually wearing out, and transfer their value in parts to newly created products. These include funds with a service life of more than one year and a cost of more than 100 times the minimum monthly wage. Fixed assets are divided into production and non-production assets.
Production assets are involved in the process of manufacturing products or providing services (machines, machines, instruments, transmission devices, etc.).
Non-productive fixed assets are not involved in the process of creating products (residential buildings, kindergartens, clubs, stadiums, clinics, sanatoriums, etc.)

The active part of fixed assets is directly related to the processing of raw materials and the manufacture of products. Thus, the viability of fixed assets depends on the active part.

The passive part of fixed assets creates conditions for production, but does not directly affect either the amount of production capacity or the actual output of products.

As a rule, the active part of fixed assets includes such elements as power, working machines and equipment, transmission devices, control instruments and devices, and computer technology.

The passive part includes buildings, structures, vehicles, equipment.

However, the division of elements of fixed assets into active and passive parts is somewhat arbitrary in the context of individual industries. Thus, for the fishing industry, vehicles are very active elements. A tool, for example, for mechanical engineering is a very active element, while for the light and food industries it is clearly passive.

Since output depends on the active part of fixed assets, their share should be increased in every possible way. Increasing their share thereby increases capacity, and hence the efficiency of using fixed assets.

The structure of fixed assets of Russian industry is not progressive enough in comparison with the industry of developed countries. The share of the active part in it is still low, which largely predetermines the relatively low return on capital. The construction of massive buildings and structures and insufficient renewal of the active part of fixed assets have led to an inefficient structure of the currently operating fixed assets. Instead of directing investments towards more frequent replacement of the active part of fixed assets and, above all, technological equipment, as the most active element that determines the amount of production capacity, they mediocrely went into ambitious passive funds.

Fixed assets are material assets used as means of labor that operate in an unchanged physical form for a long time (more than one operating cycle). Depending on the nature of participation in the process of expanded reproduction, fixed assets are divided into production and non-production. Production fixed assets include objects whose use is aimed at systematically generating profit as the main goal of activity. They are replenished through capital investments. For an industrial enterprise, production fixed assets include machines, shop buildings, structures, administrative buildings and other fixed assets with which products are manufactured. Distinctive features of fixed production assets:

reused during the production process;

retain their natural shape and appearance for a long time;

transfer their cost to finished products in parts as they wear out.

Non-productive fixed assets are durable items that serve non-productive consumption at a production enterprise. These funds are not directly involved in the production process, but are used for the cultural and everyday needs of the enterprise’s employees. These include the fixed assets of canteens, clinics, kindergartens, etc., which are on the balance sheet of the enterprise. The value of these funds disappears in consumption. These funds are reproduced in the enterprise at the expense of profits. From an accounting point of view, fixed assets are means of labor with a service life of more than one year and (or) more than one operating cycle. The fixed assets of the enterprise are varied in composition and purpose.

Classification of fixed assets by type:

Land plots and environmental management facilities.

Facilities.

Machinery and equipment:

a) power machines and equipment;

b) working machines and equipment;

c) measuring and control instruments and laboratory equipment;

d) computer technology;

e) other machinery and equipment.

Vehicles.

Industrial and household equipment.

Draft animals.

Productive livestock.

Perennial plantings.

Other types of fixed assets.

Fixed assets are assessed in physical and monetary terms. Natural indicators of fixed assets reflect the characteristics and number of individual objects. For example, for equipment, this is the number of units by type, age. Information on each unit of fixed assets is reflected in inventory cards. The structure of fixed assets is characterized by the ratio of the specific weights of the value of each group of fixed assets. The production structure of fixed production assets is understood as the ratio of various groups of assets by material composition to their total average annual value. The fixed production assets (FPF) are divided into active and passive parts.

Active funds directly affect objects of labor. For example, working machines and equipment, tools, measuring and control instruments and equipment, computer technology, industrial transport. The share of the active part is the most important indicator of the production structure of the enterprise's fixed assets.

Depreciation of fixed assets.

During the production process, the main production assets wear out and deteriorate. This reduces their value. Depreciation is a cost indicator of the loss of physical qualities of fixed assets or the loss of technical and economic properties, and as a result of this, value. Wear and tear is divided into physical and moral. Physical (material) wear and tear is the loss of fixed assets of their consumer value either in connection with their operation (for example, wear of parts), or under the influence of natural forces (for example, metal corrosion). The higher the equipment load and the shift ratio, the higher the degree of physical wear. The coefficient of physical depreciation of fixed assets (Ki) is calculated by the formula

where Tn is the standard service life, years;

Tf – actual period, years.

The standard service life of an object is the duration of its operation in years, established taking into account moral and physical wear and tear, under the conditions of the planned level of use of the object, production and renewal of output. The coefficient of physical depreciation can be calculated as the ratio of the amount of depreciation of fixed assets to their full replacement cost. The most correct method for assessing the degree of physical wear is to examine the condition of the object in situ. The serviceability coefficient (Kg) of fixed assets is calculated using the formula:

Kg = 1 – Ki

Obsolescence of fixed assets is expressed in a decrease in value, regardless of physical wear and tear. There are obsolescence of the first and second kind. Obsolescence of the first kind is associated with the loss of fixed assets of their original value as a result of increased labor productivity in the industries that produce them. Elements of fixed assets of the same design and with the same characteristics are produced at lower costs and lower prices. Obsolescence of the second kind is associated with the emergence of new, more progressive and economical technology as a result of scientific and technological progress, which leads to a decrease in the relative usefulness of old fixed assets. Obsolescence of the first type does not lead to losses, but the second type leads to losses, since the costs of producing similar products on obsolete equipment are higher than on new ones. Obsolescence of the second type can be considered as partial (partial loss of value) and complete (when further use of the machine becomes unprofitable). In monetary terms, depreciation of fixed assets can be defined as the amount of depreciation accrued over the entire actual service life of fixed assets. Therefore, the depreciation of fixed assets in monetary terms can be determined using the formula.

Tests on the economics of an organization, for testing knowledge in the section “Fixed assets (funds) of an organization.” 22 test questions - correct options, highlighted in red.

1. Depreciation of fixed assets is...

• depreciation of fixed assets
• the process of transferring the value of fixed assets to cost manufactured products
• restoration of fixed assets
• expenses for maintaining fixed assets

2. Obsolescence of the second kind characterizes...

• gradual loss of fixed assets of their original value as a result of their wear and tear during operation
• reduction in the cost of machinery and equipment occurs as a result of the production of assets of the same productivity, but at lower costs
• reduction in the cost of machinery and equipment occurs as a result of the creation of more productive assets at the same price

3. Methods of revaluation of fixed assets include (are)…

• index method, direct estimation method
• analytical method
• expert method, method of analogies
• extrapolation method

4. The share of the value of fixed assets per each ruble of output shows...

• reproduction
• capital intensity
• performance
• profitability

5. Fixed assets are used in the production process...

• continuously
• once
• many times
• twice

6. The active part of fixed production assets includes...

• buildings and equipment
• vehicles and perennial plantings
• working machines and structures
• working machines and equipment

7. The residual value of equipment may increase as a result...

• revaluation
• long-term financial investments
• operation
• inventory

8. The amount of annual depreciation charges is calculated based on...

• residual value of fixed assets and depreciation rates
• cost of fixed assets and depreciation rates
• the cost of fixed and working capital of the enterprise and depreciation rates
• cost of fixed assets taking into account their obsolescence

9. The degree of physical wear and tear of equipment is affected by...

• the emergence of new, more economical types of equipment
• consequences of scientific and technological progress
• depreciation method

10. The amount of depreciation is affected by the costs of ____ equipment.

• content
• current repairs
• exploitation
• modernization

11. Loss of the original qualities of the means of labor, i.e. the deterioration of technical, economic and social characteristics under the influence of the labor process, natural forces, and also due to non-use of fixed assets is called...

• depreciation
• physical wear and tear
• obsolescence
• suitability

12. For an item of fixed assets, the amount of annual depreciation charges, other things being equal, does not change if the depreciation calculation method is used...

• reducing balance
• write-off of cost based on the sum of numbers of years of useful life
• nonlinear
• linear

13. Intensive improvement of the use of fixed production assets involves...

• increasing the share of existing equipment in the total equipment
• increase in equipment load per unit time
• reduction of all-day equipment downtime
• increasing the operating time of installed and operating equipment

14. The ratio of the actual productivity of the main technological equipment to its standard productivity characterizes ...

• production capacity
• integral performance indicator of technological equipment
• extensiveness of equipment operation
• equipment load intensity

15. The use of fixed assets over time evaluates...

• shift ratio
• capital-labor ratio
• labor productivity
• return on assets

16. Depreciation of fixed assets includes...

• the amount of depreciation charges for the complete restoration of fixed production assets
• taxes, fees, contributions to special funds, loan payments within established rates, payment for services

17. The initial cost of fixed assets includes the costs of...

• dismantling
• installation and commissioning
• exploitation
• major renovation
• minor repairs and maintenance

18. When selling fixed assets, the financial result is determined as the difference between the selling price of fixed assets sold externally and ...

• their residual value
• their residual value, taking into account the costs of their sale
• proceeds from sales
• expenses incurred for their implementation

19. The useful life of fixed assets is the period...

• from commissioning to major overhaul
• until more advanced models appeared
• during which the use of an object of fixed assets is intended to generate income for the organization
• during which the complete physical wear and tear of the object occurs

20. Valuation of fixed assets at historical cost is necessary for...

• establishing useful life
• determining the cost of products for the period in which they were purchased
• placed on the balance sheet at the time of purchase
• calculating the amount of property tax

21. The indicator calculated by the ratio of the cost of fixed production assets to the number of workers is called...

• capital intensity
• technical equipment of labor
• capital-labor ratio
• return on assets

22. The composition of fixed production assets includes

• passive and active part
• factual and normative
• no options

Fixed assets are means of labor that are repeatedly involved in the production process, while maintaining their natural form, gradually wearing out, and transfer their value in parts to newly created products. These include funds with a service life of more than one year and a cost of more than 100 times the minimum monthly wage. Fixed assets are divided into production and non-production assets.

Production assets are involved in the process of manufacturing products or providing services (machines, machines, instruments, transmission devices, etc.).

Non-productive fixed assets are not involved in the process of creating products (residential buildings, kindergartens, clubs, stadiums, clinics, sanatoriums, etc.).

The following groups and subgroups of fixed production assets are distinguished:

• 1. Buildings (architectural and construction facilities for industrial purposes: workshop buildings, warehouses, production laboratories, etc.).
• 2. Structures (engineering and construction facilities that create conditions for the production process: tunnels, overpasses, highways, chimneys on a separate foundation, etc.).
• 3. Transmission devices (devices for transmitting electricity, liquid and gaseous substances: electrical networks, heating networks, gas networks, transmissions, etc.).
• 4. Machinery and equipment (power machines and equipment, working machines and equipment, measuring and control instruments and devices, computer technology, automatic machines, other machines and equipment, etc.).
• 5. Vehicles (diesel locomotives, wagons, cars, motorcycles, cars, trolleys, etc., except for conveyors and transporters included in production equipment).
• 6. Tools (cutting, impact, pressing, compacting, as well as various devices for fastening, mounting, etc.), except for special tools and special equipment.
• 7. Production equipment and accessories (items to facilitate production operations: work tables, workbenches, fences, fans, containers, racks, etc.).
• 8. Household equipment (office and household supplies: tables, cabinets, hangers, typewriters, safes, duplicating machines, etc.).
• 9. Other fixed assets. This group includes library collections, museum values, etc.

The share (in percentage) of various groups of fixed assets in their total value at the enterprise represents the structure of fixed assets. At mechanical engineering enterprises, the largest share in the structure of fixed assets is occupied by: machinery and equipment - on average about 50%; buildings about 37%.

Depending on the degree of direct impact on the objects of labor and the production capacity of the enterprise, fixed production assets are divided into active and passive. The active part of fixed assets includes machinery and equipment, vehicles, and tools. The passive part of fixed assets includes all other groups of fixed assets. They create conditions for the normal operation of the enterprise.

Table 1 - Structure of OPF

According to the table, we can conclude that the largest share in the structure of the enterprise's fixed assets is occupied by working machines and equipment - 52.99%, buildings - 28.52%. The active part of fixed production assets predominates - 58.32%. The smallest share (0%) in the structure is occupied by production and household equipment.

Fixed assets (, fixed capital) are part of. They are created in the process, are repeatedly used in production (the economy) and gradually (in parts, by) transfer their value to the created products and services without changing their natural material form.

Fixed assets are the most important element of national wealth.

The essence of fixed assets

Fixed assets are classified as production assets, as they are created and used in the production process.

Fixed assets include objects that serve for at least a year and cost above a certain amount, established depending on the dynamics of prices for the products of asset-creating industries (Fixed assets include objects whose cost is determined in the amount of fifty times the minimum monthly wage established by law on the date of their acquisition).

• they are materially embodied in the means of labor;
• their cost is transferred in parts to the products;
• they retain their natural shape for a long time as they wear out;
• are recovered on the basis of depreciation at the end of their service life.

• Functions for a long time, repeatedly participates in the production of products and services
• Transfers its value to the result of labor in parts, as it wears out
• During operation does not change its material form

Classification of fixed assets

To study the composition of fixed assets, groupings are used according to the following criteria:

• by economic sectors - fixed assets of industries producing goods and providing services;
• by type of ownership - fixed assets owned by state, private and other types of property;
• according to the system of participation in the production process - fixed assets directly used in the process of production of products (works, services), and inactive fixed assets, including those in reserve, under conservation, under repair, under reconstruction;
• by ownership - own and leased fixed assets;
• on a territorial basis - fixed assets of districts, republics, territories, regions and cities.

• regular statistical reporting on the availability and
• one-time statistical reporting on revaluation of fixed assets
• business register data and sample survey data.

By affiliation fixed assets are divided into own And rented Main production assets depending on the degree of their impact on the subject of labor divided into active and passive.

Tangible and intangible fixed assets

According to the all-Russian classifier, fixed assets are divided into tangible and intangible.

Material fixed assets include:

• Buildings (except housing).
• Facilities.
• Dwellings.
• Machinery and equipment.
• Vehicles.
• Tools, production and household equipment.
• Working and productive livestock.
• Perennial plantings.
• Other fixed assets.

Buildings— buildings and structures in which the processes of main, auxiliary and auxiliary production take place; administrative buildings; economic buildings. In addition to the construction part, the cost of these objects also includes the cost of heating systems, plumbing, electrical fittings, ventilation devices, etc. The cost of buildings as part of the main industrial and production assets of Russia accounts for 28%.

Facilities. The group of structures, corresponding to 21%, includes engineering and construction facilities that are necessary for the production process: roads, overpasses, tunnels, bridges, etc.

Machinery and equipment— power machines and equipment, including all types of power units and engines; working machines and equipment that directly affect the subject of labor or its movement in the process of creating products; measuring or regulating instruments and devices and laboratory equipment intended for measurements, regulation of production processes, testing and research; Since 1972, computer technology has been separated into a separate subgroup: electronic computing, analog control machines, as well as machines and devices used to control production and technological processes; other machines and equipment that are not included in the listed subgroups.

The share of the “machinery and equipment” group in 2002 was 43% in the total value of industrial fixed assets.

Vehicles(rolling stock of railways, water and road transport owned by enterprises, as well as in-plant vehicles: trucks, trolleys, trolleys, etc.). The share of vehicles increased to 18%.

Tools and accessories. Fixed assets include instruments of all types with a service life of more than 1 year. Tools and equipment that last less than 1 year are classified as working capital.

Transfer devices(6%) - water supply and electrical networks; heating networks, gas networks, steam pipelines, i.e., objects that transfer various types of energy from engine machines to working machines (oil pipelines, gas pipelines, etc.)

Industrial and household equipment and supplies, intended for storing materials, tools and facilitating production operations - workbenches, racks, tables, containers, office and household items (furniture, fireproof cabinets, duplicating devices, fire-fighting items, etc.).

Working and productive livestock. Draft livestock (horses, bulls, oxen, camels, etc.) have been separated into a separate group since 1996. The fixed assets also include productive livestock - adult animals that produce products and offspring (cows, ewes, sows, etc.). The cost of young animals, livestock and fattening animals is included in the working capital of agricultural enterprises.

Perennial plantings. The main assets include perennial plantings: fruit-bearing orchards, berry gardens, forest shelterbelts.

On-farm roads.

Land plots owned by the enterprise.

Other fixed assets.

Under the influence of scientific and technological progress, directions of economic and depreciation policies of the state, the classification of fixed assets is periodically revised.

The above classification of material fixed assets is specified for each sector of the economy. That is, the classification of fixed assets in industry differs from the classification of fixed assets in agriculture, and the classification of fixed assets in agriculture differs from the classification of fixed assets in construction.

Natural-material classification of fixed assets allows you to analyze changes in their structure, determine the share of the active and passive parts of fixed assets. The classification of one or another type of fixed assets as an active or passive part depends on the specifics of the industry activity. Typically, buildings and structures are included in the passive part of fixed assets. But in a number of industries, for example in the oil and gas industry, wells (part of a group of structures) belong to the active part of fixed assets.

Intangible fixed assets (intangible produced assets):

• Mineral exploration expenses.
• Computer software and databases.
• Original works of entertainment, literature and art.
• High-tech industrial technologies.
• Other intangible fixed assets that are objects of intellectual property, the use of which is limited by the ownership rights established on them.

Fixed assets include not only existing fixed assets, but also the cost of unfinished objects that are transferred in this state from the manufacturer to the ownership of the user or, upon stage payment, are actually financed by the customer. Consequently, assets are taken into account as part of fixed assets from the moment they become the property of the owner. As a result, fixed assets increase by the value of unfinished produced material assets, i.e. by the value of the cost of unfinished production of equipment (with a long production cycle) in the part paid by the customer, uninstalled equipment paid by the customer. This group also includes livestock, young animals, plantations of perennial plantings that have not reached fruiting age, grown for repeated production of appropriate products, as well as bee families, poultry and fish grown for the production of livestock products and breeding purposes.