Qualitative adjectives
Only qualitative adjectives have a full and short form: good - excellent, excellent - excellent, fresh - fresh, sweet - sweet.
The short form of relative adjectives is usually used as a means of expressiveness in artistic speech.
Let's give an example: These are the same strings. They look like copper and like cast iron.
Only full forms are used in the definition function. However, both full and short forms of adjectives can be used as a predicate: Short day. The day is short. The day is short.
Change by case retain only some adjectives in folklore expressions.
Let's give an example: on bare feet.
In a sentence, short adjectives are almost always the nominal part of a compound nominal predicate.
Let's give an example: He is smart; He is stately; He's cheerful.
Relative adjectives have only full form.
Let's give an example: Iron, today's, comfortable.
Possessive adjectives with the suffixes "in"/"yn", "ov"/"ev", "iy" - in the singular form of the nominative case they usually have only a short form.
For example: Dad, daddy, daddy, daddy; wolfish, wolfish, wolfish, wolfish.
In indirect cases such adjectives have:
or a short form: father's, wolf's;
or the full form: father's, wolf's.
The endings of short forms coincide with the endings of nouns.
Let's give an example: spring - daddy's; spring - daddy's.
Qualitative adjectives usually have two forms: full and short.
Let's give an example: Cheerful - cheerful, handsome - handsome.
Full adjectives change by gender, singular, number and case.
Short qualitative adjectives answer the questions what? what? what? what are they? and change by gender, singular and numbers.
Here's an example: Happy, happy, happy, happy.
Declension of adjectives
The declension of adjectives, in comparison with the declension of nouns, is more unified. In the nominative singular case, adjectives have a gender difference: the case endings of the masculine, feminine and neuter gender are different. In the plural, adjectives have no gender differences, and the case endings for all three genders are the same.
In modern Russian there are three types of declension of adjectives:
1. Declension of qualitative and relative adjectives such as red, gold, summer, blue.
2. Declension of possessive adjectives such as bratnin, aunt, fathers, friends.
3. Declension of adjectives starting with “ii” such as wolf, bear.
The most productive is the first type of declension, which, according to the nature of the last consonant of the stem, has three varieties: a hard version of the declension (rich, stone), a soft version of the declension (autumn, blue) and mixed: a) with a base on sibilant, b) with a base on d , k, x and v) with a base on c (pale-faced, small, smooth, long, quiet).
For adjectives with a stem on a hard consonant, the stress during declension is either only on the stem (kind, red), or only on the ending (sick, dumb).
For adjectives with a stem on a soft consonant and adjectives with a stem on c, when inflected, the stress always falls only on the stem (short, autumn, blue).
Adjectives with a base on a hard consonant in the instrumental case of the feminine singular have a double ending: “oy” (“ey”) and “oy” (“ey”). Their use depends on the style of speech: in poetic language the ending -oy ("ee") is more common, which is due to the laws of poetic style (rhythm, rhyme, etc.), for example: I pass through a field along a narrow boundary, overgrown with porridge and tenacious quinoa.
Possessive adjectives ending in "in", "ov" ("ev") have a mixed type of declension: part of the case endings of these adjectives coincides with the endings of the hard declension of qualitative-relative adjectives, in separate cases the endings of nouns are used (in the nominative and accusative cases of all genders and numbers, in the genitive and dative cases, masculine and neuter singular).
Possessive adjectives with the suffix “in” in modern Russian are increasingly declined like full adjectives with a base on a hard consonant (not sister, sister, but sister, sister, etc.).
Possessive adjectives ending in “rank” (bratnin, muzhnin) are inflected in the same way as adjectives ending in “in”.
Possessive adjectives in -niy (filial, filial) are declined like full qualitative-relative adjectives of the soft variant of declension (for example, neighbor).
Possessive adjectives formed with the suffix -j- (wolf, wolf, wolf) have both full and short endings: wolf, wolf, etc., wolf, wolf, etc.
Adjectives that are used as nouns are declined according to the general rules for declension of adjectives.
Spelling case forms of adjectives:
1. Adjectives have endings that are similar to the endings of the question word what: with an excellent (what?) mood, about a beautiful (what?) bag, and the like.
Always remember that after hard consonants the vowels s, o, u are written, and after soft consonants the vowels are written - i, e, yu.
Let's give an example: long stockings - blue stockings, in a long stocking - in a blue stocking; in a black bag - in a yellow bag.
2. Spelling o and e after sibilants and c at the end of adjectives always depends on stress: under stress - o, without stress - e, big garden - handsome boy.
3. In the nominative case of the masculine singular, full adjectives in the stressed position have the ending -ой, in the unstressed case - “й”, “и”.
nightmare - blue ocean, early reception.
4. In all forms of possessive adjectives with the suffix “ii”, except for the masculine singular form of the nominative case, a soft sign is written.
Wolfish, wolfish, wolfish, wolfish.
5. In short adjectives, a soft sign is not written after hissing ones.
Burning - burning, mighty - mighty.
The adjective is one of the main ones used by its speakers constantly. It has a number of indicators, so before answering the question of how an adjective changes, it is necessary to clarify what exactly should be understood by this part of speech.
The term “adjective” appeared in the Russian language quite a long time ago, and it was derived from the Latin word adjectivum, which translated means “adding.” That is why the lexical meaning of the word “adjective” should be considered “a name that is attached to a noun.”
In general, an adjective denotes a lexico-grammatical class of word forms denoting a non-procedural attribute of an object. Lexical meaning in this case is expressed using inflectional categories. Adjectives in a sentence have their own syntactic function - definition; in particularly complex cases they are a compound nominal predicate.
Adjective: three in one
Speaking about the adjective, it is worth noting three understandings of this term. According to the first, this part of speech should include adjectives themselves, adjective pronouns, participles and ordinal numbers. The lexical meaning of these words (a feature of the subject) is supplemented with new shades. This point of view is called a broad understanding of the adjective.
There is a formal position of the moderate type, in which only adjectives themselves and ordinal numbers are included under adjectives. This point of view was popular in the 60-70s of the 20th century, until it gave way to a broad understanding, actively lobbied by Russian Grammar-80.
With a narrow understanding of the adjective name, only adjectives themselves are included in it. Many linguists prefer to adhere to this particular approach, since only it takes into account all the features with the help of which a particular part of speech is distinguished. It is on the basis of this point of view that the adjective is analyzed today.
How does an adjective change?
The adjective has a number of morphological categories with the help of which it can be changed if necessary. All these categories are dependent on other parts of speech; the ending of an adjective is a universal morpheme that can indicate inflectional categories.
Adjectives change according to gender, number and case, and when the word becomes plural, the gender disappears as unnecessary. Most often, the inflectional categories of an adjective can be clarified using its ending in combination with the ending of a noun. Sometimes it happens that an adjective is used with and at the end it is not possible to obtain complete information about the word. In this case, the meaning of the gender, number and case of the noun will depend on the ending of the adjective. The number of the adjective plays an important role here, since it affects all indicators at once.
Short and long forms of adjectives
Most adjectives have a short and full form. During the existence of the Old Church Slavonic (Old Russian) language, short forms had priority, but now the situation has changed exactly the opposite.
Adjectives in their full form are most often placed before a noun, in which case they play the role of a determiner in a sentence. If the full adjective appears after a noun, it is most often a nominal part of a compound nominal predicate. If there is no verb in the sentence, the adjective takes on the role of the predicate.
Most often they are located after the noun, in this case they play the role of the nominal part of a compound nominal predicate. If a sentence has a predicate expressed by a verb, a short adjective can play the function of a separate agreed definition.
Short forms of adjectives (qualitative)
Some qualitative adjectives have retained their short form; these are remnants of the active use of this phenomenon in the Old Russian language. These forms usually denote temporary features that may be applicable to a particular situation, in addition, they can convey a softened categorical assessment of a particular feature.
The short form is formed using the stems of full adjectives, to which gender endings should be added. When forming short masculine adjectives, an alternation of the letters “o” and “e” with a zero sound may appear; this phenomenon is a consequence of the fall of the reduced ones.
It is important to be able to distinguish short forms from truncated adjectives, which are actively used in folklore and fiction. Short adjectives can only be qualitative and change only in gender and number; they are most often used in postposition in relation to a noun.
Adjective categories
To understand how an adjective changes, it is necessary to touch upon its lexical and grammatical categories. Qualitative adjectives can denote the qualities of people, objects and animals, color characteristics, and also give a general assessment of any phenomenon discussed in the sentence.
Relative adjectives are distinguished by the fact that they express the attribute of an object indirectly, through their relationship to an object or some action. They are used to indicate attitudes toward persons, animals, objects, actions, concepts, places, times and numbers. Lexical meaning is conveyed using special suffixes.
Possessive adjectives are the most difficult category. In the broad sense of the word, it includes adjectives with possessive suffixes, in a narrow sense - a part of speech must simultaneously have two characteristics - a suffix and an individual affiliation with a person or object.
How to analyze an adjective?
Morphological analysis of an adjective is a fairly simple procedure that can be completed in a few minutes. The analysis scheme works the same for both school and university levels, so it will not cause any difficulties or additional hassle. If necessary, you can consult linguistic reference books.
In the analysis, it is necessary to indicate: the word form, whether the word form belongs to the part of speech, the categorical meaning, the initial form + a question to it, and a semantic question. Next, you need to indicate all lexical and grammatical indicators and the type of declension (with indicators). For qualitative adjectives, you will need to indicate comparatives and short forms (with evidence in the form of indicators). Next, it is necessary to note by what nominal indicators the adjective agrees with number, case), and indicate its syntactic function in the sentence.
Unstressed endings of adjectives
Quite often a situation arises when it is very difficult to check, since it is unstressed. In this case, you will need to use a whole series of questions (which one? which one? which one? which one? which ones?). You should also remember about exceptions - adjectives ending in “-y”, “-e”, “-ya”, “-iy”, in most forms they have a soft sign before the ending: rabbit, rabbit, rabbit.
The exception is the nominative and accusative singular masculine forms. If the adjective was formed from the name of a month, the soft sign will be preserved: July - July.
How is an adjective learned?
Previously, the deadline for learning the adjective (3rd grade) did not suit everyone, which is why children today learn about parts of speech much earlier than previous generations. An adjective is much easier to learn because it is closely related to another part of speech - a noun, and even has similar grammatical indicators.
To learn how an adjective changes, you need to make every effort in class and listen carefully to your teacher. However, if a child accidentally missed a lesson and it is now very difficult for him to catch up, he can open any reference book from a large amount of scientific literature and find the answer to the question that interests him. The answer in this case may not always be correct, and this must be taken into account when searching.
In the university format, the adjective is studied much more deeply, but a small number of hours are provided for its development, which will help the student repeat only a basic understanding of this part of speech. However, university students have access to libraries and can easily and quickly find the information they need.
§1. General characteristics of the adjective
An adjective is an independent significant part of speech.
1. Grammatical meaning- “sign of an object.”
Adjectives include words that answer the questions: which?, whose?
2. Morphological characteristics:
- constants - rank by value, for qualitative ones: full/short form and degrees of comparison,
- changeable - case, number, singular - gender.
3. Syntactic role in a sentence: for full forms of qualitative adjectives, as well as for relative and possessive adjectives - a definition, for short forms of qualitative adjectives - part of a compound nominal predicate.
§2. Morphological features of adjectives
An adjective, like other parts of speech, has a set of morphological features. Some of them are permanent (or unchangeable). Others, on the contrary, are impermanent (or changeable). So, for example, the adjective sweet is a qualitative adjective, full form, positive degree of comparison. In a sentence, this word can be in different cases and numbers, and in the singular - in different genders. In the illustration, dotted lines lead to changeable features. The ability to be in full or short form, in a positive - comparative - superlative degree, is considered by linguists to be permanent characteristics. Different permanent signs are expressed differently. For example:
sweeter - comparative degree of adjective sweet expressed by the suffix -sche- and the absence of an ending,
less sweet - the comparative degree of the adjective sweet is expressed by the combination less + sweet,
sweet - short form of the adjective in singular. m.r. has a null ending, while the full form sweet has the ending -й.
Inconstant features: case, number, gender (singular) are expressed by endings: sweet, sweet, sweet, sweet, etc.
§3. Classes of adjectives by meaning
Depending on the nature of the meaning, adjectives are divided into:
- qualitative: big, small, good, bad, cheerful, sad,
- relative: golden, tomorrow, forest, spring,
- possessive: fox, wolf, father's, mother's, fathers.
Qualitative adjectives
Qualitative adjectives denote characteristics that can be expressed to a greater or lesser extent. Answer the question: Which?
They have:
- full and short forms: good - good, cheerful - cheerful
- degrees of comparison: small - less - smallest and smallest.
Most quality adjectives are non-derivative words. The stems of qualitative adjectives are producing stems from which adverbs are easily formed: bad ← bad, sad ← sad.
The meanings of qualitative adjectives are such that most of them enter into a relationship
- synonyms: large, large, huge, enormous
- antonymies: big - small.
Relative adjectives
Relative adjectives are related in meaning to the words from which they are derived. That is why they are so named. Relative adjectives are always derived words: golden←gold, tomorrow←tomorrow, forest←forest, spring←spring. Features expressed by relative adjectives do not have different degrees of intensity. These adjectives do not have degrees of comparison, as well as full and short forms. Answer the question: Which?
Possessive adjectives
These adjectives express the idea of belonging. Unlike qualitative and relative adjectives, they answer the question: Whose? Possessive adjectives do not have degrees of comparison, as well as full and short forms.
Suffixes of possessive adjectives: lisiy - -ii- [ii’], mamin - -in-, sinitsin - [yn], fathers - -ov-, Sergeev -ev-.
Possessive adjectives have a special set of endings. Even from the above examples it is clear that in the initial form (im.p., singular, m.r.) they have a zero ending, while other adjectives have endings -
-y, -y, -oh.
Forms im.p. and v.p. possessive adjectives and plural, like nouns, and the rest - like adjectives:
Singular
Name w.r. - a: mother’s, fox, m.r. - : , mother’s, fox, m.r. - oh, e: mom’s, fox.
Rod.p. w.r. - oh, her: mom’s, fox’s, m.r. and w.r. - wow, his: mom’s, fox’s.
Daten.p. w.r. - oh, her: mom’s, fox’s, m.r. and w.r. - oh, him: mother’s, fox’s.
Vin.p. w.r. - u, yu: mother’s, fox, m.r. and Wed r. - as im.p. or r.p.
Tv.p. w.r. - oh, her: mom’s, fox’s, m.r. and w.r. - ym, them: mother’s, fox’s.
P.p. w.r. - oh, her: mom’s, fox’s, m.r. and w.r. - oh, I eat: my mother’s, fox’s.
Plural
Name - s, and: mother’s, foxes.
Rod.p. - oh, them: mother’s, fox’s.
Daten.p. - ym, them: mother’s, fox’s.
Vin.p. - as im.p. or v.p.
Tv.p. - s, them: mother’s, fox’s.
P.p. - oh, them: mother’s, fox’s.
Adjectives can move from one category to another. Such transitions are determined by the peculiarities of the context and are associated, as a rule, with the use of adjectives in figurative meanings. Examples:
- fox nora is a possessive adjective, and fox cunning is relative (does not belong to a fox, but like a fox)
- bitter medicine is a qualitative adjective, and bitter truth is relative (correlates with bitterness)
- light bag is a qualitative adjective, and light life - relative (correlates with ease)
§4. Full and short forms of qualitative adjectives
Qualitative adjectives have both forms: full and short.
In full form they bow, i.e. vary by number, by gender (in singular) and by case. Full adjectives in a sentence can be a modifier or part of a compound nominal predicate.
Late at night they left the house.
Late - qualitative adjective, positive. degree, complete, in the form of singular parts, zh.r., tv.p.
In short form, adjectives are not inflected. They do not change by case. Short adjectives vary in number and gender (singular). Short forms of adjectives in a sentence are usually part of a compound nominal predicate.
The girl is sick.
Sick - qualitative adjective, positive. degree, short form, units, w.r. In modern language, as definitions, short adjectives come in stable lexical combinations, for example: a beautiful maiden, in broad daylight.
Don't be surprised:
Some qualitative adjectives in modern language have only short forms, for example: glad, must, much.
Relative and possessive adjectives have only the full form. Please note: possessive adjectives with the suffix -in- in im.p. the form of v.p. coinciding with it. ending - as in short forms.
§5. Degrees of comparison
Qualitative adjectives have degrees of comparison. This is how language expresses the fact that signs can have a greater or lesser degree. Tea can be sweet to a greater or lesser extent, right? And language conveys this content.
Degrees of comparison thus convey the idea of comparison. They do this systematically. There are three degrees: positive, comparative, superlative.
- Positive - this means that the trait is expressed without assessing the degree: tall, cheerful, warm.
- The comparative determines a greater or lesser degree: higher, more cheerful, warmer, taller, more cheerful, warmer, less tall, less cheerful, less warm.
- The superlative expresses the greatest or least degree: the highest, the most cheerful, the warmest, the highest, the most cheerful, the warmest.
From the examples it is clear that the degrees of comparison are expressed in different ways. In the comparative and superlative degrees, the meaning is conveyed either using suffixes: higher, more cheerful, highest, most cheerful, or using words: more, less, most. Therefore, comparative and superlative degrees of comparison can be expressed:
- simple forms: higher, highest,
- compound forms: taller, less tall, highest.
Among the simple forms in the Russian language, as well as in other languages, for example, in English, there are forms formed from another stem.
- good, bad - positive degree
- better, worse - comparative degree
- best, worst - superlative
Words in simple and complex comparative and superlative degrees change differently:
- Comparative degree (simple): above, below - does not change.
- Comparative degree (complex): lower, lower, lower - the adjective itself changes, change is possible by cases, numbers, and in the singular - by gender.
- Superlative degree (simple): highest, highest, highest - changes according to cases, numbers, and in the singular - according to gender, i.e. as in a positive degree.
- Superlative degree (complex): the highest, the highest, the highest - both words change according to cases, numbers, and in the singular - according to gender, i.e. as in a positive degree.
Adjectives in simple comparative form in a sentence are part of the predicate:
Anna and Ivan are brother and sister. Anna is older than Ivan. She used to be taller, but now Ivan is taller.
Other forms of comparison can be used both as a definition and as a predicate:
I approached the older guys.
The guys were more mature than I thought.
I turned to the oldest guys.
These guys are the oldest of those who study in the circle.
Test of strength
Check your understanding of this chapter.
Final test
Is an adjective an independent part of speech?
What adjectives can express characteristics that are expressed to a greater or lesser extent?
- Quality
- Relative
- Possessives
Which adjectives are characterized by lexical relations of synonymy and antonymy?
- For quality
- For relative
- For possessives
Are relative adjectives derivatives?
Which full adjectives have a special set of endings?
- In quality
- In relative
- In possessive
Do adjectives change by case in their full form?
What forms of adjectives are characterized by the syntactic role of definition?
- For overweight people
- For short
Do all adjectives change by case?
- Not all
Do all adjectives change according to gender?
- Not all
Do superlative adjectives change according to case?
Can comparatives or superlatives be expressed in one word?
Can adjectives change from one category of meaning to another?
Correct answers:
- Quality
- For quality
- In possessive
- For overweight people
- Not all
- Not all
Qualitative adjectives have a constant feature - they have full and short forms. This article describes in detail the types of relationships between the two forms and provides illustrative examples for securing the material.
What are the forms of adjectives?
In the Russian language, there are full and short forms of adjectives. This grammatical feature is constant and is characteristic only of qualitative adjectives:
- Full adjectives– attributive, inflected forms (change according to gender, number, cases), neutral in meaning. In sentences they are most often used as a definition. Examples of full adjectives: dry, cold, red, neat.
- Short adjectives– predicative, indeclinable forms (change only by gender and number, not indeclinable by cases), differ in book meaning. In sentences, as a rule, a nominal predicate appears. Examples of short adjectives: distant, young, white, meek.
Full and short adjectives are studied at school in the 5th grade.
Types of relationships between full and short forms of adjectives
Not all words of a given part of speech have full and short forms of adjectives. Based on the presence (or absence) of this grammatical feature, adjectives are divided into three groups:
- Adjectives that have both full and short forms (good - good, cheerful - cheerful, fresh - fresh, smart - smart). Short forms are formed by adding endings to the adjective stem -a (s), -o (s), -s (s) And zero (cute - sweet, strong - strong).
- Adjectives that have only the full form. These include – adjectives with evaluation suffixes (tall, green), qualitative adjectives formed from relative (coffee, brown, milk) naming the colors of animals (bay, brown) and non-derivative adjectives (alien, former).
- Adjectives that have only a short form (too small, necessary, much, dear).
TOP 1 articlewho are reading along with this
The category of completeness/brevity is realized only in the category of qualitative adjectives and is formed by the opposition of two forms - full and short - of the same adjective: white - white; old - old
The short form is formed by adding positive degree endings to the stem: Ø for the masculine gender, - PO Box for women, - o/e for average, - s/s for plural ( deep-Ø , deep-a, deep-o, deep-i).
If at the end of the stem there is a combination of consonants with<н>or<к>, then when forming the m.r. a “fluent” vowel appears ( thin - thin, full - full). For adjectives with stems ending in –enn (such as painful, artificial, frivolous, numerous) in the form m.r. truncation occurs -n (painful (cf. painful), artificial).
A short form is not formed from qualitative adjectives, which
1) have suffixes characteristic of relative adjectives - sk-, -ov-/-ev-, -n-: brown, coffee, fraternal;
2) indicate the colors of animals: brown, black;
3) have suffixes of subjective assessment: tall, blue.
From adjective small the short form is formed by truncation of the stem suffix – yenk - (small – small, few, small), and from the adjective big– suppletive (big - great, great, great, great).
Short form only have adjectives much, should, glad, necessary, too big, too small etc.
The short and full forms of the adjective differ in morphological, syntactic and semantic features. The short form does not change by case; in a sentence it appears primarily as a nominal part of the predicate (cases like beautiful girl, white flammable stone are phraseologically archaic); the short form acts as a definition only in a separate syntactic position ( Angry at the whole world, he almost stopped leaving the house).
In the position of the predicate, the meaning of the full and short forms usually coincides, but for some adjectives the following semantic differences are possible between them:
1) the short form denotes excessive manifestation of a trait with a negative assessment, cf.: short skirt – short skirt;
2) the short form denotes a temporary sign, the full form – permanent, cf.: the child is sick - the child is sick.
The short form always names the main feature of the subject. The full form can denote both an additional attribute of an object (The cheerful girl was beautiful) and the main attribute of the same object (The cheerful girl was beautiful).
Degrees of comparison of adjectives
Qualitative adjectives are characterized by an inflectional category of degrees of comparison formed by the forms positive, comparative and superlative degrees(comparative degree is called comparative, and excellent - superlative).
Positive degree comparison is the original form of the adjective, when compared with which the grammatical meaning of the comparative and superlative degrees is realized.
Comparative degree an adjective indicates that the attribute expressed by the adjective is characteristic of a given object to a greater extent than of another ( Petyahigher Vasya; This riverdeeper than the other) or the same item in other circumstances ( Petya is taller than he was last year; The river is deeper in this place than in that one).
Superlative shows that the attribute expressed by the adjective is characteristic of this object to the highest degree compared to all compared objects ( beautiful from gifts, most high house in the city).
The forms of comparative and superlative degrees of comparison can be synthetic And analytical.
1. Synthetic(simple) form of comparative degree denotes a greater degree of manifestation of the characteristic and is formed as follows: positive degree stem + formative suffixes -ee(s), -e, -she/-zhe (faster, higher, earlier, deeper).
If at the end of a stem of a positive degree there is an element To / OK, this segment is often truncated: deep - deep.
Some adjectives have suppletive forms, that is, formed from another base: bad is worse, good is better.
When forming a simple comparative degree, a prefix can be added By- (newer). Simple comparative degree with prefix By– is used if the adjective takes the position of an inconsistent definition ( Give me a newer newspaper) and does not require introducing into the sentence what this feature is being compared with. If there is in a sentence both what is being compared and what is being compared with, the prefix By- adds a conversational tone ( These boots are newer than those).
The morphological features of the simple comparative degree are uncharacteristic of an adjective. This
1) immutability,
2) the ability to control a noun,
3) use primarily as a predicate ( He is taller than his father). The position of definition can only be occupied by a simple comparative degree in a separate position ( Much taller than the other students, he seemed almost an adult) or in a non-separated position with an attachment By– in position after a noun ( Buy me some fresh newspapers).
Analytical The (compound) form of the comparative degree is formed using auxiliary words more/less + positive degree ( more/less high).
The difference between a compound comparative degree and a simple one is as follows:
1) the compound comparative degree is broader in meaning, since it denotes not only a greater, but also a lesser degree of manifestation of a characteristic;
2) the compound comparative degree changes in the same way as the positive degree of comparison (original form), i.e. according to gender, number and cases, and can also appear in a short form ( more beautiful);
3) a compound comparative degree can be either a predicate or a non-isolated and isolated definition ( A less interesting article was presented in this journal. This article is less interesting than the previous one.)
2. The superlative degree of comparison, like the comparative, can be simple and compound.
Synthetic The (simple) form of the superlative degree of comparison of an adjective is formed as follows: the basis of the positive degree + formative suffixes -eysh– / -aysh-(after k, g, x, causing alternation): good, high aish
When forming a simple superlative degree of comparison, the prefix can be used nai-: kindest.
Morphological features of the simple superlative degree of comparison of adjectives: variability by gender, number, case, use of the attribute and predicate in the syntactic function. The simple superlative degree of comparison of an adjective does not have a short form.
Analytical The (compound) superlative form of adjectives is formed in three ways:
1) element the most + positive degree ( the smartest);
2) element most/least+ positive degree ( most/least smart);
3) simple comparative degree + element total/everyone (He was smarter than everyone).
The forms of the compound superlative degree, formed by the first and second methods, have morphological features characteristic of the positive degree, i.e. they vary by gender, number and case, and can have a short form ( most convenient), act both as a definition and as a nominal part of the predicate. Forms of the compound superlative degree, formed in the third way, are unchangeable and act primarily as the nominal part of the predicate.
Not all qualitative adjectives have forms of degrees of comparison, and the absence of simple forms of degrees of comparison is observed more often than the absence of compound forms.
3. Word-formation “degrees of quality” do not indicate the actual intensity of the attribute, but its subjective assessment by the speaker: forest green . Formed:
1) by adding the prefixes arch-, ultra-, super-, time-, pre-, all- (arch-modern, ultra-right, super-powerful, etc.);
2) by adding the suffixes –ovat-/-evat-, -onk-/-enk-, -okhonk-/-eshenk-, -ush-/-yush-, -enn- (plump, bluish, long, hefty, etc.) d.);
3) repetition of the basics, often with prefixation in the second part (darling-cute, cheerful-cheerful).
Question 13. Adverb. Classification of adverbs by meaning. State category words, their meaning, morphological features and syntactic function. Distinguishing homonymous forms of adjectives, adverbs and words of the state category.
Adverb - This is an independent part of speech, denoting a sign of an action, another sign, state, or rarely an object. Adverbs are unchangeable (with the exception of qualitative adverbs in - O / -e) and are syntactically adjacent to verbs, adjectives, adverbs, as well as special words naming the states of living beings and the environment ( run fast, very fast, very fast).
In rare cases, an adverb may be attached to a noun: running a race(a noun has the meaning of action), soft-boiled egg, Warsaw coffee. In these cases, the adverb acts as an inconsistent definition.
The main morphological property of adverbs is their immutability - this is their constant morphological feature. However, qualitative adverbs in - O / -e, formed from qualitative adjectives, have degrees of comparison.
Due to its immutability, an adverb is associated with other words in a sentence by adjacency. In a sentence it is usually an adverbial adverbial clause.
Some adverbs can act as a nominal part of predicates. Most often these are predicates of impersonal sentences ( The sea is quiet), however, some adverbs can also serve as predicates of two-part sentences ( The conversation will be frank. She is married).
