In this chapter:

§1. Sentences with introductory words

Introductory words are highlighted in oral speech by intonation, and in written speech by commas.

The problem of punctuation in sentences with introductory words is not related to punctuation marks as such, but to the recognition of introductory words. Since introductory words are not members of the sentence and are not syntactically related to any members of the sentence, they can always be removed from the sentence. This can serve as a check to determine whether a word is introductory.

Luckily, you're right.

(fortunately- introductory word, it can be omitted: You are right. The main content of the sentence and its structure will not be affected)

The dishes break fortunately.

(fortunately, it is a member of a sentence; it cannot be omitted, since the meaning and grammatical structure of the sentence will be violated. The dishes are breaking. And Dishes break fortunately- it's not the same thing)

Introductory words with preceding conjunctions

1. Often introductory words appear in simple sentences immediately after coordinating conjunctions. In this case, conjunctions and introductory words are not separated by commas, for example:

Call me this evening, or whenever it is more convenient for you.
Or maybe she got sick?

(union A and the introductory word are not separated by a comma)

Indeed, we never met again.

(union And and the introductory word are not separated)

2. If introductory words appear after conjunctions in complex sentences, then the conjunction and the introductory word are separated by a comma, for example:

He came to us, but, unfortunately, I was away.

(the conjunction but and the introductory word are separated by a comma)

Vitka knew that, unfortunately, he shouldn’t trust her.

(the subordinating conjunction and the introductory word are separated by a comma)

Introductory words as part of a separate construction

Separated by commas

1) if they stand in the middle of a turn:

Having read, in my opinion, all the books in the school library, the boy signed up for the city library.

2) if they stand before phrases beginning with conjunctions like and so, for example:

In the morning she woke up and could no longer sleep, in essence, as always.
He fell silent, probably to end the conversation.

Not separated by commas

1) often introductory words begin a clarifying turn. There is no comma after them, for example:

In the house opposite, more precisely on the third floor, a girl lived.

2) a comma is not placed before the introductory word at the end of a separate phrase.

He constantly uses dictionaries, Ozhegov for example.

Sentences with the word however.

The word however can be:
1) an introductory word,
2) union,
3) interjection.

Homonyms can be distinguished by meaning, place in a sentence, role.

1.However, it is an introductory word in the middle or at the end of a sentence and must be separated by commas:

I should, however, meet him.
I should have met him, though.

2. At the beginning of a sentence or at the beginning of a part of a complex sentence, however, there is a conjunction; a comma after it is not needed. However - a conjunction synonymous with the conjunction but. Examples:

He promised to come to us more often. However, he didn't call again.
We waited for him, but he did not come.

3. However, it is used as an interjection. In this case, the word is highlighted with a comma or exclamation point, for example:

However! What a downpour!
However, what frost!

§2. Sentences with introductory sentences

1. Constructions with introductory sentences are separated by commas.

I think you're wrong.
I think you are wrong.
You're wrong, I think.

(many introductory sentences have synonyms among the introductory words. For example: I think, I think, I believe, I believe, I believe, I think and in my opinion are synonymous)

2. If a sentence is complicated by homogeneous members, isolations and other components that require commas, then introductory sentences can be highlighted with dashes or parentheses. The same is possible in complex sentences.

§3. Offers with plug-in structures

Plug-in designs are more diverse and independent. They are highlighted by dashes or parentheses. Inside the insert, punctuation marks are placed according to punctuation rules. Plug-in constructions are easy to recognize: they carry additional information and are pronounced in a special way: they are distinguished by pauses, spoken at a higher tempo, and most often in a lower voice.

The arrival of Lyudmila - it was she - turned out to be a complete surprise for everyone.
Following the Phoenicians in the 7th century. BC. The Greeks (Phoceans) came to Spain, especially after the founding of Massalia (now Marseille) around 600 BC (Dictionary of Antiquity).

In contact with

I. Introductory words, phrases and sentences - syntactic constructions that are included in a sentence to express one or another attitude of the speaker to the content of the statement: confidence/uncertainty in the reliability of what is being communicated; emotional assessment; indications of logical relationships between parts of a statement; to the source of the message; characteristics of the method and techniques of forming thoughts; assessing the measure or degree of normality of what is being said; expressions of attitude towards the interlocutor. On the letter introductory structures are highlighted or separated by commas or (less commonly) dashes (dashes are used to set off significantly common introductory sentences). For example: 1) To tell the truth, Morozka did not like the rescued one at first sight (A. Fadeev). 2) In the evening, do you remember, the blizzard was angry... (A. Pushkin). 3) Let the enemy leave, or- as they say in the solemn language of military regulations- let him have a blast- this is a major nuisance for intelligence officers (E. Kazakevich). 4) Here, I think, I have better eyes (I. Turgenev). I spent the evening, as usual, with the commandant (A. Pushkin). 6) Here, to the indescribable 7) To Petya’s delight, an entire metalworking workshop has been built on the old kitchen table (V. Kataev). 7) The heroine of this novel, of courseOf course, there was Masha (L. Tolstoy).

II. When two introductory words meet, a comma is placed between them: 1) So, for example, I have not yet comprehended the poetry of the sea, perhaps, however, because I have not yet seen either the “silent” or the “azure” sea (I. Goncharov). 2) Frankly speaking, it would be a pity to sadden them... (M. Lermontov).

III. Being close to coordinating conjunctions, introductory structures are separated or not separated by commas depending on the context. Introductory words are separated from the preceding conjunction by a comma if the introductory word can be omitted or rearranged to another place in the sentence without disturbing its structure; if deletion or rearrangement of the introductory word is impossible, then a comma is not placed after the conjunction. For example: 1) We decided to continue our journey without a guide, but, to our great chagrin, we completely lost the path (V. Arsenyev); Swimming became monotonous and, I admit, a little boring (I. Goncharov); I will place an advertisement in the newspapers, and, believe me, I will find you a room (M. Bulgakov); Terenty supplemented himself with minor plumbing work; but, firstly, there was little work, and, secondly, urgent matters took up a lot of time (V. Kataev); For them he is a hero, but, to be honest, I imagine heroes differently (I. Turgenev); After dinner, Kliment Ivanovich fell into thought, or, to put it bluntly, became slightly sleepy (I. Turgenev). 2) In the dark fog, fragmentary and incoherent visions began to appear, so incoherent and distant from one another, as if they were flying to me from different people, maybe, and not only from people (V. Rasputin); The misfortune did not change him at all, but on the contrary, he became even stronger and more energetic (I, Turgenev).

Introductory words after conjunctions used at the absolute beginning of a sentence are not separated by a comma: 1) And in the veryIn fact, voices were heard below (A. Chekhov). 2) And indeed, everything worked out amazingly on time and smoothly for him (V. Kaverin).

IV. If the introductory word is at the beginning or end of a separate phrase (isolation, clarification, explanation, accession), then it is not separated from the phrase by any sign; if introductory construction is in the middle of an isolated revolution, then it is separated by commas according to the general rule. Wed: A child apparently frightened by thunderPS, I cried; The child, apparently frightened by the thunderstorm, began to cry; The child, apparently frightened by the thunderstorm, began to cry. For example: 1) Calmly sipping a strawdark, stocky captain, apparently Italian or Greek (V. Kataev)(the introductory word is at the beginning of a separate application); ...About ten people, of courseincluding me, were not worth this appointment... (S. Aksakov)(introductory word at the beginning of the connecting structure); I didn’t find anyone in it except a sick donkey, probably abandoned here by fleeing villagers (A. Pushkin)(introductory word at the beginning of the participle phrase). 2) U porchof the cathedral, gray, shabby people milled around the stones, apparently expecting something, and buzzed like wasps of a ruined nest (M. Gorky)(the introductory word is in the middle of the adverbial phrase).

V. Depending on the context, the same words act either as introductory words (hence, not members of the sentence), or as members of the sentence. Wed: 1) All kagot tired firmly harmonious nom (M. Gorky). She seemed to be waiting for the question (M. Lermontov). 2) The view from the shaft was beautiful: With on one side the wide clearing ended in a forest, on the other there ran a small river (M. Lermontov). Chichikov ordered to stop for two reasons: on the one hand, to give the horses a rest, on the other- and get some rest and refreshment yourself (N. Gogol).

a) Word finally is introductory if it indicates a connection of thoughts and has the meaning “and also”: 1) Forest air is healing: it lengthens life, it increases our vitality, and, finally, it turns the mechanical, and sometimes difficult for us, process of breathing into pleasure (K. Paustovsky).

Word finally is not introductory (and is not distinguished by commas in the letter) if it means “at the end”, “after everything”, “as a result of everything” (usually in this case you can add a particle to it -That): 1) Served excellently-blahcity, his father lived in debt, gave three balls every year and finally squandered it (A. Pushkin). 2) Exhausted, dirty, wet, we finally reached the shore (I. Turgenev).

b) Word however is introductory if it is in the middle or at the end of a sentence: 1) Here, however, was the color of the capital, and the nobility, and models of fashion... (A. Pushkin).

At the beginning of a simple sentence however has the meaning “but” and is not separated by a comma: 1) Although it seems there are elephantsAn intelligent breed, however, there is a freak in the family (I. Krylov).

c) Word Means is introductory if it is synonymous with the word therefore: What if she doesn’t even nowrecognized him, it means she simply forgot him (V. Belov). If Means synonymous with the word means it is not introductory and is not separated by commas: This isMeans - embrace the firmament, clasp your hands around the huge Hercules, this means- centuries on end, nights onsquander the clicking of the warblers! (B. Pasternak).

VI. They are not introductory and are not separated by commas: as if, in addition, suddenly, after all, ultimately, hardly, after all, even, hardly, precisely, just, besides, approximately, approximately, moreover, moreover, therefore, supposedly etc. under. (particles, adverbs).

Theory for task A22 of the Unified State Exam in the Russian language. Punctuation marks in sentences with words and constructions that are grammatically unrelated to the members of the sentence (addresses, introductory words, introductory and inserted constructions)

Appeal

Appeal- these are words that name the person to whom the speech is addressed: Old man, I heard many times that you saved me from death. (M. Lermontov)

The appeal is not part of the sentence.

An address may have dependent words; such an address is called common: Hello, Dear Granny!

Addresses in letters are separated by commas: Full, my steppe, sleep soundly. (A. Koltsov); Oh Pushchin, windy sage\ (A. Pushkin). Sorry, faithful oak forests!(A. Pushkin)

Introductory words, introductory and plug-in constructions

Introductory words- these are words or combinations of words with which the speaker expresses his attitude to the content of the statement (for example, confidence, uncertainty, possibility, assumption, joy, surprise, etc.), indicate the sequence of presentation, the source of the message: Certainly, he was right; They, Firstly, they live not so far away, and secondly, on such a day you definitely need to come.

Introductory words are not part of the sentence.

It is necessary to distinguish between introductory words that are not grammatically related to the sentence, and the same words that act as members of the sentence. Wed: They say(aq. cl.), there will be a thunderstorm today. - People do a lot of things They say(predicate). They, it is seen(introductory, next), do not rush. - It is seen(predicate) that they are in no hurry.

Several groups of introductory words differ in meaning:

1. Introductory words expressing the speaker’s feelings (joy, regret, surprise, grief, amazement, etc.): to chagrin, unfortunately, to chagrin, to joy, unfortunately, probably to surprise, to misfortune, strange thing and etc.

2. Introductory words expressing the speaker’s assessment of the degree of reliability of what is being communicated (confidence, uncertainty, assumption, possibility, etc.): of course, certainly, really, naturally, in fact, really, of course and etc.

3. Introductory words indicating the source of the message: they say, in my opinion, in the opinion of (someone), according to (someone), in someone’s opinion, according to (someone’s) message, they say and etc.

4. Introductory words indicating an assessment of the measure of what is being said: at most, at least without exaggeration and etc.

5. Introductory words indicating the way of expressing the design of thoughts: in one word, in other words, in other words, so to speak, roughly speaking, to put it mildly and etc.

6. Introductory words, which are a call to the interlocutor in order to attract his attention to what is being communicated: listen, do you see, do you see, understand, imagine, pray tell, please and etc.

7. Introductory words describing the assessment of the measure of what is being discussed: at least, at most, without any exaggeration.

Introductory sentences, like introductory words, they express the speaker’s different attitude to what he is communicating, or contain various additional comments and explanations: In the village, according to the stories of old-timers, there once stood a large temple; These conversations (and they lasted a long time) led to big troubles.

Plug-in structures(sentences and phrases) introduce additional information, comments, clarifications, explanations, amendments, etc. into the main content of the sentence, often falling out of the syntactic structure of the whole, for example: The young sparrow fell out of the nest (the wind was shaking the birch trees of the alley strongly) and sat motionless. (I. Turgenev).

Punctuation marks for introductory words, phrases and inserted constructions

Commas highlight:

introductory words and phrases: You, Please, don’t even try to make excuses. (I. Turgenev); May be, stay another day;

introductory sentences: These dogs if I am not mistaken, come from simple mongrels and shepherd dogs. (A. Kuprin).

Note: Words are not introductory and are not separated by commas as if, after all, hardly, approximately, just, after all, certainly, certainly, perhaps, even, exactly, suddenly, I suppose and etc.

The word, however, is introductory if it appears in the middle or at the end of a sentence: They succeeded however, achieve justice. Wed: However (= but) they managed to achieve justice.

Word finally is introductory if it indicates the connection of thoughts, the order of presentation (in the meaning and further), and is not introductory if it means “at the end”, “finally”, “after which”, “as a result of everything”: Can, finally, seek advice from a doctor; Gave three balls every year and squandered it finally.(A. Pushkin).

They are highlighted in brackets.

A lesson on the topic “Punctuation in introductory words, sentences and inserted constructions”, the purpose of which is to: repeat and generalize the knowledge of students, develop skills in competent punctuation of introductory words and inserted constructions in written speech.

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Punctuation for introductory words, sentences and inserted constructions

The purpose of the lesson:

To repeat and generalize students’ knowledge, to develop skills of competent punctuation of introductory words and inserted constructions in written speech.

I. Checking homework

Control vocabulary dictation on spelling conjunctions, derivative prepositions, particles.

Option I

By all means, he had nothing to do with that matter, doing it as if; what would you do to respond; talk about a meeting, say in conclusion, keep in mind, like an eagle, despite the danger, in the flow of a river, put it on the account, for a meeting with friends, find out later, no matter what, be in mind, despite your feet, in for a week, against the mother's wishes, with the exception of anyone.

Option II

Some actions, be that as it may, are also responsible, he is also my classmate, he came to you, on the other side, despite his age, despite restrictions, to do within a week, like a deep trench, to keep in mind, regardless of age, step towards danger, in addition to school, a pattern like a snowflake, instead of an answer, beyond the norm, later met, still went, you also like to talk, what to write in a letter, in the continuation of the story.

After writing the dictation, a mutual check is organized.

Ex. 393. Students write down groups of introductory words on a piece of paper and submit them to the teacher for checking.

Groups of introductory words

Commas highlight introductory words and phrases, among which the following main groups can be mentioned:

1. Introductory words expressing the speaker’s feelings (joy, regret, surprise, etc.) in connection with the message:fortunately, unfortunately, to joy, to chagrin, to chagrin, unfortunately, to regret, to amazement, to surprise, to horror, to shame, to joy, to misfortune, strange thing, amazing thing, uneven hour and etc.;

2. Introductory words expressing the speaker’s assessment of the degree of reality of what is being communicated (confidence, uncertainty, possibility, assumption, etc.):of course, undoubtedly, without any doubt, obviously, indisputably, of course, certainly, probably, possibly, truly, probably, in all likelihood, perhaps, should be, it seems, it would seem, apparently, apparently, perhaps, in fact , isn't it true, essentially, essentially, right, tea, I suppose, we must assume, I hope and etc.;

3. Introductory words indicating the source of the message:they say, report, convey, according to words, according to a message, according to information, in opinion, in my opinion, in your opinion, in your opinion, according to rumors, according to legend, I remember, it is heard, they say and etc.;

4. Introductory words indicating the connection of thoughts, the sequence of presentation:so, therefore, it means, on the contrary, on the contrary, however, further, finally, by the way, in general, in addition, in particular, therefore, for example, for example, thus, by the way, by the way, by the way, in firstly, secondly etc., on the one hand, on the other hand, I repeat, I emphasize and etc.;

5. Introductory words indicating techniques and ways of formatting a statement:in a word, in one word, in other words, in other words, briefly, simply put, to put it mildly, if I may say so, if I may say so, if I may say so, it is better to say, so to speak, or rather to say, more precisely to say, strictly speaking, in general speaking and etc.;

6. Introductory words, which are calls to the interlocutor or reader in order to attract his attention to what is being communicated, to instill a certain attitude towards the facts presented:do you see, see, understand, excuse me, say, let's say, suppose, please and etc.

II. Proposal analysis

1. Sitting somewhere on a mound in the steppe, or on a hillock under a river, or, finally, on a well-known cliff, the blind man listened only to the rustling of leaves... (V. Korolenko)

(the word is finally is introductory if it has the value "enumeration completion"

2. All the cash, the wife’s diamonds, and finally most of the daughter’s dowry were quickly gone. (I. Goncharov)

(the word is finally is not introductory, since it is used in the meaning “at the end” (after everything), performs the function of an adverb of circumstance).

3. Passionately devoted to the master, he, however, rarely does not lie to him about something. (I. Goncharov.) What a lot of trouble, however. A. Chekhov)

(the word however acts as an introductory in the middle or end of a sentence, it should be distinguished from the adversative conjunction however :

The cannonade became weaker, but the crackle of guns behind and to the right was heard more and more often. (L. Tolstoy).

4. In general, one could agree with this statement, but it is necessary to check some data.

(the word in general is introductory since it is used in the meaning “generally speaking”; in other cases the word at all used as an adverb in different meanings:

Pushkin is for Russian art what Lomonosov is for Russian education in general. (I. Goncharov)

5. It now seemed to him that it was not easy to suspect Yakov Lukich of sabotage. (M. Sholokhov)

(A common indefinite-personal introductory sentence is distinguished by a dash. Introductory sentences retain the intonation features of the introductory words. Common introductory sentences are most often distinguished by a dash.)

6. Finally, he ordered the treadmills to be harnessed, dressed warmly (this was already at the end of September) and, driving himself, left the yard (A. Pushkin)

(The insertion sentence introduces an explanation (addition) to the content of the main sentence.) Plug-in structures are of a connecting nature, so they are characterized by the intonation of inclusion. Insertive constructions, unlike introductory ones, cannot occupy space at the beginning of a sentence.)

7. Perhaps (a flattering hope!), a future ignoramus will point to my famous portrait... (A. Pushkin)

8. Before the revolution, he began to grow stronger, he thought about teaching his son at the Novocherkassk cadet school, he thought about feeding three workers near him (at that time, even his heart skipped a beat with joy from the fabulous things that life promised!), he thought, having opened a merchant, to buy from an unlucky landowner - a military foreman Zharov - his half-abandoned rolling mill...

(Inserted exclamatory constructions express the emotions of the speaker (character). In the second (eighth) sentence, the second construction adds clarification.)

III. Stylistic functions of introductory words

Introductory words have a variety of meanings, so they can be used in all speech styles. At the same time, along with inter-style introductory words, in certain categories one can note words with a noticeably pronounced shade of bookishness (it goes without saying, in all likelihood, to deep regretetc.) colloquialism (one can see, one can see, one knows etc.: to know that fate separated us forever).

In fiction, introductory words, along with other artistic means, are often used to create a character’s speech characteristics:

Whether it was under Red or near Leipzig, you can only imagine, his [Captain Kopeikin] arm and leg were torn off. Well, at that time no, you know, such orders had yet been made regarding the wounded: this kind of invalid capital had already been established, you can imagine, in some way, much later. (N. Gogol.)

IV. Stylistic functions of insert designs

Plug-in constructions that have semantic capacity (introduce additional information, additional explanations, clarifications, amendments, comments) are used in various speech styles. Widely used in colloquial speech and in the language of literary works:

It is most prudent and safest to expect a siege inside the city, and to repulse the enemy’s attack with artillery and (if possible) forays. (A. Pushkin.)

Conclusion:

In works of art, introductory words, phrases, sentences, and inserted structures are often used to express the speaker’s attitude to the thought being expressed, to draw attention to what is being communicated, to make the speech expressive, figurative, and also to add a remark or explanation to the sentence.

V. Fixing the material

Ex. 410. D.E. Rosenthal. Russian language. 10-11 grades

Find introductory words and sentences in the text. Explain their function.

Homework

1. Perform exercise. 408. D.E. Rosenthal. Russian language. 10-11 grades

2. Repeat punctuation when addressing; isolation of interjections and word-sentences.