Tendon ganglion. Nerve ganglia (ganglia) Where can it be located?

Ganglion I Ganglion (Greek ganglion, tumor-like formation)

cystic formation in tissues adjacent to tendon sheaths, articular capsules, less often to the periosteum or nerve trunks. G.'s occurrence is associated with constant mechanical irritation. As a professional, G. is found among pianists, typists, and laundresses. Most often, G. is formed in the rear area wrist joint. Less commonly, it occurs on the palmar surface of the hand, inner surface forearm, ankle and knee joints etc.

The ganglion can be single-chambered or multi-chambered. Contains gelatinous liquid with a large number mucin. dense, slightly elastic, with developed fibrous fibers. Multichamber G. have lateral branches that spread into the perisynovial tissue. Often G.'s cavity communicates with the cavity of the tendon sheath or joint.

Characteristic aching pain in the G. area, which intensify with physical activity. Upon examination, a round tumor-like formation measuring 0.5 to 5-6 is detected cm in diameter. On palpation, it has a dense consistency, slightly painful or painless, and sometimes fluctuates. G.'s contours are clear, mobility is weak. The surrounding tissues are without signs of inflammation, above G. is not changed. the joint is not broken. G.'s increase occurs slowly and is not accompanied by deterioration general condition or impaired limb function. ganglion inflammatory process observed very rarely.

To clarify the diagnosis, sometimes they resort to G.'s puncture, during which the gelatinous fluid is evacuated. In a number of patients, G. can be eliminated by several sequential punctures with evacuation of the contents and tight bandaging or the introduction of sclerosing substances into the G.’s cavity. Radical cure occurs with complete excision of the ganglion. IN postoperative period The limb is immobilized with a plaster splint for 2-3 weeks. favorable.

II Ganglion (ganglium; Greek ganglion tumor-like formation)

a cyst in the perisynovial tissue of the joint capsule or synovial sheath containing a gelatinous substance rich in mucin; occurs more often in the area of the wrist joint.

III Ganglion(s) (ganglion, -a, BNA, JNA; ganglium, LNH; . ganglion)

Aortic-renal ganglion(g. aorticorenale, PNA; synonym G. renal-aortic) - G. renal plexus, located at the origin renal artery from the abdominal aorta; gives fibers to the renal plexus.

Arnold's ganglion(g. Arnoldi) -

1) see Middle cardiac ganglion;

2) see Auricular ganglion;

3) see Ganglion splanchnic.

Ganglion tympani(g. tympanicum, PNA; syn.) - sensitive G. tympanic nerve, lying on the medial wall tympanic cavity; provides fibers to the mucous membrane of the tympanic cavity and auditory tube.

Superior mesenteric ganglion(g. mesentericum superius, PNA, BNA; synonym G. mesenteric) - G. celiac plexus, lying at the point of origin of the superior mesenteric artery from the abdominal aorta; provides fiber to organs and blood vessels abdominal cavity.

Mesenteric ganglion caudal(g. mesentericum caudale, JNA) - see Inferior mesenteric ganglion.

Mesenteric ganglion cranial(g. mesentericum craniale, JNA) - see Superior mesenteric ganglion.

Ganglion mesenteric inferior(g. mesentericum inferius, PNA, BNA; synonym G. mesenteric) - vegetative G., lying at the point of origin of the inferior mesenteric artery from the abdominal aorta; provides fibers to the descending colon, sigmoid colon and rectum, vessels and pelvic organs.

Autonomic ganglion(g. autonomicum, LNH; synonym: G. autonomous, G.) - G. formed by the bodies of postganglionic neurons of the autonomic nervous system.

Superior ganglion(g. superius, PNA) -

1) glossopharyngeal nerve (syn. G. intracranial) - sensitive G. glossopharyngeal nerve, lying in the cranial cavity, in jugular foramen;

2) vagus nerve(syn. G. jugular) - sensitive G. vagus nerve, lying in the cranial cavity at the jugular foramen.

Temporal ganglion(g. temporale; syn.) - G. external carotid plexus, lying at the point where the posterior auricular artery departs from the external carotid; gives fibers to the external carotid plexus.

Visceral ganglion(g. viscerale, PNA) - see Autonomic ganglion.

Extracranial ganglion(g. extracraniale, JNA) - see inferior ganglion.

Ganglion splanchnic(g. splanchnicum, PNA, BNA, JNA; syn.) - sympathetic G., lying on the large splanchnic nerve near its entrance to the diaphragm; provides fibers to the celiac plexus.

Ganglion intracranial(g. intracraniale, JNA) - see Superior ganglion.

Ganglion of Wriesberg(g. Wrisbergi) - see Cardiac ganglion.

Gasser ganglion(g. Gasseri) - see Ganglion trigeminal nerve.

Thoracic ganglia(g. thoracica, PNA, JNA; g. thoracalia, BNA) - G. thoracic sympathetic trunk, lying on the sides of the thoracic vertebrae at the heads of the ribs; provide fibers to the vessels and organs of the thoracic and abdominal cavities and, as part of the gray connecting branches, to the intercostal branches.

Diaphragmatic ganglia(g. phrenica, PNA, BNA, JNA) - sympathetic g., located on the lower surface of the diaphragm in the area of the inferior phrenic artery; give fibers to the diaphragm and its vessels.

Ganglion stellate(g. stellatum, PNA) - see Cervicothoracic ganglion.

Ganglion petrosal(g. petrosum, BNA) - see Ganglion inferior.

Ganglion annulus(g. geniculi, PNA, BNA, JNA) - sensitive G. intermediate nerve, located in the area of the bend of the facial canal of the temporal; gives rise to sensory fibers of the intermediate and facial nerve to the taste buds of the tongue.

Ganglion terminal(g. terminale, PNA) - sensitive G. terminal nerve, lying under the cribriform plate of the skull.

Ganglion coccygeal(g. coccygeum) - see Ganglion azygos.

Ganglion of the cranial laryngeal nerve(g. nervi laryngei cranialis, JNA) - unstable sensitive g., found in the thickness of the upper laryngeal nerve; gives fibers to the mucous membrane of the larynx above the glottis.

Sacral ganglia(g. sacralia, PNA, BNA, JNA) - G. sacral sympathetic trunk, lying on the anterior surface of the sacrum; provide fibers to the vessels and organs of the small pelvis and, as part of the nerves of the sacral plexus, to the lower extremities.

Pterygopalatine ganglion(g. pterygopalatinum, PNA, JNA; synonym G. basal palatine) - parasympathetic G., lying in the pterygopalatine fossa; receives preganglionic fibers from the greater petrosal nerve, gives fibers to the lacrimal gland, glands of the mucous membrane of the nasal cavity and mouth.

Langley ganglion- see Submandibular ganglion.

Intervertebral ganglion(g. intervertebrale) - see Spinal ganglion.

Ganglion unpaired(g. impar; syn. G. coccygeal) - unpaired G. of the right and left sympathetic trunks, lying on the anterior surface of the coccyx; provides fibers to the autonomic plexuses of the pelvis.

Ganglion inferior(g. inferius, PNA) -

1) glossopharyngeal nerve (syn.: G. extracranial, G. stony) - sensitive G. glossopharyngeal nerve, located in the stony fossa on the lower surface of the pyramid temporal bone; provides fibers to the tympanic mucosa of the tympanic cavity and auditory tube;

2) vagus nerve (syn.: G. plexus, G. nodular) - sensitive G. vagus nerve, located along the nerve downward from the jugular foramen; provides fiber to the organs of the neck, chest and abdomen.

Ganglion sphenopalatine(g. sphenopalatinum, BNA) - see Pterygopalatine ganglion.

Parasympathetic ganglion(g. parasympathicum, PNA, LNH) - autonomic G., part of the parasympathetic part of the autonomic nervous system.

Ganglion parasympathetic intramural(g. parasympathicum intramurale) - G. p., located in the wall of the innervated organ.

Ganglion of the submandibular(g. submandibulare, PNA, JNA; g. submaxillare, BNA; syn.) - parasympathetic G., located next to the submandibular salivary gland; receives fibers from the lingual nerve, sends fibers to the submandibular salivary gland.

Ganglion sublingual(g. sublinguale, JNA) - parasympathetic G., lying next to the sublingual salivary gland; receives fibers from the lingual nerve (from the chorda tympani), gives fibers to the sublingual salivary gland.

Vertebral ganglion(g. vertebrale, PNA) - G. vertebral plexus lying on vertebral artery at its entrance to the opening in the transverse process VI cervical vertebra; gives fibers to the vertebral plexus.

Ganglion semilunate(g. semilunare, BNA) - see Trigeminal ganglion.

Renal-aortic ganglion(g. renale aorticum) - see Aortic-renal ganglion.

Renal ganglia(g. renalia, PNA) - G. renal plexus, lying along the renal artery; provide fiber to the kidney.

Lumbar ganglia(g. lumbalia, PNA, BNA, JNA) - G. lumbar sympathetic trunk, lying on the anterolateral surface of the lumbar vertebral bodies; provide fibers to the organs and vessels of the abdominal cavity and pelvis, as well as as part of the lumbar plexus to the lower extremities.

Ganglion vestibuli(g. vestibulare, PNA, BNA; g. vestibuli, JNA; synonym Scarpa ganglion) - sensitive G. vestibulocochlear nerve, lying in the internal auditory canal; gives fibers to the vestibular part of the vestibulocochlear nerve.

Intermediate ganglia(g. intermedia) - G. located on the internodal branches of the sympathetic trunk in the cervical and lumbar regions, less often in the thoracic and sacral regions; provide fibers to the vessels and organs of the relevant areas.

Ciliary ganglion(g. ciliare, PNA, BNA, JNA) - parasympathetic g., lying in the orbit on the lateral surface optic nerve; receives fibers from oculomotor nerve, provides fibers to the smooth muscles of the eye.

Cardiac ganglion(g. cardiacum; syn.) - unpaired sympathetic G. of the superficial extracardiac plexus, located on the convex edge of the aortic arch; gives fiber to the heart.

Superior cardiac ganglion(g. cardiacum superius; synonym G. cardiac cranial) - G. upper cardiac cervical nerve, located in its thickness; gives fibers to the cardiac plexuses.

Cardiac cranial ganglion(g. cardiacum craniale) - see Superior cardiac ganglion.

Middle cardiac ganglion(g. cardiacum medium; synonym for Arnold ganglion) - sympathetic G., inconsistently found in the thickness of the middle cardiac cervical nerve; gives fibers to the cardiac plexuses.

Sympathetic ganglion(g. sympathicum, PNA, LNH) - autonomic G., part of the sympathetic part of the autonomic nervous system.

Sympathetic paravertebral ganglion(g. trunci sympathici, PNA, BNA, JNA; synonym G. sympathetic trunk) - the general name of G. of the system located near the spine and forming, together with the internodal branches, a paired trunk.

Sympathetic prevertebral ganglion(g. plexuum autonomicorum, PNA; g. plexuum sympathicorum, BNA, JNA) - the general name of G. s., located in front of the spine near the large great vessels and included in the nerve plexuses (extracardiac, pulmonary, celiac, splenic, hepatic, upper and inferior mesenteric, renal, aortic, etc.).

Ganglion of the sympathetic trunk(g. trunci sympathici) - see Paravertebral sympathetic ganglion.

Ganglion of Scarpa(g. Scarpae) -

1) see vestibular ganglion;

2) see Temporal ganglion.

Solar ganglion(g. solare) - G., formed in the event of the fusion of the right and left celiac G., lying at the beginning of the celiac trunk on the anterior surface of the abdominal aorta; provides fibers to the abdominal organs.

Ganglion sleepy(g. caroticum) - G. internal carotid plexus, located in the area of the second bend of the internal carotid artery; provides fibers to the internal carotid plexus.

Spinal ganglion(g. spinale) - see Spinal ganglion.

Spinal ganglion(g. spinale, PNA, BNA, JNA, LNH; syn.: G. intervertebral, G. spinal,) - the general name of sensitive G. spinal nerves, lying in the corresponding intervertebral foramina and giving fibers to the dorsal roots.

Ganglion plexus-shaped(g. plexiforme) - see inferior ganglion.

Pelvic ganglia(g. pelvina, PNA) - G. lower hypogastric (pelvic) plexus; provide fibers to the pelvic organs.

Trigeminal ganglion(g. trigeminale, PNA; synonym: G. semilunar,) - sensitive G. trigeminal nerve, lying in the trigeminal cavity of the solid meninges on the anterior surface of the pyramid of the temporal bone.

Ganglion nodular(g. nodosum, BNA, JNA) - see inferior ganglion.

Spiral ganglion of the cochlea(g. spirale cochleae, PNA, BNA; synonym Kortaev ganglion) - sensitive G. cochleae part of the vestibulocochlear nerve, lying in the labyrinth inner ear at the base of the spiral plate of the cochlea.

Ganglion of the ear(g. oticum, PNA, BNA, JNA; synonym Arnold ganglion) - parasympathetic G., lying below the foramen ovale on the medial side of the mandibular nerve; receives fibers from the lesser petrosal nerve; gives fibers to the parotid salivary gland.

Craniospinal ganglia(g. craniospinalia, g. encephalospinalia, PNA) - the general name for sensitive G. cranial nerves and spinal G.

Sensitive ganglia of cranial nerves(g. sensorialia nervorum cranialium, PNA; syn.) - G. containing the bodies of sensory neurons, the fibers of which are part of the trigeminal, facial, auditory, glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves.

Celiac ganglion(g. celiacum, PNA; g. coeliacum, BNA, JNA) - G. celiac plexus, located on the anterior surface of the abdominal aorta at the origin of the celiac trunk; provides fiber to the organs and vessels of the abdominal cavity.

Sensitive ganglion- G., containing sensory neurons.

Cervical ganglion(g. cervicale uteri) - G. uterovaginal plexus, located in the area of the pelvic floor; provides fiber to the uterus and vagina.

Cervicothoracic ganglion(g. cervicothoracicum; synonym G. stellate) - G. sympathetic trunk, formed by the fusion of the lower cervical and first thoracic G.; lies at the level of the transverse processes of the lower cervical vertebrae; gives fibers to the intracranial vessels, to the vessels and organs of the neck, chest cavity, and as part of the nerves of the brachial plexus - to the upper limb.

Superior cervical ganglion(g. cervicale superius, PNA, BNA; synonym G. cervical cranial) - G. cervical spine sympathetic trunk, lying at the level of the transverse processes of the II - III cervical vertebrae; provides fiber to the vessels and organs of the head, neck and chest cavity.

Ganglia, or nerve ganglia, are the simplest elements of the macrostructure of the nervous system. It is from them that the “double” is built, and it is they, when merging, that form the head of the insect. In addition, ganglia that are not part of the nerve chain form the sympathetic one, which controls the work of many internal organs, first of all, endocrine system.

The brain (or suprapharyngeal ganglion) contains three pairs of nerve ganglia; they are fused into a single mass, so it is impossible to “recognize” them separately - at least visually. The subpharyngeal ganglion, located just behind the brain, is also usually fused together.

The number of ganglia in the nervous system of different insects is not the same; their number may be reduced, because the nerve ganglia often merge with each other. When nodes unite, the newly formed mass is called synganglium. At the same time, as a result of unification, the “posterior” nodes are shifted anteriorly and become part of the anterior nodes, which shortens the nerve chain.

In exceptional cases it turns out to be very short. For example, in some flies the entire central nervous system is represented by two synanglia: the brain and the nerve “lump” located in the department. They do not have elements of the nerve chain; they only have peripheral nerves.

Structure of the ganglion. Innervation

If we understand the structure of the ganglion in more detail, we can say that it consists of nerve cells different types and their shoots. Using the example of a typical abdominal ganglion, the relationship between the structural elements of the nerve ganglion can be represented as follows.

The ganglion includes processes of sensory nerve cells (their axons), carrying information from receptors. Inside the node they come into contact with the fibers of the motor and interneurons located there. Motor neurons transmit impulses to muscles or glands and provide a motor response to a stimulus. At the same time, intercalary ones are carried to neighboring ganglia and the head

Cells. Typically, the ganglion also has a sheath of connective tissue. Found in many invertebrates and all vertebrates. They often connect with each other, forming various structures (nerve plexuses, nerve chains, etc.).

Invertebrate ganglia

In invertebrate animals, ganglia are commonly referred to as parts of the central nervous system (CNS). The bundles of nerve fibers that connect identical right and left ganglia are called commissures. Bundles connecting unlike ganglia (for example, ganglia of different body segments in arthropods) are called connectives. Ganglia in invertebrates can fuse to form more complex structures; for example, from several fused paired ganglia, the brain of arthropods and cephalopods arose during evolution.

Vertebrate ganglia

In vertebrates, ganglia, on the contrary, are usually called clusters of nerve cells lying outside the central nervous system. Sometimes they speak of the "basal ganglia" of the brain, but more often the term "nuclei" is used for the clusters of neuron cell bodies within the central nervous system. The ganglion system performs a connecting function between various structures nervous system, provides intermediate processing of nerve impulses and control of some functions of internal organs.

There are two large groups of ganglia: dorsal ganglia and autonomic ganglia. The former contain the bodies of sensory (afferent) neurons, the latter - the bodies of neurons of the autonomic nervous system. IN modern medicine There are several concepts of ganglion. Let's look at some of them.

Basal ganglion: is a formation consisting of subcortical neurons (neural ganglia) located in the center white matter, in the cerebral hemispheres (caudate nucleus, globus pallidus, putamen, etc.). Neurons regulate autonomic and motor functions organism, participate in various processes (for example, integrative) of the nervous system.

Autonomic ganglion: It is a nerve ganglion that is one of the inseparable parts of the autonomic nervous system. The autonomic ganglia are located along the spine in two chains. They are small in size - from a fraction of a millimeter to the size of a pea. Autonomic ganglia regulate the functioning of all internal organs, perform the function of supplying and distributing nerve impulses passing through them.

At the moment, the cervical superior nerve ganglion, located at the base of the skull, is the best studied by medicine.

In the medical literature, instead of the term “Ganglion”, the concept “Plexus” is used. However, when using both terms, it should be remembered that a ganglion is still a place where synaptic contacts are connected, and a plexus is a specific number of ganglia connected in an anatomically closed area.

Other meanings

A ganglion can also be designated cystic formations, which can be located around the tendon sheath (see Hygroma). It is usually painless and not prone to malignant progression. However, sometimes there are knots that cause inconvenience and limit movement. Mostly patients complain about cosmetic defect, less often for pain that occurs after physical activity.

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An excerpt characterizing the Ganglion

“Yes, but it’s hard for us to imagine eternity,” said Dimmler, who approached the young people with a meek, contemptuous smile, but now spoke as quietly and seriously as they did.
– Why is it difficult to imagine eternity? - Natasha said. - Today it will be, tomorrow it will be, it will always be and yesterday it was and yesterday it was...
- Natasha! now it's your turn. “Sing me something,” the countess’s voice was heard. - That you sat down like conspirators.
- Mother! I don’t want to do that,” Natasha said, but at the same time she stood up.
All of them, even the middle-aged Dimmler, did not want to interrupt the conversation and leave the corner of the sofa, but Natasha stood up, and Nikolai sat down at the clavichord. As always, standing in the middle of the hall and choosing the most advantageous place for resonance, Natasha began to sing her mother’s favorite piece.
She said that she did not want to sing, but she had not sung for a long time before, and for a long time since, the way she sang that evening. Count Ilya Andreich, from the office where he was talking with Mitinka, heard her singing, and like a student, in a hurry to go play, finishing the lesson, he got confused in his words, giving orders to the manager and finally fell silent, and Mitinka, also listening, silently with a smile, stood in front of count. Nikolai did not take his eyes off his sister, and took a breath with her. Sonya, listening, thought about what a huge difference there was between her and her friend and how impossible it was for her to be even remotely as charming as her cousin. The old countess sat with a happily sad smile and tears in her eyes, occasionally shaking her head. She thought about Natasha, and about her youth, and about how there was something unnatural and terrible in this upcoming marriage of Natasha with Prince Andrei.
Dimmler sat down next to the countess and closed his eyes, listening.
“No, Countess,” he said finally, “this is a European talent, she has nothing to learn, this softness, tenderness, strength...”
- Ah! “how I’m afraid for her, how afraid I am,” said the countess, not remembering who she was talking to. Her maternal instinct told her that there was too much of something in Natasha, and that this would not make her happy. Natasha had not yet finished singing when an enthusiastic fourteen-year-old Petya ran into the room with the news that the mummers had arrived.
Natasha suddenly stopped.
- Fool! - she screamed at her brother, ran up to the chair, fell on it and sobbed so much that she could not stop for a long time.
“Nothing, Mama, really nothing, just like this: Petya scared me,” she said, trying to smile, but the tears kept flowing and sobs were choking her throat.
Dressed up servants, bears, Turks, innkeepers, ladies, scary and funny, bringing with them coldness and fun, at first timidly huddled in the hallway; then, hiding one behind the other, they were forced into the hall; and at first shyly, and then more and more cheerfully and amicably, songs, dances, choral and Christmas games began. The Countess, recognizing the faces and laughing at those dressed up, went into the living room. Count Ilya Andreich sat in the hall with a radiant smile, approving of the players. The youth disappeared somewhere.
Half an hour later, another old lady in hoops appeared in the hall between the other mummers - it was Nikolai. Petya was Turkish. Payas was Dimmler, hussar was Natasha and Circassian was Sonya, with a painted cork mustache and eyebrows.
After condescending surprise, lack of recognition and praise from those not dressed up, the young people found that the costumes were so good that they had to show them to someone else.
Nikolai, who wanted to take everyone along an excellent road in his troika, proposed, taking ten dressed up servants with him, to go to his uncle.

They are called nuclei. They act as connecting links between the structures of the nervous system, carry out the primary processing of impulses, and are responsible for the functions visceral organs.

The human body carries out two types of functions - and vegetative. Somatic involves the perception of external stimuli and response to them using skeletal muscles. These reactions can be controlled by the human consciousness, and the central nervous system is responsible for their implementation.

Vegetative functions - digestion, metabolism, hematopoiesis, blood circulation, breathing, sweating and others - are controlled by the body, which does not depend on human consciousness. In addition to regulating the work of visceral organs, the autonomic system provides trophism to the muscles and central nervous system.

The ganglia responsible for somatic functions represent the spinal nodes and cranial nerve nodes. Autonomic, depending on the location of the centers in the central nervous system, are divided into: parasympathetic and sympathetic.

The former are located in the walls of the organ, and the sympathetic ones are located remotely in a structure called the border trunk.

Structure of the ganglion

Depending on the morphological features, the size of the ganglia ranges from several micrometers to several centimeters. Essentially, it is a collection of nerve and glial cells covered with a connective membrane.

The connective tissue element is penetrated by lymphatic and blood vessels. Each neurocyte (or group of neurocytes) is surrounded by a capsular membrane, lined internally with endothelium and externally with connective tissue fibers. Inside the capsule there is a nerve cell and glial structures that ensure the functioning of the neuron.

A single axon, covered with a myelin sheath, departs from the neuron, which branches into two parts. One of them is part of the peripheral nerve and forms a receptor, and the second is sent to the central nervous system.

Autonomic centers are located in the brainstem and spinal cord. Parasympathetic centers are localized in the cranial and sacral regions, and sympathetic centers in the thoracolumbar region.

Ganglia of the autonomic nervous system

The sympathetic system includes two types of nodes: vertebral and prevertebral.

Vertebral are located on both sides of the spinal column, forming border trunks. They are related to spinal cord with the help of nerve fibers that give rise to white and gray connecting branches. The nerve fibers emerging from the node are directed to the visceral organs.

Prevertebral located at a greater distance from the spine, while they are also located at a distance from the organs for which they are responsible. Examples of prevertebral nodes are the cervical, mesenteric clusters of neurons, and the solar plexus.

Parasympathetic the department is formed by ganglia located on organs or in close proximity to them.

Intraorgan nerve plexuses located on the organ or in its wall. Large intraorgan plexuses are located in the cardiac muscle, in the muscular layer of the intestinal wall, and in the parenchyma of glandular organs.

Ganglia of the autonomic and central nervous systems have the following properties:

conducting the signal in one direction;
the fibers entering the node overlap each other’s zones of influence;
spatial summation (the sum of impulses can generate a potential in a neurocyte);
occlusion (stimulating the nerves causes a smaller response than stimulating each nerve separately).

Synoptic delay in autonomic ganglia greater than in similar structures of the central nervous system, and the postsynaptic potential is long-lasting. A wave of excitation in ganglion neurocytes is replaced by depression. These factors lead to a relatively low impulse rhythm, compared to the central nervous system.

What functions do ganglia perform?

The main purpose of the autonomic nodes is the distribution and transmission of nerve impulses, as well as the generation of local reflexes. Each ganglion, depending on its location and trophic characteristics, is responsible for the functions of a specific area of the body.

Ganglia are characterized by autonomy from the central nervous system, which allows them to regulate the activity of organs without the participation of the brain and spinal cord.

The structure of the intramural nodes contains pacemaker cells that can set the frequency of contractions of the smooth muscles of the intestine.

The peculiarity is associated with the interruption of central nervous system fibers to the internal organs at the peripheral nodes autonomic system where they form synapses. In this case, the axons emerging from the ganglion directly influence the internal organ.

Each nerve fiber entering the sympathetic ganglion innervates up to thirty postganglionic neurocytes. This makes it possible to multiply the signal and spread the excitation impulse leaving the nerve ganglion.

In the parasympathetic nodes, one fiber innervates no more than four neurocytes, and impulse transmission occurs locally.

Ganglia – reflex centers

The ganglia of the nervous system take part in the reflex arc, which makes it possible to correct the activity of organs and tissues without the participation of the brain. At the end of the nineteenth century, the Russian histologist Dogel, as a result of experiments on the study of nerve plexuses in gastrointestinal tract, identified three types of neurons - motor, intercalary and receptor, as well as synapses between them.

The presence of receptor nerve cells also confirms the possibility of transplanting heart muscle from a donor to a recipient. If the regulation of heart rate was carried out through the central nervous system, after heart transplantation the nerve cells would undergo degeneration. Neurons and synapses in the transplanted organ continue to function, which indicates their autonomy.

At the end of the twentieth century, the mechanisms of peripheral reflexes that make prevertebral and intramural vegetative nodes were experimentally established. Ability to create reflex arc characteristic of some nodes.

Local reflexes allow you to relieve the central nervous system and regulate important functions more reliable, able to continue the autonomous operation of internal organs in the event of interruption of communication with the central nervous system.

Autonomic nodes receive and process information about the functioning of organs, and then send it to the brain. This triggers a reflex arc in both the autonomic and somatic systems, which triggers not only reflexes, but also conscious behavioral responses.

GANGLIA GANGLIA

(from grsch. ganglion - node), a nerve ganglion, a cluster of bodies and processes of neurons, surrounded by a connective tissue capsule and glial cells; carries out processing and integration of nerve impulses. In invertebrates, through mutual connections, they form a single nervous system; Bilaterally symmetrical people usually have a well-developed pair of head (cerebral) muscles associated with the sense organs. They serve as coordinating centers and perform the function of the central nervous system. In vertebrates, a distinction is made between autonomic (sympathetic and parasympathetic) and somatosensory (spinal and cranial) muscles, located along the peripheral system. nerves and in the internal walls. organs. Basal G. are called. also the nuclei of the brain.

.(Source: Biological encyclopedic dictionary." Ch. ed. M. S. Gilyarov; Editorial team: A. A. Babaev, G. G. Vinberg, G. A. Zavarzin and others - 2nd ed., corrected. - M.: Sov. Encyclopedia, 1986.)

See what "GANGLIA" is in other dictionaries:

NERVE NODES, GANGLIA - accumulations of nerve fibers and nerves, or so-called. ganglion cells; form centers in various parts of the body that serve for involuntary functions; connected peripheral nerves With different organs feelings and... Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language

ganglia- g England, ev, units. ch. g english, I... Russian spelling dictionary

ganglia- (gr. ganglion dead mow) pl. anat. nerves are the composition of nerve cells and nerve cells and muscles in the central nervous system and in the lower internal organs (srceto, zheludnikot, tsrvata, etc.) ... Macedonian dictionary

Ganglia- (from the Greek ganglion node) nerve ganglion, a limited accumulation of neurons located along the nerve and surrounded by a connective tissue capsule; G. also contains nerve fibers, nerve endings and blood vessels … Corrective pedagogy and special psychology. Dictionary

Several large accumulations of gray matter located within the white matter big brain(see picture). They include the caudate (caudate) and lenticular nuclei (they form the striatum (corpus striatum)), and... ... Medical terms

BASAL GANGLIA, BASAL NUCLEI- (basal ganglia) several large accumulations of gray matter located in the thickness of the white matter of the cerebrum (see figure). They include the caudate (caudate) and lenticular nuclei (they form the striatum (corpus... Explanatory dictionary of medicine

BASAL GANGLIA- [from Greek. ganglion tubercle, node, subcutaneous tumor and basis] subcortical accumulations of nerve cells taking part in various reflex acts (see also Ganglion (in 1) meaning), Subcortical nuclei) ...

- ... Wikipedia

BASAL GANGLIA- [cm. basal] the same as the basal ganglia, subcortical ganglia (see Basal ganglia) ... Psychomotorics: dictionary-reference book

BASAL GANGLIA- see Ganglion, Brain. Big psychological dictionary. M.: Prime EUROZNAK. Ed. B.G. Meshcheryakova, acad. V.P. Zinchenko. 2003 ... Great psychological encyclopedia

Books

Adrenergic neurons. Their organization, function and development in the peripheral nervous system, Bairnstock J., Costa M.. The book is an extensive summary of the world literature on the structure, function, biochemistry and pharmacology of peripheral adrenergic neurons and chromaffin tissue cells of the sympathetic...