Cosmic bodies of the solar system. What is a cosmic body

>Deep space objects

Explore objects of the universe with photos: stars, nebulae, exoplanets, star clusters, galaxies, pulsars, quasars, black holes, dark matter and energy.

Over the centuries, millions human eyes with the onset of night they direct their gaze upward - towards the mysterious lights in the sky - stars of our Universe. Ancient people saw various figures of animals and people in clusters of stars, and for each of them they created their own story.

Exoplanets- These are planets located outside the solar system. Since the first discovery of an exoplanet in 1992, astronomers have discovered more than 1,000 such planets in planetary systems around the Milky Way galaxy. Researchers believe they will find many more exoplanets.

Word " nebula" comes from the Latin word for clouds. In fact, a nebula is a cosmic cloud of gas and dust floating in space. More than one nebula is called a nebula. Nebulae are the basic building blocks of the Universe.

Some stars are part of an entire group of stars. Most of them are binary systems, where two stars orbit around their common center of mass. Some are part of a triple star system. And some stars are simultaneously part of a larger group of stars, which is called “ star cluster».

Galaxies are large groups of stars, dust, and gas held together by gravity. They can vary greatly in size and shape. Most objects in space are parts of some galaxy. These are stars with planets and satellites, asteroids, black holes and neutron stars, nebulae.

Pulsars are considered one of the strangest objects in the entire Universe. In 1967, at the Cambridge Observatory, Jocelyn Bell and Anthony Hewish studied the stars and found something completely extraordinary. It was a very star-like object that seemed to be emitting rapid pulses of radio waves. The existence of radio sources in space has been known for quite some time.

Quasars are the most distant and brightest objects in the known Universe. In the early 1960s, scientists identified quasars as radio stars because they could be detected using a strong source of radio waves. In fact, the term quasar comes from the words “quasi-stellar radio source.” Today many astronomers call them QSOs in their writings

Black holes, undoubtedly the strangest and mysterious objects V space. Their bizarre properties can challenge the laws of physics of the Universe and even the nature of existing reality. To understand what black holes are, we must learn to think outside the box and use a little imagination.

Dark matter And dark energy- this is something that is not visible to the eye, but their presence has been proven through observations of Universe. Billions of years ago, our Universe was born after the catastrophic Big Bang. As the early Universe slowly cooled, life began to develop within it. As a result, stars, galaxies and other visible parts of it were formed.

Most of us are familiar with the stars, planets and satellites. But besides these well-known celestial bodies, there are many other amazing sights. There are colorful nebulae, wispy star clusters and massive galaxies. Add to this the mysterious pulsars and quasars, black holes that absorb all matter that passes too close. And now try to identify the invisible substance known as dark matter. Click on any image above to learn more about it, or use the menu above to navigate your way through celestial objects.

Watch the Universe video to better understand the nature of fast radio bursts and the characteristics of interstellar dust.

Fast radio bursts

Astrophysicist Sergei Popov about rotating radio transients, the SKA telescope system and microwaves at the observatory:

Interstellar dust

Astronomer Dmitry Vibe on interstellar reddening of light, modern models cosmic dust and its sources:

Our Universe contains an amazing variety of cosmic objects called celestial bodies or astronomical objects. However, it's worth noting that most of visible deep space consists of empty space - a cold, dark void inhabited by a number of celestial bodies that range from the common to the strange. Known to astronomers as celestial objects, celestial bodies, astronomical objects and astronomical bodies, they are the material that fills the empty space of the Universe. In our list of deep space celestial bodies you can get acquainted with various objects (stars, exoplanets, nebulae, clusters, galaxies, pulsars, black holes, quasars), and also receive photos of these celestial bodies and the surrounding space, models and diagrams with detailed descriptions and characteristics of the parameters.

Combating meteorite hazards, the most radical of which is targeting asteroid impacts space ships or summon on the surface space tel nuclear explosions. However, according to Professor Crowther, in many situations, natural gravity can be used to prevent... a collision with the Earth. "We can use attraction space tel towards each other to slowly pull objects to the side,” says the scientist. According to him...

https://www.site/journal/115262

Giants, this star system has a gas cloud through which small clouds periodically peek through. cosmic objects by standards. The direction of movement of these tel and speed constantly undergo changes, which allowed astronomers to develop one theory. They... observe in the HR 8799 system. Additional Research the stars of Fomalhaut showed that the same space passions, but here - more early stage. Only one has so far separated from the planetary disk of this star...

https://www.site/journal/121738

Heavenly body, the agency's press service reported. Rosetta will pass at a distance of about 3.2 thousand kilometers from the asteroid at a relative speed of about 15 kilometers per second. The probe is expected to be closest to the asteroid at 15:44 GMT (19:44 Moscow time). U space apparatus... Rita Schulz, whose words are quoted by the ESA press service. Asteroid 21 Lutetia - second celestial body this type, which Rosetta will meet on the way to its goal, comet Churyumov-Gerasimenko. IN...

https://www.site/journal/127149

Against 2.4 thousand for the dwarf planet. The atmosphere of both heavens tel consists predominantly of nitrogen. In addition, Pluto and Triton are related low temperature on the surface, and, according to some researchers, Neptune’s satellite was previously a member of the Kuiper belt, in which Pluto “lives.” Purpose space NASA's New Horizons spacecraft, launched in January 2006...

https://www.site/journal/129573

Space The Rosetta spacecraft successfully approached the asteroid 21 Lutetia and photographed the celestial body on camera. The images of Lutetia were taken when ESA was at a distance of 3,162 kilometers... taken by the Osiris camera, the surface of the asteroid is clearly visible, covered with numerous craters. "I think this is a very ancient celestial body. Today we saw the same age as the solar system,” one of the scientists described Lutetia. Since its scientific discovery...

https://www.site/journal/127883

Cosmic dust, remnants of other worlds,
Eternity will turn everything into cosmic dust.
Cosmic dust, it has a sweet taste of mystery,
Invisible to the eye, she lies on everything.

Insignificant specks of dust were once part of
Burning bright stars, or their planets...

The simplest classification of bodies in the Solar System is as follows:

Small bodies of the Solar System include cosmic bodies that are neither planets, nor dwarf planets, nor their satellites. These are comets, asteroids, centaurs, Damocloids, meteoroids, interplanetary gas and dust. Their total mass is negligible compared to the large planets, not to mention the Sun.

Asteroid(the term “asteroid” was introduced by William Herschel; “asteroid” means “star-like”; in the field of view of a telescope it looks like an asterisk) - a relatively small cosmic body that is part of the Solar System and moves in orbit around the Sun. Asteroids are significantly smaller in mass than planets and have irregular shape and have no atmosphere. Asteroids may have satellites (for example, the asteroid Ida and its satellite Dactyl). Until 2006, asteroids were also called small planets. Today the term "minor planet" is not used.

The first asteroid (named Ceres) was discovered on January 1, 1801 by Italian astronomer Giuseppe Piazzi. Before this, no one suspected the existence of asteroids.The diameter of Ceres is about 950 km.For some time, Ceres was considered a full-fledged planet, then it was given the status of an asteroid. On August 24, 2006, Ceres began to be classified as a dwarf planet.

The second asteroid discovered (1802) was named Pallas. The first asteroids were named after Greek and Roman goddesses.

By the end of 2011, about 85,000,000 asteroids were known, over 560,000 of them wereassigned official numbers andThe parameters of their orbits have been precisely determined. Most of the asteroids known today are concentrated in the so-called the main thing asteroid belt, located between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter:

Ceres is the largest object in this belt, although it is no longer classified as an asteroid. The largest asteroids are Vesta and Pallas (diameters about 500 km). Vesta is the only asteroid that can sometimes be seen with the naked eye on starry sky at the limit of human vision.

Asteroids are grouped into groups and families based on the characteristics of their orbits. Asteroid groups- fairly free education, whereas families- denser gatherings (formed as a result of the destruction of large asteroids). Large families asteroids may contain hundreds of large and hundreds of thousands of small asteroids.The asteroids in the family have similar orbital shapes, approximately the same greatest and shortest distances from the Sun, and periods of revolution around it.On at the moment About 25 families of asteroids are known. For example, the family of Eunomia, the family of Flora, the family of Vesta, the family of Themis...

There are asteroids that move in the same orbits as the large planets of the solar system. These groups of asteroids form equilateral triangles with the planet and the Sun. One group is ahead of the planet, the other follows the planet at the same distance. These groups of asteroids are named Trojans(one of the groups of Trojan asteroids of Jupiter is named by the Greeks - in honor of the Greeks - participants in the Trojan War):

These groups do not break up and move stably in the orbit of the planet (“captive asteroids”). Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune have their own Trojans. In 2010, the first Trojan asteroid was discovered near the Earth (diameter about 300 meters).

The surface of large asteroids is covered with craters, dust and rubble, while small asteroids are covered only with dust and rubble.

The larger and heavier the asteroid, the greater the danger it poses, but in this case it is much easier to detect it. The most dangerous asteroid at the moment is considered to be Apophis, with a diameter of about 300 m, in a collision with which, in the event of an accurate hit, it can be destroyed big city, however, such a collision does not pose any threat to humanity as a whole. Asteroids larger than 10 km in diameter can pose a global threat. All asteroids of this size are known to astronomers and are in orbits that cannot lead to a collision with the Earth.There are currently no asteroids that could threaten the Earth.

In 1992, a second asteroid belt beyond the orbit of Neptune was discovered, called Kuiper belt. It is about 20 times wider and many times more massive than the main asteroid belt. Kuiper belt objects, unlike main belt asteroids, consist mainly of frozen volatile substances - water, methane and ammonia ice. More than a thousand Kuiper belt objects have now been discovered (there may be several tens of thousands of objects with a diameter of more than 100 km). The largest of them: Quavar (1100 km), Orcus (950 km), Ixion (800 km). Many dwarf planets (for example, Pluto,Eris, Sedna).

A cosmic body with a diameter of less than 100 meters is classified as a meteoroid or meteoroid. Meteoroid- a solid cosmic body, intermediate in size between an asteroid and interplanetary dust. Small meteoroids (several millimeters in diameter), invading at high speed (11-72 km/s) into the upper layers of the Earth's atmosphere, heat up and burn due to friction with the air. The phenomenon of flashing and burning of a meteoroid visible from the surface of the Earth is called meteor. Usually you can see 3-5 meteors per night different parts firmament. Such meteors are called sporadic. But sometimes the number of meteors increases and they appear to be coming from a certain area of the sky. If we continue the visible paths of meteors, they will intersect at approximately one point - radiant. Then it is customary to talk about the activity of a certain meteor shower.

Meteor shower is a celestial phenomenon resulting from the passage of the Earth through a swarm of meteoroids, which is a cloud of small solid particles - the remnants of collapsed or collapsing comets. Meteor swarms, like the comets that gave birth to them, revolve around the Sun in orbits. The Earth passes through the same meteor swarms on the same dates of the year. There are 20-30 known meteor swarms and, accordingly, the same number of meteor showers. In August, there is a meteor shower whose radiant is located in the constellation Perseus. These are the famous Perseids.

Comet is a small icy cosmic body revolving around the Sun in a highly elongated orbit. The comet has a core consisting of ordinary water ice mixed with frozen gases - carbon dioxide (CO 2) and methane (CH 4), as well as small solid particles (these then become meteors). Comet nuclei range from several kilometers to tens of kilometers in diameter. Nuclei are surrounded coma- a foggy shell of gases and dust. Far from the Sun, comets do not have tails, but as they approach the star, the evaporation of gases from the core and the release of solid particles intensifies, and the coma increases. The solar wind blows it to the side and a tail is formed. The closer the comet comes to the Sun, the longer the tail becomes, sometimes reaching tens of millions of kilometers. The comet's tail is directed in the direction opposite to the Sun.Famous Russian scientist-astronomer F. Bredikhin developed the theory of tails and shapes of comets. He proposed dividing comet tails into three types:

narrow and straight, directed away from the Sun;
wide and slightly curved;
short and strongly inclined from the Sun.

A comet can have two or even three tails at the same time.

When a comet passes the perihelion point of its orbit, its destruction becomes especially intense. Since many comets return to the Sun periodically, they are called periodic comets. If the period is short - less than 200 years - it is called short period comet(for example, Halley's comet, which arrives once every 76 years). Today, more than 400 short-period comets are known. If the period is long - more than 200 years - then it is called a long-period comet (for example, comets Hale-Bopp, McNaught, Lyulin...). Sooner or later, periodic comets are destroyed.

There are also non-periodic, “disposable” comets. The Dutch astronomer Jan Oort put forward the theory of the existence of a giant cloud consisting of ice blocks on the outskirts of the solar system (100 - 150 thousand AU from the Sun).The cloud has since been called Oort cloud. If for one reason or another any of the blocks gradually approaches the Sun, then it becomes a comet. Many such comets approach the Sun only once, after which they forever move away from it back into their comet cloud. Kuiper belt objects and Oort clouds are often called trans-Neptunian (i.e., trans-Neptunian) objects.

Comets can orbit not only around the Sun, but also around the most major planets- Jupiter and Saturn. Some comets then collide with these planets. For example, in 1994, comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 (2 years earlier it had broken up into 22 fragments) collided with the planet Jupiter.

A larger meteoroid produces a brighter flash, which is called fireball(more precisely, a fireball is defined as a meteor whose magnitude is greater than -4 m or a body whose apparent size is discernible). Large meteoroids may not have time to burn up in the atmosphere and fall onto the Earth's surface. A fallen meteoroid is called a meteorite, and something that can be found and touched. For example, the Tunguska meteorite is incorrectly called a meteorite because it was not discovered. More correctly - the Tunguska body. Most likely it was an icy fragment of a comet that evaporated when it fell.

It is believed that 5-6 tons of meteorites fall on the Earth's surface in 1 day. After a meteorite collides with a hard surface, a round depression remains - crater(“crater” means “bowl” in Greek). Giant craters several hundred kilometers across are sometimes called astroblemes(“blema” means “wound” in Greek).

For centuries, meteorites have been called variously - aerolites, siderolites, uranolites, meteorolites, as well as celestial, air, atmospheric and meteorite stones!

Most often they fall to the ground stony meteorites(consist mainly of silicate rocks) - 93% of all falls. Less likely to fall iron meteorites(consist of an iron-nickel alloy) - 6% of all falls. 1% of all falls are stony-iron meteorites. It is clear that meteorites cannot be fragments of icy comets. These are asteroid debris.

In 1977, an asteroid with a diameter of 166 km was discovered, which in 1988 was found to be in a coma, like a comet. As the object moved away from the Sun, the coma disappeared. This object with a dual nature (asteroid-comet) was named Chiron. IN ancient greek mythology Chiron is the name of a centaur (horse man). All cosmic bodies similar to Chiron were combined into a class centaurs. Today more than a hundred centaurs are known. They all move between the orbits of Jupiter and Neptune.

Damocloids- small cosmic bodies revolving around the Sun in orbits similar to comets (strongly elongated and strongly inclined to the plane of the Earth’s orbit), but not exhibiting cometary activity (not producing comas and not forming tails). The largest Damocloid has a diameter of 72 km, and in total there are just over 40 such objects discovered today. Damocloid is one of the most dark bodies Solar system. Damocloids are believed to be the nuclei of comets that were born in the Oort cloud but have lost their volatiles. Some Damocloids orbit the Sun in the direction opposite to the movement of the major planets.

https://www.site/journal/115262

Small by cosmic objects by standards. The direction of movement of these tel and speed constantly undergo changes, which allowed astronomers to develop one theory. They assume that a cloud lying strictly in the plane of the planetary disk is building material...observe in the HR 8799 system. Additional studies of the star Fomalhaut showed that the same space passion, but here is an earlier stage. So far, only... has separated from the planetary disk of this star...

https://www.site/journal/121738

Significant amount of energy. We recalled a little of what you already know. So, Light body a person is multidimensional. The closest is ethereal body, which is four-dimensional. The ethereal plane smoothly connects with the physical plane; it has no... different energy content. Intention affects energy flows in the universe only when it does not violate Space Laws, then all the forces of the universe come to the rescue! But, “we wanted the best, but it turned out as always...

https://www.site/religion/14554

The teaching will be dangerous because you will condition his mind. This is not is his need; he has nothing to do with it. He doesn't know what sex is because his glands are not yet functioning, his body not sexy yet. Its energy does not yet move in a natural biological way... for you to produce it, for you to live it. So remember, centering is method, not the result. The result is cosmic, an oceanic experience. Then the center is no more.

https://www.site/religion/13340

At the same time, but at the same time they claim that the soul is the root cause body, that is body is the generation and continuation of the soul. 3. Denial theory This theory is adhered to by researchers who deny the presence of body some spiritual reality and recognizing only its materiality. According to them, the human mind is also is derived from body. They represent body like a working electrical machine with wires running...

https://www.site/journal/1167

Body and mind. Advaita

What am I I am mind contained in body, and this is a very sad truth. M: You don't body and not in body. Things like body, does not exist. You don't understand yourself at all. To understand yourself correctly, research. Q: But I was born as body, V body, and I'll die with body and how body. M: This... is about a baby, a child, a teenager, and so on. Now get rid of the idea that you body, using the opposite idea that you are not are body. This is also an idea, without a doubt, treat it as something that can be...

To the question what is a cosmic body asked by the author Yoleza the best answer is Meteorite - solid of cosmic origin, fallen to the surface of the earth.
The meteor body enters the Earth's atmosphere at a speed of about 11-25 km/sec. At this speed, it begins to warm up and glow. Due to ablation (burning and blowing away by the oncoming flow of particles of the meteoroid body), the mass of the body that reaches the ground can be significantly less than its mass at the entrance to the atmosphere. For example, a body that enters the Earth's atmosphere at a speed of 25 km/s or more burns up almost completely. At such a speed of entry into the atmosphere, out of tens and hundreds of tons of initial mass, only a few kilograms or even grams of matter reach the ground. Traces of the combustion of a meteoroid in the atmosphere can be found along almost the entire trajectory of its fall.
Meteor - (from Greek - “heavenly”, “shooting star”) - a phenomenon that occurs when small meteoroid bodies (for example, fragments of comets or asteroids) burn in the Earth’s atmosphere. A similar phenomenon of greater intensity (brighter than magnitude -4) is called a fireball. They are classified as oncoming and catching up. Often meteors are grouped into meteor showers - constant masses of meteors appearing in certain time year, in a certain direction of the sky.
A meteoroid is a celestial body intermediate in size between interplanetary dust and an asteroid. According to the official definition, a meteoroid is a solid object moving in interplanetary space, much smaller in size than an asteroid, but much larger than an atom. The British Royal Astronomical Society put forward a formulation to a friend, according to which a meteoroid is a body with a diameter of 100 microns to 10 m. Other sources limit the size of a meteoroid to 50 m. The visible trace of a meteoroid that entered the Earth's atmosphere is called a meteor, and a meteoroid that fell on the Earth's surface - meteorite.
An impact crater is a depression that appears on the surface of a cosmic body as a result of the fall of another smaller body. Photos and information on the meteorite crater can be found in the report of the 2009 expedition to the Lonar crater (India, Maharashtra).
Bolide - (from the Greek - throwing spear) - a meteor with a brightness of at least –4m (brighter than the planet Venus), or having noticeable angular dimensions (to whom). The International Astronomical Union does not have an official definition of the concept of "bolide". The flight path of a car is usually hyperbolic. Upon entry into the Earth's atmosphere, it leaves a trail (tail) of dust and ionized gases. Meteorites can separate from the fireball and fall to Earth. The flight may be accompanied by sound or disruption of radio communications. Particularly bright fireballs are sometimes called superbolides. Large fireballs can be observed during the day.
An asteroid is a small planet-like celestial body in the Solar System moving in orbit around the Sun. Asteroids, also known as minor planets, are significantly smaller in size than planets. One way to classify asteroids is by size. The current classification defines asteroids as objects with a diameter greater than 50 m, separating them from meteoroids, which look like large rocks or may be even smaller. The classification is based on the assertion that asteroids can survive entry into the Earth's atmosphere and reach its surface, while meteors, as a rule, burn up completely in the atmosphere.
A comet (from the Greek - “hairy, shaggy”) is a small celestial body with a hazy appearance, usually revolving around the Sun in an elongated orbit. When approaching the Sun, comets form a coma and sometimes a tail of gas and dust. Presumably, long-period comets come to us from the Oort Cloud, which contains millions of cometary nuclei. Bodies located on the outskirts of the solar system, as a rule, consist of volatile substances (water, methane and other ices) that evaporate when approaching the Sun.
Meteorics (meteor astronomy) is a branch of astronomy that studies the movement of meteoroids, their interaction with the atmosphere when falling to Earth, the composition and other properties of meteorites.
Meteorites to