The total length of Russia's borders is the longest in the world, because our country is the largest on the planet. We are also ahead of everyone in the number of neighbors - 18

And our country, like no other, has enclaves, exclaves and semi-exclaves, that is, territories that belong to the Russian Federation, but do not have common border- taken to the territory of other countries.

Some discrepancies

62,262 kilometers is the total length of the land border and it is divided like this - the sea border, stretching for 37,636.6 kilometers, is much longer than the land border, equal to 24,625.3 km. It should be noted that the data in some sources differs. Inconsistencies occur due to the annexation of Crimea. From total length maritime boundaries the largest part, namely 19,724.1 km, falls on the Arctic sector, that is, on the northern border of Russia.

Border in the north

The eastern border also runs exclusively along the seas, but this time the Pacific Ocean - it accounts for 16,997.9 km of the total water border of Russia. The length of Russia's maritime borders is one of the longest in the world. Its shores are washed by 13 seas, and our country is the first in the world in this indicator. What seas do our country’s cordons pass through? In the north, Russia is washed by the seas of the Arctic Ocean. Located from west to east, they follow in this order: Barents and Kara, Laptev and East Siberian.

The easternmost one is In the western part there is also the White Sea, which washes Russia, but it is completely internal. Except for part of the westernmost Barents Sea, all the rest are covered with pack ice (slid down from continental glaciers) perennial ice floes, which makes the passage of ships through them very difficult and only possible with the help of True, now the ice is melting so much that unknown islands are appearing from under it. The entire territory from the northern shores to the Pole belongs to Russia. And all the islands, except a few in the Spitsbergen archipelago, belong to our country.

Eastern Frontiers

The maritime boundaries themselves lie at a distance of 22 km from the coastline. In addition, there is such a thing as a maritime economic zone. It extends from the mainland and islands for 370 km. What does it mean? And the fact that ships from all over the world can sail in these waters, and extract minerals from the bottom of the seas and lead another economic activity Only Russia has the right.

The length of Russia's borders in the east, as mentioned above, is 16,997.9 km. Here the boundaries pass through the following seas: Bering, Okhotsk and Japan, which does not freeze in winter, belonging to the Pacific Ocean. Its eastern neighbors are the USA and Japan. The border with the United States, whose length is 49 km, runs through the islands of Romanov and Kruzenshtern. The first belongs to Russia, the second to the USA. The border between Russia and Japan runs along the La Perouse Strait with a total length of 194.3 km.

Borders along the western and southern seas

The nine seas of the north and east are listed. What are the names of the other four along which the border runs? Baltic, Caspian, Black and Azov. Which countries does Russia border on these seas? The total length of the western border of Russia is 4222.2 km, of which on the coast Baltic Sea accounts for 126.1 km. The northern part of this sea freezes in winter, and ship movement is only possible with the help of icebreakers. "Window to Europe" allows you to trade with everyone

Along the Black and Azov Seas, Russia borders with Ukraine, and along the Caspian Sea with Azerbaijan and Kazakhstan. It should be noted that the total length of Russia’s borders includes 7 thousand km along rivers and 475 km along lakes.

Length of borders with neighbors in the west

The land border runs mainly in the west and south of Russia. Here the neighbors are Norway and Finland, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania, Poland, Ukraine and Belarus. From Poland to Russia. In the south, our neighbors are Abkhazia, Georgia (its common border with Russia in the middle is broken by the border of South Ossetia), Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, China and the DPRK in the southeast.

The total length of Russia's land borders is divided between neighbors as follows. The land border with Norway is 195.8 km, of which 152.8 km along seas, rivers and lakes. Our land borders with Finland stretch for 1271.8 km (180.1). With Estonia - 324 km (235.3), with Latvia - 270.5 km (133.3), with Lithuania (Kaliningrad region) - 266 km (233.1). The Kaliningrad region has a border with Poland of 204.1 km (0.8). Further on, for 1239 km, there is a completely land border with Belarus. The length of Russia's borders with Ukraine is 1925.8 km (425.6).

Southern neighbors

The border with Georgia is 365 km, Abkhazia and South Ossetia share 329 km. The Georgian-Russian border itself split into two parts - western and eastern, between which the 70-kilometer Russian-South Ossetian border was wedged. The Russian-Azerbaijani border is 390.3 km. The longest border between Russia and Kazakhstan is 7512.8 (1576.7 km passes along the seas, rivers and lakes). 3485 km is the length of the Russian-Mongolian borders. Then the border with China stretches for 4209.3 km, and with the DPRK it is only 30 km. 183 thousand border guards guard the borders of our vast homeland.

Russia is the largest country in the world in terms of territory, which accounts for 1/7 of the entire landmass. Canada, which is in second place, is almost twice as big as us. What about the length of Russia's borders? What is she like?

Longer than the equator

The borders of Russia stretch from the Pacific Ocean through all the marginal seas of the Arctic Ocean in the north, through the Amur, many kilometers of steppes and the Caucasus mountains in the south. In the west they extend across the East European Plain and Finnish marshes.

According to data for 2014 (excluding accession Crimean peninsula), the total length of Russia's borders is 60,932 km: land extends for 22,125 km (including 7,616 km along rivers and lakes) and sea for 38,807 km.

Neighbours

Russia also holds the record among countries with the largest number of border states. The Russian Federation neighbors 18 countries: in the west - with Finland, Estonia, Lithuania, Latvia, Poland, Belarus and Ukraine; in the south - with Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia and the DPRK; in the east - with Japan and the USA.

The length of Russia's maritime borders is about 38,807 km, including sections along the oceans and seas:

• Arctic Ocean - 19724.1 km;
• Pacific Ocean - 16997.9 km;
• Caspian Sea - 580 km;
• Black Sea - 389.5 km;
• Baltic Sea - 126.1 km.

History of territory changes

How has the length of the Russian border changed? By 1914, the extent of the territory Russian Empire amounted to 4675.9 km in the direction from north to south and 10732.4 km from west to east. At that time, the total length of the borders was 69,245 km: of which 49,360.4 km were sea borders, and 19,941.5 km were land borders. At that time, the territory of Russia was 2 million km 2 larger than the modern area of ​​the country.

During the times of the USSR, the area of ​​the union state reached 22,402 million km 2. The country stretched for 10,000 km from west to east and 5,000 km from north to south. The length of the borders at that time was the largest in the world and amounted to 62,710 km. After the collapse of the USSR, Russia lost about 40% of its territories.

The length of the Russian border in the north

Its northern part runs along the coast of the Arctic Ocean. The Russian sector of the Arctic is limited by conventional lines running in the west from the Rybachy Peninsula and in the east from Ratmanov Island to North Pole. On April 15, 1926, a resolution was adopted by the Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars on the division of the Arctic into sectors based on the International Concept. It proclaimed the complete right of the USSR to all lands, including islands in the Arctic sector of the USSR.

Southern Frontier

The land border starts from which connects the Black and Azov Seas, passes through the territorial waters of the Black Sea to the Caucasian Psou River. Then it goes mainly along the Great Dividing Range of the Caucasus, then along the Samur River and further to the Caspian Sea. The land demarcation line between Russia, Azerbaijan and Georgia runs in this area. The length of the Caucasian border is more than 1000 km.

There are a huge number of problems in this area. Firstly, there is a conflict between Georgia and Russia over two self-proclaimed republics - South Ossetia and Abkhazia.

Further, the border runs along the periphery of the Caspian Sea. In this area, there is a Russian-Iranian agreement on the division of the Caspian Sea, since during the Soviet era, only these two states divided the Caspian Sea. The Caspian states (Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan and Turkmenistan) demand an equal division of the waters of the Caspian Sea and its shelf, which is rich in oil. Azerbaijan has already started developing fields.

The border with Kazakhstan is the longest - more than 7,500 km. There is still an old inter-republican border between the two states, which was proclaimed in 1922. The question was raised about the transfer to Kazakhstan of parts of the country’s neighboring regions: Astrakhan, Volgograd, Omsk, Orenburg, Kurgan and Altai. Kazakhstan had to cede part of the following territories: North Kazakhstan, Tselinograd, East Kazakhstan, Pavlodar, Semipalatinsk, Ural and Aktobe. From the population census data for 1989 it follows that more than 4.2 million Russians live in the above-mentioned territories of Kazakhstan, and more than 470 thousand Kazakhs live in the mentioned territories of Russia.

The border with China runs along rivers almost everywhere (about 80% of the entire length) and extends for 4,300 km. The western part of the Russian-Chinese border is delimited, but not demarcated. It was only in 1997 that this area was demarcated. As a result, several islands, whose total area is 400 km 2, were left under joint economic management. And in 2005, all the islands within the river waters were demarcated. Claims for some areas Russian territory were presented in their maximum volume in the early 1960s. They included all Far East and Siberia.

In the southeast, Russia neighbors the DPRK. The entire border runs along the Tumannaya River, stretching only 17 km. Further along the river valley it reaches the shores of the Sea of ​​Japan.

Western Frontier

Almost along its entire length, the border has a clear expression of natural boundaries. It originates from the Barents Sea and extends to the Pasvik River valley. The length of Russia's land borders in this territory is 200 km. A little further south, the border line with Finland stretches 1,300 km through heavily marshy areas, which stretches to the Gulf of Finland in the Baltic Sea.

The extreme point of the Russian Federation is the Kalingrad region. It neighbors Lithuania and Poland. The total length of this line is 550 km. Most of the border with Lithuania runs along the Nemunas (Neman) River.

From the Gulf of Finland to Taganrog in the Sea of ​​Azov, the border line stretches for 3150 km with four states: Estonia, Latvia, Belarus and Ukraine. The length of the Russian border is:

• with Estonia - 466.8 km;
• with Latvia - 270.6 km;
• with Belarus - 1239 km;
• with Ukraine - 2245.8 km.

Eastern border

Like the northern part of the borders, the eastern part is completely maritime. It extends across the waters of the Pacific Ocean and its seas: Japan, Bering and Okhotsk. The border between Japan and Russia passes through four straits: Sovetsky, Izmena, Kushanirsky and La Perouse. They separate the Russian islands of Sakhalin, Kushanir and Tanfilyev from the Japanese Hokkaido. Japan claims ownership of these islands, but Russia considers them an integral part of itself.

The state border with the United States passes through the Bering Strait through the Diomede Islands. Only 5 km separates the Russian Ratmanov Island from the American Kruzenshtern. It is the longest maritime border in the world.

The total length of Russia's borders is the largest in the world and reaches 62,269 km. Of these, the length of the sea borders is 37636.6 km and the land borders are 24625.3 km. Of the maritime boundaries on the coast of the Arctic, or the Russian Arctic sector, there are 19,724.1 km, and on the sea coast - 16,997.9 km.

Maritime boundaries extend 12 nautical miles (22.7 km) from the coast, separating internal territorial waters from international ones. The border of Russia's maritime economic zone is located 200 nautical miles (about 370 km) from the coast. Within this zone, navigation of any countries is allowed, but the development and extraction of all types of natural resources located in the waters, on the bottom and in the subsoil, is carried out only by Russia. Other countries may mine here natural resources only in agreement with the Russian government. The northern borders of the country completely pass through the waters of the seas: , East Siberian and (follow the map). Except, all of them all year round are covered with drifting multi-year pack ice, so navigation across the seas is difficult and is only possible with the use of nuclear icebreaking ships.

The eastern borders of Russia pass mainly through the waters of the Pacific Ocean and its seas: the Bering, Okhotsk and Japanese. Our country's closest maritime neighbors here are Japan and. The length of the maritime border with is 194.3 km, and with the USA - 49 km. The narrow La Perouse Strait separates Russian territorial waters from the island of Hokkaido.

In the south and southwest of Russia, maritime borders pass with countries (, and), as well as with sea waters. Across the waters and seas - with Ukraine and. connects our country with, and along it there are waterways to Europe and. Thus, Russia is one of the great maritime powers and it has both a merchant and naval fleet.

The land borders of our Motherland are very long. In the northwest our neighbors are Norway and Finland. The length of the border with is 219.1 km, and with Finland - 1325.8 km. The length of the border along the Baltic Sea coast is 126.1 km. Along the western border of Russia there are states: Estonia, Latvia, Belarus and. The land border passes through the territory of the Kaliningrad region with Lithuania. The section of the maritime border near the south-eastern part of the Baltic Sea (sea coast of the Kaliningrad region) is 140 km. In addition, the length of the river border of the region with Lithuania is 206.6 km, the lake border is 30.1 km, and with Poland is 236.3 km.

The length of Russia's land border with Estonia is 466.8 km, with Latvia - 270.6 km, with Latvia - 1239 km, with Ukraine - 2245.8 km. The length of the Black Sea sea border is 389.5 km, along the Caspian Sea - 580 km, and along the Caspian Sea - 350 km.

Russia's southern border with Georgia and Azerbaijan runs along the mountain ranges of the Main Caucasus (Watershed) Range and the spurs of the Samur Range. The length of the border with Georgia is 897.9 km, with Azerbaijan - 350 km. On the coast of the Caspian Sea, the southern border of Russia with Kazakhstan runs along the Caspian lowland, along the plains and hills of the Urals and Trans-Urals, the southern outskirts of the lowland and along the river valley it approaches the foothills. The total length of the land border with Kazakhstan reaches 7598.6 km.

Russian border guards also guard land borders in the mountains and. The total length of the Tajik border reaches 1909 km.

Further east, Russia's southern border with and runs along high mountains Altai, Western and. To the east of Mongolia, Russia again borders China along the Argun and Ussuri, which are shared by both countries. The total length of land borders with China is 4209.3 km, and with China - 3485 km.

In the extreme southeast, Russia borders on the Democratic People's Republic of Korea. The length of the border is 39.4 km.

As we can see, most of the borders of our country run along natural boundaries: seas, rivers and mountains. Some of them make international contacts difficult. These are high mountain ranges covered with perennial pack ice in southern Russia. European, Barents, Baltic, Black, Azov and border rivers and river valleys contribute to Russia's diverse connections with foreign countries.

Due to the large length of longitude in Russia, the time difference is large - it is 10. Accordingly, the entire territory of the country is divided into 10 time zones. In sparsely populated areas and on the seas, time zone boundaries follow meridians. In densely populated areas they are carried out along the borders of administrative regions, territories and autonomous republics, skirting major cities. This is done to make it easier to calculate time. Within administrative units, a single time is established. in many time zones is accompanied by a number of inconveniences and difficulties. Thus, Central Television programs from Moscow have to be repeated specifically for residents of the eastern regions of the country, since many programs there occur late at night or early in the morning. At the same time, the time difference allows you to maneuver the use of electricity. By using powerful systems power lines, the maximum supply of electricity moves with the sun, which makes it possible to make do with fewer power plants.

Every place on Earth has its own local time. In addition, there are summer and winter local times. This is when, by order of the government of a number of states, in March-April the clock hands are moved 1 hour forward, and in September-October - 1 hour back. For the convenience of international and intercity communications, the so-called standard time is introduced. In Russia, train and plane schedules are based on Moscow time.

In the USSR, for a more rational use of the daylight hours, since 1930, clocks have been moved forward 1 hour throughout the world - this is maternity time. Maternity time The 2nd time zone in which Moscow is located is called Moscow time.

The local time of residents of the Kaliningrad region differs by 1 hour (more precisely, by 54 minutes) from the local Moscow time, since the Kaliningrad region is located in the first time zone.

The role and importance of time in the economy and life of people is enormous. Humans and all plant and animal organisms have a “biological clock”. This is the conventional name for the ability of living organisms to move through time. Watch the animals and you will see that they have a strict daily routine. Plants also have a certain rhythm of life.

The biological clock operates under the influence of the basic daily rhythm of the Earth - its rotation around its axis, on which changes in light, air, cosmic radiation, gravity, electricity, and the length of day and night depend. Life processes inside human body are also subject to earthly rhythms. Rhythms “ biological clock” of living organisms are encoded in the cells of organisms and are inherited through natural selection, through chromosomes.

Azerbaijan

The border was established by an agreement signed in Baku on October 3, 2010. It entered into force on the day of exchange of the instruments of ratification (July 18, 2011). The drawn border line caused criticism in Russia from State Duma deputies from the Communist Party of the Russian Federation; the head of Dagestan stated that “Dagestan not only lost nothing, but gained much more.”

In 1952, in order to provide low-water areas of Azerbaijan, at the request of the Azerbaijan SSR, a plot of land was allocated on the territory of the Magaramkent region of the Dagestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic for the construction of a hydroelectric complex and water intake structures of the Samur-Divichinsky (later Samur-Apsheronsky) canal (the administrative border ran along the right bank of the river, and the entire hydroelectric complex was located on the territory of Dagestan). Construction was completed in 1956. After the collapse of the USSR, the Samur hydroelectric complex was declared the property of Azerbaijan (although it was located on the territory of the Russian Federation).

Since the beginning of the 1990s, the problem of delimiting the border between Russia and Azerbaijan has arisen. On August 28, 2010, Agreement No. 1416-r was signed on the delimitation of the border between the Russian Federation and the Republic of Armenia, as well as on the rational use and protection water resources the Samur River, along which the border between the Russian Federation and the Republic of Armenia was moved from the right bank of the Samur River to the middle of the hydroelectric complex and the parties agreed to henceforth divide water resources in equal shares and set the amount of environmental discharge equal to 30.5%.

Estonia

Latvia

Latvia laid claim to the territory of the Pytalovsky district of the Pskov region. On March 27, 2007, Russia signed an agreement on borders with Latvia, the region remained part of Russia.

People's Republic of China

Open

Ukraine

Russia considers most of the Crimean peninsula an integral part of its territory. In accordance with the results of the all-Crimean referendum held on March 16, 2014, on March 18, 2014, the Treaty on the accession of the Republic of Crimea to the Russian Federation was signed. Ukraine considers Crimea “temporarily occupied territory of Ukraine”

RUSSIAN BORDER

Russian border - a line and a vertical surface passing along this line, defining the limits of the state territory (land, water, subsoil and airspace) of Russia, the spatial limit of the state sovereignty of the Russian Federation.

The state border is protected Border Service FSB of Russia within the border area, as well as Armed Forces Russian Federation (air defense troops and navy) - in the airspace and underwater environment. The arrangement of border points is in charge of the Federal Agency for the Development of the State Border of the Russian Federation.

Russia recognizes the existence of borders with 16 states: Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia, North Korea, Japan and the USA, as well as the partially recognized Republic of Abkhazia and South Ossetia. The length of the Russian border is 62,269 km

The main territory of the Russian Federation borders by land with 14 UN member states and two partially recognized states (the Republic of Abkhazia and South Ossetia). Only the semi-exclave Kaliningrad region borders Poland and Lithuania. The small enclave of Sankovo-Medvezhye, part of the Bryansk region, is surrounded on all sides by the border with Belarus. There is an enclave of Dubki on the border with Estonia.

A Russian citizen can freely, with only an internal passport, cross the border with the Republic of Abkhazia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Ukraine and South Ossetia.

All sections of the border, except for the border with Belarus, are allowed to be crossed only at established checkpoints in compliance with all procedures provided for by law. The only exception is the border with Belarus. You can cross it anywhere; there are no border controls. Since 2011, any forms of control have been abolished at the Russian-Belarusian border.

Not all land borders are secure.

By sea, Russia borders on twelve countries . Russia has only a maritime border with the USA and Japan. With Japan, these are narrow straits: La Perouse, Kunashirsky, Izmena and Sovetsky, separating Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands from the Japanese island of Hokkaido. And with the United States, this is the Bering Strait, the border along which separates Ratmanov Island from Kruzenshtern Island. The length of the border with Japan is approximately 194.3 kilometers, with the United States - 49 kilometers. Also along the sea lies a section of the border with Norway (Barents Sea), Finland and Estonia (Gulf of Finland), Lithuania and Poland (Baltic Sea), Ukraine (Azov and Black Sea), Abkhazia - the Black Sea, Azerbaijan and Kazakhstan (Caspian Sea), and the DPRK (Sea of ​​Japan).

The total length of the borders of the Russian Federation is 60,932 km.

Of these, 22,125 km are land borders (including 7,616 km along rivers and lakes).

The length of Russia's maritime borders is 38,807 km. Of these:

in the Baltic Sea - 126.1 km;

in the Black Sea - 389.5 km;

in the Caspian Sea - 580 km;

V Pacific Ocean and its seas - 16,997.9 km;

in the Arctic Ocean and its seas - 19,724.1 km.

MAP OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION