What comes out through the holes in the skull. What is a laceration, where is it located and what goes through it. What passes through the lacerated opening of the skull

Ragged hole

Ragged hole- an irregular triangular hole at the base of the skull, located at the junction of the sphenoid, temporal and occipital bones.

Content

The internal carotid artery emerges from the carotid canal superiorly to the base of the skull.

The artery of the pterygoid canal, the nerve of the pterygoid canal, and several small drainage veins also pass through the foramen lacerum.

The nerve of the pterygoid canal consists of the deep petrosal and greater petrosal nerves, the latter of which contains sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers to the blood vessels, mucous membranes, salivary and lacrimal glands.

Moreover, one of the terminal branches of the ascending pharyngeal artery (from the external carotid artery) passes through the foramen lacerum.

Some emissary veins make their way through the foramen lacerum. They connect the extracranial pterygoid plexus with the intracranial cavernous sinus and are possible way spread of infection, and also allow nasopharyngeal carcinoma to reach the cavernous sinus and affect the cranial nerves.

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See what a “Ragged Hole” is in other dictionaries:

- (foramen lacerum, PNA BNA, JNA) irregular shape opening at the base of the skull between the apex of the pyramid and the greater wing sphenoid bone, covered by a plate of fibrous cartilage... Large medical dictionary

Bones of the head (skull) - … Atlas of Human Anatomy

General view of the skull- The internal base of the skull (basis cranii interna) is a support for the base of the brain, therefore it has a characteristic relief. It contains three cranial fossae. The anterior cranial fossa is formed by the orbital parts of the frontal bone, small wings... ... Atlas of Human Anatomy

Inner base of the skull- (basis cranii interna) Internal base of the skull (basis cranii i ... Atlas of Human Anatomy

Base of the skull- The base of the skull is that part of the skull that is located below the line running in front at the level of the infraorbital margin and further posteriorly along the zygomatic process of the frontal bone, the sphenoid zygomatic suture, the infratemporal crest of the greater wing of the sphenoid... ... Atlas of Human Anatomy

CAROTIS ARTERIA- CAROTIS ARTERIA. Contents: Anatomy and embryology............382 Pathological anatomy................4J9 Clinic................. ...410 Anatomy. Common carotid artery (a. ca rotis communis) (Fig. 1 and 2) with its external and internal branches... ... Great Medical Encyclopedia

Temporal bone- The temporal bone, os temporale, steam room, participates in the formation of the base of the skull and the lateral wall of its vault. It contains the organ of hearing and balance. It articulates with the lower jaw and is the support of the masticatory apparatus. On the outer surface... Atlas of Human Anatomy

External base of the skull- (basis cranii extema) The outer base of the skull (basis cranii extema). View from below. 1 palatine process of the maxilla; 2 incisal hole; 3 median palatal suture; 4 transverse palatal suture; 5 choana; 6 inferior orbital fissure; 7 zygomatic arch; 8... ... Atlas of Human Anatomy

Sphenoid bone- Sphenoid bone, os sphenoidale, unpaired, forms central department base of the skull. The middle part of the sphenoid bone, the body, corpus, is cubic in shape and has six surfaces. On the upper surface, facing the cranial cavity, there is... ... Atlas of Human Anatomy

External base of the skull (basis cranii extema)- View from below. palatine process of the maxilla; incisive foramen; median palatal suture; transverse palatal suture; choana; inferior orbital fissure; zygomatic arch; opener wing; pterygoid fossa; lateral plate of the pterygoid process; pterygoid... ... Atlas of Human Anatomy

Hole name	Content
Holes of the cribriform plate	- anterior ethmoidal artery, branch of the ophthalmic artery; - olfactory nerves(I)*
Visual channel	- ophthalmic artery; - optic nerve (II)
Superior orbital fissure	- superior ophthalmic vein; - oculomotor nerve(III); - trochlear nerve (IV); - abducens nerve (VI); - optic nerve, 1st branch trigeminal nerve(V)
Round hole	- maxillary nerve, 2nd branch of the trigeminal nerve (V);
Oval hole	- mandibular nerve, 3rd branch of the trigeminal nerve (V)
Foramen spinosum	- middle meningeal artery, branch of the maxillary artery; - meningeal branch of the mandibular nerve
Pterygoid canal	- artery of the pterygoid canal; - nerve of the pterygoid canal
Ragged hole	- greater petrosal nerve
External and internal apertures of the carotid canal	- carotid artery
Stony dimple	- tympanic nerve, branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve (IX); - inferior tympanic artery (branch of the ascending pharyngeal artery)
Cleft of the greater petrosal nerve canal	- greater petrosal nerve, branch of the facial (intermediate) nerve (VII)
Cleft of the lesser petrosal nerve canal	- lesser petrosal nerve, continuation of the tympanic nerve (from the glossopharyngeal nerve, IX)
Internal auditory canal (internal auditory canal)	- facial nerve (VII); - vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII)
External aperture of the aqueduct of the vestibule	- endolymphatic duct
External aperture of the cochlear tubule	- perilymphatic duct
Stylomastoid foramen	- stylomastoid artery, branch of the posterior auricular artery; - facial nerve (VII)
Mastoid foramen	- meningeal branch of the occipital artery; - mastoid emissary vein
Jugular foramen	- posterior meningeal artery, branch of the ascending pharyngeal artery; - internal jugular vein; - glossopharyngeal nerve (IX); - vagus nerve (X); - accessory nerve (XI)
Petrostympanic fissure	- anterior tympanic artery, branch of the maxillary artery; - drum string, branch facial nerve(VII)
Mastotympanic fissure	- auricular branch vagus nerve(X)
Hypoglossal nerve canal	- hypoglossal nerve (XII)
Condylar canal	- condylar emissary vein
Big hole	- vertebral arteries, anterior and posterior spinal arteries; - medulla oblongata

* pairs of cranial nerves.

FACIAL REGION OF THE SKULL

Eye socket, orbita , has the shape of a tetrahedral pyramid.

The base of the pyramid is the entrance to the orbit, aditus orbitae.

The tip of the pyramid passes into the optic canal, canalis opticus.

Walls of the orbit: superior, medial, inferior, lateral.

1. Top wall , paries superior , educated:

1) orbital part of the frontal bone,

2) the small wing of the sphenoid bone.

Top wall structures:

Fossa of the lacrimal gland, fossa glandulae lacrimalis,

trochlear fossa, fovea trochlearis.

2. medial wall, paries medialis , educated:

1) frontal process of the maxilla,

2) lacrimal bone,

3) orbital plate of the ethmoid bone.

4) body of the sphenoid bone,

Structures of the medial wall:

Fossa of the lacrimal sac, fossa sacci lacrimalis,

Nasolacrimal duct, canalis nasolacrimalis,

Anterior ethmoidal opening, foramen ethmoidae anterius,

Posterior ethmoidal foramen, foramen ethmoidae posterius.

3.Bottom wall, paries inferior , educated:

1) orbital surface of the upper jaw,

2) orbital surface zygomatic bone,

3) orbital process of the palatine bone.

Bottom wall structures:

Infraorbital groove, sulcus infraorbitalis,

infraorbital canal, canalis infraorbitalis.

4. lateral wall,paries lateralis , educated:

1) orbital surface of the greater wing of the sphenoid bone,

2) the orbital surface of the zygomatic process of the frontal bone,

3) the orbital surface of the frontal process of the zygomatic bone.

Lateral wall structures:

Zygomaticoorbital foramen, foramen zygomaticoorbitale.

Between the superior and lateral walls is the superior orbital fissure, fissura orbitalis superior, leading into the middle cranial fossa.

Between the lateral and inferior walls there is an inferior orbital fissure, fissura orbitalis inferior, which communicates the orbit with the pterygopalatine and infratemporal fossae.

nasal cavity, cavitas nasi, front opens pear-shaped aperture, apertura piriformis, which is limited:

1) from the sides - nasal notches of the upper jaws,

2) from above - the lower edges of the nasal bones,

3) from below - the anterior nasal spine.

Posteriorly, the nasal cavity communicates with the pharynx through joan, choanae, limited:

1) lateral - medial plates of the pterygoid processes of the sphenoid bone,

2) from below – horizontal plates of the palatine bone,

3) from above – by the body of the sphenoid bone,

4) medially – by the vomer.

Bone septum of the nose, septum nasi osseum, educated:

1) perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone,

2) opener,

3) nasal crest of the upper jaws and palatine bones.

Walls of the nasal cavity: upper, lower, lateral.

1. Upper wall,paries superior , educated:

1) nasal bones,

2) the nasal part of the frontal bone,

3) cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone,

4) the body of the sphenoid bone.

2. Bottom wall , paries inferior , educated:

1) palatine processes of the upper jaws,

3. lateral wall,paries lateralis , educated:

1) nasal bone,

2) the nasal surface of the body and the frontal process of the maxilla,

3) lacrimal bone,

4) ethmoid labyrinth of the ethmoid bone,

5) perpendicular plate of the palatine bone,

6) medial plate of the pterygoid process of the sphenoid bone.

On the lateral wall there are three nasal conchae: superior, middle and inferior. The superior and middle turbinates are part of the ethmoid labyrinth. Lower turbinate– a separate (independent) bone.

Below the nasal turbinates are located nasal passages: upper, middle and lower.

1. Upper nasal passage,meatus nasi superior , limited by the superior and middle turbinates. Located in the posterior part of the nasal cavity and its posterior end reaches the sphenopalatine foramen, foramen sphenopalatinum.

The upper nasal passage opens:

Posterior cells of the ethmoid bone.

Above the superior nasal concha there is a sphenoethmoidal recess, recessus sphenoethmoidalis, into which the aperture of the sphenoid sinus opens , apertura sinus sphenoidalis.

2. Middle nasal passagemeatus nasi medius , located between the middle and inferior turbinates.

The middle nasal meatus opens:

Anterior and middle cells of the ethmoid bone,

Frontal sinus through the ethmoidal infundibulum, infundibulum ethmoidae,

Maxillary sinus through the cleft semilunaris, hiatus semilunaris.

3.Lower nasal passage , meatus nasi inferior , located between the inferior turbinate and the lower wall of the nasal cavity.

The lower nasal meatus opens:

Nasolacrimal duct.

Between the nasal septum and the nasal turbinates is located common nasal passage, meatus nasi communis .

Bone palate palatum osseum, limited by the alveolar processes of the upper jaws and formed by:

1) palatine processes of the upper jaws,

2) horizontal plates of the palatine bones.

Structures of the bony palate:

Median palatal suture sutura palatina mediana,

Transverse palatal suture, sutura palatina transversa,

incisal hole, foramen incisivum, leading into the incisive canal, canalis incisivus,

Greater palatine foramen ,foramen palatinum majus,

Small palatine foramina, foramina palatina minora.

temporal fossa, fossa temporalis, It is bounded above by the superior temporal line and below by the infratemporal crest of the sphenoid bone.

Walls of the temporal fossa: anterior, medial and lateral.

1. Front wall,paries anterior , educated:

1) zygomatic process of the frontal bone,

2) the temporal surface of the zygomatic bone.

2. medial wall,paries medialis , educated:

1) the temporal surface of the squamous part of the temporal bone,

2) outer surface parietal bone in the area of the wedge-shaped angle,

3) the temporal surface of the greater wing of the sphenoid bone.

3. lateral wall,paries lateralis , represented by the zygomatic arch.

infratemporal fossa, fossa infratemporalis, delimited from the temporal fossa by the infratemporal crest of the greater wing of the sphenoid bone.

Walls of the infratemporal fossa: anterior, superior, medial.

1. Front wall,paries anterior , educated:

1) tubercle of the upper jaw,

2) zygomatic bone.

2. Upper wall,paries superior , presented:

1) temporal bone,

2) the temporal surface of the greater wing of the sphenoid bone below the infratemporal crest.

3. medial wall,paries medialis , educated:

1) lateral plate of the pterygoid process of the sphenoid bone.

On the lateral side, the infratemporal fossa is covered by a branch lower jaw. In front, through the inferior orbital fissure, it communicates with the orbit. From the medial side through the pterygomaxillary fissure, fissura pterygomaxillaris, communicates with the pterygopalatine fossa. The hole is open below.

Pterygopalatine fossa, fossa pterygopalatina, has four walls: anterior, superior, posterior and medial.

1. Front wall,paries anterior , presented:

1) tubercle of the upper jaw.

2. Upper wall,paries superior , educated:

1) the maxillary surface of the greater wing of the sphenoid bone.

3. back wall,paries posterior , educated:

1) the base of the pterygoid process of the sphenoid bone.

4. Medial wall , paries medialis , presented:

1) perpendicular plate of the palatine bone.

The pterygopalatine fossa narrows downwards and passes into the greater palatine canal, canalis palatinus major.

Inner surface of the base of the skull, basis cranii interna, is divided into three fossae, of which the anterior and middle accommodate big brain, and in the back - the cerebellum. The border between the anterior and middle fossae is the posterior edges of the small wings of the sphenoid bone, and between the middle and posterior fossae is the upper edge of the pyramids of the temporal bones.

Anterior cranial fossa, fossa cranii anterior, is formed by the orbital parts of the frontal bone, the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone lying in the recess, the lesser wings and part of the body of the sphenoid bone. In the anterior cranial fossa are located frontal lobes hemispheres of the brain. On the sides of the crista galli there are laminae cribrosae, through which the olfactory nerves pass, nn. olfactorii (I pair) from the nasal cavity and a. ethmoidalis anterior (from a. ophthalmica) accompanied by the vein and nerve of the same name (from the first branch of the trigeminal nerve).

Middle cranial fossa, fossa cranii media, deeper than the anterior one. It contains a middle part formed top surface the body of the sphenoid bone (area of the sella turcica), and two lateral ones. They are formed by the large wings of the sphenoid bone, the anterior surfaces of the pyramids and partly by the scales of the temporal bones. The central part of the middle fossa is occupied by the pituitary gland, and the lateral parts by the temporal lobes of the hemispheres. The cross is located in the sulcus chiasmatis from the sella turcica optic nerves, chiasma opticum. On the sides of the sella turcica lie the most important in practical terms solid sinuses meninges- cavernous, sinus cavernosus, into which the superior and inferior ophthalmic veins flow.

Middle cranial fossa communicates with the orbit through the optic canal, canalis opticus, and the superior orbital fissure, fissura orbitalis superior. The optic nerve passes through the canal, n. opticus (II pair), and ophthalmic artery, a. ophthalmica (from internal carotid artery), and through the gap - the oculomotor nerve, n. oculomotorius (III pair), trochlear, n. trochlearis (IV pair), abducens, n. abducens (VI pair) and ophthalmic, n. ophthalmicus, nerves and ophthalmic veins.

Middle cranial fossa communicates through the round foramen, foramen rotundum, where the maxillary nerve passes, n. maxillaris (II branch of the trigeminal nerve), with the pterygopalatine fossa. It is connected to the infratemporal fossa through the oval foramen, foramen ovale, where the mandibular nerve passes, n. mandibularis (III branch of the trigeminal nerve), and the spinous, foramen spinosum, where the middle meningeal artery passes, a. meningea media. At the top of the pyramid there is an irregularly shaped hole - foramen lacerum, in the area of which there is an internal opening of the carotid canal, from where the internal carotid artery enters the cranial cavity, a. carotis interna.

The middle cranial fossa is located between the small wings of the sphenoid bone, the upper edges of the pyramids (margo petrosus superior) and the back of the sella turcica. It is formed by the sella turcica, the large wings of the sphenoid bone and the anterior surface of the pyramid of the temporal bone. The temporal lobes of the brain are located in the lateral sections of the fossa, and the pituitary gland is located in the sella turcica. The sella turcica is surrounded on both sides by a system of venous cavities that make up the cavernous sinus. These venous cavities are located between the bone of the base of the skull and the dura mater, which hangs over the sella turcica and forms the sella diaphragm (diaphragma sellae) with an opening for the funnel connecting the pituitary gland to the brain. The sinuses of the right and left sides communicate with each other using the anterior and posterior intercavernous sinuses (sinus intercavernosus anterior et posterior). The ophthalmic veins (v. ophthalmica) of the corresponding side flow into the sinuses. Blood from the sinuses flows through the sinus petrosus superior into the sigmoid sinus. The cavernous sinuses anastomose with the veins of the face through the vessels that follow the anterior laceration and foramen ovale.

The topography of the cavernous sinuses is complex, since the internal carotid arteries and abducens nerves pass through them. In the outer wall of the sinuses between the layers of the dura mater are the oculomotor, trochlear and orbital nerves (nn. oculomotorius, trochlearis, ophthalmicus). Anterior to the sella turcica and the pituitary gland is the optic chiasm (hiasma optici). Pathological enlargement of the pituitary gland leads to compression visual pathways and visual impairment.

The middle cranial fossa has a number of openings through which blood vessels and nerves pass. The superior orbital fissure (fissura orbitalis superior) is located between the small and large wings of the sphenoid bone. It leads into the cavity of the orbit. The oculomotor, trochlear and abducens nerves, branches of the orbital nerve (frontal, lacrimal and nasociliary) and the ophthalmic vein pass through the gap. Posterior and outward from the superior orbital fissure there is a round opening (foramen rotundum), which passes the second branch of the trigeminal nerve (n. maxillaris) into the pterygopalatine fossa. Next is the oval foramen (foramen ovale), through which the third branch of the trigeminal nerve (n. mandibularis) passes. In the spinous foramen (foramen spinosum) there are the middle artery of the meninges (a. meningea media) and the meningeal branch of the mandibular nerve (n. spinosus) passing into the cranial cavity. The torn hole (foramen lacerum) is located between the large wing of the sphenoid bone and the pyramid of the temporal bone. The petrosal nerves (nn. petrosus major et minor), the tensor muscle, pass through the fibrous membrane covering the opening. eardrum, the nerve that innervates it (m. et n. tensor tympani) and small veins connecting the inferior petrosal sinus with
veins of the outer surface of the base of the skull. The internal carotid foramen (foramen caroticum internum) is located next to the foramen lacerum. The internal carotid artery, surrounded by the nerve plexus of the same name, passes through it into the cranial cavity.

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External base of the skull (basis cranii externa) in the anterior section, 1/3 is covered by the facial skull, and only the posterior and middle sections are formed by the bones of the brain skull (Fig. 1). The base of the skull is uneven and has many openings through which vessels and nerves pass (Table 1). IN posterior section the occipital bone is located, along the midline of which are visible external occipital protuberance and going down external nuchal crest. Anterior to scales occipital bone lies big hole, limited laterally occipital condyles, and in front - the basilar part of the occipital bone. Behind the occipital condyles there is a condylar fossa, which turns into a non-permanent condylar canal (canalis condylaris), passing through the emissary vein. At the base of the occipital condyles passes hypoglossal nerve canal, in which the nerve of the same name lies. At the base of the mastoid process there is a mastoid notch and a groove of the occipital artery, behind which is located mastoid foramen, through which the emissary foam passes. Medial and anterior to the mastoid process is stylomastoid foramen, and in front of him - styloid process. On the lower surface of the pyramid there is a well-defined jugular fossa, limiting the anterior jugular foramen(foramen jugulare), where the internal jugular vein is formed and the IX-XI pairs of cranial nerves leave the skull. At the top of the pyramid there is a ragged opening (foramen lacerum), anterior to which at the base of the pterygoid processes passes pterygoid canal, opening into the pterygopalatine fossa. At the base of the large wings of the sphenoid bone there is the foramen ovale and, somewhat posteriorly, the foramen spinosum.

Rice. 1. External base of the skull (the infratemporal fossa is highlighted in color):

1 - bony palate; 2 - choana; 3 - medial plate of the pterygoid process; 4 - lateral plate of the pterygoid process; 5 - infratemporal fossa; 6 - oval hole; 7 - foramen spinosum; 8 - pharyngeal tubercle; 9 - mastoid process; 10 - external occipital crest; 11 - lower nuchal line; 12 - upper nuchal line; 13 - external occipital protrusion; 14— large hole; 15— occipital condyle; 16—jugular fossa; 17 - stylomastoid foramen; 18 - styloid process; 19 - mandibular fossa; 20 - external aperture of the carotid canal; 21 - zygomatic arch; 22 - infratemporal crest; 23 - torn hole

Table 1. Holes in the outer base of the skull and their purpose

Hole	Through the holes pass
Hole	arteries	veins	nerve
Oval	Accessory meningeal - branch of the middle meningeal artery	The venous plexus of the foramen ovale connects the cavernous sinus and the pterygoid (venous) plexus	Mandibular - third branch of the trigeminal nerve
Spinous	Middle meningeal - branch of the maxillary artery	Middle meningeal (flow into the pterygoid plexus)	Meningeal branch of the maxillary nerve
Inferior aperture of the tympanic tubule	Inferior tympanic - branch of the ascending artery		The tympanic is a branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve
Sleepy-tympanic tubules	Carotid-tympanic branches of the internal carotid artery		Carotid-tympanic - branches of the carotid plexus and tympanic nerve
External aperture of the carotid canal	Internal sleepy		Internal carotid plexus
Stylomastoid	Stylomastoid - branch of the posterior auricular artery	Stylomastoid (drains into the posterior maxillary vein)
Tympanosquamosal fissure	The deep auricularis is a branch of the maxillary artery
Petrostympanic fissure	Anterior tympanic - branch of the maxillary artery	Tympanic - tributaries of the posterior maxillary vein	The chorda tympani is a branch of the facial nerve
Mastoid (tubule)			Auricular branch of the vagus nerve
Mastoid	Meningeal branch of the occipital artery	Mastoid emissary (connects the sigmoid sinus and occipital vein)
	Posterior meningeal - branch of the ascending pharyngeal artery		Glossopharyngeal, vagus, accessory nerves, meningeal branch of the vagus nerve
Hypoglossal nerve canal		Venous network of the sublingual canal (flows into jugular vein)
Condylar canal		Condylar emissary (connects the sigmoid sinus with the vertebral venous plexus)
	Vertebrates, anterior and posterior spinal cords	Basilar venous plexus	Medulla oblongata