The great Russian writer Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy (1828–1910) loved children very much, and even more he loved talking to them.
He knew many fables, fairy tales, stories and stories that he enthusiastically told to children. Both his own grandchildren and peasant children listened to him with interest.
Opening in Yasnaya Polyana a school for peasant children, Lev Nikolaevich himself taught there.
He wrote a textbook for the little ones and called it "ABC". The author's work, consisting of four volumes, was “beautiful, short, simple and, most importantly, clear” for children to understand.
Lion and mouse
The lion was sleeping. The mouse ran over his body. He woke up and caught her. The mouse began to ask him to let her in; She said:
If you let me in, I will do you good.
The lion laughed that the mouse promised to do good to him, and let it go.
Then the hunters caught the lion and tied it to a tree with a rope. The mouse heard the lion's roar, came running, chewed the rope and said:
Remember, you laughed, you didn’t think that I could do you any good, but now you see, sometimes good comes from a mouse.
How a thunderstorm caught me in the forest
When I was little, I was sent to the forest to pick mushrooms.
I reached the forest, picked mushrooms and wanted to go home. Suddenly it became dark, it began to rain and there was thunder.
I got scared and sat down under a large oak tree. Lightning flashed so brightly that it hurt my eyes and I closed my eyes.
Something crackled and rattled above my head; then something hit me in the head.
I fell and lay there until the rain stopped.
When I woke up, trees were dripping all over the forest, birds were singing and the sun was playing. A large oak tree broke and smoke came out of the stump. Oak secrets lay around me.
My dress was all wet and sticking to my body; there was a bump on my head and it hurt a little.
I found my hat, took the mushrooms and ran home.
There was no one at home, I took out some bread from the table and climbed onto the stove.
When I woke up, I saw from the stove that my mushrooms had been fried, put on the table and were already ready to eat.
I shouted: “What are you eating without me?” They say: “Why are you sleeping? Go quickly and eat.”
Sparrow and swallows
Once I stood in the yard and looked at a nest of swallows under the roof. Both swallows flew away in front of me, and the nest was left empty.
While they were away, a sparrow flew from the roof, jumped onto the nest, looked around, flapped its wings and darted into the nest; then he stuck his head out and chirped.
Soon after that, a swallow flew to the nest. She poked her head into the nest, but as soon as she saw the guest, she squeaked, beat her wings in place and flew away.
Sparrow sat and chirped.
Suddenly a herd of swallows flew in: all the swallows flew up to the nest, as if to look at the sparrow, and flew away again.
The sparrow was not shy, he turned his head and chirped.
The swallows again flew up to the nest, did something, and flew away again.
It was not for nothing that the swallows flew up: they each brought dirt in their beaks and little by little covered the hole in the nest.
Again the swallows flew away and came again, and covered the nest more and more, and the hole became tighter and tighter.
At first the sparrow's neck was visible, then only its head, then its nose, and then nothing became visible; The swallows completely covered him in the nest, flew away and began circling around the house whistling.
Two comrades
Two comrades were walking through the forest, and a bear jumped out at them.
One ran, climbed a tree and hid, while the other stayed on the road. He had nothing to do - he fell to the ground and pretended to be dead.
The bear came up to him and began to sniff: he stopped breathing.
The bear sniffed his face, thought he was dead, and walked away.
When the bear left, he climbed down from the tree and laughed.
Well, he says, did the bear speak into your ear?
And he told me that bad people those who run away from their comrades in danger.
Liar
The boy was guarding the sheep and, as if he saw a wolf, began to call:
Help, wolf! Wolf!
The men came running and saw: it’s not true. As he did this two and three times, it happened that a wolf actually came running. The boy began to shout:
Come here, come quickly, wolf!
The men thought that he was deceiving again as always - they did not listen to him. The wolf sees that there is nothing to be afraid of: he has slaughtered the entire herd in the open.
Hunter and Quail
A quail got caught in a hunter's net and began to ask the hunter to let him go.
Just let me go,” he says, “I’ll serve you.” I'll lure you other quails into the net.
Well, the quail,” said the hunter, “wouldn’t have let you in anyway, and now even more so.” I’ll turn my head for wanting to hand over your own people.
Girl and mushrooms
Two girls were walking home with mushrooms.
They had to cross the railway.
They thought the car was far away, so they climbed up the embankment and walked across the rails.
Suddenly a car made noise. The older girl ran back, and the younger girl ran across the road.
The older girl shouted to her sister: “Don’t go back!”
But the car was so close and made such a loud noise that the smaller girl did not hear; she thought that she was being told to run back. She ran back across the rails, tripped, dropped the mushrooms and began to pick them up.
The car was already close, and the driver whistled as hard as he could.
The older girl shouted: “Throw away the mushrooms!”, and the little girl thought that she was being told to pick mushrooms, and crawled along the road.
The driver could not hold the cars. She whistled as hard as she could and ran into the girl.
The older girl screamed and cried. All the passengers looked from the windows of the cars, and the conductor ran to the end of the train to see what had happened to the girl.
When the train passed, everyone saw that the girl was lying head down between the rails and not moving.
Then, when the train had already moved far, the girl raised her head, jumped on her knees, picked mushrooms and ran to her sister.
Old grandfather and grandson
(Fable)
Grandfather became very old. His legs did not walk, his eyes did not see, his ears did not hear, he had no teeth. And when he ate, it flowed backwards from his mouth.
His son and daughter-in-law stopped sitting him at the table and let him dine at the stove. They brought him lunch in a cup. He wanted to move it, but he dropped it and broke it.
The daughter-in-law began to scold the old man for ruining everything in the house and breaking cups, and said that now she would give him dinner in a basin.
The old man just sighed and said nothing.
One day a husband and wife are sitting at home and watching - their little son is playing on the floor with planks - he is working on something.
The father asked: “What are you doing this, Misha?” And Misha said: “It’s me, father, who’s making the tub. When you and your mother are too old to feed you from this tub.”
The husband and wife looked at each other and began to cry.
They felt ashamed that they had offended the old man so much; and from then on they began to sit him at the table and look after him.
Little mouse
The mouse went out for a walk. She walked around the yard and came back to her mother.
Well, mother, I saw two animals. One is scary and the other is kind.
Mother asked:
Tell me, what kind of animals are these?
The mouse said:
One is scary - his legs are black, his crest is red, his eyes are protruding, and his nose is hooked. When I walked past, he opened his mouth, raised his leg and began screaming so loudly that out of fear I did not know where to go.
This is a rooster, said the old mouse, he does no harm to anyone, don’t be afraid of him. Well, what about the other animal?
The other was lying in the sun and warming himself. His neck was white, his legs were gray and smooth. He was licking his white chest and moving his tail slightly, looking at me.
The old mouse said:
Stupid, you are stupid. After all, it's the cat himself.
Two guys
Two men were driving: one to the city, the other from the city.
They hit each other with the sleigh. One shouts:
Give me the way, I need to get to the city quickly.
And the other shouts:
Give me the way. I need to go home soon.
And the third man saw and said:
Whoever needs it quickly, put it back.
Poor man and rich man
In one house they lived: upstairs was a rich gentleman, and downstairs was a poor tailor.
The tailor kept singing songs while working and disturbed the master's sleep.
The master gave the tailor a bag of money so that he would not sing.
The tailor became rich and kept his money safe, but he no longer began to sing.
And he became bored. He took the money and brought it back to the master and said:
Take your money back, and let me sing the songs. And then melancholy came over me.
Conversation for children 5-9 years old: “Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy”
Dvoretskaya Tatyana Nikolaevna, GBOU School No. 1499 DO No. 7, teacherDescription: The event is intended for children of senior preschool and junior school age, educators preschool institutions, primary school teachers and parents.
Purpose of work: The conversation will introduce children to the great Russian writer Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy, his work and personal contribution to children's literature.
Target: introducing children of senior preschool and primary school age to the world of book culture.
Tasks:
1. introduce children to the biography and work of the writer Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy;
2. introduce children of senior preschool and primary school age to literary works;3. develop emotional responsiveness to literary work;
4. cultivate children’s interest in the book and its characters;
Attributes for games: rope, 2 baskets, fake mushrooms, hat or mask - Bear.
Preliminary work:
- Read fairy tales, stories, fables of Leo Nikolaevich Tolstoy
- Organize an exhibition of children's drawings based on the works they read
Introductory speech in verse
Dvoretskaya T.N.Great soul man
Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy.
The famous writer is talented from God.
A wise teacher with the soul of a teacher.
He was a generator of bold ideas.
He opened a school for peasant children.
Lev Nikolaevich is a great thinker.
Founder, benefactor.
Noble family, count blood.
He thought about the troubles of ordinary people.
He left behind a legacy
Knowledge has become an encyclopedia.
His works and experience are invaluable capital.
For many generations, it became the foundation.
The writer is famous, and in the 21st century
We will proudly tell you about this man!
Progress of the conversation:
Presenter: Dear guys, today we will meet amazing person and a great writer.
(Slide No. 1)
Near the city of Tula there is a place called Yasnaya Polyana, where on September 9, 1828, the great Russian writer Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy was born. He was the fourth child in a large noble family. His mother, Princess Maria Nikolaevna Volkonskaya. His father, Count Nikolai Ilyich, traced his ancestry back to Ivan Ivanovich Tolstoy, who served as a governor under Tsar Ivan the Terrible.
(Slide No. 2)
The little writer spent his childhood in Yasnaya Polyana. Leo Tolstoy primary education received at home, lessons were given to him by French and German teachers. He lost his parents early. Leo Tolstoy's mother died when he was one and a half years old, and his father died when the boy was nine years old. The orphaned children (three brothers and a sister) were taken in by their aunt, who lived in Kazan. She became the children's guardian. Leo Tolstoy lived in the city of Kazan for six years.
In 1844 he entered Kazan University. Classes according to the program and textbooks weighed heavily on him and after studying for 3 years, he decides to leave the institution. Leo Tolstoy left Kazan for the Caucasus, where his older brother Nikolai Nikolaevich Tolstoy served in the active army with the rank of artillery officer.
Young Leo Tolstoy wanted to test himself to see if he was a brave man, and to see with his own eyes what war was. He entered the army, at first he was a cadet, then after passing the exams, he received a junior officer rank.
Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy was a participant in the defense of the city of Sevastopol. Awarded the Order of St. Anne with the inscription “For Bravery” and medals “For the Defense of Sevastopol.
Russian people have long glorified courage, bravery and bravery.
Listen to what sayings were made in Rus':
Where there is courage, there is victory.
Don't lose courage, don't take a step back.
A soldier's job is to fight bravely and skillfully.
Anyone who has never been in battle has never experienced courage.
Now we will check how brave and courageous our boys are.
Exit to the center of the hall. The game is played: Tug of war.
Leo Tolstoy traveled abroad twice in 1850 and 1860.
(Slide No. 3)
Returning back to Yasnaya Polyana, the family estate of Leo Tolstoy opens a school for serf children. At that time, the country had serfdom - this is when all peasants obeyed and belonged to the landowner. Previously, even in the cities there were not many schools, and only children from rich and noble families studied in them. People lived in villages and they were all illiterate.
Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy announced that the school would be free, that there would be no corporal punishment. The fact is that in those days it was customary to punish children; they were beaten with rods (a thin twig) for bad behavior, for an incorrect answer, for not learning a lesson, for disobedience.
(Slide No. 4)
At first, the peasants shrugged their shoulders: where has it been seen that they teach for free. People doubted whether such lessons would be of any use if they did not flog a mischievous and lazy child.
In those days, peasant families had many children, 10 to 12 people each. And they all helped their parents with housework.
But they soon saw that the school in Yasnaya Polyana was not like any other.
(Slide No. 5)
“If,” wrote L.N. Tolstoy, “the lesson is too difficult, the student will lose hope of completing the task, will do something else, and will not make any effort; if the lesson is too easy, the same thing will happen. We must try to ensure that all the student’s attention can be absorbed in the given lesson. To do this, give the student such work that each lesson feels like a step forward in his learning.”
(Slide No. 6)
The following folk proverbs have been preserved and survived to this day about the power of knowledge:
From time immemorial, a book has raised a person.
It is good to teach whoever listens.
The ABC is a stepping stone to wisdom.
Live forever and learn.
The world is illuminated by the sun, and man is illuminated by knowledge.
Without patience there is no learning.
Learning to read and write is always useful.
(Slide No. 7)
At the Tolstoy school, the children learned to read, write, count, and they had lessons in history, science, drawing and singing. The children felt free and cheerful at school. In the classroom, little students sat down wherever they wanted: on benches, on tables, on the windowsill, on the floor. Everyone could ask the teacher about anything they wanted, talked to him, consulted with neighbors, looked into their notebooks. Lessons turned into a general interesting conversation, and sometimes into a game. There were no homework assignments.
(Slide No. 8)
During breaks and after classes, Leo Tolstoy told the children something interesting, showed them gymnastic exercises, played games with them, and ran races. In winter I went sledding down the mountains with my children, and in summer I took them to the river or to the forest to pick mushrooms and berries.
(Slide No. 9)
Come on guys, and we’ll play a game: “Mushroom Pickers”
Rules: Children are divided into 2 teams, each team has 1 basket. At the signal, children collect mushrooms.
Condition: You can only take 1 mushroom in your hands.
Music plays, children collect mushrooms and put them in their common team basket.
The music fades out, a bear comes out into the clearing (starts roaring), the mushroom pickers freeze and do not move. The bear goes around the mushroom pickers; if the mushroom picker moves, the bear eats him. (The eaten mushroom picker is placed on a chair.) At the end of the game, the mushrooms in the baskets are counted. The team that has collected the most mushrooms and whose team has the most mushroom pickers left unharmed wins.
(Slide No. 10)
At that time there were few books for children. Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy decides to write a book for children. The ABC was published in 1872. In this book, Lev Nikolaevich collected the best fairy tales, fables, proverbs, short stories, epics and sayings. Small instructive works make children all over the world sympathize and worry, rejoice and be sad.
(slide No. 11)
The works written by Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy contain useful and wise advice, teach to understand the world around us and relationships between people.
(Slide No. 12)
The works of Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy are a real treasure trove for children. Children are small and attentive listeners who learn love, kindness, courage, justice, resourcefulness, and honesty.
Children are strict judges in literature. It is necessary that the stories for them be written clearly, entertainingly, and morally... Simplicity is a huge and difficult to achieve virtue.
L.N. Tolstoy.
(Slide No. 13)
Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy was a master of inventing ideas for children different games and fun. Here are some of them. Guys, try to guess some interesting riddles.
It walks along the sea, but when it reaches the shore, it disappears. (Wave)
There is a mountain in the yard, and water in the hut. (Snow)
He bows, bows, when he comes home he will stretch out. (Axe)
Seventy clothes, all without fasteners. (Cabbage)
Grandfather builds a bridge without an axe. (Freezing)
Two mothers have five sons. (Hands)
Twisted, tied up, dancing around the hut. (Broom)
It's made of wood, but the head is iron. (Hammer)
Every boy has a closet. (Signet)
(Slide No. 14)
Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy wrote sayings for children.
Where there is a flower, there is honey.
Unknown friend, not good for services.
Help your friend as much as you can.
The bird is red with its feather, and the man with his mind.
A drop is small, but drop by drop the sea.
Don't take it by the handful, but take it in a pinch.
If you want to eat rolls, don’t sit on the stove.
Summer gathers, winter eats.
Know how to take, know how to give.
You won't learn everything at once.
Learning is light, not learning is darkness.
The end is the crown of the matter.
Presenter: Well, at the end of our event we invite you to play an outdoor game:
"Golden Gate".
Rules of the game: The two leaders join hands and build a “gate” (raise their clasped hands up). The rest of the players join hands and begin to dance in a circle, passing under the “gate”. The round dance must not be broken! You can't stop!
Everyone playing in chorus pronounces the words (chorusing)
“Golden Gate, come through, gentlemen:
Saying goodbye for the first time
The second time is prohibited
And we won’t let you through the third time!”
When the last phrase sounds, “the gate is closing” - the drivers lower their hands and catch and lock those participants in the round dance who are inside the “gate”. Those who are caught also become “gates”. When the “gate” grows to 4 people, you can divide them and make two gates, or you can leave just a giant “gate”. If there are few “masters” left in the game, it is advisable to arrive under the goal, moving like a snake. The game usually goes down to the last two uncaught players. They become new leaders, form new gates.
(Slide No. 14 and No. 15)
Thank you for your attention! See you again!
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Jackdaw and jug
Galka wanted to drink. There was a jug of water in the yard, and the jug only had water at the bottom.
Jackdaw was out of reach.
She began throwing pebbles into the jug and added so many that the water became higher and could be drunk.
Rats and egg
Two rats found an egg. They wanted to share it and eat it; but they see a crow flying and wants to take an egg.
The rats began to think about how to steal an egg from a crow. Carry? - do not grab; roll? - it can be broken.
And the rats decided this: one lay on its back, grabbed the egg with its paws, and the other carried it by the tail, and, like on a sleigh, pulled the egg under the floor.
Bug
Bug carried a bone across the bridge. Look, her shadow is in the water.
It occurred to the Bug that there was not a shadow in the water, but a Bug and a bone.
She let her bone go and take it. She didn’t take that one, but hers sank to the bottom.
Wolf and goat
The wolf sees that a goat is grazing on a stone mountain and he cannot get close to it; he says to her: “You should go down: here the place is more level, and the grass is much sweeter for you to feed.”
And the Goat says: “That’s not why you, wolf, are calling me down: you’re not worrying about mine, but about your own food.”
Monkey and Pea
(Fable)
The monkey was carrying two full handfuls of peas. One pea popped out; The monkey wanted to pick it up and spilled twenty peas.
She rushed to pick it up and spilled everything. Then she got angry, scattered all the peas and ran away.
Mouse, cat and rooster
The mouse went out for a walk. She walked around the yard and came back to her mother.
“Well, mother, I saw two animals. One is scary and the other is kind.”
The mother said: “Tell me, what kind of animals are these?”
The mouse said: “There’s a scary one, he walks around the yard like this: his legs are black, his crest is red, his eyes are bulging, and his nose is hooked. When I walked past, he opened his mouth, raised his leg and began screaming so loudly that I didn’t know where to go from fear!”
“It’s a rooster,” said the old mouse. “He doesn’t harm anyone, don’t be afraid of him.” Well, what about the other animal?
— The other was lying in the sun and warming himself. His neck is white, his legs are gray, smooth, he licks his white chest and moves his tail slightly, looking at me.
The old mouse said: “You are a fool, you are a fool. After all, it’s the cat itself.”
Lion and mouse
(Fable)
The lion was sleeping. The mouse ran over his body. He woke up and caught her. The mouse began to ask him to let her in; she said: “If you let me in, I’ll do you good.” The lion laughed that the mouse promised to do good to him, and let it go.
Then the hunters caught the lion and tied it to a tree with a rope. The mouse heard the lion's roar, came running, gnawed the rope and said: “Remember, you laughed, you didn’t think that I could do you any good, but now you see, good comes from a mouse.”
Varya and Chizh
Varya had a siskin. The siskin lived in a cage and never sang.
Varya came to the siskin. - “It’s time for you, little siskin, to sing.”
- “Let me go free, in freedom I will sing all day long.”
Old man and apple trees
The old man was planting apple trees. They told him: “Why do you need apple trees? It will take a long time to wait for fruit from these apple trees, and you will not eat any apples from them.” The old man said: “I won’t eat, others will eat, they will thank me.”
Old grandfather and grandson
(Fable)
Grandfather became very old. His legs did not walk, his eyes did not see, his ears did not hear, he had no teeth. And when he ate, it flowed backwards from his mouth. His son and daughter-in-law stopped sitting him at the table and let him dine at the stove. They brought him lunch in a cup. He wanted to move it, but he dropped it and broke it. The daughter-in-law began to scold the old man for ruining everything in the house and breaking cups, and said that now she would give him dinner in a basin. The old man just sighed and said nothing. One day a husband and wife are sitting at home and watching - their little son is playing on the floor with planks - he is working on something. The father asked: “What are you doing this, Misha?” And Misha said: “It’s me, father, who’s making the tub. When you and your mother are too old to feed you from this tub.”
The husband and wife looked at each other and began to cry. They felt ashamed that they had offended the old man so much; and from then on they began to sit him at the table and look after him.
Leo Tolstoy "Bird" True story
It was Seryozha’s birthday, and they gave him many different gifts: tops, horses, and pictures. But the most valuable gift of all was Uncle Seryozha’s gift of a net to catch birds.
The mesh is made in such a way that a board is attached to the frame, and the mesh is folded back. Sprinkle the seed on a board and place it in the yard. A bird will fly in, sit on the board, the board will turn up, and the net will slam shut on its own.
Seryozha was delighted and ran to his mother to show the net. Mother says:
- Not a good toy. What do you need birds for? Why are you going to torture them?
- I'll put them in cages. They will sing and I will feed them!
Seryozha took out a seed, sprinkled it on a board and placed the net in the garden. And still he stood there, waiting for the birds to fly. But the birds were afraid of him and did not fly to the net.
Seryozha went to lunch and left the net. I looked after lunch, the net had slammed shut and a bird was fluttering under the net. Seryozha was delighted, caught the bird and took it home.
- Mother! Look, I caught a bird, it must be a nightingale! And how his heart beats.
Mother said:
- This is a siskin. Look, don’t torment him, but rather let him go.
- No, I will feed and water him.
Seryozha put the siskin in a cage and for two days he poured seed into it, and put water in it, and cleaned the cage. On the third day he forgot about the siskin and did not change its water.
His mother says to him:
- You see, you forgot about your bird, it’s better to let it go.
- No, I won’t forget, I’ll put some water on now and clean the cage.
Seryozha put his hand into the cage and began to clean it, but the little siskin got scared and hit the cage. Seryozha cleaned the cage and went to get water.
His mother saw that he forgot to close the cage and shouted to him:
- Seryozha, close the cage, otherwise your bird will fly out and kill itself!
Before she had time to speak, the little siskin found the door, was delighted, spread its wings and flew through the room to the window. Yes, I didn’t see the glass, I hit the glass and fell on the windowsill.
Seryozha came running, took the bird, and carried it into the cage.
The little siskin was still alive, but he was lying on his chest, his wings outstretched, and breathing heavily. Seryozha looked and looked and began to cry.
- Mother! What should I do now?
- Now you can't do anything.
Seryozha did not leave the cage all day and kept looking at the little siskin, and the little siskin was still lying on his chest and breathing heavily. When Seryozha went to bed, the little siskin was still alive.
Seryozha could not fall asleep for a long time; every time he closed his eyes, he imagined the little siskin, how it lay and breathed.
In the morning, when Seryozha approached the cage, he saw that the siskin was already lying on its back, curled its paws and stiffened.
Since then, Seryozha has never caught birds.
Leo Tolstoy "Kitten" True story
There were brother and sister - Vasya and Katya; and they had a cat. In the spring the cat disappeared. The children looked for her everywhere, but could not find her.
One day they were playing near the barn and heard something meowing overhead in thin voices. Vasya climbed the ladder under the roof of the barn. And Katya stood below and kept asking:
- Did you find it? Did you find it?
But Vasya did not answer her. Finally Vasya shouted to her:
- Found it! Our cat... and she has kittens; so wonderful; come here quickly.
Katya ran home, took out milk and brought it to the cat.
There were five kittens. When they grew a little and began to crawl out from under the corner where they had hatched, the children chose one kitten, gray with white paws, and brought it into the house. Mom gave away all the other kittens, but left this one to the children. The children fed him, played with him and took him to bed.
One day the children went to play on the road and took a kitten with them. The wind moved the straw along the road, and the kitten played with the straw, and the children rejoiced at him. Then they found sorrel near the road, went to collect it and forgot about the kitten.
Suddenly they heard someone shouting loudly: “Back, back!” - and they saw that a hunter was galloping, and in front of him were two dogs - they saw a kitten and wanted to grab it. And the stupid kitten, instead of running, sat down to the ground, hunched his back and looked at the dogs. Katya was scared of the dogs, screamed and ran away from them. And Vasya, as best he could, ran towards the kitten and at the same time as the dogs ran up to him. The dogs wanted to grab the kitten, but Vasya fell with his stomach on the kitten and blocked it from the dogs.
The hunter jumped up and drove the dogs away, and Vasya brought the kitten home and never took it with him to the field again.
Leo Tolstoy "The Lion and the Dog"
In London they showed wild animals and for viewing they took money or dogs and cats to feed the wild animals.
One person wanted to see the animals; he grabbed a little dog on the street and brought it to the menagerie. They let him watch, but they took the little dog and threw him into a cage with a lion to be eaten.
The little dog tucked its tail and pressed itself into the corner of the cage. The lion came up to her and smelled her.
The dog lay down on its back, raised its paws and began wagging its tail. The lion touched it with his paw and turned it over. The dog jumped up and stood on its hind legs in front of the lion.
The lion looked at the dog, turned his head from side to side and did not touch it.
When the owner threw meat to the lion, the lion tore off a piece and left it for the dog.
In the evening, when the lion went to bed, the dog lay down next to him and put her head on his paw.
Since then, the dog lived in the same cage with the lion. The lion did not touch her, ate food, slept with her, and sometimes played with her.
One day the master came to the menagerie and recognized his dog; he said that the dog was his own, and asked the owner of the menagerie to give it to him. The owner wanted to give it back, but as soon as they began to call the dog to take it from the cage, the lion bristled and growled.
So the lion and the dog lived for a whole year in the same cage.
A year later the dog got sick and died. The lion stopped eating, but kept sniffing, licking the dog and touching it with his paw. When he realized that she was dead, he suddenly jumped up, bristled, began to whip his tail on the sides, rushed to the wall of the cage and began to gnaw at the bolts and the floor.
The whole day he fought, rushed around the cage and roared, then he lay down next to the dead dog and fell silent. The owner wanted to take away the dead dog, but the lion would not let anyone near it.
The owner thought that the lion would forget his grief if he was given another dog, so he let him into his cage. live dog; but the lion immediately tore it into pieces. Then he hugged the dead dog with his paws and lay there for five days. On the sixth day the lion died.
Leo Tolstoy "Hares"
At night, forest hares feed on tree bark, field hares on winter crops and grass, and bean hares on grain grains on threshing floors. During the night, hares make a deep, visible trail in the snow. Hares are hunted by people, dogs, wolves, foxes, crows, and eagles. If the hare had walked simply and straightly, then in the morning he would have been found by the trail and caught; but the hare is cowardly, and cowardice saves him.
The hare walks through fields and forests at night without fear and makes straight tracks; but as soon as morning comes, his enemies wake up: the hare begins to hear the barking of dogs, the screeching of sleighs, the voices of men, the crackling of a wolf in the forest and begins to rush from side to side in fear. He will gallop forward, get scared by something, and run back in his tracks. If he hears something else, he will jump to the side with all his might and gallop away from the previous trail. Again something knocks - again the hare turns back and again jumps to the side. When it becomes light, he will lie down.
The next morning, the hunters begin to disassemble the hare's trail, get confused by double tracks and distant jumps, and are surprised at the hare's cunning. But the hare didn’t even think of being cunning. He's just afraid of everything.
Composition
A.N. Tolstoy (1883-1945), prose writer, playwright and publicist of the realistic movement, received the first recognition from readers after the release of his prose collection “Magpie Tales” (1910) - a series of sketches on folklore themes. These sketches have no idea, their form is incomplete, and the language is overtly stylized. L.N. Tolstoy (1828-1910) - the greatest thinker, realist writer. IN children's reading the first works of Tolstoy were passed over. “Childhood”, “Adolescence” are the brightest examples of a realistic story about childhood. In “Childhood,” Tolstoy’s views on raising children received artistic embodiment. He categorically rejects violence as a means of education. The best is homely, maternal. Tolstoy began writing works for children at the Yasnaya Polyana school, which he created himself. In 1872, “ABC” was published in 4 books - the result of 14 years of work. Criticism, both official and democratic, met this work so harshly that he began working on it again for a revised reissue. He rewrote the “ABC,” calling it “New ABC,” and separated the materials included in the reading sections into “Russian books for reading.” The work was completed in 1875. Several generations learned from it.
But Tolstoy spent several years telling tales, myths, ancient manuscripts, songs to write them.
In 1923, when reprinting his early stories, Tolstoy singled out two cycles: “Mermaid Tales” (with magical and mythological plots) and “Magpie Tales” (about animals). Both cycles are intended for adults, but many of the tales resonated with children. The cycle “Magpie Tales” tells mainly about the bird and animal kingdoms, although sometimes the heroes are people, there are tales about the ant, about mushrooms, about household utensils. The biggest one is the fairy tale “Titmouse”. This is an epically developed narrative, with many historical details. The dramatic story of Princess Natalia. In general, “magpie” tales are narrated in a lighter, slightly mocking intonation and are interesting to children. Unlike many literary fairy tales, they are not edifying, but only entertaining, but in a special way: in ordinary situations for fairy tales and animals the world of heroes is revealed.
stylization folk tale the writer introduces an ironic parody, thereby emphasizing the difference between a folk tale and his own. His mocking tone makes even sad endings seem fun. Fairy tale "Hare". Its plot is typically folklore: a hare is saved from a wolf with the help of a kind intercessor - grandmother pine. All three heroes find themselves in a dramatic situation: an old pine tree falls in a snowstorm, kills a wolf, and the hare grieves that he was left an orphan. “And trifling tears dripped into the snow.” The psychological inner speech uttered by the hare is funny in itself. The word "trifling" refers to the whole sad story. The writer said that nature is naive and wise, and man should be the same.
Tolstoy also has stories for children: “Polkan”, “Axe”, “Sparrow”, “Firebird”, “Gluttonous Shoe” and other birds, animals, toys, drawings are animated and humanized in these stories as they are takes place in a child's imagination. “The Gluttonous Shoe”: the toys are afraid of the scary picture lying under the chest of drawers; the “face with only arms” that is drawn on it has run away and is hiding in the room - this makes everyone even more scared. These fairy tales and stories are a kind of “representations” that children play with. The best “presented” is “Fofka” - a narration on behalf of a child, the game of brother and sister in scary “fofkas” (chickens painted on strips of wallpaper) is shown inside the children's world. At night, the “fofkas” come to life, and the children defeat them by pinning them with special buttons purchased from “Mrs. Bee.”
The composition of “The New Alphabet” was carefully thought out by Tolstoy. At the beginning there are miniature stories; just a few lines, simple in content and syntax, gave the child a real picture. The author intended stories such as “Vary had a Chizh”, “Spring Came”, “Grandma Had a Granddaughter” for children. Therefore, the stories contain only the most necessary details, designed for the first layer of children's perception. Tales, fables - the meaning deepens, the content captures new layers of life, previously unfamiliar concepts. Vocabulary and style are changing: the former simplicity, they no longer meet only educational objectives. But also aesthetic. The most famous works for preschoolers from there - “Three Bears”, “Cow”, “Filippok”.
The beginning of the fairy tale “The Three Bears” is in the spirit of a realistic work: “One girl left home for the forest...” But such a non-fairy-tale beginning introduces the reader to completely fairy-tale circumstances and introduces characters close to the folk tale. Fairytale talking bears: father Mikhail Ivanovich, bear Nastasya Petrovna and bear cub Mishutka. Endowed with human names, they set up their hut like people, and their habits are also human: everyone eats stew from their own cup, and even with a spoon. Who drank from the cup? sat on a chair? who rumpled the bed? - these are traditional triple repetitions for a folk tale.
But unlike the fairy-tale characters, the girl turned out to be nimble and avoids retribution without help. magical powers: Opening his eyes and seeing bears, he jumps out the window. It was important for Tolstoy to show that a peasant child extreme situation brave, dexterous, decisive.
In the story "Filippok" too true story. The boy got bored of wiping his pants in the hut, and he decided to go to school. He came and was so confused that he remained silent and cried to all the teacher’s questions. The kind teacher left him in the classroom: they say, sit next to your brother on the bench, and I will ask your mother to let you into school.
But despite the brevity, the character of the boy is created in the story. As soon as Filippok realized that he wanted to study at school, nothing could lead him astray, not the dogs that pounced on him when he “went out to the buzzing” courtyards, nor the fear of the teacher. Not finding his hat, he grabs his father’s.
In the entrance hall of the school, like a decent person, he takes off his hat and then opens the door.
Having recovered from the first fright, he pronounced his name, and although everyone laughed, he began to say “Virgin Mary” to show that he knew the prayers, but he stumbled in every word. Teacher: Stop boasting and learn.
"Cow". Psychological characteristics the hero is more complex. The boy Misha threw fragments of a broken glass into the cow's swill and caused real trouble. The cow had to be slaughtered, the family was left without milk, “the children became thin and pale.” Grandma had to get hired as a nanny to earn money for a new cow. The boy was so tormented by his conscience that he “didn’t get off the stove when they ate jelly from a cow’s head” and “every day in a dream he saw Uncle Vasily carrying Burenushka’s dead, brown head by the horns with with open eyes and a red neck."
There are no descriptions or characteristics here, characters appear in the course of events. The complication is psychological. The characterization of the hero occurs due to the general moral task of the story: if he had not been scared and confessed on time, everything would have been fine. Tolstoy said that he considers a children's work especially successful when “the conclusion - moral or practical - is cat. It follows from the story, is not said, but is left to the children themselves to do it.” And: “Children love morality, but only smart, not stupid.” The moral of his works is of a special kind: the writer wants to raise the child’s consciousness to such a moral height that he can decide for himself how to behave in specific circumstances.
Fables. In them morality is proposed in more open form. In many fables, the moral conclusion is based on the living experience of peasant life. Tolstoy strove to ensure that the centuries-old experience of the people would become entrenched in the minds of the child reader, prompting him to make the right decision in different cases life. Therefore neither side folk life does not go unnoticed. Tolstoy's fables deserve a definition like: “an encyclopedia of folk morality and wisdom.”
A very touching story “The Lion and the Dog”... there a small dog was thrown to be eaten by a lion, but he didn’t tear her to pieces, but also fell in love with her. When the owner threw him a piece of meat, the lion gave a piece to the dog. And when the dog got sick and died and he hugged her with his paws and lay next to her for 5 days, and died on the sixth
The third “Russian Reading Book” contains stories about Bulka wonderful dog hunting breed. Bulka's exploits and adventures serve as a backdrop for the affirmation of a humanistic idea that deeply touches the feelings of readers. These are stories about man's responsibility to those he has tamed.
Moral improvement person - main idea of Tolstoy - writer, philosopher, teacher. It was embodied in his teaching activities and in his works for children. T. Was convinced that education should be based on examples of justice, kindness, mercy, respect for both elders and younger ones. His works are filled with such examples.
