Dobachev Pavel, Zhurkin Ivan, Bazhanov Alexey, Buldakov Ilya.

Head: Tishkina Elena Anatolyevna

on the topic "Modern Environmental issues
Black Sea and their influence on the dolphins living in it.

Studies of the marine environment have shown that the vitality of the Black Sea is deteriorating. The number of commercial fish species in the Black Sea is rapidly declining. If earlier in the Black Sea waters the main objects of commercial fishing were flounder, the sturgeon family, mullet, Black Sea mackerel, Black Sea horse mackerel, then very soon these species can be listed in the Red Book, and many are already listed.

All species of fish are still preserved in the Black Sea, but most of them have lost their commercial importance. The vast majority of species are virtually unheard of and are not caught in large quantities.

Purpose of the work : find out how dangerous the environmental problems of the Black Sea are for the animals living in it - dolphins.

Tasks :

1) study literature on the topic;

2) analyze the features of the impact of environmental problems on dolphins;

3) find out what solutions might be available to save dolphins from environmental problems.

1.4.Object of study: Black Sea.

1.5. Subject of research: dolphins living in the Black Sea.

1.6.Research methods:

1) analysis of secondary data;

2) information analysis;

3) information processing.

During the research we mainly used educational literature Internet.

One of the most serious environmental problems of the Black Sea is that the rivers flowing into it carry with them not only pesticides or heavy metals, but also nitrogen and phosphorus, in large quantities washed away from the fields.

Nitrogen and phosphorus are not only agricultural fertilizers, but also food for marine microorganisms and algae, which, due to an excess nutrients are beginning to develop rapidly. When they die, they sink to the bottom and consume a significant amount of oxygen during the process of decay. And then the death of marine animals begins - mollusks, fish, worms, crustaceans - because they have nothing to breathe. The kill zones range from 3 to 40 thousand square kilometers. It is rare that an animal manages to leave such a dead “cage” - too much distance needs to be overcome.

Many European countries dump their waste into the Black Sea, with the main burden falling on the northwestern, shallowest part, where 65% of all living organisms originate. Many countries with access to the Black Sea carry out marine burials of various materials and substances, in particular, dredging soil, drilling slag, industrial waste, construction waste, solid waste, explosives and chemicals, radioactive waste.

According to the results of a study of pollution of water bodies with oil products, the Black Sea ranks one of the first places in terms of the amount of waste. Threats to the mammals of the Black Sea are also created by high-speed mechanisms in coastal zones and fishing nets under water. Until the 70s, the use of trawl vessels was prohibited in the Black Sea. They are now allowed again. These vessels touch the bottom and stir up silt, which greatly reduces the transparency of the water and leads to pollution surface waters and to the transfer of sludge into protected areas.

As a result, the sea's ability to clean itself is reduced, and its ecosystem is already five times oversaturated with pollutants.

Scientists' forecasts are quite gloomy: for many reasons - the depletion of marine flora and fauna, chemical composition water and pollution - the Black Sea is close to death.

2.2 (Slide 10) Let's try to figure out what is the reason for the decline in the dolphin population in the Black Sea.

Dolphins, fortunately, have reappeared in the Black Sea, but their population is critically low. In this semi-enclosed water basin there are three species of dolphins - the common dolphin, the bottlenose dolphin, also known as the bottlenose dolphin, and the smallest species, the porpoise. The last two species can most often be seen off the sea coast, while the common dolphin lives in the open sea. Main reason reduction of fish stocks is the pollution of the Black Sea. It is known that the zone in the Black Sea in which there is life is relatively thin layer below the surface, which is constantly narrowing. This is influenced by the fact that the issue of cleaning has not yet been resolved waste water Black Sea states, as well as from the basins big rivers that flow into this sea. There have been no comprehensive studies of the dolphin population in the Black Sea, but it is estimated that their number fluctuates around 250 thousand specimens.

2.3 (slide 11) The common dolphin is most often seen in the Black Sea, and in the spring it concentrates off the Crimean and Caucasian coasts. In the Black Sea, common dolphins were hunted. Common dolphins are often killed in fishing nets or caught in the propellers of ships. In the 1960s, their population in the Black Sea declined sharply, and the reasons for this decline are still unknown. Probably the reason is overly intensive fishing, depriving dolphins of food, as well as increasing sea pollution, weakening immune system dolphins.

2.4 (slide 12) Bottlenose dolphins live mainly in the shelf zone of the Black Sea, which is washed by the southwestern, southern and southeastern Crimea, as well as the Russian coast from Gelendzhik to Sochi. During the cold period, they leave the northwestern part of the Black Sea and migrate to the southern tip of Crimea. The number of bottlenose dolphins in the Black Sea is sharply declining. In May 1977, according to aerial census data, the number reached 36 thousand individuals. A route census carried out 10 years later showed a decrease in the number of bottlenose dolphins to 7 thousand, i.e. more than 5 times.

Fishing and environmental pollution are the two main factors limiting the number of Black Sea bottlenose dolphins.

2.5 (slide 13) Azovs, live in coastal waters along the perimeter of the entire Black Sea. Herds of tens or hundreds of animals have now become rare. The migrations of these animals have not been well studied, although seasonal migrations between the Black and Azov Seas have been known for a long time. Over the last century, the Azov population has declined sharply. According to data, in 1969, about 12,600 individuals survived in the sea, and in 1987 - only 10,000 animals. In 1989 and 1990, two devastating epizootics occurred that had a pan-Black Sea character. Then in the western and southern shores Crimea, an unprecedented number of dead Azovs was discovered - 271, and more than 80% of the animals studied were clearly immature, that is, simply cubs. Currently, the factors reducing the number of Azovka include: death in fishing nets, poaching, depletion of food resources (there are fewer fish) and the accumulation of toxic pollutants in the animals’ bodies.

2.6 (slide 14) Bottlenose dolphins are the most popular actors in dolphinariums; they tolerate life in captivity better than other dolphins. Dolphins learn tricks very quickly - they only need one correct execution exercises on a signal, for which they will be rewarded with a fish so that the skill is fixed in memory.

Conclusion . (slide 15) Based on all that has been said, we can conclude that the environmental problems of the Black Sea can be solved, and measures have been taken to prevent them, such as: On April 21, 1992, a convention was adopted in Bucharest on the protection of the Black Sea from pollution ; If we want the number of dolphin populations not to decrease, we need to create organizations to combat poaching and organizations that will monitor the cleanliness of the waters in which dolphins live.

Conclusion (slide 16) The severity of modern environmental problems requires the participation of the broad masses of the population in solving them. Any technological, organizational and economic measures can give the desired effect only if the environmental idea takes hold of the masses.

As a result of the work done, I achieved my goals: studying the state of the Black Sea and getting to know one of the environmental problems of our time.

ABSTRACT

on ecology

on the topic:

Environmental problems of the northern seas

The seas of the Arctic Ocean - Barents, White, Kara, Laptev, East Siberian, Chukotka - wash the territory of Russia from the north. The total area of ​​the seas of the Arctic Ocean adjacent to the coast of our country is more than 4.5 million km2, and the volume of sea waters is 864 thousand km2. All seas are located on the continental shelf and are therefore shallow (average depth - 185m).

Currently, the Arctic seas are very heavily polluted as a result of human activity. Negatively affect the ecological state of waters: continental runoff; widespread use of ships; extraction of various minerals in the sea area; disposal of radioactive objects. Toxic substances enter both through water flows and due to the circulation of air masses. The ecosystem of the Barents and Kara seas is most severely disturbed.

Open part Barents Sea Compared to other Arctic seas, it is not very polluted. But the area where ships actively move is covered with an oil film. The waters of the bays (Kola, Teribersky, Motovsky) are subject to the greatest pollution, mainly from oil products. About 150 million m3 of polluted water enters the Barents Sea. Toxic substances constantly accumulate in the sea soil and can cause secondary pollution.

Rivers that flow into Kara Sea, have a relatively low level of pollution. However, the waters of the Ob and Yenisei have a high concentration of heavy metals, which adversely affects the sea ecosystem. Vessels have a negative impact on the ecological state of the sea. The places where they frequently move are contaminated with petroleum products. The waters belonging to the bays of the Kara Sea are characterized by experts as moderately polluted.

Coastal waters Laptev Sea contain a high concentration of phenol, which comes with river water. The high content of phenol in river and coastal waters is due to huge number sunken timber. The most polluted waters are the Neelova Bay. The water spaces of Tiksi and Buor-Khaya bays are polluted. The ecological state of the water resources of Bulunkan Bay is noted as catastrophic. The content of a large amount of toxic substances in coastal waters is due to the discharge of untreated water from Tiksi. The sea also contains a large amount of petroleum products in areas of developed shipping.

Water East Siberian Sea are relatively clean. Only in Pevek Bay there has been slight water pollution, but recently the environmental situation here has been improving. The waters of Chaunskaya Bay are slightly polluted with petroleum hydrocarbons.

Chukchi Sea located quite far from the main large industrial centers. In this regard, no serious disturbances have been observed in the ecology of this sea. The only major source of pollution is from pods coming from North America. These water streams contain large amounts of aerosol materials.

Let's take a closer look at the environmental problems of the northern seas.

The first problem is the reduction of marine biological resources. The anthropogenic load on biological resources has always been high. Back in the XVI-XVII centuries. merchants sent special expeditions to explore the northern seas and search for a passage to Far East. These studies were accompanied by the discovery of large whale habitats. But if the Arctic natives used marine biological resources moderately for centuries, the Europeans quickly brought closer the danger of complete destruction of the populations of fur seals and bowhead whales. Although the situation has now stabilized somewhat, the future of the whales remains unclear. There was also a threat of extermination of the populations of narwhals and walruses, which became objects of uncontrolled hunting for their tusks.

Arctic ecosystems maintain an extremely delicate balance and their biological uniqueness is at risk.

In terms of species abundance and population density, there is a significant depletion in the direction from the Atlantic Ocean to the central part of the Arctic Ocean and further to the Chukchi Sea. So in the Barents Sea the number of animal species is close to 2000, in the Kara Sea - slightly more than 1000. The Laptev and East Siberian Seas have the poorest fauna. The density of fauna from the outskirts to the depths of the Arctic Ocean decreases by 3-4 times. However, this is due to geographical features and does not indicate a poor environmental situation.

The incidence of diseases in valuable fish species and the accumulation of harmful pollutants in them are increasing (in muscle tissue sturgeon there is an accumulation of organochlorine pesticides, heavy metal salts, and mercury).

The current ecological state of the waters of the northern seas is also characterized by the constant melting of glaciers.

According to new maps of the Arctic made from satellite images, the area of ​​the ice shell has decreased to 4.4 million square meters. km. The previous record, recorded in September 2005, was 5.3 million square meters. km. According to the Ministry of Emergency Situations Russian Federation permafrost is thawing by four centimeters per year, and in the next 20 years its border will shift by 80 kilometers. Western ecologists claim that the process of thawing the Arctic has entered an irreversible phase and by 2030 the ocean will be open to navigation. Russian scientists are inclined to believe that warming is cyclical and should soon be replaced by cooling.

Meanwhile, the melting process continues. The fauna of the region is suffering. For example, polar bears can only live and eat on ice. And as summer ice retreats further north, some animal colonies are already starving. As a result, the bear population may decline significantly in the coming years.

In addition, due to the melting of permafrost, the risk of methane release from the soil will increase. Methane is a greenhouse gas, its release causes an increase in the temperature of the lower layers of the atmosphere. But the main thing is that an increase in gas concentration will affect the health of northerners.

Another problem is sharp increase flood risk. By 2015, the water flow of northern rivers will increase by 90%. Freeze-up time will be reduced by more than 15 days. All this will lead to a doubling of the flood risk. This means that there will be twice as many transport accidents and flooding of coastal settlements.

In addition to the melting of ice and the destruction of the population of many species of marine animals, the waters of the northern seas for a long time are experiencing the consequences of nuclear weapons tests by the USSR and the USA.

For example, on the islands of Novaya Zemlya for a long time there was a nuclear test site, including tests of high-power charges and studies of the effects of factors nuclear explosion for various types of weapons and military equipment, including surface ships and submarines. Currently, the operation of the test site has been stopped, but there is no doubt about the extreme level of radiation contamination. There is no need to talk about the ecological cleanliness of this region.

In connection with the economic development of the depths of the Arctic Ocean, the question of improving and stabilizing the ecological state of this region is currently being raised at the international level. The solution to this problem is seen only at the global (world) level, since an individual country will not be able to solve it, both from a physical and legal point of view. However, the solution to this problem is clearly complicated at present by the fact that some states, in pursuit of hydrocarbon deposits, are busy dividing continental shelves.

It has been established that ocean waters located near oil and gas production platforms can be classified as environmentally hazardous. The transportation of oil and petroleum products along the Northern Sea Route is of particular concern to environmentalists. There is plenty of evidence that the condition of the water area is deteriorating every year. Oil spills on the coast, at terminal locations, and during oil transshipment occur regularly. Sometimes the closed areas of responsibility of the Northern Fleet prevent a prompt and timely response to oil spills. On the territory of the Murmansk sea fishing port there is a single point for receiving oily waters.
IN recent years control over the quality of sea waters has weakened somewhat and is carried out according to a reduced program due to insufficient funding.

Conclusion

The ecological situation in the waters of the northern seas is far from favorable. Currently, the world community is faced with the problem of solving several environmental problems related to the seas of the Arctic Ocean.

The first problem is the massive destruction of marine biological resources, the disappearance of some species of marine animals living in the Far North.

The second problem on a global scale is the widespread melting of glaciers, thawing of the soil and its transition from the permafrost state to the unfrozen state.

The third problem is radiation pollution.

The fourth problem is pollution of ocean waters due to the development of the oil and gas industry in the ocean.

And if one of the environmental problems - the destruction of certain species of marine animals - can be solved to a certain extent by establishing bans and restrictions on extermination, then other problems still remain unresolved.

List of used literature:

Internet resources:

1. Online Encyclopedia “Krugosvet” http://www. krugosvet.ru/enc/istoriya/ARKTIKA.html

2. Ecological portal “Ecosystem”

www.esosystema.ru

3. Geographical dictionary

http://geography.kz/category/slovar/

The White Sea belongs to the Arctic Ocean basin and is a semi-isolated inland body of water. There are very few seas of this type on our planet. These include the Black Sea, the Mediterranean, and the Baltic. The White Sea has smallest area(not counting Azovsky). Today there are practically no seas and reservoirs left that are not polluted, and the White Sea is no exception. Pollution of the White Sea began from the moment human activity began on its shores and over time it became so active that its consequences can be observed to this day. Most of all, the White Sea is polluted by various heavy metals, and it is from this that all living things that live and grow here suffer the most. Another very dangerous cause pollution is the entry into the waters of the White Sea of ​​oil and various oil wastes that remain after human activity. Agriculture pollutes the White Sea a little less. Because of this industry, various fertilizers that contain toxic substances. Today the White Sea is relatively clean and has no high level pollution. The future of this piece on Earth depends on us. Let's save it together!

Instructions

The pollution of the White Sea is anthropological, that is, it is humans who strike this part of the ecosystem. Near the sea there are many forests in which there are fur animals. Already in the 14th century, the settlement of Kholmogory appeared on the shores of the White Sea. This reservoir has been navigable since the 15th century. Trade ships laden with grain, fish and fur set off from here. After St. Petersburg was founded, most of the ships began to pass through the Baltic and then through the Barents Sea. The White Sea as a trade route lost its importance. The deepest areas of the bottom were covered with coal slag, which completely eliminated the biocenoses in them.

The ecology of the White Sea is influenced by the wood processing industry. In the century before last, sawmill waste was dumped into the strait between the islands. The consequences of this for the ecosystem are still felt today. The bottom of many rivers flowing into the White Sea is extremely (in some places up to 2 meters from the bottom) rotting bark from trees that were rafted along these rivers. This disrupts the natural reproduction process of salmon and other fish species. Rotting wood draws oxygen from the water and releases carbon dioxide and decomposition products, which, of course, could not but have an impact harmful influence. Mills and pulp industries dump into the sea methyl alcohol, and lignosulfates.

The ecology of the White Sea is affected by the mining industry. Enterprises discharging waste containing chromium, lead, zinc, copper and nickel. These metals tend to accumulate in plant and animal cells. On at the moment The gifts of the White Sea are considered safe, but if pollution continues for at least another 5-10 years, it will be possible to stop it due to the fact that the fish will simply become poisonous.

It is difficult to shift the acid balance in a large salty reservoir, but acid rain is constantly recorded in the region. The acid concentration is quite weak, but still has an effect negative influence on biocenosis in freshwater bodies.

Leakage from oil depots is one of the main environmental problems of the White Sea. “Black gold” is poured into the water, which is catastrophic for all living things. Bird feathers lose their heat-insulating properties, and birds can no longer fly. This leads to mass death of birds from cold and hunger. The oil film blocks oxygen from entering the water, which is a death sentence for fish and plants. Fortunately, in most cases, oil spills are cleaned up fairly quickly. The remaining oil is knocked into lumps by the waves and drowned. Soon such clots are covered with silt and neutralized.

The White Sea belongs to the Arctic Ocean basin and is a semi-isolated inland body of water. There are relatively few seas of this type. The Black Sea, Mediterranean, Baltic, and Hudson Bay have similar features. The White Sea is the smallest of them. It is usually divided into two unequal parts - northern (external) and southern (internal). They are connected by a relatively narrow strait, which is also called the throat.

IN modern times There are few bodies of water that are not polluted, and the White Sea is no exception. Anthropogenic pollution of the White Sea began immediately after the appearance of humans on its shores and over time became so significant that the consequences can still be observed today.

During the relatively short era of navigation, some areas of the bottom, especially in small bays, where it is convenient to settle during a storm, were so covered with coal slag that the destroyed bottom biocenoses have not yet been restored there. These environmental problems of the White Sea cannot be considered modern, although the harm from them is no less.

The woodworking industry has no less impact on the ecology of the White Sea. Waste from the sawmill of a Keret industrialist filled up the strait between the two islands on which it is located. The timber industry is one of the key environmental problems of the White Sea.

Unbarked timber floating down rivers leaves its contribution to river pollution. The bark of the trees rots and falls off into the rivers, covering the bottom. In some places the covering layer reaches two meters. This interferes with the reproduction of salmon, and other fish too. Rotting wood takes oxygen from the water, in return producing decomposition products that are not at all conducive to the flourishing of life. Decomposition products are carried out to the sea. Some of the organic matter is carried into the Barents Sea, but the main part accumulates in the White Sea, and this is not good at all environmental factor. The pulp and forestry industries pollute the sea mainly with phenols, lignosulfates and methyl alcohol.

When transporting timber to wood processing plants, most of the logs fall behind the rafts and, after long sea voyages, land on the shores. In some areas of the coastal zone, entire cemeteries of logs are formed, which rot there for decades.

The mining industry, no less than the forestry industry, helps create environmental problems for the White Sea. To a greater extent, contamination occurs with lead, copper, zinc, nickel, and chromium. The fact is that many heavy metals accumulate in marine plants and animals, making them poisonous. Fortunately, there is no such thing in the White Sea yet. But if pollution of this kind continues at the same pace, it will be dangerous to eat the gifts of the White Sea. The rains in the White Sea region are acidified. Although they contain a weak acid, they are harmful to freshwater bodies, biocenoses and coastal populations. They do not pose any particular danger to the sea directly, since acid balance It is quite difficult to move in sea water.

Well, like the rest of the seas, the White Sea is negatively affected by sea ​​waters oil. This is a well-known modern pollutant called “black gold”. Technical oils and fuels get into the water most in different ways, but the main one is leakage from oil depots. Oil is more scary with its physical properties rather than chemical ones. The feathers of birds, getting wet in this thick liquid, lose their thermal insulation layer and the ability to fly, as a result of which the birds die either from hunger or from cold. The oil film prevents the normal exchange of oxygen in the air with water. Fortunately, most often spilled oil can be collected and neutralized relatively quickly. What remains in the sea is knocked into lumps by the waves and goes to the bottom, where it is subsequently covered by bottom sediments and neutralized. Such oil lumps destroy bacteria over time.

Small releases of this product into water are much more dangerous for the environment. No matter how poorly “black gold” dissolves in water, this process still occurs over time. Thus, the toxic substances contained in this ferrous product enter the hydrosphere. Without causing harm immediately, they are included in the cycle of substances and cause marine flora and fauna various diseases. This is a time bomb, and what’s more, it’s invisible. Invisible, of course, in quotes. Oil spills as a result of tanker accidents also occur in the White Sea.

Agriculture, compared to other sectors, causes less harm. It is poorly developed in Pomorie. Basically, it replenishes the sea basin with runoff from livestock farms, pesticides and small amounts of mineral fertilizers. However, so far there is no particular threat to the White Sea and from the entry of synthetic chemicals into it. detergents. But the White Sea is not immune from this in the future.

Speaking about the assessment of the environmental problem of the White Sea, it would not be out of place to mention the figures, albeit approximate, but still. Every year, approximately 100 thousand tons of sulfates, 0.750 synthetic detergents, 0.150 phenols and 100 thousand tons of fuel and lubricants. So, the annual pollution of the White Sea can be estimated at approximately 800 thousand tons - one million.

And all the same, the White Sea is still relatively clean. Possibly the cleanest body of water of its kind in the world. But the development of humanity serves as a kind of catalyst for the creation of the White Sea region.

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