Poisoning with household chemicals in 40% is associated with contact with detergents and disinfectants. The reasons for undesirable consequences are non-compliance with the recommendations given by the manufacturer. Children are most often affected when their parents leave them unattended. To provide first aid, you need to know the signs of poisoning and the specifics of treatment.

What household chemicals can be poisoned

Everywhere - at work and at home, used disinfectants, which include various substances:

• Surfactants - present in soap, laundry detergents and dishwashing detergents. They effectively fight contaminants that are difficult to remove with water. Combining with fat molecules, they are easily washed off the surface. Surfactants have a negative effect on the skin, breaking its protective layer. These substances accumulate in the brain, liver, muscle structures and heart.
• Oxidizers - found in chlorine and oxygen bleaches, stain removers, and plumbing cleaners. Used for disinfection to destroy organic compounds.
• Alkalis - based on them, detergents for kitchen utensils and various cleanings for sewer pipes have been developed.
• Acids - designed to remove stubborn dirt. Recommended to be used with rubber gloves to avoid skin contact.

According to statistics, children and pregnant women, whose bodies are not yet strong or are weakened, are more susceptible to the development of poisoning.

Causes of intoxication

Poisoning with household chemicals most often occurs when using low-quality products, which include a high content of oxalic acid and chlorine. There are several ways of causing harm to the human body through contact with detergents, cleaners and disinfectants.

The mechanism of poisoning is one, for all household chemicals:

• Swallowing - out of curiosity, a child can taste the product, and an adult can confuse it with drinking water.
• Skin contact - prolonged and frequent use leads to a decrease protective properties skin, which can damage it.
• Contact with the mucous membrane - in case of contact with the eyes, mouth or digestive tract, their functions decrease.
• Inhalation - most products emit toxic fumes, so they should not be used in rooms where there is no ventilation.

Symptoms of poisoning

When exposed to toxic substances, the development of characteristic symptoms poisoning with household chemicals:

1. Surfactants - pain in the intestines and stomach, the appearance of foamy discharge from the mouth, difficulty breathing and vomiting. The victim has yellowing of the skin against the background of impaired liver function.
2. Oxygen and chloride oxidizing agents - if a person inhales vapors, then there is swelling of the mucous membrane in the mouth and in the respiratory tract, which is accompanied by suffocation, tearing and coughing. Constant continuous exposure is fraught with the development of anemia, vascular atherosclerosis and increased blood pressure. When ingested, a stomach burn, erosion of the mucous membranes, liver damage and the development of hemolysis (destruction of red blood cells) are possible.
3. Acids - chemicals containing these substances can burn the stomach and burn internal organs. Poisoning is accompanied by vomiting, severe pain, bouts of suffocation.
4. Alkalis - signs are the appearance of diarrhea and vomiting with blood, swelling of the nasopharynx, pain in the eyes, asthma attacks and the appearance of severe discomfort in the gastrointestinal tract. As a result of pain shock and pulmonary edema, the victim may die.

With intoxication of the body, it is noted headache which turns into a migraine. Insignificant, at first glance, cough develops into a "barking" cough. Due to impaired liver function, a pronounced taste of bitterness in the mouth occurs. Quite often there is such a sign as rashes at the points of contact detergent with skin. With severe damage, large blisters filled with liquid appear.

The victim develops weakness and a feeling of lack of air. Occurs profuse sweating followed by cyanosis. There may be a loss of orientation in space and a decrease in visual functions.

Consequences

Penetrating into the blood, toxic compounds cause intoxication of the body, destroying red blood cells. This leads to the fact that the internal organs receive less oxygen. As a result, cerebral hypoxia develops.

The victim may faint. It is not excluded the appearance of cramps in the limbs. In rare cases, damage occurs of cardio-vascular system(bradycardia, tachycardia), heart failure or arterial hypertension develops.

Among the most frequent complications chemical poisoning should be highlighted:

• Burns of the gastrointestinal mucosa lead to scarring.
• Chemical compounds penetrate the lungs, causing swelling, followed by respiratory arrest.
• The kidneys can no longer cope with the cleansing of the body, which is accompanied by the appearance of blood in the urine.
• Disorder of the functions of the digestive system is fraught with paralysis of the smooth muscles of the internal organs.

Noticing the symptoms of chemical poisoning, it is recommended to call a doctor as soon as possible. Before the arrival of the ambulance without fail take immediate action.

First aid

While the doctor arrives, you need to do the following:

1. When swallowing a surfactant - induce vomiting to maximize the cleansing of the body from chemistry.
2. If alkali or acids enter the gastrointestinal tract, in no case do not rinse the stomach and do not induce vomiting. This will cause secondary damage to the gastrointestinal tract.
3. If a large amount of chemical gas is inhaled, provide the victim with access to fresh air.
4. When exposed to skin covering or mucous membranes, it is recommended to wash them with plenty of running water.

If the victim has lost consciousness, then it should be laid on its side, so that the head is higher than the body. It is imperative to free the airways from vomit and make sure that the tongue does not sink.

It is unacceptable to give the victim any drugs when providing first aid. Only a doctor can make a decision about prescribing a medicine, such as activated charcoal. In no case should you give the victim potassium permanganate to drink or do enemas.

Treatment

Full therapy can only be carried out in a hospital setting and includes:

• Gastric lavage (if necessary).
• Blood transfusion.
• Appointment of drugs for the restoration of blood vessels and cardiac activity.
• Inhalations that facilitate respiratory functions.

Treatment is prescribed by the doctor, based on the patient's condition. It is mandatory to show the instructions for the disinfectant or detergent to the medical staff.

Prevention

To prevent chemical poisoning, contact with them should be limited. If pipe blockages occur, special care must be taken with cleaners, as they are highly concentrated. It is mandatory to wear gloves and a protective mask.

1. Read the instructions carefully before using.
2. Store disinfectants and cosmetics in tightly stoppered bottles. It is advisable to buy bottles with corks that have child protection.
3. It is not recommended to pour the liquid into other containers. Especially when it comes to plastic bottles.
4. Place disinfectants away from food. Allocate a separate place for this in the bathroom.

In case of poisoning with household chemicals, in no case do not try to be treated on your own. Even with minor injuries, consult a doctor, which will exclude the possibility of developing serious complications. Use cleaning and disinfection products strictly according to the instructions and follow the manufacturer's recommendations.

Chemical poisoning poses a serious threat, and sometimes leads to death. Intoxication is caused by anthropogenic factors, accidental use of toxic compounds, oversight sometimes leads to damage to the child's body. To eliminate risks, you should be attentive to safety at work and at home, do not neglect personal hygiene and, at the slightest sign, call emergency help.

ICD code 10 - Y19.

Reasons for the development of chemical poisoning

There are 3 main groups:

1. AHOV penetrate as a result of an accident at work. Vapors of chemicals saturate the air or intoxication is due to direct contact with the surface of the skin.
2. Use inside the house. Probably accidental ingestion of household detergents or disinfectants, as well as intentional suicide. Often occurs or chlorine, mercury leaked from a broken thermometer, carbon monoxide, saturating the respiratory system with carbon monoxide, the smoke of burning rubber, paint fumes during repairs.
3. The use of potent chemicals during the fighting.
4. Service negligence.

It is necessary to call a team of doctors and provide first aid to the injured.

poisonous substances

Poisons can be divided into different classes depending on their effect on human organs:

1. Used in agriculture - herbicides, pesticides, etc. They contain phosphorus compounds, which are extremely dangerous if used incorrectly. If assistance is delayed, respiratory arrest is not ruled out.
2. Combat. The damaging effect is based on blocking the destruction of acetylcholine, which provokes spasms of the bronchial tract, convulsive syndrome. Death is declared due to cardiac arrest or suffocation.
3. Medical preparations. Poisoning leads to swelling of the lungs. Among the characteristic features - sharp narrowing or dilated pupils.
4. Alcoholic drinks and surrogates. The use of low-quality alcohol is accompanied by liver damage, after which toxic hepatitis is often diagnosed. Counterfeits literally blind and deprive of hearing.
5. Food components. May contain hazardous chemicals - dyes, flavors. Sometimes it proceeds according to the principle of an allergic reaction.
6. Alkalis and acids can poison. They provoke ulcers of the stomach and intestines, destroy blood cells.

The effects of poisons vary significantly and require specific treatment. Therefore, before the arrival of the medical team, it is desirable to find out what led to intoxication.

Possible consequences

Symptoms often develop rapidly, have neurotropic characteristics. heavy defeat, as well as the lack of first aid can lead to serious complications:

• Burns of the pulmonary system, skin, oral cavity, esophagus, stomach and intestines.
• Respiratory, liver or kidney failure.
• Bleeding of the gastrointestinal tract.
• Anaphylactic or toxic shock.
• Heart failure.
• Acute pancreatitis.
• Disturbance of consciousness and coma.
• Severe allergies, up to Quincke's edema.
• DVZ syndrome.
• The breakdown of erythrocytes.

Often, recovery from poisoning takes a long time or the consequences lead to disability.

The main clinical manifestations of chemical intoxication

Symptoms of chemical poisoning depend on the class and route of entry of the compounds:

Chemical compounds in case of poisoning can literally suffocate a person, causing a sharp swelling of the tissues of the bronchi. Hyperthermic syndrome often develops - an increase in temperature to critical levels.

What to do with intoxication?

It is necessary to call an ambulance at the first symptoms. Before the arrival of doctors, use pre-medical measures, which often save the victim's life.

Poisoning by mouth

Several rules are followed:

1. If the damage is caused by such aggressive chemicals as alkali or acid, it is strictly forbidden to wash the digestive organs. In this case, repeated intoxication, pain shock and internal bleeding are provoked. The consequence could be death.
2. The procedure is not possible if the patient is unconscious. A person is laid on his back and his head is turned to one side - this will prevent the penetration of masses into the lungs during vomiting.
3. To dilute the chemical, it is recommended to drink up to 1 liter of water.

You can not take medicines on your own, since it is not known what the body's reaction to the combined action of the drug and the chemical will be.

Respiratory poisoning

Before helping the victim, you need to take care of your own protection. In case of air pollution, they use respirators, gas masks, rubber gloves, and overalls.

1. If you happen to be poisoned by vapors of chemical compounds, you need to urgently leave the affected area. The victim in an unconscious state is taken out to fresh air.
2. Remove clothing that restricts breathing.
3. The patient is seated or laid on a flat hard surface.
4. It is allowed to give a person water to drink.

They wait for the arrival of the doctors and explain the situation to them.

Skin contact with chemicals

Wash the damaged areas with ordinary H2O. it is advisable to keep them under the stream for at least a quarter of an hour.

This method will prevent further absorption of the chemical into the bloodstream and relieve the pain of the burn.

Intoxication in children

If the baby has been poisoned, doctors are urgently called. Prior to the arrival of the brigade, the following procedures are performed:

1. Check the mouth. Swallowed toxic compounds often lead to redness and irritation of the mucous membranes. Additional Features- a specific smell, for example, ammonia, vinegar, etc., soreness in the abdomen, profuse saliva flow, vomiting, restless behavior.
2. When you are sure that there is no damage by chemical compounds of aggressive origin, the stomach is washed.

Doctors will deliver the child to the hospital, where further therapy will take place.

Diagnostics

After the patient enters admission department, doctors provide first aid and at the same time conduct an examination. This approach allows you to adjust the treatment program, apply optimal drugs, and avoid complications.

The scheme includes:

1. x-ray chest. Shows damage to the respiratory system.
2. General analysis of urine and blood samples to determine the composition, identify toxins.
3. ECG to study the heart rhythm.
4. Ultrasound of the internal organs assesses the degree of damage by chemical compounds.

It is desirable to provide relatives of the victim to the clinical laboratory with a little household drug, product, medication that caused the poisoning.

First aid

The team that arrived on call, in case of a serious condition of the patient, provides therapeutic measures:

1. Artificial respiration.
2. intubation.
3. Gastric lavage with a probe.
4. Intravenous injections of drugs that normalize lung function and heart rhythm.

If a person is in serious condition, they are immediately hospitalized in the nearest intensive care unit.

Treatment

Therapy includes 4 main areas:

1. Prevention of further absorption and spread to distant tissues of the chemical.
2. The withdrawal of toxins accumulated by the body.
3. Normalization of internal systems.
4. Administration of an antidote.

The first 3 stages are used for any type of poisoning. The latter is recommended for defeat if the toxin itself is known. Unfortunately, there are no specific antigens for most poisons.

With severe swelling of the airways, a tracheotomy is possible. In case of severe intoxication, they will be treated with blood purification, dialysis.

Prevention

Both adults and children are at risk of poisoning. To serve as a provocateur of intoxication can be an emergency at the plant, the use of an alcoholic surrogate, neglect of safety rules at home.

To reduce risks, it is advisable not to neglect the following recommendations:

1. At home, store detergents and disinfectants, acid solutions and medicines out of the reach of the child.
2. Carefully study the composition of food ingredients.
3. During agricultural work, use protective equipment.
4. During pregnancy, a woman should not work in hazardous industries.

The habit of prevention should be developed, which will reduce the danger of chemical poisoning to negligible.

Chemical poisoning is a serious condition that is life-threatening. It may be caused by a hit toxic substance into the body through the alimentary tract, respiration, through the skin or mucous membranes. This article details the substances that can cause chemical poisoning, the main symptoms, clinical manifestations and first aid components for chemical poisoning.

Reasons for the development of chemical poisoning

Chemical poisoning can be caused by a huge number of substances. These can be medicines, cleaning products, cosmetics, chemicals in production, chemical weapons.

The main reasons for the entry of these substances into the human body include:

• Random or special usage inside chemicals. Adults may attempt suicide in this way, and children may accidentally drink or eat good-smelling detergents.
• The release of chemicals into the air, due to industrial accidents, or the use of mass chemical weapons.
• Service negligence, or oversight, as a result of which solutions with chemicals got on the skin or mucous membranes.

Possible consequences of poisoning

What complications and consequences can develop as a result of chemical poisoning? Various chemicals can serve development severe violations from all organs and systems, and death. The type of complication depends on the chemical.

Possible consequences of chemical poisoning include:

• Acute respiratory failure, upper and lower respiratory tract burns.
• chemical burn oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus and intestines.
• Acute renal and hepatic failure.
• Gastrointestinal bleeding.
• Toxic or anaphylactic shock.
• Stopping the heart.
• Burns of the skin of varying degrees.
• Acute pancreatitis.
• Damage to the nervous system, impaired consciousness to coma.
• Acute allergic reaction.
• DVZ syndrome.
• Hemolysis (decay) of red blood cells, followed by the development of anemia.

The main clinical manifestations of chemical poisoning

Poisoning by chemicals can be manifested different symptoms. They depend on the substance that has entered the body, and on the mechanisms of its action. With chemical poisoning, symptoms may appear immediately, or within a few hours. They can serve to damage various organs and systems.

The table below shows the first signs of chemical poisoning, depending on the way it enters the human body:

Hit path	First symptoms and signs
Respiratory	cough; increased lacrimation, or dryness of the conjunctiva of the eye; dyspnea; pale or blue skin; slow breathing; loss of consciousness; stop breathing; abnormal heart rhythm (fast or slow heartbeat).
Through the mouth	Nausea and vomiting. Vomiting may be black due to gastrointestinal bleeding that has begun. Severe pain in the stomach, abdomen. Diarrhea. Black, porridge-like stool means internal bleeding. Dehydration.
On the skin	The appearance of redness and burn blisters on the skin at the site of contact with the chemical. Pain syndrome. Violation of the heartbeat, breathing. Dyspnea.

The above are the symptoms that appear in the most initial stage chemical poisoning. Then, in the absence of medical emergency care, they develop into complications that were listed in the last part of the article.

What to do in case of chemical poisoning

In case of poisoning, you should immediately call an ambulance, describing the situation in detail to the dispatcher and naming the exact location of the patient. While the medics are on the way, give the victim first aid, as detailed below:

Poisoning by mouth

Please note that if the patient is poisoned by alkalis or acids, it is strictly forbidden to wash his stomach and provoke vomiting. This can cause repeated chemical damage to the mucosa of the esophagus and oral cavity, lead to pain shock and internal bleeding, and rapid death.

If the person is unconscious, you should put him on the floor and turn his head to the side. This will save him from choking on his own vomit and from sinking his tongue.

If the victim is conscious, you should find out from him what exactly he was poisoned with. Below is the main algorithm of your actions:

1. If the poisoning was due to the use of medicines, let him drink a liter of water in one gulp, and provoke vomiting. In the case where he did not name you a chemical, or if it is an acid or alkali, gastric lavage is prohibited.
2. Give the person a drink of plain water (200-300 ml). The liquid will dilute the concentration of the chemical, and will reduce it Negative influence to the food channel.

That's all you can do before the paramedics arrive. It is forbidden to give a person any medicines, since you will not know how they will react with the contents of the stomach.

Respiratory poisoning

Remember that before providing first aid to the victim, first of all, you should take care of your safety. If the air is polluted with chemicals, put on a gauze bandage or a respirator.

In case of respiratory poisoning (through the respiratory tract), it is first necessary to remove the victim to clean air. If you are in danger and you cannot wear a mask, wait for the arrival of rescue assistance, do not endanger your life.

Once you are indoors (or outdoors) with unpolluted air, follow these guidelines:

1. Unfasten the man's tie, shirt, make sure nothing prevents him from breathing.
2. If the patient is conscious, sit him down; if he is unconscious, lay him on a hard, flat surface and turn his head to one side.
3. You can give him water to drink.

Skin contact with chemicals

If the chemical comes into contact with the skin, rinse it under cold running water for 15-20 minutes. This will help cleanse the skin of the remnants of the substance that has not had time to be absorbed into the blood. Also, cold water will ease the pain a little.

First aid

Tell the members of the ambulance team what the person was poisoned with, what his first symptoms appeared, and how you provided him with first aid. After a quick assessment of the patient's condition, doctors will provide first aid, which is necessary for the patient to survive until hospitalization.

Depending on the symptoms and condition of the patient, the following assistance may be provided to him:

• Connecting the patient to oxygen.
• Intubation and initiation of artificial respiration.
• Gastric lavage through a tube.
• Intravenous administration of solutions, medications to normalize the functioning of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems.

Hospitalization is carried out in the maximum fast period time. The patient is transported to the toxicology department or to the intensive care unit.

Treatment

The duration of treatment and prognosis depends on the patient's condition. In the hospital, he may be given antidotes for the chemical he has drunk (if they exist).

To determine the affected organs and systems, a detailed examination of the patient is carried out (in parallel with the provision of medical care).

The survey may include:

• general blood test;
• general urine analysis;
• biochemical blood test;
• electrocardiograms;
• radiography of the lungs;
• blood test for toxins;
• ultrasound examination of internal organs.

In severe condition, the patient is placed in the intensive care unit. He can undergo hemodialysis (blood purification). You can find out the prognosis for his life from the attending physician.

Chemical poisoning is one of the most dangerous defeats organism. They can be fatal. It is strictly forbidden to self-medicate. The sooner an ambulance is called, the greater the person's chances of survival and recovery. A poisoned patient needs daily medical supervision, and the provision of qualified medical assistance.

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Chemical poisoning

What is Chemical Poisoning -

Poisoning- a set of adverse effects caused by the ingress of a toxic substance into the gastrointestinal tract and respiratory tract or by its contact with the skin, eyes or mucous membranes (polystyrene, vagina, etc.).

What provokes / Causes of Chemical poisoning:

Poisons include certain drugs, household chemicals, solvents, pesticides, and other chemicals.

Symptoms of chemical poisoning:

Symptoms of poisoning depend on the type and amount of poison ingested, and the individual characteristics of the victim. Some poisons with low toxicity cause certain disorders only when long-term exposure or re-entry into the body in large numbers. Other substances are so poisonous that even a single drop of such a poison on the skin can lead to dire consequences. The toxicity of a substance in each case also depends on the genetic characteristics of a person. Some normally non-toxic substances are toxic to people with a certain genotype (set of genes).

The dose of the substance causing symptoms poisoning, very much also depends on age. For example, at small child ingesting more paracetamol is more likely to cause symptoms of poisoning than the same dose in an adult. For an elderly person, a sedative from the benzodiazepine group (seduxen, relanium, phenazepam) can be toxic in doses that do not cause any disturbance in a middle-aged person.

Symptoms of poisoning may be mild but unpleasant, such as itching, dry mouth, blurred vision, pain, or may be life-threatening, such as disorientation, coma, irregular heartbeat, difficulty breathing, and marked agitation. Some poisons begin to act after a few seconds, while others take several hours or even days after they enter the body.

There are poisons that do not cause obvious symptoms until there is irreversible damage to the function of vital organs, in particular the liver or kidneys. Thus the symptoms of poisoning are as innumerable as the number of poisons.

Diagnosis of chemical poisoning:

Optimal management of patients with poisoning requires setting correct diagnosis. Although the toxic effects of some chemicals are very characteristics, most of the syndromes observed with poisoning may be due to other diseases.

Poisoning is usually included in the differential diagnosis of coma, seizures, acute psychosis, acute liver or kidney failure and oppression bone marrow. Although this should be done, the possibility of poisoning can be disregarded when the patient's main manifestations are mild mental or neurological disturbances, abdominal pain, bleeding, fever, hypotension, pulmonary congestion, or skin rash. In addition, the patient may not be aware of the effect of the poison on him, as is the case with chronic, latent poisoning, or after an attempted suicide or abortion, the patient will also not be inclined to agree with such a diagnosis. Physicians should always be aware of the various manifestations of poisoning and maintain a high degree of alertness to them.

In all cases of poisoning, an attempt should be made to identify the toxic agent. It is obvious that without such identification it is impossible to carry out specific therapy with antidotes. In cases of murder, suicide, or criminal abortion, the establishment of poison may have legal significance. Where poisoning is the result of industrial exposure or therapeutic error, precise knowledge of the active agents is necessary to prevent similar occurrences in the future.

In acute accidental poisoning, the active substance may be known to the patient. In many other cases, information can be obtained from relatives or acquaintances, by examining containers located at the site of poisoning, or by interviewing the patient's doctor or pharmacist. Often, such actions allow you to establish only the trade name of the product, which does not allow you to recognize it. chemical composition. The bibliography at the end of this chapter lists a number of books that list the active constituents of substances used in the household, agriculture, patented medicines and poisonous plants. A small reference book of this type should be carried by every doctor in his portfolio. The latest information of this kind can also be obtained from the Centers for the Treatment of Poisoning and from representatives of the manufacturers of these substances. In chronic poisoning, it is often impossible to quickly determine the toxic agent from the anamnesis. The lesser urgency of therapeutic measures in these cases usually allows for the necessary thorough study of the patient's habits and the state of the environment.

Some poisons may cause the development of characteristic clinical signs sufficient to strongly suggest accurate diagnosis. At careful examination the patient can detect a characteristic smell of cyanide; cherry staining of the skin and mucous membranes, revealing the presence of carboxyhemoglobin; pupillary constriction, drooling and hyperactivity of the gastrointestinal tract caused by insecticides containing cholinesterase inhibitors; lead border and paralysis of the extensor muscles, characteristic of chronic lead poisoning. Unfortunately, these typical signs are not always present and in chemical poisoning their presence is rather an exception.

Chemical analysis of body fluids provides the most correct definition substance that caused poisoning. Some common poisons such as acetylsalicylic acid(aspirin) and barbiturates can be detected and even quantified with relatively simple laboratory research. Detection of other poisons requires more complex toxicological studies, such as high-performance gas or liquid chromatography, which are carried out only in specialized laboratories. In addition, the results of toxicological studies are rarely available in a timely manner to decide on initial treatment in acute poisoning. However, samples of vomit, aspirated stomach contents, blood, urine, and feces should be retained for toxicology testing if diagnostic or legal issues arise. Chemical analysis of body fluids or tissues is especially important in diagnosing and assessing the severity of chronic poisoning. Ultimately, the results of such an analysis are useful for evaluating the long-term results of some types of therapy.

Treatment for chemical poisoning:

For proper treatment A patient with poisoning needs to know both the basic principles of managing such patients and the details of therapy for specific poisonings. The treatment process includes:

• prevention of further absorption of the poison;
• removal of the absorbed poison from the body;
• symptomatic supportive therapy or symptomatic treatment for circulatory, respiratory disorders, neurological disorders and impaired renal function;
• introduction of systemic antidotes.

The first three steps apply to most types of poisoning. The fourth step is most often used only when the toxic agent is known and a specific antidote is available. Sometimes, however, when a patient is highly suspected of having an opiate overdose, they are given naloxone. It should be recognized that there are no specific antidotes for most poisons, and it is not necessary to know which toxic agent caused the poisoning in order to provide the necessary maintenance therapy. Thus, although the physician should always try to identify the active poison, these attempts should not delay the implementation of vital therapeutic measures. .

Prevention of absorption of ingested poisons. If an appreciable amount of poison has been swallowed, attempts should be made to minimize its absorption from the gastrointestinal tract. The success of such attempts depends on the time elapsed since the poison was ingested and on the site and rate of absorption.

• Evacuation of stomach contents

Always, if there are no specific contraindications, you should try to empty the stomach. These attempts can be very successful if made soon after the poison has been ingested. Significant amounts of poison can still be expelled from the stomach several hours after ingestion, as gastric emptying may be delayed as a result of gastric atony or pylorospasm. This occurs with poisoning with phenothiazines, antihistamines, and tricyclic antidepressants.

After swallowing many poisons, vomiting occurs spontaneously. In a smaller number of cases, it can be induced at home by mechanical stimulation of the back of the throat. Vomiting effect of ipecac syrup (the concentration should not exceed more than 14 times the concentration liquid extract), given in a dose of 15 - 30 ml, is more effective and safe even at home. Its action begins an average of 20 minutes after ingestion and depends in part on absorption in gastrointestinal tract therefore, simultaneous intake of activated charcoal, which is an adsorbent, should be avoided. A second dose of ipecac syrup should be given to the patient if he does not vomit 20 minutes after taking the first dose (after taking two doses, vomiting will develop in 90-95% of patients). If there is no scrap of ipecac syrup, every effort should be made to find it, even if this requires taking the patient to the hospital. Apomorphine administered intramuscularly at a dose of 0.06 mg/kg acts within 5 minutes, but may cause prolonged vomiting. At intravenous administration at a dose of 0.01 mg/kg, apomorphine induces vomiting almost immediately, with no subsequent effect on the central nervous system. Sometimes it is not possible to induce vomiting and valuable time should not be wasted waiting. An attempt to induce vomiting should not be made in victims who are in a convulsive state, in patients with severe central nervous system depression, or (due to the risk of perforation of the stomach or esophagus or due to aspiration of vomit into the trachea) in persons who have swallowed a potent caustic chemical or small amounts (less than 100 ml) of liquid hydrocarbons that are strong lung irritants (eg, kerosene, polish).

Compared to vomiting, gastric lavage is more preferable and acts immediately, but it usually does not remove poison from the stomach more effectively than vomiting. It can be performed in patients who are unconscious, the evacuation of the contents of the stomach reduces the risk of aspiration of vomit. Its performance, however, is contraindicated after ingestion of strong corrosive substances, because of the danger of perforation of damaged tissues. At correct execution gastric lavage carries a small risk of aspiration of stomach contents into the lungs. The patient should lie on his stomach with his head and shoulders down. Using a mouth expander, a gastric tube is introduced into the stomach, the diameter of which is sufficient to pass solid particles (30 gauge). If the functions of the central nervous system are depressed, if the insertion of the probe causes vomiting, or if a substance that is an irritant to the lungs has been swallowed, then it is reasonable to insert a cuffed endotracheal tube into the trachea before performing a gastric lavage. The contents of the stomach are aspirated with a large syringe, and with it most of the poison is removed from the body. After that, 200 ml is injected into the stomach (less in children) warm water or liquid solution and aspirate until the aspirated liquid becomes clear.

Interference with absorption in the gastrointestinal tract.

Since neither vomiting nor gastric lavage completely empties the stomach, attempts should be made to reduce absorption by administering substances that bind poisons that have entered the body. Many poisons are adsorbed by powdered activated carbon. High quality activated carbon can adsorb 50% by weight of many common poisons. Liquid activated charcoal (20-50 g in 100 * 200 ml) should be administered after gastric emptying.

Adsorption by activated carbon is a reversible process and the efficiency of adsorption of many poisons varies depending on the pH value. Acidic substances are adsorbed better by acid solutions and therefore can be released into small intestine. It is desirable that activated charcoal with adsorbed poison pass through the intestine as quickly as possible. This will also reduce intestinal absorption of any unadsorbed poison that has passed through the pylorus. In patients with good renal and cardiac function, this is best achieved by oral or intramuscular administration of osmotic laxatives. agents such as magnesia or sodium sulfate (10 - 30 g in a solution with a concentration of 10% or less).

Prevention of absorption of poison from other organs and systems. Most locally applied poisons can be removed from the body by copious washings with water. In certain cases, weak acids or alkalis, or alcohol in combination with soap, are more effective, but rapid and abundant washing with water must be carried out until these solutions are available to doctors. Chemical antidotes are dangerous because the heat generated during chemical reaction may cause tissue damage.

The systemic distribution of injected poisons can be slowed by applying a cold compress or ice to the injection site, or by applying a tourniquet proximal to the injection site.

After inhalation of toxic gases, vapors or dusts, remove the victim to clean air and maintain adequate ventilation. The patient cannot move, he should wear a protective mask.

Excretion of absorbed poison from the body. In contrast to preventing or slowing down absorption, measures that accelerate the excretion of a toxic agent and the body rarely have a large effect on the peak concentration of the poison in the body. However, they can significantly reduce the time during which the concentration of many poisons remains above a certain level, and thereby reduce the risk of complications and tackle the life of the patient. When assessing the need to perform such measures, it is necessary to take into account the clinical condition of the patient, the properties and pathways of the metabolism of the poison and the amount of absorbed poison according to the anamnesis data and the results of determining its concentration in the blood. The introduction of some poisons can be accelerated by various methods; the choice of method depends on the condition of the patient, the amount of poison in the body and the availability of experienced personnel and equipment.

• Bile excretion

Certain organic acids and active drugs are secreted into the bile in the opposite direction of the large concentration gradient. This process takes time and cannot be accelerated. However, intestinal absorption of substances already secreted into bile, such as glutethimide, can be reduced by the administration of activated charcoal every 6 hours. Cholestyramine (16 g per day) significantly accelerates its excretion (half-life from the blood is 80 days).

• Urinary excretion

The acceleration of renal excretion is justified in cases of poisoning much a large number poisons. Renal excretion of toxic substances depends on glomerular filtration, active tubular secretion and passive tubular resorption. The first two of these processes can be protected by maintaining adequate circulation and kidney function, but in practical terms, they cannot be accelerated. On the other hand, passive tubular resorption of many poisons plays important role in increasing the period of their action and it can often be reduced by readily available methods. In case of poisoning with drugs such as drugs salicylic acid and long-acting barbiturates, increased diuresis induced by administration of large volumes of electrolyte solutions in combination with intravenous furosemide has been shown to increase renal excretion.

Changing the pH of urine can also inhibit the passive reversible diffusion of some poisons and increase their renal clearance. The epithelium of the renal tubules is more permeable to uncharged particles than to ionized solutions. Weak organic acids and bases readily diffuse out of the tubular fluid in their non-ionized form, but are retained in the tubules if they are ionized. Acidic poisons are ionized only at a pH exceeding their pK. Alkalinization of urine sharply increases the ionization in the tubular fluid of such organic acids as phenobarbital and salicylate. In contrast, the pKa of pentobarbital (8.1) and secobarbital (8.0) are so high that renal clearance does not increase markedly with an increase in urine pH within the physiological alkaline range. Alkalinization of urine is achieved by infusion of sodium bicarbonate at a rate determined by the pH value of urine and blood. Severe systemic alkalosis or electrolyte disturbances should be avoided. The combination of induced diuresis with alkalinization of the urine can increase the renal clearance of some acidic poisons by a factor of 10 or more, and these interventions have been found to be very effective in salicylates, phenobarbital, and 2,4-dichlorophenoxy poisoning. acetic acid. Conversely, lowering the pH below its normal values ​​has been shown to increase the clearance of amphetamines, phencyclidines, fenfluramine, and quinine.

In conclusion, it should be noted that the renal excretion of certain poisons can be increased by highly specific methods. An example of this is the elimination of bromide from the body by the administration of chloride and chloruretics. These methods are discussed under the consideration of individual poisons.

• Dialysis and hemosorption

Dialysis has been found to be effective in removing many substances from the body, including barbiturates, borate, chlorate, ethanol, glycols, methanol, salicylates, sulfonamides, theophylline, and thiocyanate. Theoretically, it should accelerate the elimination from the body of any dialyzable toxin that is not irreversibly bound to the tissues. Its effectiveness does not extend to large molecules, non-dialyzable poisons, and is reduced to a large extent by the binding of the toxic substance to proteins or its solubility in fats.

Peritoneal dialysis can be easily performed in any hospital and can be done for a long time. However, its implementation in order to remove poisons from the body is justified only if the patient has impaired renal function, it is impossible to carry out hemodialysis or hemosorption, or forced diuresis cannot be applied.

Hemodialysis is undeniably more effective in terms of excretion from the body large quantities dialysable poisons. For barbiturates, dialysis rates of 50–100 ml/min have been achieved, while the rate of excretion from the body is 2–10 times higher than with peritoneal dialysis or forced diuresis. When blood is perfused through activated charcoal or ion exchange resin reach even greater rates of clearance of most poisons than with hemodialysis. Clearly, extracorporeal dialysis and hemosorption can be considered the procedures of choice for the rapid elimination of poisons from the body of patients who have absorbed such amounts of poison that make their survival unlikely, even if the best supportive therapy is provided. Since the necessary equipment and experienced staff for hemodialysis and hemosorption is not available in every hospital, consideration should be given to transferring such patients to a facility with such facilities.

Complex formation and chemical bonding. The excretion of certain poisons from the body is accelerated by chemical interaction. actions with other substances with subsequent excretion through the kidneys. These substances are considered systemic antidotes and are discussed under individual poisons.

supportive therapy. Most chemical poisonings are reversible, self-limiting disease states. Skillful maintenance therapy can save the lives of many severely poisoned patients and keep their detoxifying and excretory mechanisms working until the poison concentration is reduced to safe levels. Symptomatic measures are especially important when the active poison belongs to the category of substances for which a specific antidote is unknown. Even when an antidote is available, vital signs should be prevented or controlled with appropriate supportive care.

A patient with poisoning may suffer from various physiological disorders. Most of these are not specific to chemical poisonings and the management of such patients is discussed elsewhere. IN this section only those aspects of maintenance therapy that are specifically relevant to the treatment of poisoning are briefly discussed.

Depression of the central nervous system. Specific therapy aimed at combating the inhibitory effect of poisons on the central nervous system is usually neither necessary nor difficult. Most patients with poisoning come out of a coma, as from a long anesthesia. Careful care is needed during the unconscious period nurse and careful monitoring of the patient. If the oppression of centers located in medulla oblongata, occurs as a result of circulatory or respiratory disorders, then it is necessary to immediately and vigorously begin measures to maintain these vital functions using chemical means and mechanical procedures. The use of analeptics in the treatment of patients with poison-induced central nervous system depression has been largely abandoned. It is certain that these substances should never be used to awaken consciousness, and it is doubtful that their use to hasten the recovery of spontaneous breathing and active reflexes has ever been justified. In contrast, the drug antagonist naloxone, administered intravenously in adequate doses, usually reverses the central nervous system depression associated with drug overdose.

Seizures. Many poisons (eg, chlorinated hydrocarbons, insecticides, strychnine) cause seizures due to their specific stimulating effect. In patients with poisoning, convulsions may also occur due to hypoxia, hypoglycemia, cerebral edema, or metabolic disorders. In such cases, these violations should be corrected as far as possible. Regardless of the cause of seizures, it is often necessary to use anticonvulsants. Intravenous diazepam, phenobarbital, or phenytoin are usually effective.

Cerebral edema. An increase in intracranial pressure due to cerebral edema is also a characteristic sign of the action of some poisons and a non-specific consequence of other chemical poisonings. For example, cerebral edema is observed in case of poisoning with lead, carbon monoxide and methanol. Symptomatic treatment consists of the use of adrenocorticosteroids and, when necessary, intravenous administration of hypertonic solutions of mannitol or urea.

Hypotension. The causes of hypotension and shock in the poisoned patient are numerous and often there are several causes at the same time. Poisons can cause inhibition of vasomotor centers in the medulla, block autonomic ganglia or adrenergic receptors, directly inhibit the tone of smooth muscles of arteries or veins, reduce myocardial contractility or induce the appearance of cardiac arrhythmias. Less specific is when the poisoned patient is in shock due to tissue hypoxia, extensive tissue destruction by corrosives, loss of blood and fluid, or metabolic disorders. If possible, these violations should be corrected. If the central venous pressure is low, then the first therapeutic action should be to replenish the volume of fluid in the body. Vasoactive drugs are often useful and sometimes necessary in the treatment of a poisoned patient who develops hypotension, especially in shock due to central nervous system depression. As with shock due to other causes, the choice of the most appropriate drug requires an analysis of hemodynamic disturbances, which is carried out after measuring the value of blood pressure.

cardiac arrhythmias. Disturbances in the generation of an excitation wave or cardiac conduction in patients with poisoning occur as a result of the action of certain poisons on electrical properties cardiac fibers or as a result of myocardial hypoxia or metabolic disorders in the myocardium. The latter need to be corrected antiarrhythmic drugs used according to indications, based on the nature of this arrhythmia.

Pulmonary edema. A patient with poisoning may develop pulmonary edema due to inhibition of myocardial contractility or damage to the alveoli by irritating gases or asphyxiated fluids. The latter type of edema is less treatable and may be accompanied by laryngeal edema. Therapeutic measures include suctioning of exudate, giving high concentrations of oxygen under positive pressure, administration of aerosols of surfactants, bronchodilators, and adrenocorticosteroids.

Hypoxia. Poisoning can cause the development of tissue hypoxia through various mechanisms, and several of these mechanisms may operate simultaneously in one patient. Inadequate ventilation may result from central respiratory depression, muscle paralysis or airway obstruction with accumulated secretions, laryngeal edema, or bronchospasm. Alveolar-capillary diffusion may be impaired in pulmonary edema. Anemia, methemoglobinemia, carboxyhemoglobinemia, or shock can impair oxygen transport. Inhibition of cellular oxidation may occur (eg, cyanides, fluoroacetate). For treatment, it is necessary to maintain adequate patency airways. The clinical situation and site of obstruction may indicate frequent suctioning, insertion of an oropharyngeal airway or endotracheal tube, or tracheotomy. If, despite a normal airway, ventilation remains inadequate, as evidenced by clinical condition or measurement of minute volume or blood gases, it is imperative to carry out artificial ventilation through appropriate mechanical means. In tissue hypoxia, the introduction is always indicated. high concentrations oxygen. In cases where there is severe depression of the central nervous system, the introduction of oxygen often leads to respiratory arrest and must be accompanied by artificial ventilation.

Acute renal failure. Renal failure with oliguria or anuria may develop in a patient with poisoning due to shock, dehydration, or electrolyte imbalance. In more specific cases, it may be due to the nephrotoxic effects of certain poisons (eg, mercury, phosphorus, carbon tetrachloride, bromate), many of which are concentrated and excreted by the kidneys. Kidney damage caused by poisons is usually reversible.

Electrolyte and water imbalances. Electrolyte and water imbalances are common signs of chemical poisoning. They can be caused by vomiting, diarrhea, kidney failure or therapeutic measures such as bowel cleansing with laxatives, forced diuresis, or dialysis. These disorders can be corrected or prevented by appropriate therapy. Certain poisons are more specific, causing metabolic acidosis (eg, methanol, phenol, salicylate) or hypocalcemia (eg, fluoride compound, oxalate). These disorders and all types of specific treatment are described in the sections on individual poisons.

Acute liver failure. The primary manifestation of some poisonings (eg, chlorinated hydrocarbons, phosphorus, hipofen, certain fungi) is acute liver failure.

Administration of systemic antidotes. Specific antidote therapy is possible only in case of poisoning with a small number of poisons. Some systemic antidotes are chemicals that exert their therapeutic effect reducing the concentration of the toxic substance. This is achieved by combining an antidote with a specific poison (eg, ethylenediaminetetraacetate with lead, dimercaprol with mercury, reagents having sulfhydryl groups with a toxic metabolite of acetaminophen) or by increasing the excretion of poisons (eg, choride or mercury diuretics for bromide poisoning). Other systemic antidotes compete with the venom for receptors at their site of action (eg, atropine with muscarine, naloxone with morphine, physostigmine reverses some of the anticholinergic effects of tricyclic antidepressants as well as antihistamines, belladonna, and other atropine-like substances). Specific antidotes are discussed in the sections on individual poisons.

Which doctors should you contact if you have Chemical poisoning:

• Surgeon
• Infectionist

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Other diseases from the group Injuries, poisoning and some other consequences of external causes:

Arrhythmias and heart block in cardiotropic poisoning

Depressed skull fractures

Intra- and periarticular fractures of the femur and tibia

Congenital muscular torticollis

Congenital malformations of the skeleton. Dysplasia

Dislocation of the semilunar bone

Dislocation of the lunate and proximal half of the scaphoid (de Quervain's fracture dislocation)

dislocation of the tooth

Dislocation of the scaphoid

Dislocations of the upper limb

Dislocations of the upper limb

Dislocations and subluxations of the head of the radius

Dislocations of the hand

Dislocations of the bones of the foot

Shoulder dislocations

Dislocations of the vertebrae

Dislocations of the forearm

Dislocations of the metacarpal bones

Dislocations of the foot in Chopart's joint

Dislocations of the phalanges of the toes

Diaphyseal fractures of the leg bones

Diaphyseal fractures of the leg bones

Chronic dislocations and subluxations of the forearm

Isolated fracture of the diaphysis of the ulna

Deviated septum

tick paralysis

Combined damage

Bone forms of torticollis

Posture disorders

Instability of the knee joint

Gunshot fractures in combination with soft tissue defects of the limb

Gunshot injuries to bones and joints

Gunshot injuries to the pelvis

Gunshot injuries to the pelvis

Gunshot wounds of the upper limb

Gunshot wounds of the lower limb

Gunshot wounds of the joints

gunshot wounds

Burns from contact with a Portuguese man-of-war and a jellyfish

Complicated fractures of the thoracic and lumbar spine

Open damage to the diaphysis of the leg

Open damage to the diaphysis of the leg

Open injuries of the bones of the hand and fingers

Open injuries of the bones of the hand and fingers

Open injuries of the elbow joint

Open injuries of the foot

Open injuries of the foot

Frostbite

Aconite poisoning

Aniline poisoning

Poisoning with antihistamines

Poisoning with antimuscarinic drugs

Acetaminophen poisoning

Acetone poisoning

Poisoning with benzene, toluene

Pale toadstool poisoning

Poisoning with a poisonous milestone (hemlock)

Halogenated hydrocarbon poisoning

Glycol poisoning

mushroom poisoning

dichloroethane poisoning

smoke poisoning

iron poisoning

Isopropyl alcohol poisoning

Insecticide poisoning

Iodine poisoning

cadmium poisoning

acid poisoning

cocaine poisoning

Poisoning with belladonna, henbane, dope, cross, mandrake

Magnesium poisoning

Methanol poisoning

Methyl alcohol poisoning

Arsenic poisoning

Indian hemp drug poisoning

Hellebore tincture poisoning

nicotine poisoning

Carbon monoxide poisoning

Paraquat poisoning

Smoke poisoning from concentrated acids and alkalis

Poisoning by oil distillation products

Poisoning with antidepressant drugs

Salicylates poisoning

lead poisoning

Hydrogen sulfide poisoning

Carbon disulfide poisoning

Poisoning with sleeping pills (barbiturates)

Fluorine salt poisoning

Poisoning by stimulants of the central nervous system

Strychnine poisoning

Tobacco smoke poisoning

Thallium poisoning

Tranquilizer poisoning

Acetic acid poisoning

Phenol poisoning

Phenothiazine poisoning

Phosphorus poisoning

Poisoning with chlorine-containing insecticides

Poisoning with chlorine-containing insecticides

cyanide poisoning

Ethylene glycol poisoning

Ethylene glycol ether poisoning

Poisoning by calcium ion antagonists

Barbiturate poisoning

Poisoning with beta-blockers

Poisoning with methemoglobin formers

Poisoning by opiates and narcotic analgesics

Poisoning with quinidine drugs

pathological fractures

Fracture of the upper jaw

Fracture of the distal radius

Tooth fracture

Fracture of the bones of the nose

Fracture of the scaphoid

Fracture of the radius in the lower third and dislocation in the distal radioulnar joint (Galeazzi injury)

Fracture of the lower jaw

Fracture of the base of the skull

Fracture of the proximal femur

Fracture of the calvaria

jaw fracture

Fracture of the jaw in the region of the alveolar process

skull fracture

Fracture dislocations in the Lisfranc joint

Fracture and dislocation of the talus

Fractured dislocations of the cervical vertebrae

Fractures II-V metacarpal bones

Hip fractures in the knee joint

Fractures of the femur

Fractures in the trochanteric region

Fractures of the coronoid process of the ulna

Fractures of the acetabulum

Fractures of the acetabulum

Fractures of the head and neck of the radius

Chemical poisoning develops with direct contact of the skin and mucous membranes with toxic substances, when toxic compounds are ingested through the digestive and respiratory systems. Medicines, pesticides and household chemicals can cause intoxication of the body if handled carelessly. If symptoms of chemical poisoning appear, the victim is required to provide first aid, to avoid severe consequences and lethal outcome.

Reasons for the development of chemical poisoning

Chemical poisoning develops in human body due to the ingestion of harmful toxins:

The abuse of drugs or pesticides when irrigating vegetation leads to a chronic form of intoxication. Toxic components gradually accumulate in the body, poisoning the cells as the concentration of toxins increases.

General symptoms and manifestations

Regardless of the route of penetration of toxins, chemical poisoning has the same clinical manifestations:

• nausea, vomiting;
• abdominal pain;
• shortness of breath, pulmonary edema;
• unnatural expansion and contraction of the pupils, muscle spasms, convulsions;
• dizziness, headache, increased sweating;
• pallor of the skin;
• toxic shock;
• allergic reactions up to the development of anaphylactic shock;
• disturbance of consciousness;
• incorrect work of the cardiovascular system (arrhythmia, myocardial infarction).

Symptoms of chemical poisoning depend in part on the absorption of the poisonous substance and the individual characteristics of the person.

First aid and treatment

If symptoms of chemical poisoning are detected, emergency care is required. The first action is a call to the ambulance brigade. Without professional skills medical personnel toxins can damage organs, even death. Before the arrival of the ambulance, it is recommended to carry out pre-medical measures:

1. Limit or stop the flow of poisons into the body.
2. Use activated charcoal in the ratio of 1 tablet per 10 kg of body weight.
3. If toxic fumes are found, remove from the victim contact lenses and rinse with 2% soda solution.

The medical team needs to accurately describe the actions taken. In a medical facility, doctors administer an antidote that can fight the toxin. A poisonous substance is diagnosed using general blood and urine tests.

Poisoning by mouth

Intoxication when taken orally is characterized by contact with the mucous membranes of the mouth, esophagus, stomach. At oral administration victims of alkalis, acids, it is strictly forbidden to wash the stomach or provoke vomiting. Repeated exposure to toxins increases damage to the mouth and esophagus. During gastric lavage, the diluted substance increases in volume, causing internal bleeding.

When intoxicating the body through the mouth, it is necessary to act according to a step-by-step algorithm:

1. In case of loss of consciousness, the poisoned person must be placed on a flat surface. The head is turned to one side so that the victim does not choke on vomit. In this position, the tongue will not be able to fall inward, blocking the access of air. If consciousness is present, it is necessary to find out possible cause poisoning.
2. If the poisoning occurred due to the use of drugs, the patient needs to be given a liter of warm water to drink. After draining the container, it is necessary to artificially provoke vomiting by pressing your fingers on the root of the tongue.
3. With an unknown substance, the victim is asked to drink 300-400 ml of water. The liquid will reduce the concentration of poisons, reducing the risk of negative effects on the gastrointestinal tract.

After providing first aid, it is necessary to continue to monitor the patient's condition and wait for the arrival of the ambulance.

Respiratory poisoning

In case of poisoning with vapors of toxic substances, it is required to bring the victim to clean air, and then follow the algorithm:

1. The chest is freed from restrictive clothing so that nothing interferes with free breathing.
2. In the absence of consciousness, it is necessary to put a person in a horizontal position on a hard, even surface. Turn the head of the victim to one side to avoid blockage of the airways and esophagus by vomit.
3. If the poisoned person is conscious, it is recommended to help to take a sitting position.

The patient is asked to drink water.

Skin contact with chemicals

If a toxic component comes into contact with the skin, it is required to rinse the site of intoxication with plenty of low-temperature running water for 15–20 minutes. The skin is cleansed of the remnants of a toxic substance that did not have time to penetrate into the bloodstream by diffusion. Cold water will relieve pain. In case of skin contact, the degree of poisoning and the manifestation of symptoms depend on the level of toxicity of the chemical.

Folk remedies and herbs for the treatment of poisoning

Folk remedies are used as an additional measure to remove toxins:

1. Elecampane is recommended by traditional medicine specialists for liver damage. You need to pour 1 tbsp. l. dry mixture 250 ml of boiling water and leave to infuse for 15 minutes.
2. In case of poisoning with strontium, cobalt, they drink a decoction based on reed flowers and sunflower leaves. For 1 tsp. each collection accounts for 800 ml hot water. The liquid is infused for 20 minutes. Take on an empty stomach 4 times a day, 100 ml. Knotweed has a similar effect on toxins.
3. A tincture of 100 g of cranberries and 200 g of lingonberries will help alleviate carbon monoxide poisoning. Brewed in 300 ml of boiling water and taken 6 times a day, 50 ml each.

The introduction of an antidote in a medical facility is mandatory.

The use of herbal decoctions is possible only after consultation with your doctor.

Possible Complications

Chemicals increase the risk of severe organ dysfunction and can be fatal. Even during the period of treatment and rehabilitation, complications can occur. The type and form of the negative consequences depend on the amount of poison that got inside, the route of penetration.

After intoxication, they can develop:

1. Internal bleeding due to damage to the gastrointestinal tract.
2. RBC hemolysis (breakdown), leading to anemia and hypoxia ( oxygen starvation) cell structures.
3. A sharp drop in blood pressure.
4. Arrhythmia, heart failure.
5. Failure of the central nervous system up to coma.
6. Acute condition with renal and liver failure. It leads to a violation of the water-salt balance of the body.

Intoxication of the body with chemical compounds can lead to disability. You can not ignore the symptoms of poisoning. The victim must be given first aid and first call the doctors.

Prevention of poisoning

Storage conditions and transport regulations for hazardous chemicals must be observed. When interacting and using with drugs, toxic substances, household chemicals, you must adhere to the safety rules:

1. Keep first aid kits dangerous products(soda, vinegar, spirits), chemicals for cleaning out of the reach of children.
2. Do not use toxic substances in places where there is access to fire.
3. Before working in the laboratory and industrial enterprise Read the instructions and safety precautions.
4. It is recommended to follow a healthy diet so as not to expose the body to the danger of food poisoning.
5. Reception medicines should be carried out in accordance with the recommendations of the attending physician.

Preventive measures must be taken to prevent intoxication with toxic compounds. Safety measures are designed to prevent serious conditions that cannot be recovered, reduce the risk of death.