Thus, symptoms are understood as the subjective impressions of the patient in describing his condition. External signs of the disease are considered to be indicators identified during the examination. And the clinical signs of the disease are data that are obtained from medical and laboratory studies.

On the characteristics disease must be paid attention to even before helping the sick person. Moreover, the same increase in body temperature or abdominal pain can indicate a variety of ailments. And they are all treated differently. Therefore, it is necessary to know what this or that external sign of the disease testifies to, and to determine general state a person can be simply by observing him, assessing the state of his consciousness and psyche, skin and the functioning of the physiological systems of his body.

What are the most characteristic signs of illness: a change in consciousness

A sign of a disease in a person can be a change in consciousness: cloudiness, stupor, stupor and coma.

Even not too obvious changes in consciousness, the so-called lethargy, should cause alertness. With lethargy, the sick person is indifferent to himself and to others. He meaningfully answers questions, but his speech is different from the speech of ordinary people (slower). In some cases, he gives correct answers only to certain questions. Sometimes there is a noticeable violation of orientation in time and space.

The next degree of change in consciousness is characterized by more pronounced lethargy. A person in a state of stupor (stupor) is as if in a half-sleep. He answers questions without meaning, he is not aware of his answers. It is very difficult to get him out of this state.

Undoubted sign of the presence of the disease- stupefaction (sopor). In this case, the sick person is completely indifferent to the surrounding people and events. He does not answer questions addressed to him, but his reflexes are preserved.

In the extreme degree of impaired consciousness - coma - a person completely loses consciousness, body functions and reflexes are lost, muscles relax.

In addition to the above disorders, the definition of diseases is possible on the grounds of mental disorders: hallucinations, delusions, affective and movement disorders. They require emergency psychiatric help.

Definition of diseases by the main features: body position

Identification of the first signs of the disease is possible by the position of the human body. So, there are three types of the patient's position: active, passive and forced.

An extremely serious condition of a person is indicated by such a main symptom of the disease as a passive position. He lies motionless, sliding to the foot edge of the bed, completely indifferent to what is happening, his expression is indifferent.

Often patients take a forced position to relieve some symptoms (cough, shortness of breath, etc.):

1) sitting position - taken by patients with shortness of breath due to heart failure, with bronchial asthma etc.;

2) position on the back - taken by patients with appendicitis, peritonitis, etc.;

3) lying on the stomach - taken for pain in epigastric region(for example, in diseases of the pancreas);

4) position on the side - typical for patients with pleurisy, pneumonia;

5) knee-elbow position - patients with hepatic, renal and intestinal colic trying to reduce severe pain, often they are restless and toss and turn in bed;

6) position with the torso tilted forward - taken by patients with pericarditis, pancreatic cancer.

How to identify the signs of a person's illness by the face

The facial expression of the sick person also reflects his condition. As they say, the signs of the disease are on the face, that is, they are visible to the naked eye.

If a person experiences severe pain, his face becomes similar to the "Hippocratic face": sunken eyes, sharply marked nasolabial folds, a pointed tip of the nose. This is usually observed in abdominal catastrophes and heavy bleeding.

How to determine a person’s illnesses by face, and under what external manifestations should you immediately consult a doctor?

It is possible to identify diseases by such signs as a one-sided blush and a rash on the lips. This most often speaks of croupous pneumonia.

For patients with kidney ailments characterized by such basic signs of the disease as swelling of the face, pallor and swelling.

A "mitral" face with a bluish blush is the most characteristic sign of such a disease as heart disease.

In people who have had a stroke or encephalitis, as well as in people with brain damage, the face is mask-like.

In patients with lupus erythematosus, a typical rash appears on the face in the form of a pink "butterfly" located on both sides of the nose.

And how to identify diseases of an infectious nature by the face? In this case, a rash appears on the face - it is typical for measles, rubella, scarlet fever, typhoid, etc.

Signs of the presence of any disease: the condition of the skin

What other signs are there in diseases or overloads of the body? You can determine the disease by the condition of the skin. Human skin performs a number of functions: protective, respiratory, excretory, etc. In addition, it takes part in vascular reactions, metabolic processes and maintaining body temperature, so its appearance often reflects the general condition of the body.

When examining the skin, determining the degree of its moisture and elasticity is of paramount importance. An important role is played by color, rashes on the skin, etc.

During overheating of the body, physical overload, febrile conditions and critical drops in body temperature, the skin has high humidity - this is how the body adapts to adverse environmental conditions. One of the signs of Graves' disease (disease thyroid gland) is increased sweating. Very unfavorable sign - abundant cold sweat, it may indicate sepsis, a severe fall blood pressure, choking or . A type of sweating is critical sweat that occurs with a rapid drop in body temperature, which is typical for patients with feverish conditions. The reverse situation is observed in case of insufficiency of thyroid gland function, diseases arterial vessels limbs (endarteritis). In this case, dry skin is typical.

A sign of any disease may be blue skin, or cyanosis. The degree of severity of sychosity depends on the patient's condition, its strengthening is a signal of deterioration or improvement of the patient's condition. There are central and peripheral cyanosis.

Turn blue with peripheral auricles, cheeks, lips, tip of the nose, fingers and toes, chin, which indicates a slowdown in blood circulation. When rubbing the earlobe, the sinusity decreases and even disappears. Sometimes when oxygen is inhaled, the blueness can decrease, but with physical exertion it always increases. This condition is typical for diseases of the cardiovascular system.

The central sinusity is uniform and spreads throughout the body. The reason for its appearance is a decrease in the body's ability to absorb oxygen. Unlike the peripheral form, the limbs of a person remain warm. Diseases in which central sinusitis occurs are chronic and proceed in a severe form: damage to the lungs by silicon dust, birth defects hearts, etc. Sishishness also occurs in case of poisoning with aniline derivatives, phenacetin, sulfanilamide preparations, etc.

Keep in mind that the appearance of any type of blueness requires immediate intensive treatment.

In some cases, the skin may become icteric. Jaundice is associated either with blockage of the bile ducts or with increased destruction of red blood cells, but sometimes occurs due to eating large amounts of carrots.

Some diseases are accompanied skin itching. This sign accompanies allergic diseases, blood diseases, kidney failure, diabetes mellitus.

The severity of the disease or the deterioration of a person's condition is indicated by the appearance of subcutaneous hemorrhages. Such a symptom is a sign of blood diseases, infections, kidney or liver failure.

For bedridden patients, necrosis of soft tissues, or bedsores, is characteristic. Their appearance is associated with impaired blood circulation due to prolonged pressure. Usually bedsores appear in the sacrum, on the heels and shoulder blades. To avoid such problems, bedridden patients require special care, which consists in daily skin treatments. camphor alcohol, cologne (for the purpose of disinfection), washing after urination and defecation, keeping the body clean; the bed should be carefully straightened; during physiological functions, a person is given a special rubber duck. It is necessary to carefully monitor the condition of the mucous membranes of a bedridden patient, treat them (rinse the eyes with a sterile gauze swab moistened with a warm solution of furacilin, wipe the mucous membranes of the mouth with a solution of soda or boric acid etc.).

Definition of the disease by signs: dehydration or excess fluid

In some cases, patients develop a deficit or, conversely, an excess of fluid in the body. Both cases are undesirable.

How to identify diseases outward signs indicating dehydration?

A dehydrated patient has:

• , which does not stop when rinsing the mouth;
• decrease in skin elasticity;
• dryness in the inguinal and axillary areas;
• decrease in the tone of the eyeballs;
• acceleration of the heartbeat;
• dry tongue;
• lowering blood pressure;
• decrease in the amount of urine excreted - less than 500 ml of urine is excreted per day.

Skin elasticity is tested in the following way: take the skin of the abdomen into a fold with your fingers and release. Normally, the fold is smoothed out quickly, with a decrease in elasticity - slowly.

Depending on the lack of water in the body, signs of dehydration are divided into degrees:

• I degree (fluid deficiency less than 1.5 liters) - a person complains of thirst;
• II degree (liquid deficiency 1.5-4 liters) - a person complains of pronounced thirst; dryness of the tongue, oral cavity, inguinal regions, armpits.
• III degree (fluid deficiency more than 4 liters) - a person complains of unbearable thirst. Urinary retention, weight loss are noted, the person is in a state of stupor. If timely assistance is not provided to him, death follows a coma.

Excess fluid in the body is manifested by edema. At the same time, the skin swells, the elasticity of the tissues decreases, the skin becomes pale or cyanotic.

Edema is:

• cardiac origin - develop slowly, dense in structure, accompanied by cyanosis, most often on the legs, back and lower back. Patients develop shortness of breath, so they take a forced standing position. The neck veins swell;
• allergic origin - angioedema. It appears on a limited area of ​​the body (usually on the face, hands, neck) almost instantly, accompanied by itching of the skin;
• renal origin - soft to the touch edema develops quickly, is located on the face or only on the eyelids, the skin over the edema area is pale;
• inflammatory origin - the skin around the edema is reddened, to the touch hotter than the surrounding tissues.

How to determine the disease by clinical signs: pulse and pressure

The state of the cardiovascular system at home can be assessed by measuring blood pressure and pulse.

Pulse measurement. The pulse is a periodic fluctuation in the volume of blood vessels. The study of the pulse is necessary to determine the rhythm, frequency, filling, size, tension and condition of the vessel wall. A pulse rate of 60-80 beats per minute is considered normal. The rhythm of the pulse corresponds to the contractions of the left ventricle of the heart.

An increase in heart rate is called tachycardia. Its causes may be a change in body temperature, excited. Tachycardia accompanies anemia, intoxication, and cardiovascular diseases.

Slow heart rate is called bradycardia. It is typical for patients with inflammatory lesion heart muscles, heart attacks, heart defects. The reason for its appearance can also be an increase intracranial pressure, infections and intoxications.

By the pulse, you can determine diseases such as:

• extrasystole - after pulse waves, the magnitude of which is less than usual, followed by a long pause;
• respiratory arrhythmia - on inhalation, the pulse becomes more frequent, on exhalation - slower;
• atrial fibrillation - pulse waves of different size randomly follow each other;
• paradoxical pulse - During inhalation, the pulse wave is weakened.

A condition in which the number of heartbeats is greater than the number of pulse beats is called pulse deficit. In general, a pulse deficit is characteristic of patients with atrial fibrillation and extrasystoles. The work of the cardiovascular system is characterized by the tension of the pulse. It is determined by the resistance of the artery when pressed with a finger. If the pulse is weakened, then the work of the heart suffers.

Measurement of blood pressure. Blood pressure is measured using a tonometer. A cuff is placed on the shoulder, into which air is pumped. A phonendoscope is placed in the cubital fossa, in the place where the pulsation of the artery is felt. After that, the valve is slightly opened and air is released. Systolic (upper) pressure is determined at the first shocks heard through the phonendoscope. Diastolic (lower) pressure is recorded when the pulsation disappears.

The main alarming signs of the disease: respiratory pathology

Another warning sign diseases - respiratory pathology. In the process of respiration, oxygen is delivered to the tissues of the body and carbon dioxide is excreted. At healthy person the respiratory rate is 16-20 per minute. Pathology are the following types breathing:

• Cheyne-Stokes breathing- is characterized by cyclicity, alternation of deep breaths and cessation of breathing for a period of 1 to 2-3 minutes. During a stop, breaths are rare and superficial. Basically, such breathing is typical for patients with strokes, brain tumors, in a dying state;
• Biot's breath - characterized by a decrease in breathing with pauses between respiratory cycles (inhalation - exhalation). The duration of pauses ranges from a few seconds to half a minute;
• Kussmaul breathing - uniform, rapid, noisy, deep.

Many patients suffer from shortness of breath. There are several types of shortness of breath:

• inspiratory - inhalation is lengthened and difficult; breathing is accompanied by a noisy, whistling breath;
• expiratory - difficult and lengthened expiration;
• mixed - both phases of the respiratory act are difficult and lengthened.

In severe cases, with shortness of breath, breathing slows down, and coma occurs. In a timely manner Taken measures can save a patient's life.

A sharp weakening of breathing or its stop is called asphyxia. This stops gas exchange in the lungs and blood. Asphyxiation occurs due to mechanical obstacles to the entry of air into the lungs, gas exchange disorders due to diseases, etc.

Signs of gastrointestinal diseases

Signs of diseases of the gastrointestinal tract are the appearance of discomfort in the mouth, heartburn, loss of appetite, pain, belching. Be sure to find out following points, allowing to identify trouble in the digestive tract:

• appetite: good, lowered, elevated, perverted (aversion to certain kind food);
• saturability: normal, fast, constant feeling of hunger, fullness in the stomach, etc.;
• thirst: absent or intermittent; dry mouth - constant with quenching up to 10 liters per day or periodic;
• mouth taste: ordinary or bitter, sour, there is a taste of metal and other, loss of taste;
• belching: no or there is (if present - periodic or constant) belching than: air, food, bitter, sour, rotten;
• heartburn: no or present; whether it is related to food intake, what foods cause, frequency, whether it happens at night, what is removed;
• nausea , if it exists, then constant or periodic; the time of its occurrence, whether it is related to the intake and nature of food, whether vomiting is allowed;
• vomit , if it is, whether it is associated with previous nausea or no connection can be traced; the time of its occurrence is noted - before meals, during, after meals; character - taken or stagnant food, " coffee grounds”,“ meat slops ”, blood streaks, blood clots; does it bring relief;
• pain syndrome is explained in detail: the time of occurrence, the nature of pain (permanent or spastic), localization and irradiation, changes in the nature and localization of pain, their relationship with food intake;
• chair character - normal, constipation or diarrhea; formalized or liquid, the color of feces, the presence of mucus or streaks of blood in it; in the presence of bleeding - before or after stool, volume, type of blood.

Even the appearance of the patient speaks volumes. For example, significant weight loss and jaundice may indicate cholecystitis accompanied by stone formation or pancreatitis, o chronic pancreatitis evidence of thinning subcutaneous tissue front abdominal wall in the left hypochondrium and microscopic enlarged vessels, similar to bright red rashes on the skin of the abdomen, chest and back. An increase in the abdomen may be associated with obesity, bloating, a large tumor.

If available in abdominal cavity a large amount of water (the so-called dropsy), an easily displaced liquid with a horizontal position of the patient accumulates in the lower and lateral sections, while the stomach is flattened in the middle part (“frog” stomach).

When standing upright, fluid accumulates in the lower abdomen, which begins to protrude in the lower sections and takes the form of a half-filled sac. With severe dropsy, the navel protrudes.

The bulging of the abdomen in the upper part occurs with an increase in the liver, pancreatic cyst.

Diffuse bloating is possible with dyskinesias gastrointestinal tract.

The retracted navicular abdomen is characteristic of a sharp exhaustion or a strong spastic contraction of the muscles of the abdominal wall.

Retraction of the abdomen in some areas occurs when the stomach is prolapsed, a limited protrusion of the abdominal wall is noted with hernias of the white line, umbilical, inguinal.

How can you identify the disease by feces

You can determine the disease by feces, for this you need to conduct an examination stool. The mass of feces excreted per day with normal mixed diet, normally ranges from 150 to 200 g.

Normally, feces are cylindrical in shape, 2-4 cm thick, and dense in texture. Painted in various shades Brown color which depends on the nature of the food. After eating dairy food, the color of the feces may be light brown, even yellow. After consumption meat products it turns dark brown plant food- greenish (from sorrel, spinach) or reddish (from beets). Dense brown-black feces occur after taking blueberries, black currants, coffee, bismuth and iron preparations.

The consistency and color of feces in pathological conditions change. When the passage of the contents through the large intestine is accelerated or dysbacteriosis develops, the feces become golden yellow, with fermentative dyspepsia - yellow with a sharp sour smell. White or grayish-white feces are characteristic of violations of the outflow of bile and viral hepatitis. The grayish-yellow color of the feces indicates insufficient production of pancreatic juice. Tar-like black stools appear when bleeding from the esophagus, stomach or duodenum. Chronic ulcerative colitis is characterized by liquid stool with dense lumps, with clotted blood, mucus and pus. Scarlet blood in the stool is detected in patients with hemorrhoids or fissures of the sphincter of the rectum. With enterocolitis, undigested food residues appear in the feces. In people who do not chew food well, large remains of vegetables, fruits, and seeds can be found in the feces. Discolored stools indicate blockage of the common bile duct by a stone.

Aromatic substances such as skatole, indole, phenol and others determine the nature of the smell of feces. With protein foods, the smell is sharper, it becomes fetid with putrefactive dyspepsia. The smell of feces is weaker with the use of vegetable and dairy products and becomes sour with fermentative dyspepsia.

How to determine the disease by feces when examining feces? Pathological impurities of non-food origin include blood, pus and mucus. The detection of blood indicates a violation of the integrity of the mucous membrane of the gastrointestinal tract. Pus in the feces is found in dysentery, ulcerative colitis, tuberculosis of the large intestine, and the collapse of a tumor of the large intestine. Mucus is normally not detected. When secreting mucus from small intestine or upper divisions from the large intestine, it is mixed with feces, from the lower part of the large intestine - lies on the surface of the stool.

Also a sign of the disease is vomiting, it can be of the following types:

• morning, or vomiting on an empty stomach;
• early (shortly after eating);
• late (a few hours after eating);
• night;
• cyclic, not associated with the reception of food.

Depending on the nature of the masses, vomiting is distinguished as:

• vomiting of freshly eaten food;
• vomiting food that has been eaten for a long time (congestive vomiting);
• bilious vomiting;
• bloody vomiting;
• fecal vomiting;
• purulent vomiting, etc.

Undigested pieces of food in the vomit indicate sharp decline acidity gastric juice. Putrid smell vomit can be observed with decaying stomach cancer, the smell of alcohol - with alcohol poisoning. Fecal vomiting is characteristic of intestinal obstruction. Hematemesis indicates bleeding in the gastrointestinal tract. This condition always requires urgent measures.

With prolonged contact of blood with hydrochloric acid in the stomach, vomit acquires the color and appearance of coffee grounds.

Almost always in the masses severe vomiting bile is present. An abundance of bile in the vomit occurs when peptic ulcer narrowing of the duodenum.

Disease has accompanied man for thousands of years. So, numerous references to various epidemics that claimed a huge number of human lives have been preserved in written sources to this day. However, despite the fact that the current level of development of medicine, as well as the technical equipment of medical institutions, are very different from what doctors used several centuries ago, many diseases are still a serious problem for mankind. As a rule, it is these pathological conditions, occurring in acute or chronic forms, that are the main cause of death of people even today. The social significance of diseases should also be taken into account, which is due to the inability of the able-bodied population to work during illness, as well as the risk of disability in certain diseases.

A disease is a pathological state of the body, which is based on a violation of its normal structure or functioning. As a rule, diseases are accompanied by certain symptoms.

The history of the study of human diseases began in the prehistoric period, as evidenced by numerous archaeological finds. Today, the main source of information about the diseases of that time are the remains of people, on which it is possible to trace the results of various injuries, as well as severe, chronic diseases. At the same time, the first finds that can be used to judge the diseases that a person suffered, as well as the level of development of medicine, date back to the 35th millennium BC and belong to Neanderthals.

However, the greatest development of medicine occurred in ancient world. As a rule, from this period, diseases of people went down in history as epidemics that claimed millions of lives. This, in turn, served as one of the incentives for the development of medical art. It is believed that the first physician whose name has survived to this day is Imhotep. This Egyptian, who lived approximately in 2650 BC, was an adviser to one of the pharaohs. In addition, thanks to Imhotep, a textbook was created, which included recommendations for the treatment of wounds, bone fractures, and even tumors.

An example of the impact of epidemics on the lives of people of that period is the case that occurred during the Peloponnesian War and was described by one of the surviving people, the historian Thucydides. Thus, during the siege of Athens, crowding, lack of food and poor quality of medical care were the main reasons for the spread of infectious diseases, which led to ¼ of all deaths of that period. Even then, Thucydides noticed that people suffer from diseases different ages, gender and ethnicity.

It should be noted that it was in the ancient world that the importance of reducing morbidity through the implementation of disease prevention was emphasized. This was done both through the promotion of hygiene rules and through certain rules nutrition.

Also, much attention was paid to the state of mind of a person, which was justified close relationship physical and spiritual components of the individual. Thus, during the Zhou Dynasty in ancient China, doctors promoted meditation and moderation during their activities to improve health, while in ancient india great attention was paid to oral hygiene. The Roman baths and aqueducts are also an example of the promotion of hygiene as a means of preventing disease.

Initially in Ancient Rome only the elite paid attention to the rules of hygiene, because, due to their influence, they had access to the benefits of civilization. At the same time, it was considered that good health increases spiritual purity. However, towards the end of the Roman period, the ruling elite were interested in improving sanitary conditions for the lower classes in order to reduce the prevalence of disease. But after the fall of the Roman Empire, concern public health remained only in large cities.

In the Middle Ages, diseases had a significant impact on people's lives, when epidemics of plague, cholera, smallpox in large settlements led to significant losses among the population even in peacetime. However, success in the fight against these infectious diseases has not been achieved.

The turning point in understanding the course of diseases came after the discovery of the existence of microbes (Anthony van Leeuwenhoek in the 17th century) and their disease-causing properties (the work of Louis Pasteur in the middle of the 19th century). The parallel development of epidemiology, as well as the widespread development of vaccination, have significantly reduced the incidence and increased the number of positive outcomes.

AT modern world maintaining the health of the population at a high level is one of the critical tasks, the implementation of which is entrusted to state organizations as well as private companies. Thus, events are regularly held to promote healthy lifestyle life, keeping cities clean, carrying out vaccinations in accordance with a specially designed calendar, organizing quarantines during epidemics and monitoring sewer systems. As a rule, the state is interested in reducing the number of diseases, not only because it has to spend funds from the budget for the treatment of patients, but also because sick citizens are not able to fulfill their duties. BUT existing risk disability of the able-bodied population even more strongly affects the state budget.

In this regard, today the priority is not only the development of new methods of treatment of various diseases, but also their timely prevention.

The role of private companies in the fight against human diseases is due to the creation various means helping to cure diseases. So, private organizations create the latest equipment, prostheses, pharmacological preparations.

Children's illnesses are a serious problem, which is associated with the presence of influence on the formation of the personality and consciousness of the child. This is due to the fact that it is during the period from birth to puberty that children go through the main stages of the socialization process, which can be difficult due to the existing ailment.

Also a big problem are hereditary and genetic diseases, most of which appear before the age of 5 years and are associated with metabolic or musculoskeletal abnormalities. As a rule, activities aimed at their identification are carried out during pregnancy in mandatory order using both invasive and non-invasive methods.

After the child is discharged from the maternity hospital, the appearance of the disease in children is monitored at periodic examinations in accordance with the established schedule. The district pediatrician should conduct an examination, which allows to identify hydrocephalus, dysplasia hip joints and other pathologies that require the earliest possible intervention of a doctor.

The child is characterized by increased motor activity, usually associated with children's games. This is often accompanied by various injuries, up to fractures of the limbs. At the same time, fractures in children have a number of features that are due to the anatomical and physiological characteristics of the musculoskeletal system. So, children are characterized by the development of fractures of the "green branch" type, which is due to a well-developed periosteum and a low degree of mineralization. bone tissue. However, there is also a high probability of developing epiphysiolysis - damage to the growth zone of the bone. And this, in turn, is fraught with a violation of the growth of the bone in length and a curvature of its axis.

Infectious diseases in children

It should be noted infectious diseases children who occupy a leading position in the structure of morbidity in this age group. Quite often, infectious pathology proceeds in an erased form and does not have bright symptoms. There are a number of factors conducive to the spread of infectious diseases in children's groups:

• level immune protection slightly lower than in adults, due to incomplete maturation lymphoid organs;
• behavioral features;
• frequent stay in crowded groups.

The development of infectious diseases in children most often occurs during certain critical periods. During these time periods, there is a decrease in the level of immune protection, which makes the body more susceptible to the effects of foreign agents.

The first critical period lasts for a month after the birth of the baby. The allocation of this period is due to the child's body's lack of the ability to independently produce its own antibodies, and therefore the immune defense is represented mainly by class G immunoglobulins obtained from the mother's body during the prenatal period through the placenta. After childbirth, the baby also receives from the mother with breast milk antibodies represented by class A immunoglobulins. This class of antibodies provides local protection only to mucous membranes, since they do not enter the bloodstream. Therefore, due to practical total absence self-immune defense, infectious diseases in children are quite common. This period is especially difficult for premature babies.

The second critical period is observed at the 4th month after the birth of a child and is due to the depletion of the pool of class G immunoglobulins against the background of insufficient synthesis of own class M antibodies. The greatest susceptibility in this period is observed to infectious diseases, the pathogens of which are transmitted by airborne and intestinal routes.

It is in the second critical period that hereditary pathologies of the humoral or cellular components of immunity begin to appear. This is due, first of all, to the beginning of the predominance of the baby's own immune forces in the structure of immunity over the residual effect. defensive forces maternal organism.

The formation of the third critical period is influenced by both increased cognitive activity child (everything that falls into the hands will certainly end up in the mouth), and the cessation of breastfeeding. As a rule, this period is typical for the age of 2-2.5 years. In this period, children are disposed to diseases transmitted by household contact.

The fourth critical period is formed in the period from 5 to 7 years. It is based on the restructuring of the child's immunity, which is manifested by a decrease in the absolute number of lymphocytes, which, with a low level of immunoglobulins A, leads to an increase in susceptibility to diseases transmitted by airborne and intestinal routes. It should be noted that quite often at this age there is also an increase in class E immunoglobulins, which indicates allergic reactions.

The fifth critical period develops in adolescence and is associated with a mismatch in the size of the lymphoid organs that play importance in work immune system, the actual size of the organism. Also, the state of immune defense is affected by the functioning of the reproductive system, which, through humoral influences, reduces the efficiency of some immunocompetent cells.

Quite often, infectious diseases are in the nature of epidemic outbreaks. Concerning great importance has a quarantine and vaccination, which is carried out to form an artificial protection against infections.

Diseases of an adult are of the most diverse nature and vary widely depending on the conditions of life. Typically a significant impact on adult health and development pathological conditions factors such as working and rest conditions, availability of bad habits and hereditary diseases.

Quite often, human diseases are of a long-term nature and do not interfere with a person in ordinary life, since they do not have a bright severe symptoms over a certain period of time. In such situations, the danger lies in the fact that the pathological process is based on both reversible and, often, irreversible changes in normal tissues. An example is the human immunodeficiency virus, the incidence of which is continuously increasing throughout the world. With this viral disease for several years, a person may not suspect that he has a life-threatening pathology, but after 5-8 years, most of those suffering from this dangerous disease the first signs of immunodeficiency appear, which later leads to death.

Diseases in men

Diseases in men are often associated with the peculiarities of their existence. So, labor activity males are somewhat more often associated with physical labor, compared with women. This, in turn, often affects the state of the musculoskeletal system and is accompanied by the appearance of hernias of the spine and anterior abdominal wall.

In addition, the male population, according to statistics, often leads the wrong way of life. There are a number of diseases that affect men and women that are caused by smoking or long-term use alcohol. However, due to the fact that these bad habits prevail among the male sex, then characteristic diseases they are much more common. So, smoking for several years leads to chronic bronchitis, which is based on irreversible changes in the respiratory system caused by frequent exposure harmful smoke. In the future, pathologically altered epithelium respiratory system can be the basis for the development oncological process(for example, according to statistics, 90% of people suffering from lung cancer were previously heavy smokers).

Alcohol is also one of the most common causes, due to which men develop diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. So, in people who regularly take drinks containing alcohol, it is much more common chronic gastritis and pancreatitis. Also, regular alcohol consumption negatively affects the state of immune defense.

Often the cause of the disease in men are various injuries received during the rest (on ski resorts, jumping into the water) or traffic accidents (especially when riding a motorcycle). In such situations, even timely provided high-tech assistance is not a guarantee of the patient's recovery.

Infectious diseases in men are no exception, which, according to a number of statistical studies are more susceptible to bacterial and viral diseases. Thus, 30% of men who have undergone an infectious process account for 22% of women. This may be due to higher testosterone levels in males. For example, in a study conducted by scientists from medical school Stanford University in December 2013, it was revealed that high level testosterone reduces the efficiency of the cellular response. This, in turn, not only reduces the effect of vaccination, but also increases the likelihood of infection in the adult male population. Also in this study, it was found that the indicators of immune protection in men with low level testosterone in the blood, do not differ much from the corresponding characteristics of women's immunity.

Infectious diseases in women, compared with men, are somewhat less common. So, the basis of this phenomenon is a higher level of immunoglobulins in women and pro-inflammatory cytokines in the blood. It should also be noted a different mechanism of activation of immune defense during microbial invasion and a higher incidence of autoimmune diseases.

Diseases of women are often caused by dysfunction of the reproductive system. A particularly big problem is chronic inflammatory processes in the endometrium and fallopian tubes associated with sexually transmitted infections. Quite often they are asymptomatic for a long time and lead to irreversible changes in the body.

To one of the most adverse effects Such diseases in women is infertility, which occurs due to difficulty in the migration of the fetal egg. In such situations, it is sometimes possible to carry out in vitro fertilization in order to obtain the desired pregnancy. However, in vitro fertilization, due to the high doses of hormones that are used to prepare the mother's body for pregnancy, may be accompanied by various complications.

special status for female body is pregnancy. Any illnesses suffered during this period can adversely affect not only the health of the mother, but also her child. The greatest danger is infectious processes in the first trimester of pregnancy, when the laying of the main organs occurs. At the same time, quite often diseases that have mild symptoms can lead to severe consequences for the child. In this regard, as well as for the timely detection of hereditary disorders, regular medical examinations are carried out in the first, second and third trimesters.

Diseases in the elderly

In most cases, diseases of the elderly are chronic course and are often detected only a few years after their onset. Such diseases, which are quite widespread, include hypertension, diabetes, obesity and atherosclerosis. As a rule, each of these diseases is accompanied by severe damage to the body systems, which significantly reduces the life span of the population. big problem of these chronic diseases is the need for regular treatment.

Also, diseases of an elderly person are often caused by age-related degenerative changes in the body, most clearly represented in musculoskeletal system. These include osteoporosis, arthritis and other pathologies that significantly impede human motor activity. Also the cause of violation motor activity can be chronic diseases heart (IHD and atherosclerosis) and trauma (fracture of the femoral neck).

Bacterial and viral diseases elderly people have a number of features due to morphological changes in the organs involved in the work of immunity, which include:

• thymus involution;
• bone marrow degeneration;
• degeneration of lymphoid tissues.

involutive changes thymus lead to a decrease in the effectiveness of cellular immunity, since maturation of T-lymphocytes occurs in it. In the future, the progression of thymus degeneration leads to an increase in the likelihood of developing infectious and oncological processes. Also, in addition to reducing the effectiveness of cellular immunity, in old age there is a decrease in the absolute number of antibodies, which greatly affects the effectiveness of the fight against pathogens of infectious diseases.

To date, one of the most common causes of deaths in the elderly are oncological diseases, the development of which is usually associated with damage to the genetic apparatus of cells and disruption of the immune system. According to forecasts, soon this pathology should take first place in terms of mortality in Russia after and vessels. The biggest problem in the fight against this often fatal disease is long duration preclinical period, which leads to a strong neglect of the process by the time it is detected.

Exists huge number diseases, attempts to classify which have been made for a long time. The whole difficulty in creating a single, universal classification that takes into account all the characteristics of diseases is that even the same pathology can occur in individuals of even the same age in different ways, having a different severity of the clinical picture.

In practice, in most cases, the international classification of diseases 10 is used, which is generally accepted for use throughout the world. It is required so that doctors and scientists from around the world can jointly develop methods for treating the same diseases, as well as their forms, leveling the obstacles that arise in the language barrier.

To date, in most medical institutions in Russia, the main medical document is the medical history. There are a number of requirements that must be observed when completing this document. Also in this document, you must indicate the code of the disease, using the list of diseases (ICD 10). Wrong specified code disease is a gross mistake and can serve as a basis for sanctions against the doctor by the insurance company.

By the nature of the flow

One of the most common at all times was the classification of diseases, which is based on the duration of the course. In this case, all diseases are divided into:

• sharp;
• chronic.

Deciding whether a disease is acute or chronic can only be done by using disease-specific criteria. Usually sharp and chronic forms diseases go through the same periods (hidden, prodromal, peak and end) of the disease. However, decisive in determining the form of the pathological process is the duration of the phase of the end of the disease.

By etiology

The classification of diseases is also widely used, which is based on the division of pathological processes that occur in the body, in accordance with the cause of their development.

So, in accordance with the etiological principle, all diseases can be divided into:

• infectious diseases;
• noncommunicable diseases;
• trauma;
• hereditary diseases;
• mental disorders and cognitive dysfunction.

However, this classification is not accurate, since quite often the development of the disease requires a combined effect of several factors, which makes it difficult to assign the disease to a specific group.

The fight against infectious pathology is of great importance and is due to the high prevalence of these diseases, which caused 9,200,000 deaths (almost every 5th person) in 2013. For the first time, the role of external pathogens in the development of pathological processes of an infectious nature began to be discussed in Europe during the Renaissance. The first to express these ideas was the Italian doctor Fracastoro. Significant progress in the study of infectious diseases was associated with the invention of the microscope by Leeuwenhoek, which made it possible to visualize bacteria and protozoa. John Snow, William Budd, Louis Pasteur, Robert Koch, Edward Jenner and many other scientists also had a strong influence on the development of the doctrine of infectious diseases.

Other etiology

Non-communicable diseases include a large group of diseases not associated with foreign microorganisms, which is based on a long-term disruption of the body's organs and systems against the background of progressive organic and functional changes. The allocation of this group of diseases is caused by their wide, almost ubiquitous distribution, as well as the fact that they cause the death of more than 38 million people every year. It is known that there is a relationship between income level and prevalence, as well as the number of deaths from this pathology.

The most common noncommunicable diseases include:

• diseases of the cardiovascular system (mortality from them annually exceeds 17.5 million people);
• oncology (mortality from them annually exceeds 8.2 million people);
• respiratory diseases (mortality from them annually exceeds 4 million people);
• diabetes mellitus (mortality from them annually exceeds 1.5 million people).

The development of these diseases is strongly influenced by lifestyle, in particular, bad habits, poor quality of nutrition, insufficient level of physical activity and the irreversibility of the aging process. A characteristic feature of most noncommunicable diseases is their long course and gradual progression.

Genetic disorders and malformations can often be detected during pregnancy, but often they are diagnosed in children and adults only after the onset of symptoms of the disease.

Genetic disorders are caused by the occurrence of changes in DNA, which can be either the result of the transfer of an existing mutation or the emergence of a new one. In the future, the implementation of the altered genetic material becomes the cause of various pathological changes.

Malformations are called various deviations in the human body caused by exposure to harmful factors in the prenatal period, that is, at the time of formation and maturation of organ systems.

Human life is associated with active movements. Often this leads to various injuries, the severity of which can vary widely from minor bruises to irreversible consequences associated with damage to vital organs or the musculoskeletal system.

Mental and cognitive processes have a huge impact on a person, as they are directly involved in the formation of his consciousness. In this regard, any, even the most minor violations mental activity can lead to a significant reduction in the quality of life.

Localization is understood as the main topographic-anatomical zone or organ in which the pathological process has developed. Clarification of the localization of the underlying pathology is required to establish an accurate diagnosis, as well as to assess the prevalence and dynamics of changes caused by the disease. When determining the place of development of pathology, both local complaints and instrumental methods research.

What is ICD 10 and does it reflect the entire list of diseases?

All mankind suffers from various diseases, however, the approach to their treatment may vary depending on the level of medicine and the possibilities medical institution providing specialized assistance. You should also take into account the research base, which is developed in different countries heterogeneous, but plays an important role in the development of the most effective methods treatment. Therefore, quite often there is a need to adopt the experience of other peoples or countries in the treatment of pathological processes, which requires a universal list of diseases that have uniform criteria disease assessment.

The first international list of diseases was presented in 1893 and literally translated as the “International List of Causes of Death”, the analogue of which in Russian was the International Classification of Diseases, or ICD 1. It was developed by the International Statistical Institute. The numerical designation that follows the abbreviation indicates the version of the classification, of which there are currently 10.

In 1948 the development International classification disease was assigned World Organization healthcare. Therefore, only ICD 6 was the first result of compiling a single list of diseases under the leadership of WHO, which is still doing this. Since 1967, WHO has invited all countries to use the most latest version ICD for assessing statistical characteristics such as mortality and morbidity.

ICD 10 was approved in May 1990 by the forty-third World Health Assembly. This list of diseases is cited in over 20,000 scientific articles and is used in over 100 countries around the world. ICD 11 is currently being developed and is expected to be finalized in 2018.

The causes of diseases are of the most diverse nature and strongly depend on the conditions of functioning of a particular organ. As a rule, establishing the causes is of great importance for eliminating harmful effects on the body and the subsequent organization of effective treatment.

Signs of the disease, in turn, are of great importance in the diagnosis of the disease and, as a rule, become main reason appeals for medical care. In addition, their severity, in most cases, determines the degree of decrease in the quality of life. In accordance with the possibility of assessing the symptoms of the disease, objective and subjective signs of diseases are distinguished.

Objective signs of the disease are assessed during a physical examination or with the help of special equipment. They are characterized by the presence of manifestations that can be studied not only by the patient himself, but also by other people. Yes, the presence inflammatory process can be assessed visually (for example, when localized on the skin) and instrumentally (for example, in case of pneumonia, x-ray examination allows you to judge the changes). In most cases, when establishing a diagnosis, the doctor relies on the objective symptoms of the disease.

The presence of subjective signs of the disease is due to the presence of the underlying disease. They are based on the patient's sensations caused by local or systemic changes in the body. The complexity of assessing subjective symptoms is due to the fact that a specialist can assess their severity only when interviewing a patient, without confirming the results obtained with objective data.

The most common subjective signs of the disease include the following symptoms:

• pain;
• nausea;
• fatigue.

Nevertheless, the assessment of the subjective signs of the disease is of great importance, as it allows not only to assess the dynamics of the course of the pathological process, but also the severity of its effect on the body. Often it is subjective symptoms that become the main cause thorough examination at which objective changes are detected.

Diseases of the sense organs

The sense organs are of great importance in human life, as they allow us to evaluate the environment and its direct impact on a person. Thus, the sense organs ensure the interaction of a person with the outside world.

The sense organs consist of three functional departments:

• peripheral department;
• conductor part;
• central department.

In most cases, the causes of diseases of the sense organs are due to the influence of the external or internal environment on the sections of the analyzer, which leads to corresponding pathological changes. In the future, these changes lead to a deterioration in the functioning of the sense organ, up to a complete loss of function.

Damage to the conductive part of the analyzer can be associated with both external factors(various injuries and various toxic effects), and with internal ones (neuropathies caused by diabetes mellitus, germination of tumors and atrophy of nerve fibers against the background of ischemia).

At the heart of the violation of the work of the central section of the analyzer is organic or functional damage to the brain area responsible for processing incoming information. This may be due to exogenous (injury) or endogenous (stroke) factors.

Eye diseases have a significant impact on the quality of human life, since it is these sense organs that are responsible for receiving more than 90% of information about the world around us. Thus, even the slightest disturbance in the work of this sense organ leads to significant discomfort.

It is customary to divide eye diseases into two large groups. The first group of diseases includes diseases associated with disruption of the structures responsible for receiving and processing information about the outside world, and the second group includes pathologies that affect auxiliary systems that ensure the stable functioning of this sense organ.

The first group of eye diseases include defeat:

• optical system;
• photoreceptor system;
• luminous flux regulation systems;
• accommodation systems.

The first signs of this group of diseases is a decrease in the quality of the information received. This can be manifested by a narrowing of the field of view, a decrease in image clarity. Often the pathological process has a chronic course, and therefore visual impairment is not observed immediately (as in cataracts, when visible areas fall out gradually, in separate zones). In most cases, with timely seeking help and the absence of contraindications to treatment, it is possible to correct existing disorders with partial or complete restoration of vision.

The second group of eye diseases include defeat:

• oculomotor system;
• lacrimal apparatus and eyelids;
• systems of secretion and absorption of aqueous humor.

As a rule, diseases of this group have acute course and lead to significant discomfort, often not associated with a decrease in the quality visual information. However, the delay in timely medical care can lead to the subsequent development of severe, sometimes irreversible complications with significant visual impairment.

Eye diseases can be the result of infection, trauma and various chronic diseases (atherosclerosis, hypertension). Quite often there are ametropias (nearsightedness, farsightedness, astigmatism, anisometropia), which are associated with impaired functioning of the accommodative system of the eye and are often hereditary.

Diseases affecting the organs of hearing and balance

Hearing is important in modern society feeling, as it allows people to communicate with each other. The peripheral part of the organ of hearing is the outer, middle and inner ear. However, in the inner ear, which is located in the pyramid temporal bone and is innervated by VIII cranial nerve, there are also structures responsible for balance. The inner ear includes:

• vestibule and semicircular canals (responsible for balance);
• snail (responsible for hearing).

Diseases inner ear may be associated with vascular diseases, trauma and inflammation. Also, a violation of the work of this department of the auditory analyzer can be the result of hereditary diseases and malformations.

Most often, the work of the organ of hearing is affected by infectious processes that affect the middle ear. This is due to the fact that it contains tympanic cavity communicated through Eustachian tube with the pharynx, which leads to the spread of infectious processes and their frequent chronicity. Children are highly susceptible to the development of otitis media, due to anatomical features.

In young children, signs of an average acute otitis media are crying and fever, while adults have local (ear pain, hearing loss) and general symptoms(fever, intoxication, weakness).

The skin contains receptors responsible for the perception of temperature, mechanical influences and pain. They are of great importance for assessing the condition of the skin, and also prevent their injury (during compression, hypothermia or heating). The cause of impaired functioning of receptors located in the skin may be direct damage to it (usually with burns or mechanical injuries). Also, a violation of sensitivity is very often observed against the background of such a chronic disease as diabetes mellitus, in which damage occurs not only to peripheral receptors, but also to pathways.

As a rule, the main manifestation of damage to peripheral skin receptors is a violation of their normal functioning. Moreover, if the local lack of sensitivity indicates local character pathological process, then the vastness of areas of reduction or loss of sensitivity without prior local exposure (severe burns) allows us to think about the systemic nature of the disease.

Diseases of the glands

Under the glands understand the structures of the body that ensure the formation and release of certain compounds. Depending on the method of isolation of synthesized compounds, glands are isolated:

• external secretion;
• internal secretion;
• mixed secretion.

Diseases of the glands of external, internal and mixed secretion can be caused by a wide variety of reasons and require timely diagnosis and treatment in connection with a significant disruption of the body.

The glands of external secretion carry out the release of synthesized compounds through special ducts into the cavity of organs or into external environment. These glands include sebaceous, mammary, salivary and a number of other glands. Most often, the causes of diseases of these glands are associated with a violation of the outflow of synthesized compounds, which subsequently leads to the development of an infectious process.

Also, one of the common causes of damage to the mammary glands is the development of an oncological process against the background of mastopathy, due to hormonal changes in the female body. Today, it is breast cancer that ranks first in terms of incidence among women.

Diseases of the endocrine glands

The endocrine glands do not have special ducts for the excretion of the compounds they synthesize, and therefore the formed substances enter directly into the bloodstream. These organs include the adrenal glands, the pituitary gland, the thyroid gland and a number of other glands, the diseases of which greatly disrupt the functioning of the body. This is primarily due to the high biological activity hormones synthesized by these glands.

Causes of diseases endocrine glands also vary widely, but the role infectious pathology in the structure of morbidity is very small. Much more often, the cause of these diseases is the discoordination of the functioning of endocrine structures, which is based on hereditary disorders, as well as neoplasms.

The glands of mixed secretion include organs from which the formed compounds are secreted both through special ducts and directly into the bloodstream. These organs include the pancreas and gonads.

As a rule, diseases are among the most common in the world. In this case, damage to the endocrine part of the pancreas leads to the development of diabetes mellitus, while obstruction of the outflow tract of pancreatic juice develops acute or chronic pancreatitis, which is accompanied by damage and, often, destruction of the parenchyma. The first signs of diabetes are polydipsia and polyuria, while in acute pancreatitis a pronounced pain syndrome develops. In chronic pancreatitis, if a significant part of the pancreas is destroyed, exocrine insufficiency is noted, which is manifested by impaired digestion of food and absorption of nutrients.

Diseases of the gonads are often infectious in nature and can lead to infertility.

Diseases of the digestive system

The digestive system provides the body with everything necessary for existence. nutrients. However, quite often there are various pathologies that interfere with its functioning.

Diseases oral cavity, in most cases, are due to a violation of oral hygiene, as well as a high prevalence of bad habits. This, in turn, leads to the development of caries and stomatitis, which is manifested bad smell from the mouth, bleeding gums, premature tooth decay and other unpleasant manifestations. As a rule, the treatment of diseases of the oral cavity is carried out by dentists.

Diseases of the esophagus

Diseases of the esophagus most commonly affect the elderly and are caused by exposure to unsuitable foods. So, drinking too hot water leads to damage to the esophageal mucosa, which can subsequently lead to various strictures or diverticula.

Today, reflux esophagitis has become widespread, due to the reflux of acidic gastric contents into the esophagus after eating. This disease should be given importance, since untimely treatment can subsequently lead to the development of an oncological process.

It is in the stomach that the main chemical processing of food begins, which occurs due to high concentrations pepsin and of hydrochloric acid. In this regard, diseases of the stomach are often associated precisely with the aggressive influence of these aggressive environments on the body's own tissues.

To the most frequent illnesses stomach include:

• gastritis;
• stomach ulcer;
• stenosis of the stomach;
• stomach cancer;
• functional dyspepsia.

Diseases of the stomach are often caused by hereditary disorders, as well as exposure to a number of harmful factors to which include:

• improper and irregular nutrition;
• stress;
• alcohol abuse;
• smoking.

also in recent times a significant role in the development of such diseases of the stomach as gastritis and ulcers is played by H. pylori bacteria. This bacterium lives in surface layers gastric mucosa and disrupts the balance between protective and aggressive influences.

Most common sign dysfunction of the stomach or the development of its disorders is a pain syndrome, as well as other signs of digestive disorders (belching, heartburn, vomiting).

Bowel disease

Absorption of nutrients takes place in the intestine. Distinguish thin and thick departments intestines. Diseases of the small intestine are most often associated with infectious and autoimmune (Crohn's disease) pathology. As a rule, the main sign of enteritis in such cases is diarrhea.

Colon diseases can also be associated with an infectious or autoimmune (non-specific ulcerative colitis) pathology. However, often the reasons for seeking medical help are functional (constipation) and organic (benign and malignant neoplasms) disturbances in the work of the large intestine.

Liver diseases are accompanied by a violation of its functioning varying degrees expressiveness. This organ is the real biochemical laboratory of the body, since it not only detoxifies most harmful compounds, but also synthesizes many protein compounds necessary for normal operation organism.

First of all, liver diseases are accompanied by a change in parameters that can be assessed in biochemical analysis blood. So, when there is an increase in the levels of AST and ALT, as well as a number of other indicators, depending on the cause of their development.

A big problem today is the widespread occurrence of liver diseases such as viral hepatitis B and C. In most cases, their transmission occurs through sexual or parenteral routes. However, due to the introduction of medical institutions disposable instruments, the parenteral route prevails among drug addicts (infection with hepatitis C in which, according to some reports, exceeds 80%). A major problem in the treatment of these diseases is high frequency chronization in excess of 90%. In the outcome of the disease, in most cases, cirrhosis and liver failure develop.

One of essential functions The liver is the excretion of bilirubin (a breakdown product of hemoglobin) with bile from the body. Violation of the evacuation of this compound leads to the development of jaundice (the main symptom is yellowing of the skin), which can be suprahepatic, parenchymal and subhepatic in nature. The danger of these conditions lies in the toxic effect of bilirubin on many tissues, as well as a violation of the coagulation properties of the blood.

The most common cause of jaundice is obstruction of the extrahepatic bile ducts with gallstone disease. With this disease, the formation of stones in the gallbladder occurs, which periodically lead to obstruction of the extrahepatic ducts. With this pathology, preference is given to surgical intervention.

The liver has a high regenerative capacity, which allows it to withstand prolonged exposure various toxic compounds. However, with long-term alcohol abuse or chronic viral hepatitis can develop a severe form of liver disease - cirrhosis. With this severe pathology, there is a violation of the structure of the organ with a violation of its functioning. In the outcome of cirrhosis, in the absence of the possibility of liver transplantation, a fatal outcome is often observed.

kidney disease

The kidneys are an important organ excretory system, as they provide blood purification from various compounds, and also take part in maintaining normal blood pressure, water-electrolyte and acid-base balances. In this regard, kidney disease can cause serious disturbances in the functioning of the body.

One of the most common kidney diseases is urolithiasis disease, at which renal pelvis(as well as the ureters or bladder) the formation of stones occurs. In the future, their migration along the urinary tract not only leads to pain, but is also accompanied by a violation of urine evacuation. As a rule, this disease should be treated as soon as possible, as it can lead to permanent damage to the kidneys.

Kidney disease is almost always accompanied by a change in the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of urine. Indicators such as color, volume, density of urine, the number of erythrocytes, leukocytes and cylinders are evaluated. Symptoms of kidney disease may also include:

• decrease or increase in the amount of urine;
• lower back pain;
• nocturia;
• blood in the urine.

Often the cause of the development of kidney disease is infectious processes, the spread of which is vertical (from lower divisions urinary tract- to the top). In such situations, it is possible to develop pyelonephritis, a serious infectious disease in which damage occurs renal tissue. Pyelonephritis can lead to irreversible disorders of the organ, and therefore requires timely treatment.

Diseases of the heart and blood vessels in Russia today occupy a leading position in the structure of mortality. The most common diseases include the following:

• hypertension;
• atherosclerosis.

Hypertension often develops in people over 50 who are exposed to stress. In most cases, this disease lasts for several years. At the same time, people quite often do not notice an increase in blood pressure, and therefore the main complaints occur during hypertensive crises. As a rule, this pathology requires lifelong medication, as it significantly increases the risk of developing comorbidities.

Development coronary disease heart disease in old age is observed in the majority of the population not only in Russia, but also in the world. The basis of this disease is the discrepancy between the need and supply of oxygen and nutrients to the myocardium during physical and emotional stress. This almost always leads to the development pain syndrome and, at critical moments, may be accompanied by the development of myocardial infarction.

Atherosclerosis is a widespread disease associated with the accumulation of lipids in the intima of blood vessels, which further leads to a narrowing of the lumen of the vessel and, accordingly, a decrease in its functionality. Depending on the location, the progression of atherosclerosis leads to coronary artery disease, ischemic stroke, intermittent claudication, and gangrene.

Diseases of the musculoskeletal system

In most cases, diseases of the musculoskeletal system in children and adults are the result of injuries and are characterized by dysfunction of the limbs. So, fractures of bones, dislocations, sprains, ruptures of muscles, tendons and ligaments can occur. With timely medical care in the absence of injuries large vessels and nerves most often occurs full recovery lost function.

In old age, due to the predominance of resorptive processes in bone tissue, many people have osteoporosis. The danger of this process is that the fragility of the bone tissue increases, which often leads to the development of fractures. In even more late age many people have osteoarthritis, which is based on the destruction of the contact surfaces of the joints with the development of severe pain and joint instability.

The nervous system, along with the endocrine system, controls the functioning of the organs and systems of the body. In this regard, the identification and treatment of diseases nervous system must be carried out in a timely manner. As a rule, the most common causes of damage to the nervous system are vascular diseases (atherosclerosis), endocrine disorders (diabetes mellitus) and various injuries that are accompanied by damage to the brain or nerves. Also, the course of the prenatal period and the first 6 months of a baby's life has a great influence on the development of certain diseases, since it is during these periods that the nervous system matures.

As a rule, diseases of the nervous system are accompanied by a characteristic neurological symptoms(absence of normal or presence of pathological reflexes, impaired cognitive or mental activity).

How disease symptom charts can help

Tables, like various charts and diagrams, are used to facilitate the perception of information. For this reason, you can use various tables diseases for differential diagnosis between several pathologies in the presence of similar symptoms.

However, even knowing the symptoms of the disease and using a table containing a huge number of different signs of a particular pathology, a person without a medical education is very likely to make an erroneous diagnosis. This is due to the fact that the human body is complex system in which the various organs are closely related to each other. This leads to any pathological changes in the body most often a response develops, which manifests itself in the form various symptoms(an example would be inflammation).

Thus, a table of diseases from the Internet can not only mislead a person, but also delay the provision of specialized medical care by a qualified doctor. And this, in turn, is fraught with the development of various complications.

But also a table of diseases on the Internet can provide significant assistance. So, quite often the appearance of slightly pronounced manifestations of a particular pathology reduces the quality of life of people, but they postpone a visit to the doctor until the last, explaining this by the absence of a danger to health. Information about what harmless symptom may indicate the presence dangerous disease, will significantly reduce the time from the appearance of signs of illness to a visit to the doctor. An example is the appearance of regular weakness and fatigue, as well as a sharp and significant weight loss, which can be regarded as one of the signs of an oncological process. However, patients to the last can explain this by stress and an unhealthy lifestyle. In such situations, if the patient learns that such clinical picture may correspond to a life-threatening disease, he will soon visit a specialist who will confirm or refute the alleged diagnosis.

Treatment of diseases in Russia is carried out by doctors who have documents confirming the right to provide medical care. To date, treatment is carried out in outpatient or stationary conditions, which is determined by the severity of the underlying disease.

What to do when an illness is detected

by the most right decision when signs of the disease appear, seek medical help. This can be done both by calling a specialized team at the numbers "03" or "911" (if serious condition patient), and by visiting the clinic. In the hospital, the doctor will be interested in the history of the progression of the disease, as well as the patient's complaints. If there are indications for hospitalization, the patient is admitted to the hospital, where he receives necessary treatment in full. Great value follows the doctor's instructions.

Treatment of diseases without consulting a doctor is fraught not only with an incorrect diagnosis of the disease (which can cause its progression due to a delay in providing necessary assistance), but also the development adverse reactions in response to self-administration medicines. In addition, often self-administration of drugs can change the manifestations of the disease, which further significantly complicates the work of the doctor.

The symptoms are clear signs something that accompanies certain manifestations of diseases or abnormalities in development and functionality. Based on the combination of symptoms, doctors make a presumptive diagnosis of the patient's condition.

Characteristic

Each disease has a number of features, expressed in a certain way. The main symptoms of the disease are always restless and unhealthy.

There are diseases such as genitourinary system when the characteristic signs of their manifestation in men are not at all similar to the symptoms in women.

The body as a combination of different systems

In the human body, the following systems are intertwined, functioning in a natural normal mode only in compliance with complete harmony and balance:

• Cardiovascular
• Musculoskeletal
• Respiratory
• digestive
• urinary
• nervous
• immune
• Endocrine
• brain system
• Integumentary
• reproductive

From the main systems, subsystems can be distinguished separately, which are tightly interconnected. An example is the musculoskeletal system, including: muscular, articular, bone.

Signs of ailments

The main symptoms of diseases different nature, regardless of the disease itself, are:

• Fatigue
• muscle weakness
• Increase or decrease in body temperature
• Dizziness or headache
• Asthenia

Pain syndrome is present in many cases. These may be certain pain points inside the body, muscle and bone pain, pain in different places.

Various symptoms

Diseases of organs or systemic diseases are accompanied by characteristic symptoms. For the digestive system and organs of the gastrointestinal tract, in case of malaise, the following are characteristic: bloating, indigestion, increased flatulence, discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes, enlargement of internal organs, bleeding, hiccups.

Often there is a coating of the tongue, a violation taste sensations, pain, decrease or increase in appetite, discoloration of feces, impaired consciousness, impaired swallowing function, jumps in body temperature.

In diseases of the bronchi, lungs, nasopharynx, the main symptoms are: shortness of breath, cough different type, chest pain, wheezing, expectoration, heat body, modification of fingers.

Frequent allergic reactions, increase lymph nodes, bone pain, numerous cold infections, long non-healing wounds - may indicate problems in the immune system.

Diseases of the reproductive system of men and women have different signs from each other, which is associated with a difference in the structure of the genital organs. Symptoms in women are more pronounced and painful.

In venereal and inflammatory diseases, there are: decreased libido, discharge different nature, pain when lifting minimal weights in the lower abdomen, rashes in the genital area and the whole body, hyperemia, fever, itching.

Diseases of the musculoskeletal system are accompanied by symptoms: stiffness in movements, pain in the joints and tissues, subluxations and displacements, impaired movements, muscle pain, muscle atrophy, weakness throughout the body, temperature fluctuations, swelling.

Increased sweating, irritation, weight loss or gain, hair loss, thirst, sweating, ovarian dysfunction in women, pressure and mood swings can signal disorders in the endocrine system.

See the "Symptoms" section for details:

• about characteristic symptoms the most common diseases
• about the signs of various diseases
• about rare symptoms
• what needs to be prioritized
• about the symptoms of infectious, fungal and bacterial infections

Any signs of deviation from normal state can and should be taken as symptoms of the disease.

Symptoms

Signs of HIV in men by stages of the disease and methods of treating pathology

Pain

Pain in the urethra - how to get rid of the symptom

The program "About the most important thing" led me to this idea. Unfortunately, I turned on the TV late, and the show was about bags under my eyes. So I decided to search on the Internet on my own, and how, in general, by external signs, you can make a diagnosis for yourself (putting, of course, it sounds loud, but it will help to think about how you feel). And here's what I found. I’ll make a reservation right away that something seemed to me not devoid of logic, but something made me laugh! SO:

Some internal diseases have very clear external signs. If, after a careful examination of your body, you see any of the signs described below, then this is an occasion to consult a doctor for a more complete examination.

DETERMINATION OF DISEASES ON THE EXTERNAL SIGNS OF A HUMAN.

Let's start with human growth

At tall people developed mental capacity but they are prone to colds and nervous disorders. For physically and socially active low people frequent gastrointestinal disturbances circulatory system. People with long and thick arms and legs are strong mentally, they are very flexible in the social and intellectual sphere.

You should also pay attention to the shoulders: if a person has unbalanced shoulders (that is, one is higher than the other), then the organs located on the side where the shoulder is higher are weaker than those located on the side of the lower shoulder.

Sloping shoulders correspond to the feminine principle, a balanced nervous system, active physical and mental activity. People with square shoulders have a masculine character and a lot of physical health.

The activity of a person depends on the length of the legs. People with short legs cannot sit for a long time - they like to walk and stand; They also absorb information better while standing. A long-legged man, on the contrary, cannot stand or walk for a long time, he has constant desire sit down.

Special attention should be paid to the fingers and toes:

* long fingers speak of a very emotional, receptive and aesthetic nature;

* short fingers - about high resistance to others negative factors;

* index finger is longer than the ring finger - possibly available congenital pathology large intestine;

* the index finger is equal in height to the middle one and lower than the ring finger - diseases of the heart or stomach are likely;

* fingers equal in length say that their owner can perform complex manual work;

* fingers, different in length, are typical mainly for creative people - these people work not with their hands, but with their heads;

* lost the flexibility of the fingers - it means that the muscles, arteries and veins have hardened not only on the hands, but throughout the body.

Even by the movements, gestures of a person, you can understand why he has health problems:

If at walking the person bends their shoulders forward, as if protecting chest, and throws his head back, and also often clasps his hands in a lock on his stomach, this indicates diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, stomach ulcers, duodenal ulcers and gastritis.

In a person who constantly fidgets and often changes posture most likely back problems intervertebral hernia or osteochondrosis.

A clear picture of the disease in people suffering from joint diseases: arthritis or arthrosis. When walking, they almost do not bend their legs, take very small steps, make efforts to sit down, and even more so to stand up.

If a person tries not to move almost head, and even when you need to look to the side, the whole body turns, combined with pallor - this is talking about severe headaches and migraines. But if the head is tilted slightly to one side, it could be a sign of inflammation. neck muscles(myositis).

A person tries to keep the body straight, and even when bending, does not bend back, but the whole body moves forward. This may be a picture of Bechterew's disease.

An uncertain gait and a constant search for support are a sign of pressure problems, vegetative vascular distancing and dizziness.

A shuffling gait with a low head and shoulders indicates deep depression.

If, when walking, it seems that a person is stepping on hot coals, he most likely has gout or polyarthritis.

A cautious gait with hands pressed to the body, as if the walker is afraid of hurting something, speaks of some kind of chronic pain syndrome.

Trembling arms indicate vascular disease.

But even a barely noticeable trembling heads may be a sign of cerebral atherosclerosis or neurological problems.

Too active gestures and nervous gait, even when a person is absolutely calm, speaks of possible neurosis and psychopathy.

Inhibition of movements, low mobility, stiffness of the hands are the first symptom of a mental disorder.

Hands my hands:

Each finger and toe corresponds to certain organs and functions. Often the appearance of the fingers reflects the work of these organs.

Fingers:

* thumb- lungs,

* forefinger - colon,

* middle finger - Vital energy, heart and reproductive function,

* ring finger - the activity of metabolism and the release of excess energy from the heart, stomach, intestines,

* little finger - heart and small intestine.

Toes:

* first finger (thumb) - spleen, pancreas,

* second finger - stomach,

* third finger - stomach and duodenum,

* fourth finger - gallbladder,

* the fifth finger is the bladder.

identify failures in digestive system possible with the help palms: open your palm and firmly press your fingers together - if there are gaps between the fingers, then something is wrong. The presence of warts on the hands also indicates the same ailment. And if you open your palm and feel pain in its center, then you can assume a general mental and physical fatigue.

1. A completely flat hill of Venus and a large arch on the first bracelet, speak of a difficult birth. Unfortunately, this sign was confirmed by 99%.

2. As cancer progresses, the skin of the palm often acquires a greenish tint.

3. With colon cancer, the shade may appear on outside each of the palms between the thumb and forefinger.

4. For cancer of the small intestine - from the outside of the palm, down from the little finger.

5. With lung cancer - on one or both arms.

6. With cancer of the stomach - on the outside of each of the legs, especially below the knee.

7. Vertical strokes between the index and middle fingers are a sign of a predisposition to rheumatism.

8. With hyperfunction of the pituitary gland, which can be caused, for example, by a tumor, they develop abnormally big hands with huge, thick fingers.

9. And, on the contrary, in case of dysfunction or underdevelopment of the pituitary gland, small hands with too thin fingers are visible.

10. Very cold tips of the fingers and toes - violation of blood vessels, atherosclerosis.

11. In hypofunction of the thyroid gland, we find, especially in women, a small, fat hand white color and soft consistency. The fingertips are usually short and conical in shape, the little finger is exceptionally sharp.

12. In contrast, a person with an overactive thyroid gland has a long, bony hand, with thin, bony fingers.

13. Insufficient function of the gonads is noticeable by the infantile shortness of the hands and fingers, and especially the little finger.

14. In patients with gout and rheumatism, changes can be easily established - swollen and deformed fingers.

15. White or blue emaciated hand in Rhine's disease.

16. In those suffering from depression, we see, as a rule, a thin, pale and sluggish hand.

17. Schizophrenics have a thin and bluish hand.

18. Discontinuous and dark coloring of the line of health indicates irascibility and diseases resulting from spillage of bile.

19. If the line of health is interrupted several times and angular, then this is taken as a sign of gastric and gastrointestinal ailments.

20. Loop on the line of health - speaks of liver disease.

21. A loop on the line of the mind speaks of a brain disease.

22. Too pronounced mobility of the hand allows us to conclude that the blood pressure, which is expressed in fatigue and loss of energy.

23. Ideal - a long arm shows a predisposition to hyperthyroidism and related diseases. Owners of this type of hand are often neurotic and gravitate toward psychosis.

24. If the thumb of a person is more like a finger of an anthropoid ape (ie, very large), then this most likely indicates dementia and degenerative tendencies.

25. People who suffer from harmless or insidious spasms, as well as convulsive conditions, for example, epileptics, at the time of the attack, hide their thumb in a fist, which is an expression of their depression. In people with this thumb position, there is a general decrease life force, these people are depressed and pessimistic, which can cause psychosomatic disorders health.

26. Schizophrenics usually have an abnormally long little finger.

27. A too short little finger indicates not only infantilism, but also "paranoid" schizophrenics, who are very often underdeveloped also in a sexual sense.

28. In case of violations endocrine system the little finger is usually not only too short, but also often sharp.

29. If the hands are continuously cold as ice and white, or of blue color, then in this case, the fingertips may be wrinkled, and their skin rough. All this speaks (if the person does not suffer from cardiovascular diseases), about melancholy, depression, or psychosis. In such cases, the palm is also wet.

30. If the hill of Venus (at the thumb) medium size and smooth - this speaks of a short life.

31. A red dot in the hollow between the ring and middle fingers indicates caries.

32. A very short little finger is a serious (and almost always justified) sign of mental imbalance and poor health.

33. If the little finger is noticeably curved to the side ring finger, then this is a sign in women wrong position uterus.

34. In men, the curvature of the little finger towards the ring finger is a violation of sexual function.

35. The absence of a hole on the nail of the little finger - dysfunction of the urinary tract.

36. An ugly, randomly indented hill of the Moon (hill of the palm, opposite the hill of Venus, adjacent to the base of the thumb), speaks of the danger of epilepsy, kidney disease and dropsy.

37. A square on the hill of the Moon, speaks of a violent death from loved ones.

38. A network of lines on the hill of the Moon and on the little finger - speaks of a disease with consumption.

39. Star on the hill of the Moon - utopian death.

40. The connection at the very beginning of the lines of the mind and the lines of the heart with a perpendicular straight line is a sign of suicide.

41. A parchment-like hand with a yellowish skin tone testifies to a disease of the liver and gallbladder.

42. Anemia is indicated by exfoliating nails.

43. A weakly expressed line of love (heart) can be associated with hypersensitivity and great human vulnerability. It can also be an indicator of stomach diseases (excessive sensitivity contributes to stomach diseases).

44. An unfavorable sign in a woman in labor is considered to be a combination of a narrow palm (foreshadows a protracted birth) with an upper bracelet line in the middle rarely curved upward towards the fingers.

45. Dark dot on the hill of Venus - indicates a predisposition to hearing impairment (on right hand - right ear), on the left hand - respectively, the left ear.

46. wet hands- indicate some kind of internal ailment, most often about an unhealthy heart.

47. If the color of the hand is "yellow" - this means that the person is sickly and nervous.

48. If the "crescent" on the nails is large or not at all, then a person may have an unhealthy heart. It is also necessary to look at the line of the Heart - if it is intermittent, dots or small dashes are visible on it, then this is another confirmation of the disease.

49. There are people whose nails "bloom" - they have white, flower-like dashes on their nails - this means a violation of blood circulation.

50. And striped nails indicate a stomach ailment.

51. If the nails on the fingers are strong, this is evidence of a healthy body.

52. A branch to the hill of Jupiter from the line of Health, provides for internal diseases.

53. If the line of Health is crippled, tortuous, branched, then this indicates a sick person.

54. A very wide line of health indicates poor health.

55. An unhealthy heart is indicated by a broken line of the heart, on which dots or small dashes are visible. This is also evidenced by the line in the form of a chain.

56. If the middle part of the line of the mind approaches the line of the heart, this may indicate a lung disease.

57. If at the end of the line of the mind you can see a cross, a star, or another line crosses it, then a person may be threatened with a mental illness.

58. A cross or a star on the line of the mind indicates that there is a threat to health.

59. If points can be seen on the line of the mind, then they indicate a violation of the nervous system.

60. Sometimes deep pits are noticeable on the line of the mind, which, as it were, increase this line. And this indicates a violation of the nervous system that a person had or will have. In what year of life this can happen, certain years indicate this.

61. If the line of the mind is crossed by a line or a line, and it breaks off as if cut with a knife, this means that human life may end unexpectedly.

62. In rare cases the line of the mind has branches back. When the line of the mind is broken, this indicates a mental illness.

63. It is bad if the line of the mind ends with two branches, and both of them turn towards the hill of the Moon. Such formations on the lines of the hand indicate that a person's life may end in a violation of the mind.

64. If the line of the mind is interrupted, then this implies a head injury or a violation of the nervous system.

76. Narrow nails are a sign of irritability and ambition.

77. Nails dull, brittle and with colored marks or highlights, characterized by irregular growth and uncharacteristic skin color - this always indicates poor health, and in some cases these signs portend very bad changes. Only a specialist can determine the essence of which.

78. healthy nail at its base bordered by a white hole. The absence or presence of too large a hole indicates a predisposition to nervous diseases(neurosis of the heart).

79. White spots on the thumbnail - speak of nervousness, anemia, insufficient blood circulation and other diseases.

80. White spots on the index finger (nail) portend heart disease, heart hobbies.

81. On the middle finger - difficult state of mind and some have suicidal tendencies.

82. If the nail normal form- the person is practically healthy.

83. Short and flat nail - organic disease hearts.

84. Big size crescent - tachycardia.

85. Absence of the crescent - neurosis of the heart.

86. Very cold tips of the fingers and toes - violation of blood vessels, atherosclerosis.

In general, people who have warts, there is a predisposition to the development of tumors, cysts, oncological diseases, diseases of the urinary system.

Eyes

WHAT IS IRIDODIAGNOSTICS?
Iridology (from the Latin "iris" - iris) is informative survey complementary to traditional analyses. The iris can be used to identify diseases of the spine, stomach, heart, ovaries or prostate, diabetes, asthma, rheumatism, a tendency to schizophrenia, hereditary disease, to assess the strength of immunity, to predict life expectancy. And let it be impossible to talk about the diagnosis exactly, but it is possible to detect diseases at such early stages, when it is still impossible to diagnose the disease by conventional methods.

WHY IS THE IRIS DISPLAYING DISEASES?
From the course of anatomy, it is known that the eyes are part of the brain. Everything in the body is interconnected, so the state of the internal organs is displayed by the brain in a kind of sign language. The iris is just that part of the eyes on which the entire chronicle of our health is "written", starting from birth.

WHAT DOES EYE COLOR SAY?
If your eyes are bright, this means that you have been given strong immunity. In particular, it is easy for blue-eyed people to drink vodka. The roots of this phenomenon go back to hoary antiquity, when blue-eyed Slavs drank this traditional drink like water, which was passed on to their heirs genetically. Black-eyed and brown-eyed people cannot do this - their liver is weaker. So, by the way, one can recognize Tatar origin in owners of mixed eye color: if from 200 g it becomes bad, then the ancestors are from the East.

If the color of the eyes changes, for example, from blue to green, this indicates illness and slagging of the body.

From birth different colour an eye, for example, one eye is brown, the other is green - says that their owner is an unbalanced type.

WHAT CAN YOU FIND BY YOUR OWN EYES?
In order to examine your iris, sit in front of the light and take a magnifying glass in one hand and a mirror in the other. Pay attention to:

1. Density of the iris

The dense iris resembles the eye of a baby doll: even, smooth, evenly pigmented, without spots. If the iris is dense before the eyes, this is a sign of excellent heredity, endurance, and strong immunity. After illnesses and surgeries, your health is likely to recover quickly and completely. There is a high probability that you will live to be 80-85 years old, and maybe even up to 90.

A loose iris speaks of "average" heredity. With great mental and physical stress, such people may nervous breakdowns, excessive irritability, headaches and heart pains, spasms various bodies, depression. But if the rhythm of your life is moderate, if you do not “leave your health to the mercy of fate”, then without any problems you will live to at least 75-80 years.

A very loose iris, in which the fibers are split and there are many "holes", is a sign weak immunity, low degree of endurance. Even with minor loads or stresses, nervous breakdowns and the occurrence of diseases are possible. But nevertheless, you have a chance to live up to 70-75 years.

2. Color drawings

Around the pupil, a yellowish color is a sign of slagging of the intestines, liver, and gallbladder.

A white arc along the edge of the iris is a sure sign that you are suffering from atherosclerosis. If in its upper part - atherosclerosis of the cerebral vessels, in the lower - the vessels of the legs.

Half rings or rings passing through the entire surface of the iris, around the pupil, indicate that you are a sensitive person, but holding negative emotions, resentment, tension. From this mental stress the nervous and cardiovascular systems suffer.

Spots speak of violations in specific organs. In order to determine where the disease "sits", look at the diagram of the projections of the internal organs and try to determine in which organ these spots are located.

GEOGRAPHY OF THE IRIS

If you break the iris into sectors and imagine it as a clock face, you can see your entire body. For example, on the right iris

From 11 a.m. to 12 p.m., the work of the brain is reflected; in the center of the dial, near the pupil, - the stomach and intestines;

From 13 to 15 hours - nasopharynx and trachea;

From 16:00 to 17:00 - spine;

From 17:00 to 18:00 - genitourinary system: ureter Bladder and kidneys;

From 18 to 19 hours - appendages;

Around 20:00 - liver and gallbladder;

In the middle between 20 and 21 hours - the mammary gland;

From 21:00 to 22:00 - lungs;

About 22 - thyroid gland;

From 22:00 to 22:30 - ear.

The left shell mirrors the right one.

Tearing of the eyes indicates a deficiency of potassium in the body, dilated pupils indicate nervousness and anxiety. Redness of the eyes indicates a violation of blood pressure, often intracerebral.

Redness gla h, which appeared with fever, indicates a long-term lesion of the abdomen.

Bags under the eyes are often a symptom of certain diseases. For example, they may indicate violations of the kidneys, thyroid gland. Moreover, if the bags under the eyes are the result of any disease, then even after recovery they will not go anywhere.

Other signs of disease in appearance person:

Double chin indicates poor digestion.

chubby cheeks usually with indigestion.

If a ruddiness forms a sharply limited intense red spot on the cheekbones - it means that the lungs begin to collapse.

By complexion:

A bluish-green complexion is a sign of liver disease.

Earthy complexion - in persons suffering from diseases of the stomach, spleen, pancreas.

Paleness of the skin indicates a disease of the large intestine.

Red complexion often indicates heart disease, white - lung disease.

A reddish hue of the skin of the face and trunk is characteristic of diseases of the heart, pericardium and systems paired with it.

A blackish hue of the face - with diseases of the kidneys and bladder.

Blue complexion indicates diseases of the stomach and spleen.

Yellow complexion indicates diseases of the liver and gallbladder.

A bloodless complexion with yellowness suggests that the patient has cancer.

brown red neck indicates inflammation of the organs of the lower abdomen (if the place over which to draw a finger immediately takes on the same color).

Thickened back of the head indicates tinnitus, headaches, diseases spinal cord, mental disorders.

Redness on the bump chest indicates inflammation of the head or chest.

. Smell acetone from the mouth indicates liver problems

. Face glitters, forehead darkish - signs of a violation in the hormonal system.

Strong pain in a stomach, hair loss from the head and from the beard indicate that the spleen is sick.

Pigmentation on the face

• 
  in a woman after childbirth, it indicates that the woman has a uterine disease.

In men whose testicles are affected, there is a dry cough, and the voice is hoarse, not loud.

jitter language indicates mental disorder.

Consider the language:

Language always bears the imprint of one or another internal organ. And it can tell a lot about the state of health. No wonder they say: the tongue is the mirror of the body.

So bright pink, moist with a thin white coating of mucus and saliva, the tongue indicates that you are absolutely healthy.

A red tongue without plaque is the first sign of dehydration.

A pale tongue indicates a slow metabolism.

Grayish-purple - indicates a deterioration in blood circulation.

If the tongue is covered yellow coating is a sign of indigestion or other digestive disorders.

After all, it is not in vain oriental medicine The tongue is considered the most sensitive "window of the body", so to speak, a mirror of the body's health. And through it you can influence internal organs(heart, liver, spleen, kidneys, lungs).

note that fresh breath 70% depends on the state of the language. And some do not even think about it and look for problems where there are none.

By the way, if the tongue often bleeds, it means that the body urgently needs vitamin C, if it is rough, dry and has acquired a purple-red color, there is not enough vitamin B2, blood-cyanotic - vitamin B3.

A healthy person has pink nails. If, when pressing on the patient's nail, it quickly returns pink color the disease must be cured. Otherwise, the disease is in a dangerous stage.

Black-gray spots on the nail are signs of mercury intoxication.

White spots on the nail - a violation of the nervous system.

A dirty gray color of the nails indicates congenital syphilis.

Cyanotic or blue color of the nails indicates congenital heart defects.

Yellowish nails indicate some brain disorder.

Pale nail color is usually due to anemia.

Pale red nails indicate certain diseases blood.

The dark brown color of the nails indicates a protracted severe fever.

With yellow coloration of the nails, liver disease occurs.

Greenish-purulent coloration of the nails, usually with purulent processes.

So we got to the feet:

Various foot problems can be very backfire for any part human body. Even slight pain in a foot that makes you walk slower can lead to an increase in body weight, not to mention incoordination, which, in turn, can lead to a fall and a fracture. However, this is just the tip of the iceberg. You can gain much more knowledge if you study the following information about our feet:

Slightly embedded toenails that leave a spoon-shaped notch in the toes

What can it say? Like a spoon, almost concave back surface the ends of the toes, with nails deeply recessed into it, very often speaks of anemia (that is, anemia, or iron deficiency). These signs are especially pronounced in severe cases of anemia. The reason for this is usually a lack of hemoglobin and an iron-rich protein in the blood cells that are responsible for transporting oxygen. Internal bleeding and hard flowing menstrual period can also cause anemia in women.

Additional signs indicating the presence of this disease: unhealthy pallor may appear on the nails and on the terminal phalanges of the fingers themselves (it doesn’t matter - hands or feet). Nails can be too brittle and often break. Sometimes a person's feet freeze even in a warm period of time. These are all signs of anemia, as are fatigue, difficulty breathing, dizziness (even when you're just standing) and headaches.
What should be done? full analysis blood, because it is he who will most accurately diagnose anemia. An examination by a physiotherapist will help to identify the causes of the disease. The first steps to cure this disease include the introduction of iron-fortified preparations and a special diet that will allow the body to make up for the lack of iron and vitamin C (which contributes to the faster dissolution of iron in the body).

Lack of hair on legs and toes

What can it say? Poor circulation, which is often caused by vascular disease, can cause hair loss on the legs. For example, when the heart loses the ability to pump enough blood to the outermost parts of the body due to arteriosclerosis (also called hardening of the arteries), the body is forced to prioritize itself. And the hair on the legs obviously has a weak priority, which is why they begin to fall out in the first place.

Additional signs indicating the presence of this disease: Reduced blood circulation is also characterized by the fact that it becomes difficult to find a pulse in the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe feet (if everything is in order, you can always check your pulse by placing your hand on inner part ankles, just above the foot). When a person with poor circulation stands, his feet darken a little (or take on a slight reddish color). If he raises his foot, the foot will immediately turn pale. The skin of such people looks like polished. As a rule, people with poor circulation are already aware of the presence of certain problems with their cardiovascular system. They may suffer from different kind heart disease and diseases carotid arteries without being aware of poor circulation.

What should be done? The situation will help to correct the treatment of blood vessels lower extremities. Despite the fact that the hair on the legs and toes grows back extremely rarely, the treatment does not become less effective.

Frequent leg cramps

What can it say? Sharp, knife-like pain in your foot - essentially a pinched muscle - can signal dehydration, or that you've exposed your feet to a lot of pain. physical activity. If cramps happen too often, it may indicate that your diet lacks foods rich in calcium, potassium, or magnesium. This kind of spasms are often found in pregnant women in the last three months of pregnancy. This happens due to an increase in the volume of circulating blood in the body and at the same time a deterioration in blood flow to the feet.

Additional signs indicating the presence of this disease: spasm (cramps) of the muscles of the feet and legs happens very suddenly; as a rule, a person can generally lie in a relaxed state. It can be either single contractions or undulating spasms that pass gradually. Often the pain from them can persist for a long time.

What should be done? Try to bend your leg and massage the area where the pain is felt. You can also try to relieve tension by applying an ice pack to your leg, or by rubbing your leg with a strong alcohol solution. To prevent cramps, you need to stretch your legs a little before going to bed. It doesn't hurt to take a walk fresh air. Also drink a glass before bed. warm milk- this will add calcium to your body.

Sores on the bottom of the foot that heal slowly

What can it say? This is the main symptom of diabetes. Enhanced Level blood glucose leads to damage to the nerve endings in the feet. Usually, slight peeling of the skin of the feet, small cuts, or irritation caused by uncomfortable or tight shoes are ignored. If a person does not know that he has diabetes, he also does not pay due attention to these damages. Meanwhile, in his case, this can lead to catastrophic consequences (even to amputation), since in diabetic patients such wounds become inflamed very quickly, spreading the infection throughout the body.

Additional signs indicating the presence of this disease: Festering, exuding bad smell cuts should alert anyone, since such signs are possible only if these cuts have not healed for a long time. Other signs that may indicate the presence of a disease such as diabetes are constant thirst, frequent urination, fatigue, blurred vision, too much hunger and weight loss.

What should be done? Any sores and cuts on the legs should be treated immediately and an appointment should be made with the doctor to undergo a medical examination for diabetes. Diabetics should generally examine their feet daily. people old age, or very obese people, often, it is very difficult to do this, and therefore there must be someone who will help them with this. In addition, diabetics should be regularly monitored by their doctor.

cold feet

What can it say? Very often (more often than men) the weaker sex complains about their cold feet (however, perhaps it is men who complain about the cold feet of their women!). This may mean nothing at all, or it may indicate the presence of certain problems with the thyroid gland. Temperature in the center female body slightly lower than in the male body, which in principle makes them more susceptible to the slightest cold snap (even if they are quite healthy). On the other hand, women over forty who complain of cold feet very often suffer from problems with the thyroid gland, which regulates body temperature and is responsible for metabolic processes in the body (for metabolism). In addition, cold feet (in both sexes) can indicate poor circulation.

Additional signs indicating the presence of this disease: the symptoms of hypothyroidism (diseases associated with the thyroid gland) are very difficult to diagnose. Sometimes they are very difficult to identify, since their manifestation is not characterized by any periodicity, or other signs by which they could be easily identified. But you need to know that they can include fatigue, depression, weight loss, dry skin.

What should be done? Clothing made from natural materials that retain heat well is perfect in this case. For example, woolen socks and insulated shoes. If you still feel discomfort from cold feet, you should consult a doctor. However, unfortunately, the doctor is unlikely to be able to identify any other cause of cold feet, except for problems with the thyroid gland. In all other cases, the explanation will be only the specific temperature balance of your body.

Unpleasant looking, thick, yellow, too even toenails

What can it say? This may indicate that it has spread with might and main under the nails fungal infection. Onychomiko can develop in this mode for years. Moreover, this can happen absolutely painlessly. By the time it becomes visible, giving an unpleasant appearance to your toenails, you may even have infection on your fingernails.

Additional signs indicating the presence of this disease: nails can often have an unpleasant odor and become dark color. Under the category of the most vulnerable people who are most susceptible to the occurrence of such an infection, diabetics fall; people with poor blood circulation, or people whose body is in a state of immunodeficiency (for example, patients with rheumatoid arthritis). Sometimes, when an elderly person has difficulty moving, this can be explained by the fact that his infected nails have become thicker and wider, have grown into the skin, and it has become impossible to cut them without causing severe pain.

What should be done? In this case, it is necessary to constantly be observed by the appropriate specialist. In the most serious cases, when the usual antifungals do not help, patients are prescribed additional medications for oral administration. Besides this, it is possible professional removal neglected areas of the skin affected by the fungus. However, due to the fact that medicine last years made significant progress in this direction, modern antifungal drugs internal use are very effective and do not provoke the occurrence of serious side effects(unlike drugs of previous years).

Thumb unexpectedly swollen to an alarmingly large size

What can it say? Gout is quite possible (a disease caused by a metabolic disorder, with a predominant lesion of the joints). Yes, no matter how old-fashioned the name of this disease sounds, people still get gout. And not necessarily people of very advanced age - most of them are not even 65. In essence, gout is one of the forms of arthritis (it is also called gouty arthritis), which occurs due to an excess of uric acid in the body. Uric acid, which is a natural substance, forms acicular crystals, especially at low temperatures. And the most low temperature in human body, of course, in the part farthest from the heart - in the big toes. “If in most cases when you wake up you find that the big toe is very swollen and has a bright red color, then this can be regarded as the first signs of gout,” explains Jane Andersen, MD, already mentioned above.

Additional signs indicating the presence of this disease: swelling; glossy (shiny) or purplish skin, along with a sensation of heat and pain in the instep, in the Achilles tendon, in the knees and elbows. Few can get gout, although men over 40-50 years old are more prone to this disease. In women, exacerbation of gout is observed, often after menopause.

What should be done? Contact your doctor, who will most likely prescribe you special diet to help control gout attacks. And a good orthopedic specialist will help the patient relieve pain attacks and restore the functionality of the fingers, if it has been lost.

Loss of sensation in both feet

What can it say? Lack of sensation in the feet, or, conversely, a tingling sensation in the heels can signal the presence of a disease such as peripheral neuropathy. Damage to the peripheral nervous system is not excluded. This is how the body transmits information about disorders from the brain and spinal cord to the appropriate part of the body. Peripheral neuropathy can be caused by many things, but the two most likely are diabetes and alcohol addiction(now or in the past). In addition, it may be the result of chemotherapy.

Additional signs that indicate the presence of this disease: a tingling or burning sensation may also be felt in the hands and may gradually spread to the palms and down the body (legs). Due to the decreased sensitivity that often accompanies this condition, these tingling sensations may be similar to those felt when putting on warm clothing. woolen socks on bare feet, or woolen gloves on hands.

What should be done? It is imperative to consult a doctor so that he can accurately determine the cause of this disease (especially in cases where alcohol is clearly not the cause). In general, peripheral neuropathy is not currently treated, but there are a large number of painkillers and antidepressants that can relieve pain and relieve symptoms.

Damaged skin between toes

What can it say? O rheumatoid arthritis (inflammatory disease connective tissue with predominant vascular damage) or osteoarthritis (arthritis affecting the articular ends of the bones). These diseases are felt primarily in small joints, such as, for example, the knuckles.

Additional signs indicating the presence of this disease: pain, accompanied by swelling of the fingers and their stiffness (loss of mobility). As a rule, in the case of the presence of this disease, the pain is symmetrical, that is, it occurs simultaneously in both big toes (or in both index fingers hands). Rheumatoid arthritis often develops unexpectedly (unlike degenerative arthritis); attacks of pain can appear and also suddenly disappear. Women are about four times more likely than men to be affected by this condition.

What should be done? In order to nominate proper treatment, in the case of this disease, a detailed examination is always required (however, as in the case of any other joint disease). There are many therapeutic methods and medicines to relieve pain and restore joint functionality in rheumatoid arthritis; although the most successful option is when, thanks to an early diagnosis, it is possible to avoid deformation of the limbs (with this disease thumbs legs often begin to grow incorrectly).

Dimpled toenails

What can it say? In almost half of the cases of psoriasis, people's nails signal the presence of this disease. As a rule, it is about in large numbers small holes - deep and not very deep. More than three-quarters of people with psoriatic arthritis (a disease similar to psoriasis but that affects the joints in addition to the skin) also have pockmarked, pockmarked nails.

Additional signs indicating the presence of this disease: the nails of a sick person also become thicker (moreover, both on the legs and on the hands). They may have a brownish-yellowish hue, and may be characterized by orange-pink foci. The joints of the fingers closer to the nails are usually covered with dry red inflamed skin.

What should be done? The intervention of a specialist is necessary serious treatment. Thanks to the achievements modern medicine, now there are many medicines and techniques that can successfully treat both psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis. In many cases (especially if the treatment was started in the early stages of the disease), the nails, the skin under the nails and near them are restored.

Can't get up on heels

What can it say? A drooping foot (or, as it is also called, a drooping foot) is a phenomenon that occurs when there is a lesion peroneal nerve. It is characterized by the inability to raise the foot, which seriously complicates walking. It can also signal certain spinal cord injuries - then the problem may be far from the foot: in the back, forearm, or even in cervical vertebrae. Often, the reason that a person cannot raise his socks while walking, or stand up on back feet may be chemotherapy with certain medications.

Additional signs indicating the presence of this disease: possible pain in the feet, and their numbness, but not necessarily. Sometimes the pain spreads upward, hitting upper part thighs, or lower part spine, where pinched nerve, which can be caused, for example, hernia. Sometimes a sick person drags his feet when walking, although it has rarely been observed that the disease affects two lower limbs at once.

What should be done? It is necessary to inform the doctor about all unpleasant and anxiety symptoms. Dropped foot can be permanent or completely reversible, depending on the cause of the disease and treatment options.

Dry, flaky skin on the feet

What can it say? Dry, flaky skin on the feet should be much more of a concern for anyone than dry, flaky skin on the hands or even the face. The fact is that this may indicate the presence of epidermophytosis of the feet - fungal disease, in which the skin of the feet, initially dry and flaky, subsequently becomes inflamed and blistered. When these blisters burst, the infection spreads further throughout the body. This disease is often referred to as "athlete's foot", referring to the fact that it is more likely to catch this infection in places such as the floor of a locker room in a gym, or in a swimming pool.

Additional signs indicating the presence of this disease: "athlete's foot" usually begins to appear between the toes. The fungus can then spread to the soles and even to other parts of the body (such as the armpits or groin). The affected areas itch, and due to scratching, the infection spreads very quickly throughout the body.

What should be done? Mild cases of infection can be cured on their own - for this you just need to wash your feet more often and wipe them dry. And in the future, we must try to avoid moisture, for which it is necessary to pour a special powder from sweat and smell into shoes and even into socks. If there is no improvement within two weeks, or, on the contrary, the infection begins to spread further, then you need to consult a doctor who will prescribe other ointments or medicines for internal use.

Toe color changes

What can it say? In cold weather, the so-called Raynaud's phenomenon, or vibration disease (a disease in which the tone of the blood vessels) leads to the fact that the toes turn white, then acquire a bluish tint; then gradually turn red and only then acquire a natural color. For a reason that is not yet fully understood, periodic spasms of blood vessels occur, which, in fact, cause such a riot of colors.

Additional signs indicating the presence of this disease: in the presence of this disease (Raynaud's phenomenon), a similar "play of colors" can also be observed in other parts of the body. Colors can change the nose, fingers, lips, earlobes. They feel cold to the touch and feel tingly. Women are more at risk of developing this condition than men, especially those who live in colder climates. Raynaud's phenomenon usually occurs in people under 25 or over 40. stressful situations can also lead to the development of this disease.

What should be done? It is necessary to consult with a specialist in order to choose the right drug to dilate blood vessels. Proper treatment will help to completely eliminate or mitigate the symptoms of the disease.

Severe foot pain when walking

What can it say? A stress fracture (that is, a fracture of the bones of the foot or, as it is also called, a marching foot), if you do not see a doctor in time and do not get correct diagnosis may be the cause of this pain. Discomfort can be felt locally, on the sides of the feet, above the soles; Or the whole foot may hurt. These fractures - they occur quite often and unexpectedly - can also cause another serious problem. It's about about osteopenia (impaired osteogenesis), when bone density decreases, and, accordingly, its strength. It is most commonly seen in women over 50 years of age. Sometimes the cause of this can be malnutrition, vitamin D deficiency, problems with calcium absorption, anorexia.

Additional signs indicating the presence of this disease: very often a person can move around for a long time on such feet; the pain is simply unbearable. However, some people with high threshold pain, may not know about these fractures for years, as they rarely go to the doctors.

What should be done? Any pain in your feet should cause you to immediately go to the doctor. Of course, if you made a multi-kilometer march for three days over rough terrain and in bad shoes, then the cause of the pain is clear even without a doctor. However, if such pain occurs, for example, in a woman aged 55, who is mainly engaged in sedentary work, then, of course, an examination of the bones of the feet is required. Plain x-rays can reveal the cause of such pain, and enable the doctor to prescribe the right treatment, which, of course, should help.

Thickening of the terminal phalanges of the toes

What can it say? When the terminal phalanges of the toes thicken significantly, the fingers lose their natural flexibility, acquiring an unnatural one, we can talk about the presence of the so-called symptom drumsticks(It is also called the fingers of Hippocrates, since it was the great ancient Greek physician who first described this phenomenon 2000 years ago). These symptoms may indicate the presence of various chronic lung diseases, including pulmonary fibrosis, or even lung cancer. Also, the causes of the symptom of drum sticks can be heart disease, diseases of the gastrointestinal tract (the so-called Crohn's disease) and others.

Additional signs indicating the presence of this disease: the fingers undergo the same changes as the toes. All fingers may be affected, or only some.

What should be done? Treatment depends on the causes that underlie the disease. This means that only a doctor can prescribe treatment. In addition, during the treatment process, it is necessary to regularly observe a specialist so that he can correct his entire course.

Shooting pain in heels

What can it say? plantar fasciitis ( heel spur) - the name of the inflammatory process of the connective tissue (fascia), which spreads along the plantar part of the foot. In this case, abnormal tissue tension is observed at the site of attachment to the heel tubercle.

Additional signs indicating the presence of this disease: Pain begins in the morning when you take your first steps, and often worsens during the day. As a rule, it is concentrated in the heels (one or two), but can also be felt in the upper part of the foot, or in the back. This may be due to the strong physical activity- running or jumping, but not only. Sometimes it is observed in those people who walk a lot barefoot; wears old shoes or light slippers; people who are rapidly gaining weight can suffer from this; or those who have to walk a lot on small stones.

What should be done? If the pain persists for several weeks, or even intensifies, it is necessary to visit an orthopedic doctor. Switch to shoes with low but firm (supportive) soles for the duration of the treatment. The treatment itself may involve wearing special shoes and taking medications to help relieve inflammation.

BAD SIGNS IN THE PATIENT.

Loss of speech with hiccough in severe illness.

Appearance parotid tumors in paralyzed patients.

Blue spots appearing in fever.

Pain in the groin with fever indicates a long and severe illness.

Hemorrhage on the opposite side of the body, such as bleeding from the right nostril, usually occurs with a diseased spleen.

Beating and pain in the jugular vein with fever ends in dysentery.

SIGNS OF IMMEDIATE DEATH IN A HUMAN (Horror!!!).

Sudden loss of vision in severe illness.

Bleeding from mouth, nose, ears, eyes, genitals, rectum during long illness.

If a seriously ill person has changed skin color, the luster of the eyes is lost, the auricles are wrinkled, the nostrils are flattened, and breathing is disturbed.

The appearance of black spots on the tongue in acute fever.

When patients are already weakened, do not see, do not hear, lips, eyes or nose are twisted.

Cold, transparent and tight ears.

Bluish, cracked tongue.

Black or yellow tongue.

Blue lips, eyelids or nose.

If in tuberculosis patients the sputum thrown into the fire spreads an unpleasant smell of burnt meat.

If tuberculosis patients lose their hair.

Various tips (Smile - especially the last tip!!!).

The patient will have an unfavorable course of the disease if he falls ill during the spring or autumn equinox, as well as during the summer or winter solstice, that is, June 22 or December 22.

Most auspicious time for surgical operations- for the new month.

bad time for surgical interventions- full moon, and especially unfavorable - the first quarter after the full moon.

In order to determine if you have protein in your urine, you need to urinate into an enamel mug, put it on a slow fire and bring to a boil. Remove from heat and see if white flakes appear in the urine, then your kidneys are sick (the protein coagulates when heated).

To determine the presence of sugar in the urine, our ancestors did the following. They peed near the anthill. If there was sugar in the urine, then ants crawled to it.

Here are some more signs of specific diseases:

1. Signs of diabetes mellitus:
- brown or black pigmentation in the armpits or the back of the neck is a signal that you have pretty high risk development of diabetes;

Small red dots on the lower leg are a sign of diabetes;

Dark or bluish spots on the toes are a sign of advanced diabetes.

Diabetes mellitus occurs as a result of a lack of the hormone insulin, resulting in an increase in blood glucose. Diabetes mellitus can lead to vision loss, myocardial infarction, stroke, kidney failure and even limb amputation. Typically, diabetes occurs in people with overweight so try to get rid of those extra pounds.

2. Dysfunction of the thyroid gland.
If you have very dry, flaky skin, cracked heels, and active hair loss, these may be signs of low thyroid function - hypothyroidism. Hypothyroidism results in hormonal background. A blood test for thyroid hormones will help clarify the situation.

Sometimes, the signs of a thyroid disease do not look at all like the symptoms of a dangerous disease, but, on the contrary, as signs of a healthy person. We are talking about the peculiar behavior and appearance of a sick person: he becomes active, more cheerful, his eyes shine, and his face has a perky blush, besides, he loses weight and looks slimmer.

Upon closer observation of such a person, it is noted that the sparkle of his eyes is by no means healthy, and weight loss occurs rapidly and uncontrollably. This occurs as a result of increased thyroid function. Due to an imbalance of hormones secreted by the thyroid gland, thyroid diseases develop.

Common signs of thyroid disease may include:

With an increase in hormone levels: sudden and sudden weight loss, heart palpitations (cause of tachycardia), tearfulness, hand tremors, excessive sweating, irritability.

With a decrease in hormone levels: general weakness, fast fatiguability, lowering blood pressure, hair loss, slow heart rate, swelling and weight gain, dry skin.

The normal functioning of the thyroid gland affects the body's metabolism. When the function of the thyroid gland changes, the metabolism increases or slows down. Thyroid disease is a common occurrence. In many cases, it goes unnoticed by the patient.

A sign of thyroid disease can be a complete change in the character and behavior of a person. For reasons unknown to him, he becomes restless, conflict, aggressive. A person is easily offended, becomes whiny, uncompromising. A person with a thyroid disease becomes fussy, it is difficult for him to sit in one place, he is constantly worried about something.

His appetite does not change, sometimes even on the contrary increases. At the same time, his body weight becomes inversely proportional to his appetite - he eats enough, but the weight is rapidly decreasing. It is difficult for a person to explain his excessive emotionality. He cannot cope with his absent-mindedness and loss of concentration.

In conversations, he often goes astray, constantly changing topics of conversation. A person with a thyroid disease often suffers from dizziness, it often seems to him that there is not enough air, he is in a fainting state. A very characteristic sign of thyroid disease is swelling of the lower part of the neck and the appearance of an unnatural luster of the eyes.

If the gland itself begins to increase in size, then such a phenomenon cannot pass unnoticed by a person. In this case, characteristic signs of thyroid disease appear: there is girdle pain in the neck, shortness of breath, difficulty swallowing, and the voice becomes hoarse. A dangerous sign development becomes cervical lymphadenitis, which may cause malignancy in the body of the thyroid gland. In such cases, you should immediately contact an endocrinologist.

3. Celiac disease.
Pustular rashes on the buttocks and flexor surfaces are very often a sign of celiac disease. Celiac disease is gluten intolerance. Gluten is a protein found in all grains except buckwheat, rice, corn, and millet. With celiac disease, almost all internal organs can be affected. A blood test for certain antibodies can confirm or refute the diagnosis.

4. Disease of the circulatory system.
If bruises appear on your body that are not associated with injuries, then this may be a sign of a disease of the circulatory system. The diagnosis is also checked by taking a blood test.

But don't forget that accurate diagnosis and, moreover, the treatment can only be established by an experienced doctor !!!

Symptoms diseases are those alarm bells who report health problems. It is very important to listen to your own feelings in order to get qualified assistance and keep healthy. Most people will agree that it is too early to go to the doctor for mild ailments. But still, it is necessary to pay attention to the symptoms, and even better, to monitor the dynamics so as not to miss the moment when the problem takes on serious proportions.

We invite you to familiarize yourself with the most frequent problems that disturb the person. This section describes the symptoms of diseases, the first signs of the onset of diseases, pain, signaling the appearance of health disorders. Do not neglect the first manifestation of the problem, because often minor ailments are the beginning of the development of very dangerous and even life-threatening diseases.

Everyone knows that there are mild symptoms that appear sporadically and mildly. It is necessary to worry about them only when the discomfort increases or when the period of manifestation is reduced. Severe signs, characterized by strong unpleasant sensations and pain, should be a signal to start a consultation with a specialist.

How to identify the first symptoms?

Doctors often talk about the importance of attention to early stages diseases, since in this period many things can be completely cured or stopped, returning a person to normal life.

Early symptoms various diseases differ, each case is characterized by individual external manifestations. It is on them that professional doctors make diagnoses. Collecting and describing all the symptoms is very important work. Since no one knows a person better than himself, it is worth closely monitoring your well-being. When regular health problems appear, it is worth paying attention to the signs that appear most often. You can read about them in the relevant sections of this catalog.

In order for visitors to the resource to have the opportunity to maintain their health at the proper level, this section has been created. It contains a description of symptoms that indicate diseases of a very different nature. If any signs appear in you personally or in people close to you, it is worth continuing to monitor. If the situation persists for several days at its original level or worsens, you should immediately go to the hospital.

Systematization of the symptoms of the disease

Discovering in myself disease symptoms, having read about them in our catalog, it is worth taking the time for additional self-examination. To do this, you need to relax and mentally walk through all parts of the body: head, stomach, back, arms, legs, and so on. Often such a calm analysis allows you to see additional features that health is not all right.

Having all the symptoms on hand, it will be easier for the doctor to prescribe treatment. And the patient himself will be able to orient himself in the situation:

• find in alphabetical index their problems;
• read about possible reasons their occurrence;
• learn effective first aid techniques;
• understand which doctor is better to contact;
• get self-care tips.

Since some diseases manifest themselves not only in sensations, but also visually, there may be symptoms visible to the naked eye, photos of which are also attached to the descriptions. Sometimes one glance at the picture is enough to make sure the presence or absence of the disease, to understand whether there is a real need to see a doctor.

Symptoms in adults and children

Often the symptoms in children and adults manifest differently. Getting more information about this is also very important. This section for general educational purposes is useful for parents of frequently ill children. Then, when the first signs of childhood illnesses appear, it will immediately be clear where to go and how to be treated.

Special symptoms in women are most often associated with problems in the reproductive system. Similarly, the symptoms in men are mostly signs urological diseases. Sometimes it is enough to learn more about the situation in order to understand whether this is a problem or one of the variants of the norm, which may be associated with age-related and any other changes in the body.

This symptom map was created for people who care about their health and the health of loved ones. However, it is for informational purposes only and is not a self-medication guide. Suspecting signs of manifestation of any disease and armed detailed information, it is worth contacting a specialized specialist. Only doctors with medical education and experience can accurately diagnose the disease and prescribe treatment. In no case do not self-medicate!