most dangerous and unpredictable state, which threatens human life, something that is accompanied by internal blood loss in any amount. This pathological process, which is characterized by the outpouring of blood from the cavity of a damaged or injured vessel to other organs and areas. The danger of the situation lies in the fact that it is quite difficult to detect on initial stage his education.

As a rule, there are no specific symptoms of internal bleeding. Pay attention to the problem only when the person's well-being rapidly begins to deteriorate. But there are several main signs by which you can quite easily detect internal bleeding on one's own. Knowing these signs will certainly help to identify pathology at an early stage and avoid disastrous consequences.

Symptoms

The most common signs and symptoms of internal bleeding include:

• The heartbeat becomes more frequent ().
• Vertigo. Severe cases are characterized by loss of consciousness. Often this symptom can be observed with heavy hemorrhages.
• Drowsiness. The symptom can be observed both with minor blood loss and with abundant.
• Weakness.
• Apathetic state. A person may lose interest in those things that previously interested him.
• starts to fall gradually.
• Pallor.

These symptoms of bleeding appear for all types of internal bleeding in the same way, regardless of the focus of their formation and the amount of blood poured out. One type will differ from another, it will only be aggressiveness and speed of development.

Sometimes the patient does not even have time to understand what happened to him. But it also happens that this blood loss is formed imperceptibly, and only after some time the first symptoms begin to appear, to which people do not always attach much importance.

Another option is more loyal, it gives the patient a chance to notice the pathology in the early stages and see a doctor in time.

The speed and aggressiveness of the development of the pathological process are determined by the focus and diameter, from which blood oozes.

Kinds

If you fully delve into the essence of this issue, you can see that this pathology is an anomaly during which the blood does not come into contact with environment. Therefore, some experts believe that blood loss that is formed in gastrointestinal tract, are not internal. But it is rational to consider them as a given subcategory, because according to the structure of education and general symptoms manifestations, they are more characteristic of internal rather than external.

in humans, depending on the place of education, they are divided into:

Reasons for the formation of pathology

There are many reasons why this pathological process is formed. As a rule, internal bleeding of blood acts as one of secondary symptoms any serious illness.

The most common causes of internal bleeding include the following:

• or stomach.
• Tumors that have begun to disintegrate in the organs of the gastrointestinal tract and retroperitoneal spaces.
• Internal or external injuries in the abdomen with organ damage.
• Rupture of the hand (ovarian or pelvic).
• Physical exercise. Active sports can provoke a rupture of the cyst, different nature origin.
• Injuries in the lumbar region.
• Ulcers.
• Rupture or damage to the mucous membrane of the esophagus and intestines.

It is very important for everyone to know what is right for a woman or a man. After all, you can save not only someone's life, but also your own. What needs to be done first?

The tactics of emergency medical care are as follows:

• Try to lay the victim in a horizontal position.
• Try to cool the site of bleeding (stomach, lower back, etc.)
• Call an ambulance or try to deliver the patient yourself to medical institution which is nearby. It is very important that the patient is in a lying position, otherwise the pathology may worsen even more, thereby endangering a person’s life.

Surgical intervention

At surgical treatment internal bleeding, the tactic for helping is:

Regardless of the severity and degree of internal bleeding of the body, it is necessary to seek medical help as soon as possible, since in some cases it is necessary to immediately surgical operation that can save a life. Ignoring certain symptoms can only aggravate the patient's condition.

Under internal bleeding, it is customary to understand the flow of blood masses into the cavities of the body or into spaces,. It can be the stomach, joints, uterus, bladder, lungs, pleural cavity, retroperitoneal space.

First aid for internal bleeding may be needed against the background of any disease that affects internal organs.

Often the cause is bruises, closed-type injuries under the influence of a certain external factor. So, the outpouring into the pleural niche occurs due to trauma to the lung, costal fractures, damage to the integrity of the vessels located between the ribs. Also health care may be needed for pulmonary bleeding provoked by tuberculosis, the progression of cancer.

The described pathology develops with a closed lesion of the pancreas, kidneys or liver, spleen, any area of ​​the intestine. The most dangerous in medicine is profuse bleeding, which is a complication of gastrointestinal diseases, in particular, it is:

• malignant formations.
• Peptic ulcer, etc.

Internal bleeding, which requires first aid, can be caused by an ectopic pregnancy, damage or torsion of the ovaries, rupture of the cyst.

Symptoms

The above condition is accompanied by the outflow of blood into the parenchymal organs, as well as internal cavities. To early characteristic symptoms relate:

• blanching skin.
• Constant weakness and malaise.
• Dizziness and fainting.
• Drowsiness and fatigue.
• The presence of bloody impurities in the vomit.
• Cough with bloody discharge.
• Too dark stools.
• Pain in the abdomen, especially when trying to take a horizontal position.
• Regular formation of cold sweat.

With internal bleeding, first aid will really be needed if anemia increases, a person has a rapid pulse, blood pressure drops to critical levels.

With regard to minor blood loss, it is accompanied by a slight change in blood pressure, while the pulse may remain normal. Abundant blood loss, in addition to the symptoms indicated above, is also characterized by delirium, the victim has a confused consciousness, facial features can be sharpened.

With fatal blood loss, a coma develops. The patient's breathing becomes confused, the pupils expand unnaturally, involuntary excretion of feces with urine occurs, and bradycardia develops. In some cases, convulsions, followed by agony, make themselves felt.

The most common are pulmonary, gastric, esophageal blood loss. The release of bloody masses into the cavity of any part of the gastrointestinal tract is accompanied by the main signs:

1. Vomit with dark blood.
2. Constant feeling of nausea.
3. The development of hemorrhoids, in which anus light red blood is expelled.
4. Tar-like stool - melena.

Pulmonary blood flow is manifested by the following symptoms:

1. Breathing becomes difficult.
2. The person is out of breath.
3. Foamy sputum with blood impurities is allocated.

What actions to take

How to stop internal bleeding and properly conduct emergency care to the victim. The person providing assistance must understand that a person with the described pathology must immediately get into stationary institution healthcare. There is a certain algorithm of actions that should be followed:

1. Absolute peace is created for the victim, he must be completely immobilized.
2. The person is in a sitting position (if the symptoms indicate hemothorax, pulmonary bleeding). In all other cases, it is placed on a horizontal, moderately hard surface.
3. In place possible defeat cold should be applied in the form of an ordinary heating pad with cold liquid, towels with crushed ice.
4. First aid for internal bleeding involves the use of medications, providing a stop, a decrease in the release of blood into the internal cavities of the body.
5. If possible, you should independently transport the victim to the nearest medical department for urgent action.

Invalid Events

There is also a list of activities that first aid does not include:

1. Application medicines, characterized by a laxative effect, carrying out cleansing enemas.
2. Do not apply to an injured part of the body. warm compresses, which can only increase the release of blood masses.
3. The introduction of intravenous / intramuscular drugs that in any way affect the activity of the heart.
4. Carrying out any massage at the site of possible internal bleeding.

In case of injury to the abdomen, other areas with subsequent outflow of blood, the victim should not be given drink or any food. In the presence of unbearable thirst, rinsing is allowed oral cavity normal cold water.

Measures carried out in stationary conditions

The provision of first aid ends with the admission of the patient to the walls of the medical facility, where he will undergo an immediate examination. After determining the type of bleeding, the victim is sent to a specific department for further therapy. Help with the described pathology is provided by doctors of various profiles:

• If there is a hemothorax, the patient is treated by a traumatologist or thoracic surgeon.
• A neurosurgeon will help with various head injuries.
• A gynecologist will be needed for bleeding in women.
• Blunt trauma to the abdomen, resulting in damage to the digestive tract, involves the placement of the victim in the department of general surgery.

A patient with internal bleeding often needs surgical care.

This information will be useful for the person accompanying the patient. Depending on the characteristics and severity of bleeding, specialists carry out the following measures:

• Pleural puncture to evacuate blood from this cavity.
• Laparotomy followed by suturing of bleeding vessels.
• Thoracotomy for pulmonary problems.
• Trepanation of the skull in traumatic hematomas of the head.
• FGDS in case of bleeding of the stomach and esophagus, followed by endoscopic chipping of the problem area with hemostatics.

V recovery period It is important to follow all the recommendations of the doctor. Stick to it whenever possible bed rest refrain from any kind physical activity. Exacerbation may be repeated bleeding.

Emergency care in case of internal bleeding involves the urgent creation of conditions that will help to minimize, stop the release of blood. With the development of this pathology, every minute is important, intense blood loss can lead to death.

Emergency conditions in medicine require special medical supervision. In many critical situations minutes count, and the patient's life depends on the qualifications of a medical specialist.

Sometimes the patient himself needs to recognize the signs dangerous state and seek medical attention immediately. Frequent critical condition after injury is blood loss. may not be as obvious.

What is internal bleeding?

Internal bleeding is not visible externally

From point of view ordinary person internal bleeding describes an outwardly imperceptible loss of blood. medical specialists tend to clarify such a term as the source of blood loss and the place of accumulation of blood in the body.

Internal bleeding can occur in tissues, organs, or body cavities, including the brain, spinal canal, abdomen and chest cavity.

The loss of blood may be so subtle and insignificant that the patient will quickly notice anemia resulting from a constant decrease in the number of shaped elements blood.

Open bleeding is quite easy to recognize and stop. An injury or cut is immediately followed by bleeding on the surface of the skin, so that a person can assess the severity of the injury.

Internal bleeding is much more dangerous, because the victim cannot assess the severity of his condition. That is why after the accident ambulance delivers even seemingly unharmed people to the hospital for diagnosis.

By itself, internal bleeding is associated with damage to an artery or vein. Blood from vessels forms accumulations in tissues, organs or body cavities. The amount of blood loss depends on the degree of damage and the size of the affected vessels.

The most important and functionally active organs form the most acute bleeding when damaged. These organs include the brain, heart, liver, and kidneys.

Internal bleeding can be associated not only with trauma, but also with chronic disease. Most often, this type of blood loss occurs in the gastrointestinal tract. A person may gradually and permanently lose blood due to chronic or intestinal, inflammatory pathologies large intestine.

Patients taking blood thinners or anticoagulants are more prone to internal bleeding. The same applies to patients suffering from pathologies of the blood coagulation system.

The main causes of the condition

Sometimes it is easy to determine the cause and source of bleeding. Damage in an accident or any other past trauma can have characteristics indicating the nature of internal bleeding.

Also, the diagnosis of blood loss is not difficult if the doctor is aware of various pathologies organs capable of causing internal bleeding. However, not all cases of internal blood loss are so obvious.

The main cause of bleeding is always the same - damage to the vessel and tissue that deposits blood. Vessels may be different caliber which affects the severity of bleeding.

Damage main arteries leads to the death of a person as soon as possible, and capillary rupture can lead to loss of a small amount of blood.

The main non-traumatic causes of bleeding:

• Inflammation of the walls of the vessel can lead to minor bleeding. Dissection of large arteries, on the contrary, leads to massive blood loss.
• Deficiency of clotting factors. The human body produces special substances to block bleeding. The lack of these substances leads to frequent bleeding.
• Taking certain medications. Bleeding may occur due to the use of anticoagulant drugs prescribed to fight blood clots.
• chronically high blood pressure blood. High pressure weakens the walls blood vessels and leads to the formation of aneurysms.
• Inherited bleeding disorders. Hemophilia is a genetic disorder in which blood clotting is impaired. Even a minor injury can lead to severe bleeding in a patient with this condition.
• Gastrointestinal diseases. Most often, blood loss in the digestive organs occurs due to inflammation and erosion. TO characteristic diseases include colon polyps, colitis, gastroenteritis, esophagitis, and ulcers.
• lifestyle factors. , drugs and smoking may be associated with chronic gastric blood loss.

Causes associated with critical blood loss:

1. Injury. Car crashes, falls from heights, fights, and other situations can damage organs and associated blood vessels.
2. Fracture of bones. Closed fracture large bones can damage the arteries.
3. Ectopic pregnancy. This condition can cause massive blood loss.
4. Surgical intervention. Volumetric bleeding is often a consequence of the actions of the surgeon.

There are also private causes of internal bleeding.

When bleeding, cold is shown

Symptoms and manifestations of internal bleeding depend on the source and duration of blood loss. Also an important factor, which determines the signs of the state, is the area of ​​damage.

Some organs, when damaged, lose a small amount of blood (thick skin), while others cause massive bleeding (kidneys,).

It must also be understood that the blood released from the vessel irritates the tissues and causes inflammation and pain.

The main signs of intracranial bleeding:

• Dizziness and weakness.
• Loss of consciousness.
• Paralysis of individual muscles or sides of the body.
• Tingling in hands and feet.
• Severe sudden headache.
• Difficulty swallowing and chewing.
• Deterioration of vision and hearing.
• Loss of coordination and balance.
• Confused speech.

Internal bleeding resulting from an injury or a ruptured aneurysm will first of all be manifested by an acute pain symptom.

In second place will be psychological and neurological manifestations associated with state of shock. Subarachnoid bleeding often causes headache and dizziness.

Neurological examination of a patient with such bleeding may reveal various states- from mild confusion to coma. A stroke associated with the release of blood into the brain will be manifested by more severe mental and neurological symptoms.

Intra-abdominal bleeding is often almost asymptomatic. Pain in this condition may be unexpressed. Patients with this type of internal bleeding often complain of weakness, confusion, difficulty breathing, and dizziness.

Signs of bleeding in the chest or abdomen:

1. Confused breath.
2. Heaviness and pain in the chest.
3. Vertigo, especially when standing upright.
4. Bruises around the navel and on the sides of the abdomen.
5. and vomiting.
6. Blood in the urine.

Joint and muscle pain, tightness motor functions may indicate bleeding in the musculoskeletal system.

Other symptoms

Paleness and shock are signs of internal bleeding

Often, internal bleeding associated with damage to internal organs causes shock. Shock is a critical state of the body caused by acute violation functions of the cardiovascular system.

Shock can cause conditions varying degrees severity - from short-term loss of consciousness to coma. Symptoms of shock include:

• Accelerated heartbeat.
• Low blood pressure.
• Paleness of the skin.
• Neurological disorders: headache, drowsiness, lethargy, stupor.
• General weakness.

The presence of other manifestations will help the doctor determine the source of bleeding. For example, anemia is usually associated with slow, chronic bleeding in the digestive organs. This condition may cause constant weakness, fatigue and shortness of breath.

Diagnosis and treatment of internal bleeding

Since trauma, and therefore bleeding due to it, can happen anywhere and anytime, every adult should know how to provide first aid for bleeding.

Types of bleeding and their features

Depending on the type of injured vessel, there are the following types bleeding:

• arterial;
• Venous;
• Capillary.

Also, bleeding is distinguished by location. The most commonly injured hands are bleeding upper limbs this is the most common type. In second place are leg injuries, and nosebleeds are in third place. by the most dangerous view are bleeding of internal organs, since it is difficult to notice them in time, it is even more difficult to keep the situation under control. Below we will consider the principles of first aid for arterial, venous, nasal and internal bleeding.

First aid for arterial and venous bleeding

Many people vaguely remember that first aid for arterial bleeding consists in applying a tourniquet to the vessel, but few people know how to do it correctly. Doctors warn: the application of a tourniquet can be no less dangerous than the loss of blood, an ineptly applied tourniquet can lead to the need for amputation of a limb, and alas, it often leads. How to provide first aid for arterial bleeding without causing harm? Remember, when injured major artery there is not much time left, only 3-5 minutes. The algorithm of actions is as follows:

1. Do not wash or in any other way try to decontaminate the wound, do not remove small fragments that have got there;
2. Impose pressure bandage in the following way: apply directly to the wound sterile bandage or a clean cloth folded in several layers (it is desirable that the dressing be sterile, if one is not at hand, use any). Put another roller made of fabric on top. Then bandage everything tightly, after which the limb must be placed above the level of the body. If done correctly, the bleeding should stop;
3. If there was nothing on hand that could serve as a dressing, you can try to stop the bleeding by maximum flexion joint located above the wound;

First aid for bleeding and wounds with a tourniquet. This method is resorted to if it was not possible to stop the blood in another way. The rules are as follows:

• A tourniquet (or any long piece of rubber, such as a rubber hose) is applied 5-7 cm above the wound, but not on bare skin, but on the fabric that should be wrapped around the limb, it can be on a sleeve or trouser leg;
• After stretching the tourniquet, lay it in several turns without gaps between them, the first is not too tight, each subsequent turn is tighter. A sign of a correctly applied tourniquet is to stop bleeding;
• The tourniquet should not be applied too tightly so as not to injure the nerves. If the tourniquet causes strong pain, the injured vessel must be pressed with a finger, and the tourniquet removed, give the victim a break from the tourniquet, then apply again;
• Be sure to record the time of applying the tourniquet! This is extremely important condition which can save a person from possible disability. It is advisable to write the time of applying the tourniquet with a pen directly on the skin or clothing of the victim. Max Time, on which a tourniquet can be applied, is one and a half to two hours in summer and one hour in winter. During this time, the patient should be taken to the hospital, if this is not possible, and the time has elapsed, the tourniquet must be removed very carefully and slowly, if the bleeding has resumed, press the vessel with your finger above the wound.

First aid for venous bleeding occurs according to a similar algorithm, the only difference is that the vessel should be pressed below the wound.

First aid for nosebleeds

As a rule, nosebleeds are not life-threatening, although they look frightening. However, blood loss can be significant. To prevent this, you must take the following actions:

1. Into the nostril from which there is blood, you need to insert a small swab of cotton, bandage, napkin or handkerchief. The tampon should not cause pain;
2. The person must be seated with his head slightly tilted down. A common mistake is made by people who, as first aid for nosebleeds, lay a person on his back or make him throw his head back. This can cause blood to flow down the back wall pharynx;
3. Put on the nose cold compress or any cold object;
4. Slightly squeeze the wings of the nose.

First aid for internal bleeding

Internal bleeding is difficult to recognize on its own. An indirect sign of it after an injury that has occurred is a deterioration in a person’s condition, blanching of the skin, cold sweat, darkening in the eyes. In this case, blood may be excreted with vomiting or with feces, but not necessarily. If you notice these signs, the following should be done as first aid for internal bleeding:

• In case of a chest injury, give the person a semi-sitting position, in case of an abdominal cavity injury - lying down;
• Provide fresh air supply;
• Apply cold to the abdomen or chest;
• Forbid the victim to eat, drink, move and talk;
• Take the person to the hospital immediately.

The last point is relevant not only for injuries of internal organs. In case of massive blood loss, the main point of first aid for bleeding of any kind will be the delivery of the victim to the clinic for the provision of qualified medical care.

Internal bleeding is such a loss of blood that cannot be visually detected, because it does not flow out, but enters the internal organs of a person or into a compartment that was formed unnaturally due to large cluster blood. This may be the intermuscular space, etc. This process occurs due to injury, due to some chronic disease.

Since internal bleeding does not external signs, it is difficult to diagnose. If you do not start treatment, then it can lead to death.

Causes of internal bleeding can be:

• Abdominal injuries in closed or open form. They can occur due to a blow to the stomach, due to a fall from a height, a car accident, etc. As a result, damage to the organs located in the abdominal cavity occurs: the spleen, liver, pancreas and intestines. In this case, extensive bleeding occurs in abdominal cavity, which ends in death.
• Traumatic brain injury. Internal cerebral hemorrhage is life threatening. The fact is that the space in the skull is designed for a certain amount of blood content in it, and any excess of it can lead to death.
• Multiple rib fractures in which the pleura and intercostal vessels suffer. In this case, bleeding occurs in pleural cavity. It can occur even if the entire pair of ribs or one rib is damaged.
• Intra-articular fractures. Here bleeding occurs in the joint cavity. It does not threaten human life. However, if you leave it unattended and refuse treatment, then it can threaten with serious complications.

Also, the causes of internal bleeding can be the following diseases:

• pathologies of the gastrointestinal tract, which include ulcers, oncological diseases etc.;
• cracks present in the esophagus;
• pathology reproductive system. These include ovarian rupture or pelvic cysts, ectopic pregnancy etc.;
• cirrhosis of the liver;
• aortic dissection that occurs with an aneurysm.

In this case, internal bleeding can be avoided. It is enough to monitor the state of health, and in case of detection of any disease, agree to treatment, and not start the pathology.

Symptoms of internal bleeding

Some symptoms help diagnose internal bleeding. They are different for hemorrhages of varying severity. However, there are common features internal bleeding. Here they are:

• discoloration of the epidermis, we are talking about the occurrence of pallor;
• general weakness;
• decrease in blood pressure;
• the occurrence of dizziness;
• cardiopalmus;
• the appearance of dark "stars" before the eyes, darkening in the eyes;
• fainting;
• the appearance of a feeling of thirst and drowsiness;
• the occurrence of cold sweat.

There are symptoms of internal bleeding for varying degrees of severity. Yes, bleeding moderate the patient's lower and upper limbs become cold, the epidermis becomes pale, the bullets become frequent, and the pressure drops.

With hemorrhage in severe form breathing quickens and gets confused, the pulse becomes frequent and the pressure drops. The epidermis in some places changes color to blue, the patient has cold sweat, which is sticky to the touch, occurs frequent yawning and trembling of the upper extremities. In addition, a person does not react in any way to what is happening to him and around him.