For injuries and other damage to blood vessels, a temporary method of stopping bleeding is used. The goal is to stabilize the victim’s condition, stop and make it possible to transport the patient to the hospital for medical care.

Types of bleeding and ways to stop it

The method of stopping bleeding is chosen depending on which vessels are damaged, their location on the body, and how quickly blood loss occurs. Based on the nature of the damage, the following are distinguished:

• Venous.
• Arterial.
• Capillary.
• Mixed.

Based on clinical data, a temporary method of stopping bleeding is used:

Let's consider the two most common types of life-threatening vascular injuries - arterial and venous bleeding.

Signs of arterial bleeding

Applying a tourniquet is the most effective temporary way to stop bleeding from the extremities. But this method is quite traumatic, since it completely stops blood circulation in the tissues located below the application site and, if used incorrectly, can lead to serious complications. Therefore, it is necessary to clearly distinguish between arterial and venous bleeding.

When an artery is damaged, the following symptoms are observed.

• The color of blood is bright red, scarlet, rich.
• Blood flows out in spurts, which corresponds to heart contractions. If the main artery is damaged, the stream literally flows like a fountain.
• Blood loss occurs very quickly. Without rendering emergency assistance the victim can receive it in just a few minutes. If the bleeding is not stopped, then death occurs in 5-10 minutes.

How to stop arterial bleeding

There are several techniques, most often they are combined. The fastest temporary way to stop bleeding from an artery is to press the vessel with your finger against the protrusion of the underlying bone above the wound site. After this everything is prepared necessary materials and apply a tourniquet or twist. These are the most effective ways to temporarily stop arterial bleeding in the vessels of the extremities.

If the lateral branch of the main artery is damaged, a pressure bandage can be used.

Pressing the vessel with your fingers

These methods of stopping arterial bleeding are used when the following vessels are damaged:

• Carotid artery.
• Axillary artery.
• Brachial artery.

Or, with four fingers, the vessel is pressed against the protrusion of the bone above the area of ​​damage. There should be no pulse below the pressure point. You need to know the points in advance by practicing on yourself or your partner.

It's important to remember that finger pressure difficult to carry out for a long time. Therefore, after stopping the bleeding, apply a tourniquet or, in its absence, a twist using improvised means.

Circular compression methods

With this method, all vessels are compressed by the soft tissues of the limb. The blood supply below the application site is completely stopped. When using methods to temporarily stop external bleeding by circular compression of the limb, it is important to follow the basic rules.

• A tourniquet is applied in a strictly defined place, otherwise the nerves of the limb can be damaged. They try to do this as close to the wound as possible, but without touching the damaged tissue.
• Do not apply a tourniquet when inflammatory phenomena at the application site.
• Control the duration of application of the tourniquet. It is no more than 1.5 hours in winter and 2 hours in summer. Attach a note indicating the exact time of application, fixing it on the victim’s clothing or directly under the tourniquet.
• It is forbidden to cover the tourniquet with clothing or a bandage. It must be visible.
• To prevent injury to soft tissues, place a bandage, piece of cloth or other soft material under the tourniquet.

Place to apply:

• Mid-calf.
• Lower third of the forearm.
• Upper third of the shoulder.
• Just below mid-thigh.
• The root of the limb with fixation to the body.

Tourniquet technique

Methods for temporarily stopping external bleeding from the arteries of the extremities using a tourniquet are carried out in the following order.

If more than 2 hours have passed since application, the tourniquet must be loosened for 15 minutes without removing it from the limb. At this time, the artery is pinched with a finger. The tourniquet is re-applied to a place slightly higher than the previous one and more short term. At re-application tourniquet, you can apply the Gersh-Zhorov method. With this method, a counter support - a wooden splint - is placed on the opposite side of the limb. Blood circulation is thus partially preserved. The same method is used to apply a tourniquet to the carotid artery. In the absence of a splint, the victim’s hand on the opposite side is used as counter support, lifting it up.

If a standard harness is not available, a rubber tube is used. You can also apply compression to the limb by applying a twist. A strip of durable material, a scarf, a scarf, or a trouser belt is placed on the appropriate place, tied and pulled together with a stick until the artery is compressed and the bleeding stops.

The stick is fixed to the limb using a bandage.

Signs of bleeding from a vein

Methods for temporarily stopping bleeding from a vein differ from those for damage to an artery. Bleeding from a vein is characterized by the following symptoms.

• The blood flows out in a steady stream.
• The color of the blood is dark, cherry.
• The intensity of bleeding is less than with damage to the artery, but without assistance if the integrity of large veins is damaged, significant blood loss and a fall are also possible blood pressure and death from hypovolemic shock.

Ways to stop venous bleeding

For extensive damage venous vessels limbs, it is possible to apply a tourniquet according to the same principles as for venous bleeding. In other cases they impose pressure bandage or bend a limb.

Ways to stop venous bleeding by using a pressure bandage:

You can compress the vein and stop the bleeding by using the limb flexion method. A thick fabric roll or bandage is placed at the bend site, the limb is bent as much as possible and fixed in this position using a strip of fabric, belt, or bandage.

Methods to temporarily stop bleeding are used when traumatic injury arteries and veins. The victim is given first aid, stabilized and transported to a hospital, where they apply surgical methods restoring the integrity of blood vessels.

Blood in venous bleeding comes from large vessels located on the head and neck. They can be deep or on the surface. Blood loss from the veins occurs due to trauma, cuts, and is sometimes associated with varicose veins veins, blood diseases and high blood pressure.

Symptoms of venous bleeding

Venous blood loss can be easily distinguished from other types by the following symptoms:

1. Dark-colored blood emanates from the wound, the stream is faint.
2. There is a lot of blood loss.
3. The skin becomes pale.
4. The person may lose consciousness.
5. Blood pressure drops.
6. Heart rate increases.

If veins in the arms or legs are damaged, bleeding characterized by dark blood, stops without assistance after just 5 minutes. But if a person suffers from bleeding disorders, blood loss becomes significant and life-threatening. The reaction of blood clots may be slower if the victim is intoxicated.

To prevent dangerous consequences, it is important to stop the bleeding as quickly as possible. To do this you will need the following tools:

• hydrogen peroxide;
• cotton wool and a sterile napkin, bandage.

First aid instructions for venous bleeding look like this:

1. Pour a small amount of peroxide on top of the wound. If blisters appear, it's okay, it means the medicine is killing the infection.
2. Next apply to the wound sterile wipe, put a wad of cotton wool on top and bandage it in a circle several times.
3. If blood comes through the bandage, the bleeding continues, most likely the deep veins are affected. A tourniquet will be required.

Despite the fact that mainly health workers have the knowledge of how to stop venous bleeding associated with deep vessels, the average person can cope with this. Repeat the following steps step by step:

1. Elevate the injured limb.
2. Apply a tight tourniquet.
3. Apply an ice pack or a heating pad filled with cold water.
4. Transport the patient to the nearest hospital.

Step-by-step guide to applying a tourniquet

The tourniquet is applied for a strictly limited period of time, because strong constriction of blood vessels is fraught with tissue necrosis:

• in summer, keep the tourniquet for 1.5-2 hours;
• In winter, 1-1.5 hours is enough.

Follow step by step algorithm, and with the help of a tourniquet you will be able to stop venous bleeding yourself:

1. The area closest to the affected area is treated with a tourniquet.
2. To prevent it from damaging the surface layers of tissue, it is recommended to place a fabric lining under the tourniquet.
3. The tourniquet should have the property of stretching; wrap it around the limb several times.
4. When forming turns, make sure that the tourniquet does not pinch the skin.
5. The next branch is placed above the previous one.
6. 2-3 turns and the bandage is loosened a little.
7. Strictly adhere to the permissible time period during which the tourniquet can be fixed. To avoid forgetting, write the final time on the patient’s hand with a pen or set an alarm on your phone.
8. The tourniquet should not be covered with clothing; it is better to be conspicuous, otherwise in the chaos you may forget to remove it.

The fact that the tourniquet is applied correctly is indicated by stopping the bleeding. But at the same time, the pulse in the arteries of the foot and radial view must be preserved. Video instructions for stopping venous bleeding can be viewed below:

Features of stopping venous bleeding in the neck

Clamping a vessel located on the neck is strictly prohibited. If it is impossible to call an ambulance, they carry out the following activities on their own:

1. The damaged vessel is clamped slightly above or below the level of its passage. The forces are calculated so that the vessel can be pressed against the bone.
2. Soak a cloth in hydrogen peroxide and press firmly onto the wound. Your goal is to prevent air from entering the bloodstream. Otherwise there will be serious condition called an air embolism.
3. Apply cold to the area where the blood is leaking.
4. In the hospital the vessel is sutured.

How to respond to a nosebleed

Nosebleeds are possible due to a number of diseases. For example, with a lack of vitamin C. Prolonged bleeding is fraught with malaise, weakness, hypotension, general anxiety and panic attacks.

A habitual action that most of us repeat is throwing our heads back. But in reality, this method is dangerous and deceptive. After all, the blood does not stop - it still flows, only it gets into the throat and can block the airways.

How to stop nosebleeds?

1. Sit upright and keep your head upright with a slight tilt back.
2. Pinch the bridge of your nose and wait for a blood clot to form.
3. To prevent blood from dripping onto the floor, use a cotton swab and place it in the nasal passage.

Often, as a result of a road traffic accident, the victim experiences damage to blood vessels, which causes bleeding. It is very important to be able to distinguish between types of bleeding in order to stop it. So, bleeding happens.

- Capillary. Slight bleeding over the entire surface damaged tissue, observed with shallow skin cuts, abrasions, stops on its own within 10 minutes.

- Venous. Blood of a dark red or brown color (due to a small amount of oxygen) continuously flows from the wound; depending on the caliber of the damaged vein, it can be either insignificant or intense (bearing a direct threat to human life).

- Arterial. The most dangerous thing is that a stream of blood flows like a fountain or pulsates at the site of injury, the blood is bright red, scarlet (due to high concentration oxygen) does not stop on its own and leads to significant blood loss over a short period of time.

Bleeding when the skin is damaged is called external, and in the body cavity - internal. Mixed bleeding is a combined damage to various vessels, i.e. external and internal.

Depending on the type of bleeding and the available means, temporary or complete bleeding is carried out. The main objectives of a temporary stop are to prevent life-threatening blood loss, gain time to transport the victim and prepare him for surgery. It is carried out different ways depending on the type of bleeding.

Methods to temporarily stop bleeding.

— Raising the injured limb upward (venous and capillary bleeding).
— Applying a compressive bandage (venous bleeding).
— Pressing the artery with a finger above the site of injury (arterial bleeding).
— Application of a tourniquet or twist (arterial bleeding).
— Maximum flexion in the joints (for venous bleeding at the site of joint flexion, additional pressing at a distance for arterial bleeding).

Dangerous blood loss in humans is from 750 ml to 1.5 liters or more, with such a loss death may occur due to oxygen starvation body tissues, primarily the brain and heart muscle. Therefore, when providing premedical care, you need to learn the basic rules for stopping bleeding. The quickest way to stop bleeding is to press the blood vessel, i.e. having provided direct pressure on the wound.

After this, it is necessary to apply a sterile napkin, a pressure, tight bandage, and, if necessary, a tourniquet (where possible). In case of injuries with damage carotid artery apply a tight bandage, under it you need to place a thick roll of bandage and gauze. All procedures must be performed with rubber gloves!

Stopping arterial bleeding in a victim of an accident.

Most effective method complete stop of arterial bleeding - application of a rubber tourniquet. It is used when a pressure bandage is ineffective and the artery is pressed above the site of injury. It is applied above the site of injury, but not far from the wound itself and always on clothing or on a layer of bandage or napkins. This is necessary so as not to accidentally damage soft fabrics. In this case, the force of clamping the tourniquet must be such as to stop the bleeding, but not to injure the nerve endings of the extremities, which is why the tightening is stopped as soon as the bleeding in the wound has stopped.

Correct application of a tourniquet to a victim in an accident.

- Position of the tourniquet - wrap the tourniquet around injured limb. Place the tape at least 3 cm above the wound, not directly above it!
— Fastening and tightening — pull the harness onto the fastenings and securely fasten the tape moving backwards away from you. Tighten the tourniquet until the bleeding stops and connect it with a clip.
- Recording the time - write down the time the tourniquet was applied on special paper and place it under it. Inform the arriving ambulance workers about this.

The maximum time for applying a tourniquet is 2 hours, because without blood circulation, cells quickly die. Taking this into account, you need to put a note under the tourniquet indicating the time of its application. If for some reason the victim was not taken to the hospital within 1.5 hours, then in order to avoid tissue necrosis it is necessary to loosen the tourniquet for 5 minutes, while pressing the wound site firmly with your hand. Next, you should fix the tourniquet again, but higher previous place, again making a corresponding note in the note.

In the absence of a tourniquet, it is permissible to use twists made from a rope, a belt or a twisted napkin, but such means are less elastic and quickly lead to additional injury. Another way to stop arterial bleeding is to bend the limb at the joint as much as possible. At the same time, it is fixed in a position in which the least amount of blood leaks out.

Stopping venous and capillary bleeding in a victim of an accident.

Venous and capillary bleeding stop with tight bandages. First, elevate the wounded area so that the blood flows away from the damaged area. Then apply a pressure bandage just below the wound, since venous blood flows to the heart from the peripheral vessels. It is better to use an individual dressing package. And if you don’t have it at hand, apply several layers of sterile gauze, bandage or gauze pads to the wound. Place a handkerchief on them.

To strengthen the bandage, make several rounds (turns) with the bandage. Apply a pressure bandage very tightly to the injury site. Each new round is superimposed so that the previous one is overlapped by 50-70%. This way you will compress the lumens of the damaged vessels and stop the bleeding. If the blood has stopped flowing, but the pulsation below remains, the bandage is applied correctly. But if it is again soaked in blood, then apply several more layers of gauze (napkins, bandages) on top of it and bandage it tightly again.

Actions in case of injury from foreign objects.

- Never independently pull out an object that has pierced the victim’s body - moving it can cause additional damage and bleeding.
— Restrain the victim from moving. If the wound is bleeding, apply a sterile bandage around the item to apply pressure to stop the bleeding. Use spacers to further stabilize the item.
— If necessary, hold the person in such a way as to reduce the pressure on the object as much as possible. Constantly monitor the victim and the wound until paramedics arrive.

Based on materials from the SAI “Ukrainian medical Center road safety."
Yuliy Maksimchuk.

The main differences between venous bleeding and others: the dark cherry color of the blood, the flow is smooth, uniform, without pulsation!

First aid for venous bleeding:

5.You can also stop bleeding on your leg or arm using them maximum flexion. The limb bent at the joint should be fixed, for example, the lower leg should be bandaged to the thigh. The wound must be treated and bandaged.

6. To stop bleeding, applying a tourniquet is effective and advisable not only for arterial bleeding, but also if there is heavy venous bleeding.

Remember! Deoxygenated blood moves from the periphery to the heart, so finger pressure and application of a tourniquet should be carried out below the wound site!

How exactly to stop venous bleeding, you decide for yourself, depending on the individual situation: the rate of bleeding, the availability of available means, etc. Of course, it is advisable that the manipulation be carried out after washing, cleaning and disinfecting the wound, with clean hands.

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Swelling and blueness are indications for amputation! If such symptoms are observed, immediately remove the tourniquet and reapply it or stop the venous hemorrhage using other methods.

Help with bleeding from neck veins

The most dangerous venous bleeding occurs when large veins of the neck and chest are damaged. This is due to the fact that they normally have negative pressure. When traumatized, air can be “sucked” into the vessel, which can ultimately cause blockage of the central vessels of the lungs, heart, brain and lead to death.

What to do with this type of blood loss:

1. Don't waste time treating the wound!
2. Press the vessel with your thumb or 3 fingers at once (index, middle, ring). Usually this technique effectively helps stop the bleeding for up to 15 minutes (then the hand gets tired). To prevent your fingers from slipping off your skin, you can press them through the fabric of a T-shirt or shirt.
3. Next, apply a bandage: several layers of gauze, a roller (twisted bandage) on top, tighten the tourniquet and fix it on the opposite side of the lesion in the armpit area, if the wound is at the bottom of the neck, or to an elevated limb, when at the top (closer to the head). This is important; if you provide assistance incorrectly, you can strangle the victim.

Improper first aid to stop bleeding can lead to tissue necrosis, paralysis, gangrene, the development of “tourniquet shock,” and amputation of a limb.

With venous bleeding, the signs and first aid are in any case similar, regardless of location. You can stop the bleeding quickly and correctly by following the steps described above.

Any severe bleeding can cause irreparable harm to a person’s health, especially venous bleeding. Large blood loss can occur even with a slight injury to the saphenous veins.

Such bleeding is dangerous not only by the high risk of significant blood loss, but also by the risk of air embolism: when inhaling, air bubbles can enter the circulatory system through the wound, after which they are transferred with the blood flow to the heart, which can be fatal.

Therefore, it is necessary to know the characteristics of venous bleeding and how to stop it.

Causes and signs of venous bleeding

Venous bleeding can be characterized by the location of the blood leakage, since it determines the methods of first aid.

Venous bleeding can occur from:

• Deep veins;
• Superficial veins of the lower and upper extremities;
• Veins of the neck and head.

If there is a risk of venous bleeding, then only a doctor can diagnose and determine its location, since the type of bleeding cannot be determined only by external signs.

The following causes of bleeding can be distinguished:

• Superficial wounds and injuries (shrapnel, gunshot, knife, etc.);
• Phlebeurysm;
• Arterial hypertension;
• Pathologies of the hematopoietic system.

It is necessary to know by what signs different types of bleeding can be identified and how to separate venous from capillary or arterial.

Thus, venous bleeding has a number of signs, the most characteristic of which are the following:

Let's note a few points:

1. If the superficial veins of the lower or upper extremities (feet and hands) have been damaged, there is mild bleeding, the duration of which does not take much time. However, in this case, first aid is still a necessary measure, since damage to the deeper veins, which are usually located on the inner surface of the limbs, may subsequently be revealed.
2. It should be taken into account that blood diseases, high blood pressure and alcohol intoxication have a negative effect on the rate of blood clotting, which can cause increased bleeding.

What is it characterized by and how to stop bleeding from superficial veins

Circulatory disturbance cannot be caused even by complete transection of any saphenous vein. However, despite the secondary importance of this group of vessels, even such venous bleeding can lead to a critical amount of blood loss.

Therefore, it is necessary to know the places at risk in this regard:

• Venous network of the wrist;
• The great vein of the thigh and leg with main tributaries located in the internal portion of these segments;
• Central veins of the outer and inner surfaces of the shoulder and forearm;
• Venous plexuses on the dorsum of the foot.

Venous bleeding caused by injuries in the listed places has the following clinical symptoms and features:

These circumstances predetermine the provision of first aid and the final stop of bleeding from the subcutaneous vessels.

First aid for venous bleeding from superficial veins

Includes the following measures:

It is not advisable to apply a tourniquet in case of venous bleeding from the extremities, since such a procedure will only increase blood loss.

Bleeding from deep veins

The deep veins are located between the muscles, carrying out more than 2/3 of the blood returning to the heart muscle. Therefore, damage to large vessels is always characterized by circulatory disorders and a high risk to life.

Damage to deep venous vessels can be identified based on the following bleeding patterns:

• Large blood loss with rapid deterioration of the condition, a strong drop in blood pressure and collapse;
• Rapid flow of dark venous blood from the entire wound (through which vessels?). It differs from arterial bleeding in the absence of a pronounced stream of blood;
• Applying a bandage and squeezing the veins does not reduce the intensity of blood loss;
• Deep veins are found on the inner surfaces of the limbs. This fact must be taken into account when assessing the likelihood of their damage;
• The brachial and femoral veins are usually damaged.

Emergency assistance in case of such bleeding must be provided as soon as possible. Even a slight delay in first aid can result in blood loss incompatible with life.

What to do in case of deep bleeding?

1. If the wound is large, it must be tightly tamponed with a bandage or gauze with hydrogen peroxide. Then a tight circular bandage is applied;
2. Small linear wounds with signs indicating damage to deep venous vessels, are an indication for applying a dense fabric roll to the wound and pressing it down with fixation by means of tight bandaging;
3. In the operating room specialists inspect the wound, determining the location of the vein damage. If it is completely crossed, it is necessary to restore it by suturing the ends of the blood vessel together (anastomosis). Suturing tangential wounds is not a complicated procedure.

Video: Help with bleeding

Bleeding due to injury to the veins of the neck

The main venous vessels located in the neck are the internal and external jugular vein. Injuries to the second are more common, but injuries to the first cause much more serious consequences.

Clinical signs correspond to the general signs of venous bleeding. Only their consequences and first aid methods differ, since it is forbidden to apply tight circular bandages to the neck.

Dangers of venous bleeding from neck injuries:

• Intense blood loss;
• More bleeding occurs from the upper end of the vein;
• The risk of air embolism associated with the direction of blood flow to the heart through the neck veins. When the victim is in an upright position, venous pressure decreases, which can cause air to be sucked into the vein. As a result, an air embolism occurs in the arteries of the systemic circle;
• Cerebrovascular accidents, cerebral edema.

In case of venous bleeding, the following first aid measures are provided, point by point:

1. Press the ends of the bleeding vessels through the skin;
2. Clamp the vein in the wound;
3. Pack and press firmly on the wound with a peroxide napkin;
4. If bleeding is from the internal jugular vein, it must be sutured as quickly as possible.

You need to remain calm during any bleeding. Only consistent adoption of first aid measures, as well as prompt delivery of victims to a medical facility, will allow them to survive the injury with the least possible consequences.