Wound granulation. Prevention of the development of complications at the stage of healing of damaged tissues. Wound healing

In response to injury to body tissues, complex mechanism restoration of the previous functioning and integrity of organ systems. This process is called tissue regeneration. There are three stages in the development of this mechanism. Their duration is individual for each person and directly depends on his age and the state of the immune system.

The prognosis of the healing time of a particular injury is also made on the basis of observations of the nature of the injury and depends on its severity. All types of wounds are divided into two types according to the depth of damage:

Simple - the integrity of the skin, adipose tissue, as well as the structure of adjacent muscles is violated.
Complex wounds are characterized by damage internal organs, large veins and arteries, bone fractures.

The stages of regeneration are the same for any damage, regardless of its origin and type.

Shulepin Ivan Vladimirovich, traumatologist-orthopedist, highest qualification category

The total work experience is more than 25 years. In 1994 he graduated from the Moscow Institute of Medical and Social Rehabilitology, in 1997 he completed residency in the specialty "Traumatology and Orthopedics" at the Central Research Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics named after I.I. N.N. Prifova.

All systems of human organs have the ability to restore the structure. However, the rate of their regeneration is different. In case of damage, the skin is especially quickly restored. Reparative changes in other systems take much longer.

Interesting fact! Until recently, scientists were sure that nerve endings do not have the ability to recover. But modern research proved that the CNS forms new neurons, albeit extremely slowly.

The following phases of reparative regeneration of damaged tissues are distinguished:

Inflammatory stage;
granulation stage;
Stage of scar formation;

Each of these phases has distinct external manifestations gradually replacing each other as the wound heals.

Features of the course of the stage of inflammation

Immediately after tissue integrity is violated, a complex enzymatic mechanism leading to blood clotting and cessation of bleeding. There are two stages in this process:

Primary hemostasis characterized sharp narrowing vessels in the damaged area and mechanical clogging of broken capillary walls with platelet aggregates, which form a kind of plug. The average time for this phase is 3 minutes.
Secondary hemostasis proceeds with the participation of the fibrin protein, which forms blood clots and thickens the blood. As a result of its formation, the blood will change its consistency, becoming curdled, and lose its fluidity. The process of fibrin clot formation takes 10-12 minutes.

Depending on the depth of the damage and the nature of the bleeding, I put stitches on the wound or are limited to a bandage. If the injured area was not infected with pathogenic microflora, after the bleeding stops, gradual tissue regeneration begins.

External manifestations of the stage of inflammation:

Puffiness. It arises as a result of increased release of plasma of destroyed cells into the intercellular space.
Local rise in temperature. Injury to tissues leads to a sharp violation of blood circulation, which leads to a change in the temperature balance.
Redness of the damaged area. This phenomenon is also explained by changes in microcirculation and an increase in the permeability of capillary walls.

Usually the phase of inflammation proceeds within 5-7 days.

All sutures are removed after its completion, if there are no purulent discharge and there are clear signs of healing of the injured area. Gradually, the formation of new tissues begins, and the recovery process flows into the granulation stage.

Characteristics of the granulation stage

The inflammatory reaction characteristic of the damaged area is replaced by the processes of wound cleansing and exfoliation of dead cells. At the same time, granulation tissue is formed. Its formation begins at the periphery of the wound, and only then does the neoplasm reach the center of the injured area.

Restorative processes are actively going on in the young tissue, primarily the growth of new capillaries. They reach the wound surface, and then, forming loops, return deep into the tissue. The damaged surface becomes grainy, bright red. Due to its appearance tissue and is called granulation tissue.

The appearance of the granulation cover may vary depending on the location of the injury. On the skin and mucous membranes, it looks like a soft-grained, red area, the surface of which is often covered with plaque. In the thickness of the internal organs, granulation tissue is easily recognizable by its rich color and larger structure.

The newly formed tissue is very delicate, with a careless touch, you can easily cause bleeding due to the large number of capillaries that form.

Interesting! There are no nerve endings in the thickness of the granulation formation, so touching it does not cause pain.

The granulation tissue lining the wound consists of six distinct layers:

Leukocyte-necrotic layer. Formed from sloughing cells. Covers the wound for a long time until the scar is completely formed.
layer of blood vessels and capillaries. If wound healing is delayed, thick collagen fibers are formed in this layer, which are parallel to the surface of the damaged area.
Layer of vertical vessels. The capillaries of this layer are surrounded by amorphous tissue. Fibroblasts are actively synthesized in it - cells that form connective tissue fibers.
maturation layer. It develops cells that form the basis of the surface layers. Here, the fibroblasts formed in the deep layers take their final form.
The layer of horizontal fibroblasts increases as the wound heals. Consists of young fibroblasts and a large number of collagen fibers.
The fibrous layer is a barrier that protects the internal environment of the body from external factors. It has pronounced bactericidal properties, blocks the effects of pathogens.

The main role in the formation of granulation formation belongs to fibroblasts - cells involved in the synthesis of collagen. With sufficient accumulation, the granulation stage passes into a new phase - the formation of a scar.

Stages of wound healing. Visual picture. Daily photo report for two weeks

Scar formation stage

The longest phase of the wound healing process.

It takes about a year to form a dense scar.

Initially, it retains a rich red color, but then acquires a skin color. This is explained by a decrease in the number of blood vessels in the connective tissue after the completion of the wound granulation stage.

Interesting! The density of scar tissue is very high. It makes up more than 80% of the density of healthy skin.

However, the newly formed tissue does not have the ability to stretch. Formed on the skin in the area of the joints, it can interfere with the normal flexion of the limbs, leading to limited mobility of the individual.

The duration of each phase of healing depends on many factors. The age of the patient has the greatest influence. Observations have shown that the stage of formation of the cicatricial phase passes much faster in children of the prepubertal period.

Infection of the wound leads to an increase in the healing time. Weak immunity, diseases patients also have Negative influence for the regeneration process.

Importance of the granulation phase for tissue repair

Granulation stage of new tissue formation difficult process, which involves several groups of cells. It consists of:

Plasma cells are cells that synthesize antibodies, which, in turn, are responsible for the body's immune response.
Histiocytes. They perform a protective function, inactivating foreign objects that enter the newly formed tissue layer.
Fibroblasts responsible for secreting the collagen precursor protein.
Leukocytes - protect the body from any pathogenic agents.
Mast cells are one of the components of the formed connective tissue.

The entire cycle of maturation of granulation tissue takes 20-30 days.

It should be remembered that this is a temporary formation that will be replaced by dense scar tissue. Most of it is made up of newly formed capillaries. Over time, the thin walls of the vessels are covered with new cells, which continue to divide, forming a dense layer that tightens the site of damage.

Treatment of injured areas in the granulation phase

Granulation tissue has a delicate, loose structure. It is easy to damage it by touching carelessly or carelessly changing the bandage. When treating a wound, you should be as careful as possible.

It is not allowed to wipe the surface of the damaged area with cotton pads, swabs.

Only irrigation of the wound with warm bactericidal solutions is permissible. There are several types of treatment for injured tissue:

Physiotherapy;
medication;
Treatment at home;

When choosing a method of treatment, it is necessary to take into account the nature of the wound, as well as the characteristics of its healing.

Physiotherapy treatment method

Of the specific ways to accelerate regeneration, one should single out the method ultraviolet irradiation. When it is used, the surface of the damaged area is cleansed of pathogenic microflora, and the regeneration processes are significantly accelerated. This method will be especially relevant for slowly forming, sluggishly granulating tissue. Indications for the use of radiation:

wound infection;
Profuse purulent discharge;
Weakened immunity and, as a result, a violation of the mechanisms of reparation;

However, other methods of treatment are used to speed up the healing of the injury. Most often resort to medical methods wound surface treatment.

The use of drugs at the granulation stage

Correctly selected medication promotes faster epithelialization of the wound. As a rule, with hypergranulation, doctors recommend using gel forms of drugs. Whereas with excessively rapid drying of the surface of the damaged area, ointments are used.

The main drugs used at the granulation stage:

One of the most popular drugs prescribed at this stage is Solcoseryl. Granulation of sutures, healing of damaged areas after burns and other injuries of the skin are accompanied by the appearance of unaesthetic scars. Solcoseryl contributes to the formation of a more homogeneous connective tissue, which looks much more natural.

Home treatment of a wound in the granulation phase

Folk methods of treating injuries should be resorted to only with minor damage to the skin (minor cuts on the fingers, first-degree burns, slight frostbite).

St. John's wort oil has long been the most well-known agent that promotes cell regeneration.

To prepare the oil, mix 300 ml sunflower oil with 30-50 grams of dried St. John's wort. The resulting mixture is boiled in a water bath for no more than 30 minutes.

Cooled St. John's wort oil is soaked in gauze bandages and applied to the damaged area.

Options for further development of the granulation stage

If the first and second stages of wound healing passed without complications, then gradually the damaged area is completely covered with dense scar tissue and the regeneration process is successfully completed.

However, sometimes the mechanisms of tissue repair fail. For example, there is necrosis of areas adjacent to the wound.

This condition is extremely dangerous for the patient and requires immediate surgical intervention.

A necrectomy is an operation to remove dead tissue.

If the wound is infected with pathogenic microflora, the healing process can be delayed for a long time. Antibiotics are used to restore normal tissue regeneration.

The granulation stage of healing of the damaged area is a complex adaptive mechanism aimed at the speedy separation of the internal environment of the body from unfavorable conditions. external influences. It provides the formation of new layers of tissue to replace the damaged ones. Thanks to the granulation stage, the trophism of the injured area is restored and other, deeper tissues are protected.

The wound healing system of our body. The most important stage of granulation.

Everyone in the course of daily activities receives minor cuts, cracks, abrasions, minor burns or other superficial skin wounds. These small wounds are often very annoying and not severe enough to warrant a visit to the doctor. Typically, these changes are not dangerous, but can cause great discomfort. That is why it is very important to speed up the healing process. So how do you heal a wound quickly?

Acute and chronic wounds

Wounds are divided into acute and chronic. Acute ones occur after cuts or operations. These wounds heal quickly (2-7 days) and, if properly cared for, are not a major problem. Chronic wounds, those that do not heal within a week, even though hygiene is maintained. In this situation, not only the treatment of wounds becomes a necessity, but, above all, to find the reasons for this. Non-healing wounds may indicate a serious illness of the body.

Chronic wounds are more likely to affect the elderly. There may be several reasons. Worse tissue regeneration, the inability of the elderly to treat the wound, serious illness, such as a wound that is difficult to treat in diabetes (permanently elevated blood sugar leads to damage to the arteries, a process that ends in injuries and even amputation of the foot) or venous insufficiency when the wounds are the result of a nutritional disorder of the tissues of the leg.
A wound that does not heal within two weeks should be cause for concern. Especially when there is additional symptoms redness, swelling, or pain that indicates an infection or inflammation. You should then immediately go to the doctor to determine the cause. The sooner treatment is carried out, the greater the chance for rapid healing.

1. Formation of wounds

In order to understand what are the possibilities of accelerating the process and what substances can affect the healing process, it is worth referring to the individual stages of the process. Injury to the skin triggers an inflammatory reaction, which leads to the accumulation on the surface of a fluid that contains, among other things, growth factors, and whose main function is to stimulate the proliferation and migration of immune cells to the wound area. These substances work best in a moist environment, and drying an open wound greatly prolongs the healing process. Under the influence of the above factors, epithelial cells and intact hair follicles grow to cover the injury site and lead to the formation of a new epithelium covering the wound. In this case, the wound heals without scarring.

2. Stages of wound healing

As we can see, the healing process is complex and involves many defense and regeneration mechanisms in our body.

First of all, very important for the healing process proper cleansing wounds. The skin should be cleaned under running cold water or an inert liquid such as saline. The use of substances containing alcohol, iodine, to cleanse damaged skin is not desirable, and the use of such compositions can additionally irritate the skin and cause large wounds. In addition, this opening of the wound causes desiccation, which delays the regeneration of the epidermis and makes it an easy target for microbes. In order to speed up the healing process, keeping the wound surface moist is essential. Such an environment delays the formation of a crust. It is worth after cleaning the wound, apply a substance that provides a moist environment in the area of \u200b\u200bdamaged skin.

Several types of bacteria always live on human skin, which usually do not pose a danger to the body, but during skin damage, there is a risk of infection. In addition, in the case of wounds, abrasions and burns, we are exposed to a number of bacteria in the external environment. That is why the drug applied to the wound surface must have antibacterial properties.

3. Speed up wound healing

A good choice for those minor skin lesions combination drug, in the form of an ointment for topical application to the skin. Dosage form provides sufficient moisture to the wound so that the healing process continues as quickly as possible. It is desirable that such a composition has the composition active substances with antibacterial activity. The influence of antibiotics reduces the risk of developing resistant strains.

Healing stages

Wounds, scratches, cuts, happen every day. To facilitate understanding of first aid in such cases, you should know the four stages of treatment:

1. Inflammation

Immediate defensive reaction body to any injury - this is the expansion of blood vessels to speed up the transport of blood to damaged tissue - the blood vessels become more permeable, which allows the transfer of fluids and white blood cells (leukocytes) from the blood to the tissues. An increase in blood flow causes unpleasant, but transient symptoms:

- an increase in tissue temperature due to an increase in blood circulation;
- redness due to vasodilation (vasodilation);
- edema caused by exudation of blood to the tissues;
- pain due to increased tension and excess fluid in the tissues.

2. Thrombus

After a wound, for at least 10 minutes, depending on the extent of the injury, the body forms a clot (thrombus) that connects the edges of the wound to prevent excessive blood loss.

3. Removal of dead tissue.

White blood cells begin the process of absorption of microorganisms, dead cells and foreign substances, having previously cleaned the wound site. The damaged cells are then released chemical substances to stimulate blood flow and attract more white blood cells to the site of injury. Dead white blood cells containing excess microorganisms and decomposition products are partially removed through lymphatic system and partially form a purulent discharge.

4. Wound healing.

In the following days, common tissues and epithelium grow, replacing the damaged surface of the skin. In the case of extensive injuries, a scar forms over the entire surface of the wound. The immune system and leukocytes play another important role They produce antibodies that help the body fight infection. Therefore, the healing process runs smoothly if general state the patient's health is good. A weakened immune system greatly reduces the body's ability to fight infections and impairs wound healing. The fever that occurs when there is extensive injury from an infection is part of a defense mechanism that helps fight infection (an increase in body temperature does not encourage the development of harmful microorganisms) and speeds up the healing process (fever increases blood flow and nutrients in the damaged area).

First aid

- Stop the bleeding

Bleeding wound requires immediate application direct pressure. A piece of clean material that absorbs moisture, such as gauze bandages, towels, or a napkin, is placed in place of the wound and pressed firmly. If possible, the victim himself should clamp the wound, because he knows better with what force to do this. In general, pressure stops bleeding within 1-2 minutes. If blood leaks out, another layer of material must be applied and pressure continued. It is safe to apply a sterile compress to open wounds. Very severe bleeding can be quickly stopped using a hemostatic agent.

– Reduced pressure in damaged blood vessels

Wound treatment should be carried out as soon as possible to prevent infection and injury to the skin. The entire area around the injury site is washed with soap and water, hydrogen peroxide, antiseptic or water. This reduces the number of bacteria, foreign objects, and dead tissue fragments that threaten the wound. The wound (wound surface) should be gently washed with water and gauze or a cotton swab 2 times a day, in the direction from the wound outward, to avoid infection with skin bacteria. Then stick a patch and leave it overnight. The patch should only be applied when the wound is wet.

- Wound dressing

Exposure to air causes the formation of crusts, which slows down the process of growing new cells. Therefore, a sterile bandage with plastic or gauze lubricated with petroleum jelly is applied to the wound. This prevents the wound from drying out and allows a small amount of air to enter. Cell regeneration is faster in moist tissues.
After the bleeding stops, wrap the wound with an elastic bandage in the right direction - the blood should flow freely. The bandage must be controlled, it should not interfere with blood circulation.

Ways to accelerate wound healing

In modern regenerative medicine, hygiene without the use of chemicals is preferred. The method of maintaining hygiene affects the healing rate of all skin lesions. Chemical cleaning wound care products (soaps, gels, shampoos, etc.) can irritate the wound and delay the healing process, but cleaning is necessary to prevent secondary infection.
Therefore, the original solution is to maintain daily hygiene using a natural air-water sterilizing effect. Thanks to this, the healing process goes without interference, intensifies and occurs much faster. In addition, the microbubbles perform a unique micro-massage that stimulates blood flow within the wound. For these reasons, the constant use of microbubbles in daily hygiene significantly reduces the appearance of scars.
Japanese experts in water nanotechnology have developed and patented homemade drug bubble generators in the form of shower heads and systems, bath faucets.

Traditional medicine for healing

Herbal infusions and oils can be added to the bath to further enhance the therapeutic effect.

Herbs are wound healing.
The compress is soaked in a chilled and strained solution of herbs, and then applied to the wound. Recommended tinctures: nettle, sage, yarrow and St. John's wort.
Ointment for wounds.
The best are ointments containing broad-spectrum antibiotics, such as Fenistil or Bipanten. People using antibacterial ointments show 30% faster healing and less scarring. Popular ointments containing preservatives can cause allergies - redness and itching around the wound, which can cause a secondary infection. Preparations containing components are the best alternative for local treatment wounds with pharmaceuticals. Recommended: Green clay, honey, ointments based on echinacea, arnica, calendula and oregano, broom, coconut, argan oil and essential oils to support wound healing:

rosemary oil;
essential oil of bergamot;
patchouli oil;
rose oil;
geranium oil.

Allantoin facilitates the separation of necrotic tissue and wound cleansing, stimulates the epidermal mucous membranes and skin. Hyaluronic acid as a component of the skin plays a key role in all stages of wound healing: accelerates wound scarring and clot formation (at least 3 times faster). Promotes renewal of the epidermis. Hyaluronate-containing preparations are recommended as a supplement for the healing of all types of wounds.

A DOCTOR should be contacted in the following cases:

- blood from the wound pulsates and its color is light red - this may be due to damage to the artery;
- it is not possible to remove all foreign bodies from the wound;
- an injury to a place where there should not be a scar, for example, a face;
- around the wound there is pus or redness along the edges of the wound wider than a finger;
— big wound in which the bottom is visible - it needs to be sewn up!
- the wound is deep and may result in damage to blood vessels, nerves, tendons, ligaments and / or muscles (for example, puncture wounds.)
- a wound caused by a bullet - a gunshot wound;
- any wound on the head, serious wounds of the abdomen and chest;
- the injury does not begin to heal within 24 hours;
Need injections for tetanus. The large surface of the wound and its contamination with earth, objects that were in the ground, dust are indications for the introduction of antitetanus serum. If you don't remember when you last received a dose of vaccine, be sure to see a doctor on the day of the injury!

If the wound does not heal - the reasons

It is true that chronic wounds are difficult to heal, especially in the elderly. However, wound problems are often associated with non-compliance with the rules of conduct - the wrong choice of hygiene, medicine, or neglect of them. Very often, therapeutic measures are directed only at the wound, and not at the removal of the cause. And this is a mistake! Wound healing depends primarily on the underlying disease.

The most common mistake that prevents wounds from healing is changing dressings too often.

The rule is this: the dressing should be changed as often as necessary and as little as possible. In the case of chronic wounds, it is changed once a week, and with abundant discharge from the wound - every 2-3 days. Frequent change damages the new one, soft tissue and destroys reparative processes.

The second mistake is to pour disinfectant liquids into the wound (for example, hydrogen peroxide or salicylic alcohol, as well as iodine).

Wounds are also not treated with antibiotics. These disinfectants and antibiotics cause damage to healthy cells and slow wound healing.

The safest environment for a wound is normal saline and drugs that prevent the entry of pathogens and infections from outside, but do not damage environment wounds. Vaseline or zinc-based ointment also cannot be classified as good decision. They are only used to protect the skin around the wound.

1. Wounds are washed saline, 0.9% or Ringer's solution. Do not use disinfectants - alcohol, iodine or hydrogen peroxide, because they destroy the newly formed very delicate skin and granulation newly formed tissues.
2. Avoid frequent and excessive application to the wound (without consulting a doctor) of ointments, creams and gel.
3. The wound must be in a humid environment, thanks to modern dressings. They do not stick to the wound surface, so they do not cause tissue damage and pain.
4. The skin around the wound is nourished with preparations with a slightly acidic PH, which inhibits the growth of harmful bacteria.
5. The wound should not have any contact with clothing and the dressing should be positioned to prevent contamination.
6. Depending on the stage of healing, the doctor indicates the frequency of dressing changes, preferably once a week.

Preparations for rapid wound healing

There are hundreds various types drugs. They can be divided into the following types:

hydrogels (For example, Intrasitegel, aquagel) - capable of absorbing exudate, maintaining high humidity, and also having cleansing properties, which leads to hydration of necrotic tissues;
hydrocolloids (eg Granuflex, Tegasorb), which are in the form of layered plates and form a gel upon contact with the exudate, which occurs during the granulation process;
dextromers (For example, Acudex, Debrisan) - dressings consisting of polysaccharide grains form a gel upon contact with wound exudate; used to treat large, deep, and infected bedsores;
alginates dressings (e.g. Kaltrostat, Tegagel.) - Dressings, natural polysaccharides derived from seaweed with very high absorbent properties;
semi-permeable polyurethane film (eg Opsite, Tegaderm.) - Able to allow free evaporation from the surface of the wound exudate, but impermeable to water and bacteria from the outside.

How to speed up wound healing?

1. Medicines applied topically

The classic plaster or dressing has now been replaced by the so-called hydrocolloid dressings. Preparations of this type Fenistil for wounds. Acid hydrocolloid creates optimal conditions for wound healing. Provides sufficient moisture to dry wounds, absorbs excess exudate from the wound, protects against external factors. As a result, the dressing hydrocolloid accelerates tissue repair and reduces scarring. Such a bandage can be applied to the wound surface, such as minor abrasions, cuts and wounds - bedsores. They should not, however, be applied to festering wounds. The drugs are applied directly to the wound. In addition, you can apply a regular bandage or plaster on top.

To accelerate the healing of serious wounds, Solcoseryl is prescribed in the form of a gel on a wet wound and Solcoseryl ointment on a dry wound and Curiosin gel. The preparations are applied to the cleaned wound 2 times a day. The active ingredient of Solcoseryl is dialysate from the blood of calves, which facilitates the access of oxygen and nutrients to the cells inside the wound. In Curiosina active ingredient zinc hyaluronate - provides adequate hydration, an appropriate response of inflammatory cells.

With slow healing festering wounds drugs can be used to speed up the cleaning. Ichthyol ointment has an anti-inflammatory effect, slightly astringent. It can be used for boils, 2-3 times a day. The drugs may temporarily irritate the skin.

The new skin that forms must be properly hydrated and nourished from the outside. It is necessary to apply ointments or moisturizing creams with allantoin (Alantan), dexpanthenol (Bephanten, Dermopanten), vitamin ointments. Creams are safe and can be used several times a day for adults and children.

2. Diet and nutritional supplements to speed up healing

For large cuts, surgical wounds, it is important to supplement the amount of vitamin C in the body. It participates together with the amino acids lysine, proline, in the formation of collagen, which is a kind of scaffolding for cells. The body cannot synthesize vitamin C and lysine, so it must be obtained from the diet. Foods rich in lysine are hard cheeses, legumes, fish, meat. Take vitamin C supplements with high content- 1 g, preferably of natural origin.

Before surgery, and also to promote skin regeneration, it is worth enriching your diet with omega-3 preparations, take linseed oil, B vitamins, especially vitamin B5, vitamin A and E.

What to eat to speed up healing?

Carnosine.
It should be borne in mind that the wound healing process is supported by carnosine. As a rule, the main source of carnosine is beef and pork. If, however, by different reasons, the patient can not eat meat, you need to take drugs containing carnosine. Carnosine is thought to help heal pressure sores (and prevent new ones from forming), but it actually helps heal all wounds. Colostrum, or the first milk that is produced after childbirth, is unique immune system support. Colostrum accelerates the healing of all types of wounds.

How long will the wound heal

All of us experience injuries from time to time. How to speed up the healing process and, if possible, avoid scars, read our article.

By the 7-8th day, granulation tissue replaces a significant part blood clot, which is preserved only in the central part of the hole. The first signs of bone neoplasm appear in the form of small osteoid beams. Where the bone was damaged during the operation, it undergoes lacunar resorption. Resorption begins and the inner compact surface of the hole. Simultaneously with the formation of granulation tissue, the epithelium grows from the side of the gum edges. The first signs of wound epithelialization are detected already on the 3rd day after tooth extraction. Complete epithelialization of the wound surface (depending on its size) is completed by the 14-18th day.

A slight swelling of the gums and its redness after tooth extraction is considered commonplace. Should cause concern inflammation that does not go away within 5 days, incessant pain, the presence of pus, fever, increased bleeding, bad breath.

Inflammation after removal can also occur for the following reasons:

Anesthesia, if it was chosen incorrectly.
Damage to the gums during tooth extraction.
The operation technique is broken.

First aid

The basic rule for any injury is immediate treatment. The sooner you take action, the lower the risk of infection in an open wound. The wound should be washed with clean water to remove foreign bodies (if any), and then disinfected with any antiseptic. Please note that the edges of the wound also need to be disinfected.

Wound contraction

Wound contraction is one of the most powerful mechanical forces in the body. About the exact biological mechanism underlying this process, there are different, often opposite, points of view. In addition, surgeons consider the process of wound contraction both beneficial and unfavorable factor. Even ancient physicians knew that open skin wounds would heal if kept clean and protected with bandages. In the process of healing, the edges of the wound come close to full contact with each other, providing scarring of the wound.

In many cases contraction wound, which is a normal, active biological process, leads to the formation contracture - persistent deformations, accompanied by both cosmetic defect and dysfunction in the patient. The most dramatic are contractures of the skin and hollow organs. Loss of skin due to burn or mechanical injury may be accompanied by contracture, because in the process of wound healing, the edges of the skin come together to close it. If a skin flap is not transplanted here, a contracture will form. This is especially often observed in the area of the flexor surface of the joints, for example, on the neck or on the palmar surface of the fingers. But the process is not limited to the skin. Any type of damage to hollow organs, such as the esophagus or common bile duct, can trigger the process of cicatricial contraction, leading to the development of strictures that mechanically impair the function of the hollow organ. Researchers note the presence of fibroblast-like cells in the contracting open skin wound, in the cytoplasm of which there are components characteristic of both fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells. These cells are called myofibroblasts. When strips of granulation tissue from an open wound are placed in a bath of water, they contract in the presence of agonists of smooth muscle function and relax in the presence of their antagonists. Moreover, myofibroblasts have been found in significant numbers in human tissue in several conditions such as Dupuytren's contracture, post-burn contractures, and contractures around silicone breast prostheses capsules. The peak number of these cells is noted in the process of scar contraction and after its completion.

All attempts to use pharmacological preparations to correct wound convergence have failed. For example, some investigators have tried to slow the contraction of an open wound with inhibitors of smooth muscle function such as trocinate, which only worked as long as it remained on the wound surface. Splinting in the area of emerging contracture does not prevent its formation. As soon as the tire is removed, powerful biological forces move the edges of the wound to the position in which they would be if the splint was not applied at all. At surgical treatment contractures, there are a number of proven principles. First, it is necessary to establish whether the scar is mature or immature. A mature scar is soft and pliable, while an immature scar can be fixed, indurated, hypertrophic, and even tense. Residual myofibroblasts and inflammatory cells trying to create a contracture under the skin graft, as well as other attempts to close an immature scar. In the fight against contractures, it is preferable to replace defects with flaps consisting of skin and subcutaneous tissue, and in some cases - muscle tissue. Since the flap consists of several components and replaces the defect of all soft tissues in the wound, contractures after such a transplant are rarely observed.

For some unknown reason, contractures are less common after closure of open wounds with a whole skin graft than with a split one. It's not about the measured thickness of the graft, but about whole or split. In any case, before transplantation, a splint should be applied to fully open the wound. This may take several months. Splinting is necessary until all myofibroblasts and inflammatory cells have disappeared from the wound. The length of time the splint should remain in place is determined by "clinical judgement" and there is no scientific recommendation for this.

epithelialization

All surfaces in contact with the external environment are covered with epithelium. The skin is an example, although the mechanisms of epithelialization are the same throughout the body. The skin is covered with epidermis, which is a stratified squamous stratified epithelium that protects the body from moisture loss, invasion of microorganisms and injury. Wounds with partial skin damage in depth heal by [i]epithelization. In this case, two main phenomena are observed: migration and proliferation of epithelial cells. After the destruction of the epithelium, a blood clot is formed. When it dries, a scab forms, which protects the deeper layers of the wound. The healing process begins with migration epithelial cells, which is independent of their proliferation. Migration is the dominant process. The migratory cells grow from the epithelium of the wound margin and the epithelium of the hair follicles and sebaceous glands remaining in the bottom of the wound. Superficial wounds without damage to the basement membrane regenerate very quickly. Deeper dermal wounds, such as burn wounds in which the basement membrane is destroyed, can also heal by epithelialization and, although this takes longer, the result is often satisfactory. One of the best means not only epithelialization, but also healing is the drug iruksol instruction.

Regardless of the type of damage, migration begins precisely in the basal layer of the epidermis and in deeply located hair follicles and sweat glands. The cells flatten and send out their cytoplasmic processes, which penetrate into the surrounding tissues. These cells also lose contact with neighboring basal cells and begin to migrate. A few days after migration, the migrated cells begin to divide.

On the outer surface of the granulation tissue, fluid is exuded, cells are released, new vascular offspring appear and, thus, the tissue layer grows and enlarges and fills the wound cavity with it.

Simultaneously with the filling of the wound cavity, its surface is covered with epithelium (epithelization). From the edges, from neighboring areas, from the remains excretory ducts glands, from randomly preserved groups of epithelial cells, they multiply, not only by growing from the edges of continuous layers of the epithelium, but also by forming separate islands on the granulation tissue, which then merge with the epithelium coming from the edges of the wound. The healing process generally ends when the epithelium covers the surface of the wound. Only with very large surfaces of the wounds, their epithelium may not be closed, and it becomes necessary to transplant the skin from another part of the body.

If you immediately lubricate a fresh abrasion with clean resin-resin of pine, spruce, fir, it will heal very quickly.

For the treatment of abscesses, ulcers, cuts, abrasions, boils, an ointment is prepared from spruce resin, sunflower oil, honey and wax. The ingredients are taken equally, melted in a water bath, mixed and used to lubricate sore spots.

For long non-healing wounds, there is another effective remedy - burdock and celandine ointment. The crushed roots of celandine and burdock (20 and 30 g each) are poured into 100 ml of sunflower oil and boiled over low heat for 15 minutes, removed, filtered, cooled and lubricated with sore spots several times a day - after a week, the wounds usually heal.

Second-degree sunburn also takes about two weeks. It is important not to infect with a cream, which cannot be used with a second-degree burn. The wound healing process can be accelerated by applying a disinfectant and eating healthy food which will help tissues recover faster.

(b) In heavily contaminated wounds, the use of antibiotics is curative, not preventive purpose. However, in the treatment of wounds of this type, surgical debridement, drainage and washing are of paramount importance.

(2) The use of antibiotics is most justified for conditionally contaminated wounds. Antibiotics must be administered before or during surgical debridement. Antibiotics have practically no effect when administered later than 3 hours after infection of the wound with bacteria.

(3) The type of antibiotic used depends on the nature of the potential infectious agent. After surgery on the intestines, patients should be prescribed antibiotics that are effective against anaerobic and gram-negative microorganisms. After surgery on the upper half of the body, patients should be given antibiotics against gram-positive cocci.

E. Wound dehiscence (wound failure) is considered a serious complication.

1. Divergence of the edges of the wound usually occurs in the early postoperative period(usually 7-10 days after surgery), when the strength of the emerging scar is small and tissue tension is observed (for example, with flatulence, intestinal obstruction, pulmonary pathology).

2. The discrepancy can be the result of any of the factors discussed in section I D. In addition, when the wound heals, its edges release collagen-splitting enzymes. In the presence of complications, the risk of destruction of the tissue on which the sutures were applied increases. Renal or liver failure also increases the frequency of wound dehiscence.

3. The divergence of all layers of the postoperative wound usually requires urgent reoperation (for example, the divergence of a laparotomic wound can lead to eventration).

E. Scars resulting from wound healing may have different character. Over time, they are often rebuilt (thus, often initially rough and even disfiguring scars after a few months, and sometimes years, become cosmetically quite acceptable).

According to the degree of contamination and the presence of signs of infection, all wounds are divided into:

- Aseptic - surgical wounds with "clean" surgical interventions Oh
- Contaminated - wounds contaminated with microflora, but without signs of suppuration. These include all accidental wounds after their application and part of surgical wounds.
- Infected - purulent wounds.

cut called violation of the integrity of the skin, carried out with the help of a sharp object. Shallow wounds of this nature affect only the dermis and subcutaneous fat layer. For their treatment, most often no special means are required. More deep cuts are called cut wounds. As a result of such damage, the integrity of the muscles, ligaments, tendons and nerves, as well as blood vessels, is violated. Such wounds can be dangerous, and the patient should definitely see a doctor.

The main factor that provokes the appearance of cuts is the careless use of sharp objects both at home and at work. Also, cuts can appear during injury, including during an attack.

Also, injuries of this type appear when falling on glass or untreated knotty logs, after which fragments of glass or wood chips can be found in the wound. Sometimes cleansing the wound is very difficult, then you need to see a doctor. In rare cases, even an x-ray has to be taken to detect fragments. It is prescribed if the wound long time does not tighten, the tissue turns red and exudate oozes from it.

Kinds

Cuts differ in the type of objects with which they are applied:

blunt objects that leave wounds with torn edges. Such wounds usually appear in the area of the bones ( on knees, fingers). The tissues around such wounds are very swollen and severely injured, they are harder to scar, since their edges are uneven,
sharp objects that leave cut wounds. Such wounds can be quite deep and affect not only the upper layers of tissues, but also deeper ones,
thin and sharp objects that leave puncture wounds,
combined injuries that remain after exposure to sharp and blunt objects.

What symptoms to look out for?

Most often, bleeding with a cut stops after 10 minutes without the use of any means. If it does not stop for 20 minutes or longer, and also if the wound was caused by a rusty, dirty object, if there is earth in the wound, pieces of glass, you must definitely see a doctor.

In addition, you need to visit a doctor if the anti-tetanus serum was introduced more than 5 years ago, and the injury was made by a rusty or dirty object.
If the cut is on the face, the wound is long or deep enough, if its edges do not close with a band-aid, a doctor's help is needed. Dangerous are deep wounds in the area of \u200b\u200bthe joints, on the chest, neck, face, palms. Also, you should definitely show the wounds to the doctor if the victim is a baby, if the tissue around the wound turns red, swells and hurts. These are signs of infection. Attention should be paid if tissue around the wound has lost sensitivity. If the blood does not stop, the victim has impaired motor skills of the limbs or fingers, or if he is in shock, you need to urgently call an ambulance.

Complications

injury to large veins and arteries,
cut infection ( the wound hurts, becomes covered with pus, turns red),
tetanus. This is a severe disease affecting nervous system. It is incurable. The pathogen develops in deep wounds without access to oxygen. To prevent the development of the disease, tetanus toxoid is administered, which has been in effect for ten years.

Incised extensor tendon injury

The extensor tendons begin at nail phalanges and end in the middle of the forearm. It is through these tendons that impulses are transmitted from the muscles to the fingers for their extension. If in the upper part these tendons are rather thick and round, then near the nail phalanges they are flat bands.

These tendons from below are adjacent to the bone, and from above they are covered only by the skin. That is, it is not difficult to damage them. Even a small cut can cause injury. Often they break away from the place of attachment to the bone, while the skin may not even be torn. After the tendon is torn, the finger can no longer fully extend.

In case of cuts, the tendons are sutured surgically. Often, a tendon injury is combined with a bone injury, extensive soft tissue injuries. In such cases, treatment is complicated, prolonged and may not lead to an absolute cure. Sometimes you need a whole series of surgical interventions to get the result.

Treatment and stop bleeding

Treatment of shallow and non-extensive cuts consists in the following activities that the victim or nearby people can do without the help of doctors:

wound cleansing,
blood stop,
sterile wound closure
antiseptic treatment.

Cleansing the wound carried out with water soapy water. Washing should be done with a piece of cotton wool or a bandage. Fast rinse wounds allows you to remove sources of infection and prevent wound suppuration. After lathering the wound, rinse thoroughly with clean water. This procedure should be done daily until the wound is completely scarred.
If the wound is very dirty, 3% hydrogen peroxide or an antiseptic solution can also be used.

The wound closes by applying a sterile dressing. Before that, it should be blotted with a clean cloth or bandage to dry after washing. Carefully examine the condition of the wound - it should be clean, the tissues are not torn, move the edges of the cut together. After that, the wound should be applied sterile bandage or a napkin.
If a small child has a cut on the lips or chin, do not apply a bandage, as it will collect food and saliva.
The sterile dressing should not be changed frequently, only if the dressing is loose or dirty. But even in this case, you can not change the bandage, but only bandage it on top again with a clean bandage.

How to stop the bleeding?
The quickest way is to press down on the cut with a clean bandage or cloth. The bandage must be pressed tightly enough and held until the bleeding stops ( sometimes up to a quarter of an hour). This procedure is ineffective only if the arteries are affected. To make the blood flow less intensively, you need to raise the wounded limb up.

Wounds on the head almost always cause profuse bleeding, since there are a lot of blood vessels, it is often necessary to call a doctor to stop the bleeding.

If blood appears through an already applied tight bandage, it should be bandaged even tighter with another piece of bandage. The first dressings should not be removed, as in this case, already clotted blood can be torn off and bleeding can resume.

When the blood is stopped, you need to bandage the affected area quite tightly, but at the same time do not completely pinch it - because this will stop the blood supply to the tissues. You don't need to put a Band-Aid around the limb, which can also interfere with blood flow. To understand how correctly the bandage is applied, you should press down on the nail on the bandaged limb. It first turns white, after which it should quickly return to its pink color. Otherwise, the bandage is too tight and should be loosened up a bit.

Without special need, you should not resort to a tourniquet, since with the help of this tool you can significantly impair blood circulation in the affected limb. Use a tourniquet only in case of urgent need.

Bleeding that doesn't stop after a quarter of an hour can be dangerous! You should call an ambulance or go to the doctor.

Wound treatment with antiseptics
This event is carried out to prevent infection of the wound. Most antiseptics suppress the inflammatory process, reduce the duration of scarring.

Antiseptics can be in the form of a solution in alcohol, water or in the form of a cream.
Aqueous solutions are used to treat wounds, as well as wetting swabs and wipes for sterile dressings. This treatment is completely painless and is often used to treat wounds in babies.

Solutions with alcohol can burn the edges of the affected tissues and lengthen the scarring process. Such preparations should be smeared around the cut. If the solution gets on the wound, it will pinch, the skin around the wound will turn red.

The ointment can be treated with both the wound itself and the napkin that is applied to it. If the wound is wet, the ointment may lengthen the scarring period. If the wound is treated abundantly with ointment and a tight bandage is applied to it, maceration is possible ( softening) edges.

What to do with a finger injury?

If your finger is cut in the kitchen and the wound bleeds heavily enough, you should not try to stop the bleeding by putting your finger under cold water. Such measures will provoke even more bleeding. It's best to just give a thumbs up.

Around the wound, the skin should be coated with iodine, and the surface of the wound itself should be treated with 3% hydrogen peroxide. It is forbidden to smear the wound with Vishnevsky ointment or ichthyol ointment so popular with the masses. Next, you should put a tight bandage on your finger.
Here is a little secret: how to put it on your finger so that it is convenient for them to act, and so that the bandage does not move out. The usual bandaging of the finger most often only leads to the fact that the bandages slip off after a while. And sometimes they dry up to the wound, and then changing the dressing is painful and unpleasant. To prevent all these troubles, you should wrap your finger at the cut site with a ribbon of paper covering the entire phalanx. After that, you can wrap a bandage or stick a patch. Such a paper wrapper will protect the wound, move its edges and help heal faster.
This bandage is easier to remove because the paper will not stick to the wound. According to experienced people, it is best to use white stationery. Before applying it should be treated with hydrogen peroxide.

Ointment treatment

Dexpanthenol
It is produced in the form of ointment, spray, cream and lotion. Contains vitamin B5, quickly heals wounds, restores tissues, can be used to treat mucous membranes. Treat the affected area once a day.

Ointment with chamomile
Relieves inflammation, antiseptic, accelerates tissue repair. Wounds are treated once a day.

Comfrey ointment
Relieves inflammation, stops bleeding, accelerates tissue repair. It is prescribed if the cut does not heal for a long time. The affected surface is treated two or three times a day before going to bed, a bandage is made.

Ointment of calendula
Relieves inflammation, destroys microbes, accelerates tissue repair. It is very indicated for long-term non-scarring cuts. Processing is carried out several times a day.

Betadine
Produced in the form of an iodine solution and ointment. Strong antiseptic. May cause local skin irritation.

Ethonia ointment
It inhibits the development of pathogenic microbes, anesthetizes, accelerates scarring. Processing is carried out once or twice a day. Effective for purulent wounds.

Lifusol
Antiseptic, inhibits the development of microbes. It is prescribed for the treatment of wounds, including very contaminated ( washed first aqueous solution then apply ointment).

Special instructions for the use of certain drugs

If the cut does not scar for a long time, you should drink a course of vitamins of groups B, C, E and A,
Treatment of wounds with iodine can provoke individual intolerance,
People with impaired thyroid function should use iodine supplements only under the direction of a doctor,
Solutions of boric acid cannot be used to treat large surfaces of the body, as the drug is absorbed into the blood and poisoning may develop. It is very dangerous for babies. Signs of poisoning boric acid: nausea, rash, kidney failure, diarrhea,
Alcohol preparations should not be applied to the wound surface, using them only to lubricate the skin around the wound,
Since any alcohol preparations cause a burning sensation, it is undesirable to use them in the treatment of wounds in children,
Deep cuts should not be treated with hydrogen peroxide, as air bubbles are likely to clog vessels,
Lifusol ointment creates a thin protective film on the surface of the wound, which protects the wound from microbes. You can remove it by wiping the body with alcohol,
Lifusol is a combustible agent. In addition, you should not give a tube of ointment to babies.

Antibiotics

In order to prevent the development of pathogenic microflora in not very large cuts, most often only antibiotic ointments are enough. More effective are drugs containing neomycin, tetracycline, bacitracin, polymyxin sulfate, as well as combined drugs. Antibiotic treatment of an untreated and uncleaned wound within four hours after the injury helps reduce the likelihood of complications, relieves pain, and accelerates tissue regeneration. But it is desirable to process an already cleaned cut.

Antibiotics should not be used for too long, as this can create favorable conditions for the development of superinfections ( mycoses). In the event that the cut is quite extensive and even the use of an antibiotic for five days does not give a result, you should definitely visit a doctor.

Ointments containing an antibiotic:

synthomycin liniment,
levomekol,
methyluracil,
gentamicin ointment,
levosin.

What influences the rate of healing?

1. Poor supply of blood and oxygen to tissues adjacent to the wound. The more oxygen in the tissues, the more active phagocytes work in it - immune cells that absorb pathogenic organisms, blood vessels are restored faster, the state of the epithelium is normalized, the production of collagen is accelerated. Lack of oxygen occurs in people with diseases of the heart, lungs, blood vessels that have lost a large number of blood.

2. Body weight, age and diet of the patient. For the production of collagen fibers, proteins, minerals and vitamins, as well as carbohydrates are needed. So, vitamin A is needed for wound epithelialization, vitamin C helps to normalize the state of cell membranes, and zinc accelerates cell recovery. Persons old age with increased body weight inflammatory processes take longer, collagen is slowly produced.

3. Pathogenic microbes. Microbes must immediately penetrate the wound. And only phagocytes can destroy them. If the victim has poor immunity, the wound is very dirty, fragments, dead tissues remain in it, then phagocytes will not be able to do their job. The production of recovery fibers worsens, scarring is inhibited, inflammation lasts longer. Microbes absorb oxygen needed by body tissues. The main dangers for wounds are pyogenic and fecal streptococci, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and E. coli.

4. Diabetes. In such patients, all cuts are scarred very hard and for a long time.

5. Taking certain medications. For example, in patients using glucocorticoids, immunosuppressants inhibit vascular repair, collagen production, and local immunity is worse.

How to get rid of scars?

Cut scars can disfigure any part of the body. But you can get rid of them. It should be borne in mind that the less time has passed since the injury, as well as the shallower the depth of the wound, the more effective will be the treatment of scars.
For right choice method of removing the scar, you must first keep in mind the nature of the injury and its depth.

If the cut was completely shallow, you can use the microdermabrasion method - this is a type of gentle peeling that removes only the most upper cells dermis. The skin is treated with a diamond "abrasive wheel" that exfoliates dead cells, speeding up recovery. The treatment does not cause discomfort at all. Sometimes you need to carry out several procedures. At the same time, between procedures, the skin looks normal, the body does not need to recover as after more severe procedures.

If the cut scars are deep enough, a chemical peel should be used. This is a very efficient procedure. The skin is affected by acids, phenol and retinol, which remove not only the upper, but also the deeper layers of the dermis, leveling it. After the procedure, skin regeneration takes about 7 days.

When should you definitely see a doctor?

In some cases, it is not enough to treat the wound on your own. A doctor should be called if:

blood is ejected from the wound in jerks, if the blood is scarlet, it is likely that a blood vessel has been cut,
blood flows profusely and does not stop,
the cut is in a prominent place and the scar on it is undesirable,
the hands are affected - there are important tendons and nerves,
in the presence of symptoms of inflammation - redness, covering the tissues more than 2 cm around the cut, swelling of the tissues,
increase in body temperature,
the wound is deep enough - in such cases it is necessary to suture,
the wound is dirty last vaccination from tetanus was made more than five years ago,
earth and animal feces got into the wound ( e.g. manure) - in such environments there is a lot of the causative agent of tetanus,
the wound does not heal long enough, exudate flows from it,
after injury, the victim vomits and vomits - this is more true for head injuries in babies.

Help doctor

How can a doctor help with deep or dirty incised wounds?

clean the wound from dirt and splinters,
stitch up,
if nerves, tendons or blood vessels are damaged - send to the hospital,
prescribe antibiotics if the wound is infected,
give an injection against tetanus.

Before use, you should consult with a specialist.

The consequence of any operation is wounds and sutures, the care of which requires special attention. The speed of rehabilitation and the quality of tissue repair depend on how carefully the patient follows the doctor's recommendations. It is important to adhere to the correct drinking regimen, have a good rest, take all the prescribed wound healing pills after surgery, visit the treatment room for timely wound dressing. Physiotherapeutic methods and traditional medicine will also come to the rescue.

The process of appearance and healing of a wound is a complex cellular changes and general reactions organisms that provide the process of recovery and healing. M.N. Kuzin in 1977 created a classification in which he describes the phases of healing of postoperative wounds. They are the following:

phase of inflammation. Consists of period vascular changes and cleaning the wound from necrosis products. At this time, there is a spasm of blood vessels, which is replaced by their expansion. The blood flow becomes slower, the permeability of the vessel wall increases. This provokes traumatic edema. On the one hand, edema is a way to cleanse the wound of dead tissues, on the other hand, it is the reason for the appearance of hypoxia and impaired microcirculation. The action of inflammatory products, developing edema and tissue damage are the causes of pronounced pain syndrome. To make this period as easy as possible, you need to understand how to treat wounds after surgery.
regeneration phase. Granulation tissue begins to develop. It consists mainly of fibroblasts and capillaries, which form collagen fibers and connective tissue substances. Important, that initial stages tissue formation may be accompanied by necrosis. This is an occasion to treat the healing process during this period with particular attention. Later, the process of transformation of granulation tissue into connective scar tissue begins.
The phase of scarring and epithelialization. At this stage, no new granulations are formed. The number of vessels and cell elements decreases, and the granulation tissue is replaced by collagen fibers arranged horizontally. The cells of the basal layer of the skin produce the epithelium. If you know how to treat the wound after removing the stitches, the result of scarring will be very good.

Materials and processing methods

The success of wound healing depends on the functioning of the body. For someone, the wound heals quickly after the operation, for someone it bothers even after the main healing process has passed. The main success depends on how carefully the patient treats his health and follows the recommendations of the doctor.

The healing time of a postoperative wound depends on:

sterility of operations performed with the wound;
the quality of the materials used to treat the wound;
regularity of processing postoperative suture.

Sterility is the first and most important requirement for wound care after surgery. Hands must be thoroughly washed before the procedure. It will be useful to use special disinfectants. It will be useful to know how to treat the wound after removing the stitches. Depending on the type of wound, as an antiseptic, you can use:

a solution of potassium permanganate (do not get carried away by increasing the dosage, otherwise you can get burned);
iodine (only in small amounts, so as not to cause dryness of the skin)4
brilliant green;
medical alcohol;
fukortsin (extreme caution should be exercised, since this wound healing agent is poorly washed off surfaces after surgery);
hydrogen peroxide (may cause burning);
anti-inflammatory drugs, ointments, gels.

The use of these funds can be independent. When using some drugs, you need to consult a doctor.

Wound healing after surgery - not very good fast process. In order for it to deliver a minimum of inconvenience, and complications do not arise, certain rules should be followed:

Disinfection. Hands and tools must be carefully processed.
Accuracy. Remove the stuck bandage very carefully. Before treating a wound after surgery, you can moisten it with hydrogen peroxide and wait a few seconds. It is absolutely impossible to tear off dry crusts and growths from the wound. They must fall off on their own.
Safety. Each time at the time of bandaging, the wound must be treated with an antiseptic using a cotton swab or swab. It would be useful to carefully examine the wound for the presence of inflammation. If it is suspected, a doctor should be consulted. To exclude complications and the development of infection, the optimal frequency with which the wound should be treated after surgery is twice a day.
Protection. Each time after treatment, the wound must be closed by applying one or another type of dressing. The shower must be taken carefully. If the wound cannot yet be wetted, this requirement should be observed.

Wound healing methods

The first method that is used to heal the surgical wound is surgical. It includes such manipulations as surgical treatment of a postoperative wound, suturing. Along with it, surgeons resort to:

antibiotic therapy;
installation of drainage;
the use of narcotic drugs;
the use of regeneration stimulants;
immunotherapy;
the use of vitamin and mineral complexes, hormonal preparations.

The answer to the question of how to speed up wound healing after surgery is simple. Physiotherapy is very effective in recovery. Its main tasks in this process the following:

suppress the development of pathogenic organisms;
prevent the appearance of unwanted inflammation;
slow down the process of rejection of dead tissues;
relieve pain;
stimulate tissue regeneration;
form scars, the size of which will be minimal.

The choice of the method of physiotherapy must be made taking into account the phase of wound healing. If this is the beginning of a process, then an uninfected wound may become infected. To avoid this, prescribe physical methods of treatment. They stimulate the immune system, limit the manifestations of swelling and inflammation. In the second phase, it is recommended to use methods that will stimulate vasoconstriction and accelerate regeneration. At the last stage of healing, the choice of method should be determined by the type of scar to be formed. In general, physiotherapy is not always used in the third stage of wound healing.

Most often, physiotherapy is prescribed starting from the second day of wound healing. After suturing, a lot of time should not pass, because there is a need for cleansing from pus. It is important to know how to treat the wound after surgery. For this, before the procedure physical treatment use bactericidal drugs, as well as immunomodulators and necrolytics. If the wound is large and the pain is severe, you can use painkillers.

Basic rules for self-treatment

Treatment of wounds after surgery at home requires special attention. When attempting to heal the seam yourself, maximum caution should be exercised. Each type of wound requires methods of treatment suitable only for it and medical preparations. The main rules that must be observed in any case:

In no case should you stop bleeding on your own, especially if the postoperative wound is stab or incised. Bleeding is a way to clear bacteria. If this does not happen, it may develop infectious inflammation. If the wound is deep, bleeding is still necessary.
Do not touch the wound with your hands. This is a way to introduce an infection into it. The result will be a long healing, suppuration, sepsis. In some cases, this can cost lives.
Treatment of the wound after removal of sutures requires the use of antiseptics. Even if outwardly the wound heals well, it must be disinfected.

What to do in case of complications

Often, with insufficient care, with non-compliance with the recommendations, or due to weakened immunity, the wound begins to bother. The process of inflammation of the seam is accompanied by the following symptoms:

puffiness;
redness of the seam area;
the appearance of a seal that can be easily felt with your fingers;
increased body temperature and, in some cases, blood pressure;
muscle pain;
general weakness.

Regardless of how many symptoms occur at the same time, the causes may be as follows:

infection in the wound;
trauma to the subcutaneous tissue and, as a result, the formation of hematomas;
increased reaction of tissues to the suture material;
poor drainage in overweight patients;
the patient does not know how to treat the wound after surgery;
weak immunity.

In many cases, factors that provoke inflammation of the postoperative suture can be combined. They may occur due to a surgeon's mistake made during surgical treatment, due to the patient's carelessness or negligence in the implementation of hygiene procedures, due to an infection that is not associated with the wound, but affects its healing.

In addition to these factors, the condition of the wound can be affected by the weight of the patient, since healing in obese patients is a more complex and lengthy process. Often this is associated with increased level blood sugar. Age is also important. The older a person becomes, the slower the process of regeneration of body tissues occurs.

To ensure rapid healing, nutrition should be normalized. The body must receive a sufficient amount of protein and vitamins, because the lack of these substances negatively affects the recovery process.

If, nevertheless, it was not possible to avoid inflammation, you should not engage in self-treatment. Seeing a doctor is a guarantee that the process can be stopped. A specialist in the presence of violations in the process of tissue repair will do the following:

remove the stitches and wash the wound;
install a device for removing fluid and pus - drainage;
appoint additional funds outdoor application.

Prevent the appearance serious complications in the healing of postoperative wounds, only the diligence of the patient himself can. He must know how to treat the wound after the operation. If you treat the duties of caring for the seam negligently, you can get septic blood poisoning or even gangrene. AT without fail you need to process the seam, do not wet during the period indicated by the doctor, take vitamins for wound healing after surgery, diversify the diet and change dressings in time. If everything is done correctly, the wound will heal quickly and without complications.