The composition of the cigarette is a suicide cocktail. Harmful substances in tobacco smoke

How easy it is to quit smoking and not gain weight. Unique author's technique Vladimir Ivanovich Mirkin

Composition of tobacco smoke and its effects on the human body

When smoking, dry distillation and incomplete combustion of tobacco leaves occurs, resulting in the release of smoke consisting of various gases (60%) and microscopic drops of tar (40%).

The gas fraction of tobacco smoke contains: nitrogen, oxygen, carbon monoxide and dioxide, water vapor, hydrogen cyanide, isoprene, acetaldehyde, acrolein, nitrobenzene, hydrocyanic acid, acetone and other substances.

The aerosol fraction includes: glycerin, alcohol, aldehydes, hydrocarbons, benzopyrene, aromatic amines, anthracene, phenols, cresols, nicotine, naphthalene, etc.

In total, about 4 thousand different substances were found in tobacco smoke chemical compounds, of which 200 are the most toxic and cause smoking-related diseases. Some components of tobacco tar are especially harmful to the body, causing cancer. These include polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, benzopyrene, nitrosamine, phenols, radioactive isotopes, etc. The quantitative ratio of carcinogens in tobacco smoke depends on the type of tobacco, growing conditions, method of processing and method of smoking. IN premium grades In tobacco, the amount of nicotine and carcinogens is less than in lower types. The toxicity of tobacco smoke also depends on the type of tobacco product and the method of smoking. In addition, the composition of the smoke emanating from one tobacco product is heterogeneous. For example, the composition of smoke from the burning edge of a cigarette is more toxic and carcinogenic than smoke from a filter. The smoke stream passes through the unburnt part of the cigarette and is filtered, even when the cigarette does not have a filter. As a result of filtration, retained tar droplets are clearly visible on the cigarette filter or the walls of the tube. Therefore, it is especially dangerous to finish smoking cigarette butts, since the tar accumulated in them re-enters the smoke and makes it even more toxic.

Despite all the variety of chemical compounds, the main substance in tobacco smoke that has the pharmacological effect inherent in tobacco is nicotine. Nicotine is found in the leaves of various plants (tobacco, Indian hemp, etc.) and has a strong toxic effect. However, the rapid breakdown of nicotine in the body makes a person resistant to it. The main organ for detoxification is the liver, where nicotine is converted into the less active cotinine.

Nicotine is one of the most known poisons. It affects the central and peripheral parts nervous system, especially affecting the ganglia of the autonomic nervous system. The effects of nicotine on the nervous system can be divided into two phases: excitation and depression. Initially, nicotine increases the excitability of the nervous system and causes mild condition euphoria. At the same time, the smoker forgets troubles and everyday worries, feeling some intoxication and pleasant warmth. It seems to him that fatigue decreases and a state of relief arises. It should be especially emphasized that in this case the activity of cerebral hemispheres brain, active thinking and memory are inhibited. After short-term excitement, general depression of the nervous system develops. Nicotine changes metabolic processes in nerve cells, imitating the effect of norepinephrine and acetylcholine in the transfer of nerve impulses between cells: it first stimulates them and then inhibits them.

Under the influence of nicotine, the adrenal gland receptors are excited, as a result, the release of the hormones adrenaline and norepinephrine is stimulated, this leads to increased heart rate, increased blood pressure, increased contractile force of the myocardium and increased oxygen consumption. This has positive influence depending on the smoker’s mood, he is overcome by a deceptive feeling of complete well-being and tranquility.

In addition, under the influence of hormones, the sugar level and the content of free fatty acids in the blood, as a result of which the danger of fatty acid deposition on the walls of blood vessels and the development of atherosclerosis increases.

The harmful effects of tobacco smoke on the human body can manifest themselves not only in its toxicity and carcinogenicity, but also in its irritating effect on the mucous membrane oral cavity and upper respiratory tract. The irritating effect of tobacco smoke is mainly due to its acrolein content. It is acrolein that causes cough in smokers. The sputum released and the narrowing of the bronchial lumen is nothing more than defensive reaction body from an irritant. As a result, breathing becomes difficult. With long-term smoking, such frequently recurring changes in bronchopulmonary system may lead to the development chronic bronchitis and emphysema.

Poisonous gases have an equally destructive effect on the human body. The most toxic of these, carbon monoxide, easily combines with hemoglobin in the blood and reduces its ability to carry oxygen to cells. As a result, the smoker develops chronic oxygen starvation. This, in turn, leads to the development cardiovascular diseases(coronary heart disease, hypertension, stroke, etc.). According to statistics, mortality from myocardial infarction among smokers is 5 times higher than among people who do not use nicotine, and cerebral hemorrhages are observed 3–4 times more often. Smoking is common cause a persistent decrease in the permeability of blood vessels in the legs, which leads to severe suffering - obliterating endarteritis, which, in turn, can even lead to amputation of a limb.

Unfortunately, there is no such body or system in human body who would not suffer from smoking. On average, a smoker lives 10 years less than non-smoker. According to WHO, smoking kills every fifth person worldwide. If a smoker smokes more than a pack a day, his risk of developing cancer increases dramatically. According to statistics, among smokers the number of cancer patients and people with precancerous diseases is 20 times higher than among the rest of the population.

Smoking is especially harmful for children and adolescents. Young smokers are pale due to spasm blood vessels, and also due to the characteristic nicotine addiction iron deficiency anemia. The effect of nicotine on the nervous system of adolescents is expressed in their increased irritability, memory impairment and decreased concentration. visual perception. They begin to lag behind physically and intellectual development from their peers, study worse, become nervous and undisciplined.

Smoking is extremely harmful for pregnant women and nursing mothers who poison the unborn fetus or inadequately feed the newborn. Future mother may become a passive smoker if she is in a room where people smoke. And in both cases, tobacco smoke has negative impact to the fruit, which is also " passive smoker" Smoking affects the weight and height of the newborn, the size of his head and shoulder girdle. Due to impaired feeding and breathing of the fetus, newborns of smoking mothers weigh on average 300 g less and the mortality rate among them is 2 times higher, compared to newborns of non-smoking women.

IN lately There is increasing evidence that passive smoking contributes to the development of diseases characteristic of smokers in non-smokers. Being next to a smoker, a non-smoker involuntarily inhales various components of tobacco smoke along with him ( carbon monoxide, nitric oxide, aldehydes, cyanide, acrolein, nicotine, etc.). It is known that if a non-smoker is in a smoky room for more than one hour, the concentration of nicotine in his body increases 8 times. As a result, a non-smoker becomes a passive smoker. Thus, smoking poses a danger not only to the smoker himself, but also to the people around him. Perhaps the fact itself harmful effects smoking on others, loved ones, children can serve for some heavy smokers a good reason to quit smoking. As they say, quit smoking, if not for your own sake, then at least for the sake of your children and loved ones.

From the book Smoking: Subtleties, tricks and secrets author Yuri Vasilievich Tatura

Composition of tobacco smoke Tobacco smoke contains nitrogen, hydrogen, argon, methane and hydrogen cyanide. Many people are not aware of the harmful effects of carbon monoxide. The following list of possible agents that make cigarette smoke dangerous appears to be dangerous:

From the book Quit Smoking Once and For All author Ekaterina Gennadievna Bersenyeva

Composition of tobacco and tobacco smoke The chemical composition of processed tobacco leaves used for the manufacture of tobacco products is as follows (depending on the variety there are variations in composition): 1–4% nicotine, 2–20% carbohydrates, 1–13% proteins, 5–17 % organic acids, 0.1-1.7% essential

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Composition of tobacco smoke: main elements

What does tobacco smoke consist of? The average person knows many of the chemical elements and compounds found in tobacco smoke. Some are found in everyday life, others are familiar from chemistry lessons at school. Tobacco smoke contains gaseous components and solid particles. Gaseous particles include:

ammonia;
butane;
methane;
methanol;
nitrogen;
hydrogen sulfide;
carbon monoxide;
acetone;
hydrocyanic acid (hydrogen cyanide).

All these are harmful substances, which has been proven more than once. Many of them are poisons to any biological life form. It is worth looking at this list to understand: such substances should not be found in the cells of a biological body.

Tobacco smoke also contains some radioactive components.

polonium;
potassium;
lead;
radium;
cesium.

It is known that radioactive substances are carcinogens that accumulate in cells. A smoker receives an annual radiation dose of 500 roentgens by consuming one pack of cigarettes per day.

Solid particles include resin, metal and other compounds:

resin;
phenol;
indole;
carbazole;
nicotine;
lead;
zinc;
arsenic;
antimony;
aluminum;
cadmium;
chromium.

The composition of resinous and solid particles is especially dangerous to health. They cover the lungs and respiratory tract carbon deposits, not giving the body the opportunity to cleanse itself.

These are the most well-known elements found in tobacco smoke.

Damage to the body

Tobacco smoke and its components disable not only the respiratory system, but also other body systems. All these substances depress mental state person. He becomes nervous. To calm down, I need another cigarette. Dependent person can smoke despite disgust. Nicotine, being a poisonous drug, is addictive and addictive. A person becomes psychologically ill - he is a slave to his habit.

On physical level the main components of tobacco smoke cause serious illnesses due to its constant presence in the blood:

illnesses cardiovascular system: hypertension, ischemic disease, heart attack, angina pectoris;
central nervous system: cerebral stroke, memory and intellectual development disorders;
digestive system: gastritis, ulcers, diabetes, hemorrhoids, stomach cancer;
respiratory system: lung cancer, pharyngitis, tracheitis, bronchitis, emphysema, oxygen starvation;
disease of the sense organs: dullness of the olfactory and taste buds, dullness hearing aid, loss of appetite;
endocrine system: toxicosis during pregnancy, miscarriage, physical deformity and delayed fetal development, elongation menstrual cycle, impotence.

Added to all this is general oxygen starvation, which means poor absorption useful substances and weakened immunity. Resinous components make it difficult to cleanse the body of toxins. Cumulative toxic substances are not removed from cells, causing them to mutate.

If we talk about material base, then the smoker spends a certain amount of money every day on purchasing cigarettes or other tobacco products. Taking into account the fact that tobacco products are not vital necessary products, to luxury or household items, are not necessary for a person for life, you can calculate how much money a smoker spends on smoke. Not for warmth, without which he will die, not for food, not for clothing, but for smoke. If we add to this the amount that the smoker will spend on the treatment of diseases caused by smoking, on medicines, on rehabilitation after treatment, or possible surgery- it will turn out to be a very decent amount.

Some statistics

According to statistics, since the 50s of the last century, due to the substances contained in tobacco products, 62 million people died. If the tendency to smoke continues to grow, as in our time, then 9% of the world's population, which is 500 million people, will owe their death to tobacco smoke. Nowadays, about 3 million smokers die every year from substances that make up tobacco smoke.

Largest quantity

less content

Cigarette filters are not able to protect smokers from harmful substances. According to laboratory research, filters retain about 8%, while 50% remains in the inhaled smoke, about 30% in the cigarette butt, and about 10% in the ash.

Smoke-free day

Nowadays, people are faced with junk food, habits, stress, and not always useful household items. An ordinary ordinary citizen becomes dependent on bad habits. These include smoking, the Internet, telephone addiction, alcohol and more. Day without the Internet, Donor Day and other similar mass events have become popular. Of course, it was impossible not to create a World Smoke-Free Day. Moreover, there are 2 days a year dedicated to quitting smoking - May 31 and the third Thursday of November. In Russia, both of these days are celebrated.

VL / Articles / Interesting

8-02-2016, 12:56

For all 186 individual substances, the total content of toxins in tobacco smoke exceeds the maximum permissible concentration by 384,000 times! So, tobacco smoke is more toxic than car exhaust gases by more than 4 (four!) times, and its toxicity can only be compared with gases released during volcanic eruptions.

Tobacco smoke does not contain substances that would be at least to some extent beneficial to the human body.

In terms of its harmfulness, carbon monoxide (CO) should be put in first place; it causes oxygen starvation of the entire body.

Oxygen hunger is felt by the cells of the central nervous system, brain and heart. Hence the headaches increased irritability and fatigue, increased blood pressure, sleep and appetite disorders.

Nicotine should be placed in second place in terms of its harmfulness to the body.

How does smoking tobacco affect genital area person?

For men, smoking can make it more difficult to conceive a child. The number of sperm is reduced and their motility is reduced. These painful changes in the genital area increase with the number of cigarettes smoked. Over time, the concentration of a number of hormones in the blood, including sex hormones, changes, and vascular disorders, potency is weakened.

Chance of getting pregnant smoking woman is only 67% of the probability for a non-smoker. If pregnancy occurs, it proceeds unfavorably. The oxygen deficiency of the fetus that occurs as a result of spasm of the blood vessels of the placenta affects the future life of the child. Children are lagging behind mentally and physical development. A metabolic disorder is accompanied by a disorder of the functions of the autonomic nervous system: children are restless, scream, sleep poorly...

A large number of cases not only of stillbirths, but also of children with congenital deformities and malformations of organs and systems incompatible with life, such as anencephaly, microcephaly, and hydrocele. The oncoming changes due to smoking reflect damage of a genetic nature, since it is absolutely clearly and indisputably proven that smoking fathers often experience profound and undeniable changes in sperm. Apparently, in this regard, they are 2 times more likely than non-smoking men to have children with congenital defects and developmental anomalies.

A small dictionary of substances contained in cigarette smoke:

Nicotine is a natural component of tobacco plants and is a narcotic and a strong poison. Nicotine easily penetrates the blood and accumulates in the most vital organs, leading to disruption of their functions. In large quantities, nicotine is highly toxic. Nicotine is the tobacco plant's natural defense against being eaten by insects. Nicotine is three times more toxic than arsenic. When nicotine enters the brain, it provides access to influence a variety of processes in the human nervous system. Nicotine poisoning is characterized by: headache, dizziness, nausea, vomiting. In severe cases, loss of consciousness and convulsions. Chronic poisoning- nicotineism, characterized by weakening of memory, decreased performance. Everyone knows that “a drop of nicotine kills a horse,” but only a few realize that a person is not a horse and therefore for him lethal dose is only 60 mg of nicotine, and for children - even less. An unsmoked cigarette contains about 10 mg of nicotine, but through smoke a smoker receives about 0.533 mg of nicotine from one cigarette.

Resin- this is everything that is contained in tobacco smoke, with the exception of gases, nicotine and water. Each particle consists of many organic and inorganic substances, among which there are many volatile and semi-volatile compounds. The smoke enters the mouth in the form of a concentrated aerosol. When cooled, it condenses and forms a resin that settles in the respiratory tract. Substances contained in the resin cause cancer and other lung diseases, such as paralysis of the clearing process in the lungs and damage to the alveolar sacs. They also reduce the effectiveness of the immune system.

Carcinogens of tobacco smoke have different chemical natures. They consist of 44 individual substances, 12 groups or mixtures of chemicals, and 13 exposure conditions. Nine of these 44 substances are present in mainstream tobacco smoke. These are benzene, cadmium, arsenic, nickel, chromium, 2-naphthylamine, vinyl chloride, 4-3 aminobiphenyl, beryllium. In addition to carcinogens themselves, tobacco smoke also contains so-called co-carcinogens, that is, substances that contribute to the effect of carcinogens. These include, for example, catechol.

Nitrosamines is a group of carcinogens formed from tobacco alkaloids. They are an etiological factor malignant tumors lungs, esophagus, pancreas, oral cavity in people who consume tobacco. When interacting with nitrosamines, DNA molecules change their structure, which serves as the beginning of malignant growth. Modern cigarettes, despite the apparent decrease in tar content, they cause a greater intake of nitrosamines into the smoker’s body. And with a decrease in the intake of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons into the smoker’s body and an increase in the intake of nitrosamines, a change in the structure of the incidence of lung cancer is associated with a decrease in the frequency squamous cell carcinoma and an increase in the number of cases of adenocarcinoma.

Carbon monoxide (carbon monoxide) is a colorless and odorless gas present in high concentration V cigarette smoke. Its ability to combine with hemoglobin is 200 times higher than that of oxygen. In this regard, increased levels of carbon monoxide in the lungs and blood of a smoker reduce the ability of the blood to carry oxygen, which affects the functioning of all tissues of the body. The brain and muscles (including the heart) cannot function at their full potential without sufficient oxygen supply. The heart and lungs must work with greater load in order to compensate for the decrease in oxygen supply to the body. Carbon monoxide also damages artery walls and increases the risk of narrowing of the coronary vessels, which can lead to heart attacks.

Polonium-210- the first element in atomic number order that does not have stable isotopes. It occurs naturally, but in uranium ores its concentration is 100 trillion times less than the concentration of uranium. It is easy to guess that it is difficult to extract polonium, so in the atomic age this element is obtained in nuclear reactors by irradiation of bismuth isotopes. Polonium is a soft, silvery-white metal slightly lighter than lead. It enters the human body with tobacco smoke. It is quite toxic due to its alpha radiation. A person, having smoked just one cigarette, “throws” into himself as many heavy metals and benzopyrene as he would absorb them, inhaling exhaust gases for 16 hours.

Hydrogen cyanide or hydrocyanic acid has a direct detrimental effect on the natural cleansing mechanism of the lungs through its effect on the cilia bronchial tree. Damage to this cleaning system can lead to accumulation toxic substances in the lungs, increasing the likelihood of developing the disease. The effects of hydrocyanic acid are not limited to the cilia of the respiratory tract. Hydrocyanic acid belongs to the substances of the so-called general toxic action. The mechanism of its effect on the human body is the disruption of intracellular and tissue respiration due to the suppression of the activity of iron-containing enzymes in tissues involved in the transfer of oxygen from blood hemoglobin to tissue cells. As a result, the tissues do not receive enough oxygen, even if neither the supply of oxygen to the blood nor its transport by hemoglobin to the tissues is impaired. In the case of exposure to tobacco smoke on the body, all these processes mutually aggravate each other’s effects. Tissue hypoxia develops, which, among other things, can lead to a decrease in mental and physical performance, as well as to more serious problems such as myocardial infarction. In addition to hydrocyanic acid, there are other components in tobacco smoke that directly affect the cilia in the lungs. These are acrolein, ammonia, nitrogen dioxide and formaldehyde.

Acrolein(translated from Greek as “spicy oil”), like carbon monoxide, is a product of incomplete combustion. Acrolein has pungent odor, irritates the mucous membranes and is a strong lachrymator, that is, it causes lacrimation. In addition, like hydrocyanic acid, acrolein is a substance with a general toxic effect, and also increases the risk of developing oncological diseases. Excretion of acrolein metabolites from the body can lead to inflammation bladder– cystitis. Acrolein, like other aldehydes, causes damage to the nervous system. Acrolein and formaldehyde belong to the group of substances that provoke the development of asthma.

Nitrogen oxides(nitric oxide and the more dangerous nitrogen dioxide) are found in tobacco smoke in fairly high concentrations. They can cause damage to the lungs, leading to emphysema. Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) reduces the body's resistance to respiratory diseases, which can lead to the development of, for example, bronchitis. Nitrogen oxide poisoning produces nitrates and nitrites in the blood. Nitrates and nitrites, acting directly on the arteries, cause vasodilation and a decrease in blood pressure. Once in the blood, nitrites form a stable compound with hemoglobin - methemoglobin, preventing the transfer of oxygen by hemoglobin and the supply of oxygen to the body organs, which leads to oxygen deficiency. Thus, nitrogen dioxide mainly affects the respiratory tract and lungs, and also causes changes in blood composition, in particular, it reduces the hemoglobin content in the blood. Exposure of the human body to nitrogen dioxide reduces resistance to disease and causes oxygen starvation of tissues, especially in children. It also enhances the effect of carcinogenic substances, contributing to the occurrence of malignant neoplasms. Nitrogen dioxide affects immune system, increasing the sensitivity of the body, especially children, to pathogenic microorganisms and viruses. Nitric oxide (NO) plays a more complex role in the body, since it is formed endogenously and is involved in the regulation of the lumen of blood vessels and the respiratory tract. Under the influence of nitrogen oxide coming from outside with tobacco smoke, its endogenous synthesis in tissues decreases, which leads to a narrowing of blood vessels and respiratory tracts. At the same time, exogenous portions of nitric oxide can lead to short-term dilation of the bronchi and deeper entry of tobacco smoke into the lungs. It is no coincidence that nitrogen oxides are present in tobacco smoke, since their entry into the respiratory tract enhances the absorption of nicotine. IN recent years The role of nitric oxide in the formation of nicotine addiction has also been discovered. NO is released in nerve tissue under the influence of incoming nicotine. This results in a decrease in the release of sympathetic neurotransmitters in the brain and relief from stress. On the other hand, the reuptake of dopamine is inhibited, and its increased concentrations create the rewarding effect of nicotine.

Free radicals- these are molecules that contain atoms that are formed when tobacco burns. Free radicals from tobacco smoke, together with other highly active substances, for example, peroxide compounds, constitute a group of oxidants that are involved in the implementation of the so-called oxidative stress and have important role in the pathogenesis of diseases such as atherosclerosis, cancer, chronic disease lungs. They are currently assigned main role in the development of smoker's bronchitis. In addition, free radical products of tobacco smoke most actively affect upper sections respiratory tract, causing inflammation and atrophy of the mucosa back wall pharynx and trachea, and exert their harmful effects mainly in the alveolar region of the lungs, in the walls of blood vessels, changing their structure and function.

76 metals are present in tobacco smoke, including nickel, cadmium, arsenic, chromium and lead. It is known that arsenic, chromium and their compounds reliably cause the development of cancer in humans. There is evidence to suggest that nickel and cadmium compounds are also carcinogens. The content of metals in tobacco leaves is determined by the conditions of tobacco cultivation, the composition of fertilizers, and weather conditions. For example, it has been observed that rain increases the metal content in tobacco leaves.

Hexavalent chromium has long been known to be a carcinogen, and trivalent chromium is an essential nutrient, that is, an essential component of food. At the same time, there are detoxification pathways in the body that allow the reduction of hexavalent chromium to trivalent chromium. Inhalation exposure to chromium has been associated with the development of asthma.

Nickel belongs to the group of substances that provoke the development of asthma, and also contributes to the development of cancer. Inhalation of nickel particles leads to the development of bronchiolitis, that is, inflammation of the smallest bronchi.

Cadmium is heavy metal. The most common source of cadmium is smoking. The effects of cadmium exposure are most pronounced in those people who have a deficiency of zinc and calcium in their diet. Cadmium accumulates in the kidneys. He has toxic effect on the kidneys and helps reduce mineral density bone tissue. As a result, cadmium interferes with pregnancy, increasing the risk of low fetal weight and preterm birth.

Iron may also be a component of the particle phase of tobacco smoke. Inhalation of iron can lead to the development of cancer of the respiratory organs.

Radioactive components found in very high concentrations in tobacco smoke. These include: polonium-210, lead-210 and potassium-40. In addition, radium-226, radium-228 and thorium-228 are also present. Studies conducted in Greece have shown that tobacco leaves contain the isotopes cesium-134 and cesium-137 of Chernobyl origin. It is clearly established that radioactive components are carcinogens. Deposits of polonium-210 and lead-210 have been recorded in the lungs of smokers, due to which smokers are exposed to much large doses radiation than the doses that people typically receive from natural sources. This constant exposure, either alone or synergistically with other carcinogens, can contribute to the development of cancer. A study of the smoke of Polish cigarettes showed that inhalation of tobacco smoke is the main source of entry of pollenium-210 and lead-210 into the smoker’s body. At the same time, it was discovered that the smoke of different brands of cigarettes can differ significantly in radioactivity, and a cigarette filter only adsorbs a small part radioactive substances. And as you may have guessed, this list goes on and on. I wrote the most important components of cigarettes and tobacco smoke - these are the most dangerous chemicals for any living organism. Now you know the whole truth about tobacco and only you can decide what to do with this information.

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