October 7th, 2009

If you want to be healthy, douse yourself, don’t touch this rubbish, or better yet, avoid it altogether...
The deadliest things on our planet.

Death cap- Destroying Angel. The first physical signs of poisoning are usually nausea, vomiting, and bloody diarrhea. After feeling a little discomfort occurs sharp pain abdomen, severe vomiting, intense thirst, and cyanosis of the extremities, as well as yellowness of the eyes and skin as liver damage. The patient remains conscious almost until the end, with brief intervals of loss of consciousness, then coma and death.

Dog fish(Pufferfish). The poison tetraodontoxin is found in the ovaries of this fish and is not destroyed by heat treatment. In case of poisoning, speech is difficult, and paralysis of the respiratory system quickly develops, accompanied by paralysis of the central nervous system. The cause of death is most often convulsions or respiratory arrest, which occur within one to two hours after the poison enters the body.

Castor bean-Castor Beans. Signs of poisoning are bitterness in the mouth, nausea, vomiting, convulsions, drowsiness, cyanosis, stupor, impaired microcirculation, blood in the urine, ultimately coma, and death; the toxic agent, even in low concentrations, causes the dissolution of red blood cells; in serious cases, hemorrhages develop throughout the body. Castor beans can also lead to premature birth in pregnant women. Autopsies of patients who have died from castor bean poisoning show that the vomit and stool contain blood.

Belladonna. All parts of the plant are deadly poisonous, especially its roots, leaves, and berries. The poison paralyzes the parasympathetic nervous system by blocking nerve endings.

Viper Venom. Snake venom affects the blood and nervous system, it is less poisonous when it enters the mouth than into the blood... The victim of a viper bite bleeds from the wound, has a fever and chills. Poisoning is accompanied by swelling or hemorrhages above the elbows or knees. These signs usually appear within two hours after the bite. Then fainting, bleeding from the nose and mouth, loss of vision, followed by loss of consciousness. Death caused by cardiorespiratory disorders is inevitable if an antidote is not administered in time.

Barbados nut or Physical nut. The threat lies in the deceptively pleasant taste of the seeds. However, make no mistake - each seed contains at least 55 percent of the active substance "Hell oil", which blocks protein synthesis in the intestinal wall and can lead to death.

Hemlock. Signs of poisoning are a gradual loss of coordination, accompanied by a fast and weakened pulse, pain in the muscles as they atrophy and eventually die. Although the mind remains clear, vision often deteriorates until the victim succumbs to pulmonary paralysis. It is believed that Socrates was poisoned with the juice of this plant, and not hemlock, as previously thought.

Cobra Venom has mainly neurotoxic effects. Its strength is enough to cause the death of a person after the first full bite. In such cases, the mortality rate may exceed 75 percent. However, taking into account all the behavioral characteristics of the king cobra, in general, only 10 percent of bites are fatal to humans.

Datura. All parts of the plant contain poisonous alkaloids. If it enters the gastrointestinal tract, it affects the nervous system, causing cardiac dysfunction and paralysis.

Lily of the valley. Contains a cardiac glycoside in a fairly high concentration, in small doses it stimulates the work of a weakened heart muscle, but in case of an overdose it leads to arrhythmias and blockade of the electrical conductivity of the heart, necessary for its normal contractions. All parts of the plant are poisonous. Poisoning manifests itself as nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, severe headache pain and pain in epigastric region. In severe cases, the rhythm and frequency of heart contractions are disturbed, and the pulse, as a rule, becomes rare. Sometimes the nervous system is also affected. This is evidenced by agitation, visual disturbances, convulsions, and loss of consciousness.

Aconite has neurotoxic and cardiotoxic effects. Symptoms of poisoning are nausea, vomiting, numbness of the tongue, lips, cheeks, tips of fingers and toes, a crawling sensation, sensations of heat and cold in the extremities. Intoxication with aconite is characterized by a transient visual disturbance - the patient sees objects in green. There is also drooling, followed by dry mouth, thirst, headache, anxiety, convulsive twitching of the muscles of the face and limbs, and loss of consciousness. Breathing is rapid, shallow, and may suddenly stop.

Rhododendron. Contains glucoside substances - andromedotoxin, ericoline. Andromedotoxin has a local irritant and general narcotic effect, first stimulating and then depressing the central nervous system; greatly upsets the activity of the heart, in a peculiar way, like veratrine, it affects the muscle. Poisoning develops very quickly. Often, within a few hours of eating rhododendron leaves and branches, death occurs.

Tubocurarine chloride. White crystalline powder, in traumatology d-tubocurarine is sometimes used to relax muscles when repositioning fragments, reducing complex dislocations... Side effects from the use of tubocurarine are observed only in case of an overdose; in this case, the patient may develop respiratory failure due to paralysis of the respiratory muscles and, as a result, death.

Rhubarb. Rhubarb can only be eaten in early spring, until the air temperature rises above 15-17° C. In early spring, malic acid predominates in rhubarb, then its content increases, and with increasing temperature in hot weather, oxalic acid accumulates in the petioles, which is harmful to the body: it forms poorly excreted salts and removes calcium contained in the blood. Consumption of oxalic acid in an amount of 3-4 g at once is dangerous not only for children, but also for adults. In case of poisoning, vomiting, convulsions, and kidney failure may occur. In the first two days, death can occur from asphyxia, shock, or cardiovascular failure. In the next 2 weeks after poisoning, severe complications such as acute renal failure, repeated collapses, profuse bleeding, hemorrhagic pneumonia, and gastric perforation may occur, which can lead to death.

Gila monster- a large reptile, with a very beautiful black and orange pattern throughout the body. Latin name This beautiful lizard is Heloderma suspectum or the poisonous tooth. There are grooves on the upper and lower jaws, into which the channels of highly developed poisonous glands approach. When biting, the teeth go deep into the victim's body. Venom tooth bites are very painful and act almost the same as snake bites. The venom is neurotoxic, meaning that when it bites, it paralyzes its victim. For small animals, lizard venom is fatal; in humans it usually causes very severe swelling, but can sometimes lead to death.

Croton oil- liquid obtained from the seeds of the Croton tiglium plant. It has a strong laxative effect and irritates the skin and mucous membranes. Even in small quantities (over 20 drops) it is life-threatening. Crotonal is toxic and mutagenic. When a person inhales its vapors, irritation of the mucous membrane, pharyngitis, cough, chest pain, nausea, vomiting, and the onset of shock or unconsciousness occurs. Contact directly with the liquid results in severe skin redness, irritation, pain and burns. When poison gets inside, the whole body is poisoned, the central nervous system is damaged, and tumors form. In case of tactile contact, skin scarring occurs.

Digitalis. Nowadays, digitalis purpurea is used to produce medicines that stimulate work. of cardio-vascular system. Active biological substances from digitalis tend to accumulate in the body and can be harmful or even fatal to a person with healthy heart. The grass and rhizomes of foxglove are saturated with the toxin digitalin. Poisoning is accompanied by irritation of the gastrointestinal tract, the pulse becomes rapid and arrhythmic, and general weakness and shortness of breath are observed. Convulsions may develop before death.

Codeine is an almost clear, odorless substance with a rather bitter taste, which is available in either powder or liquid form. When used in high doses, like other opiates, it can cause euphoria. Often when taking large quantity Tablets of some codeine-containing drugs may cause serious poisoning. Due to the fact that with regular use of codeine, an addictive phenomenon is observed (similar to addiction to heroin and other drugs of the opiate group), it is released with the same restrictions as other narcotic analgesics. In case of severe codeine poisoning, breathing disorders are possible, up to paralysis with preserved consciousness, as well as a significant drop in blood pressure.

Poisonous octopus(blue ringed octopus). Its venom, which belongs to the group of neurotoxins, is so powerful that it can kill an adult, especially if the octopus bites in the neck or in the area close to the spine. There is simply no vaccine for its poison

Dimethyl sulfate. Used in the manufacture of paints, drugs, perfumes and pesticides, most poisonings from dimethyl sulfate occur due to leakage of liquid or vapor. Signs of poisoning will be more pronounced if alcohol is present. Nausea, vomiting, weakness, dizziness, and headache occur. Possible increase in temperature, excitability, pain in the limbs, visual and hearing impairment, mental disorders. In severe cases, tremor, ataxia, loss of consciousness, paroxysmal clonic-tonic convulsions resembling epileptic seizures, and coma develop. During pathological examination, pronounced vascular disorders And degenerative changes in parenchymal organs, brain and adrenal glands.

Nicotine. It is estimated that lethal dose nicotine for humans is 1 mg per 1 kg of body weight, i.e. about 50 - 70 mg for a teenager. Consequently, death can occur if a teenager smokes half a pack of cigarettes at the same time, because a whole pack contains exactly one lethal dose of nicotine.

Wart. A fish with a row of spines on its back that release a poisonous toxin. This is the most dangerous venomous fish known and its venom causes extreme pain with possible shock, paralysis and tissue death depending on the depth of penetration. At the slightest irritation, the wart raises the spines of the dorsal fin; sharp and durable, they easily pierce the shoes of a person who accidentally steps on a fish, and penetrate deep into the foot. With deep penetration, the injection can be fatal to a person if he is not given health care during few hours. If the thorn gets into a large blood vessel, death can occur within 2-3 hours. Survivors sometimes remain ill for months. The venom consists of a mixture of proteins, including hemolytic stonustoxin, neurotoxin and cardioactive cardioleptin. Typically, surviving victims suffer localized nerve damage, sometimes leading to atrophy of the attached muscle tissue. The pain can be so severe that those injured by the injection want to cut off injured limb.

Hydrogen sulfide- a colorless, poisonous gas heavier than air with an unpleasant odor of rotten eggs. It can be released during the process of decay and accumulates in lowlands. Very toxic. At high concentrations, a single inhalation can cause instant death. At small concentrations, adaptation to the unpleasant smell of “rotten eggs” occurs quite quickly, and it ceases to be felt. A sweetish metallic taste appears in the mouth. The first symptom of acute poisoning is loss of smell. Subsequently, headache, dizziness and nausea appear. Sometimes, after a while, sudden fainting occurs.

Oleander- a large evergreen shrub. All parts of the plant are poisonous, moreover, the smoke from the burning plant and the water in which the flowers stood are poisonous. The plant contains a number of cardiac glycosides (oleandrin, cornerin, etc.). Oleander juice, taken internally, causes severe colic in humans and animals, vomiting and diarrhea... It also affects the nervous system (even to the point of coma). Cardiac glycosides cause cardiac arrest.

Phencyclidine(phencyclidine, PCP) - widely used in veterinary medicine for short-term immobilization of large animals. It has been noted to cause dissociated anesthesia. Phencyclidine is easy to synthesize. People who use phencyclidine are primarily young people and polydrug addicts. The true prevalence of phencyclidine drug addiction is unknown, but national data indicate that cases have recently increased in the United States. PCP is either taken orally, smoked, or administered intravenously. It is also used as an additive to illegally sold delta-tetrahydrocannabinol, LSD and cocaine. The most common homemade drug of PCP is called "angel dust." Low doses of phencyclidine (5 mg) cause restlessness, agitation, incoordination, dysarthria, and anesthesia. Horizontal and vertical nystagmus, hot flashes, profuse sweat, hyperacusis. Mental disorders include body schema disturbance, incoherent thinking, derealization, and depersonalization. Higher doses (5-10 mg) cause increased salivation, vomiting, myoclonus, hyperthermia, stupor and coma. In doses of 10 mg or more, phencyclidine causes epileptic seizures, opisthotonus and decerebrate rigidity, which can be followed by prolonged coma. Acute psychosis caused by phencyclidine should be considered a psychiatric emergency with a high risk of suicide or violent crime.

Parathion(Parathion) - organophosphorus compound - pesticide; when it is inhaled, enters the gastrointestinal tract, or is absorbed through the skin, poisoning occurs. Like some other organophosphate compounds, parathion interferes with the enzyme cholinesterase, resulting in excessive stimulation of the parasympathetic nervous system. Symptoms of poisoning include headaches, profuse sweating and salivation, lacrimation, vomiting, diarrhea and muscle spasms.

TEPP cholinesterase inhibitor-used mainly as insecticides and can cause poisoning. Symptoms include headache, loss of depth perception, convulsions, sweating, chest pain, shortness of breath, vomiting, general paralysis, involuntary urination and defecation, drop in blood pressure, death.

Yew tree. All parts of the plant are poisonous, except the red fruits. The wood, bark and leaves of yew contain the alkaloid taxin and are therefore poisonous to humans and many other animals, although, for example, hares and deer eat yew willingly and without harm to themselves. The older the yew needles, the more poisonous they are.

Carbon Tetrachloride(Carbon Tetrachloride) is a caustic volatile liquid used as a dry cleaner. When its vapors are inhaled or swallowed, it causes severe damage to the heart, liver and kidneys (for example, the patient may develop cirrhosis of the liver or kidney nephrosis), affects the optic nerve and some other nerves in the human body.

Strychnine- an alkaloid contained in the seeds of tropical plants of the genus strychnos. Has a stimulating effect on the central nervous system, in toxic doses ah causes characteristic tetanic convulsions...

Clostridium botulinum(Clostridium botulinum) is a gram-positive bacterium of the genus Clostridium, the causative agent of botulism - severe food intoxication caused by botulinum toxin and characterized by damage to the nervous system. Botulinum toxin accumulates in food products infected with C. botulunum spores during their germination if anaerobic conditions are created (for example, during canning). For humans, botulinum toxin is the most potent bacterial poison, having a detrimental effect at a dose of 10-8 mg/kg. C. botulinum spores can withstand boiling for 6 hours, sterilization at high blood pressure destroys them after 20 minutes, 10% hydrochloric acid after 1 hour, 50% formaldehyde after 24 hours. Botulinum toxin type A(B) is completely destroyed when boiled for 25 minutes. The incubation period for botulism ranges from several hours to 2-5 days (rarely up to 10 days). On the first day, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea are noted. Next, neurosymptoms associated with damage to nerve centers predominate: impaired accommodation, double vision, difficulty swallowing, aphonia. At severe forms botulism death occurs from respiratory paralysis, sometimes from sudden cardiac arrest.

Potassium cyanide- potassium salt of hydrocyanic acid, chemical formula KCN. Strong inorganic poison. When ingested through the digestive tract, the lethal dose for humans is 1.7 mg/kg. Sometimes large doses are tolerated; the effect may slow down when the stomach is filled with food. Potassium cyanide is a powerful inhibitor. When it enters the body, it blocks the cellular enzyme cytochrome c oxidase, as a result of which cells lose the ability to absorb oxygen from the blood and the body dies from interstitial hypoxia.

Household poisons, as the name suggests, can often be found in everyday life even where in theory they cannot exist. But forewarned is forearmed, so let’s slowly study the material on household poisons.

ADRENALIN

Adrenaline (epinephrine, suprarenin). Neurotropic and psychotropic effects. Lethal dose 10 mg. Quickly inactivated in gastrointestinal tract. At parenteral administration-detoxification in the liver, excretion in the form of metabolites in the urine.

B. Symptoms of poisoning.

Symptoms of intoxication appear within the first 10 minutes after administration of the drug. Nausea, vomiting, pale skin, cyanosis, chills, dilated pupils, blurred vision, tremors, convulsions, difficulty breathing, coma. Tachycardia and initially a significant increase in blood pressure. Then a sharp decrease in it and ventricular fibrillation are possible. Sometimes psychosis develops with hallucinations and a feeling of fear.

C. Emergency care:

2. Antidote treatment.

3. Symptomatic therapy.

1. When taken orally, gastric lavage. Forced diuresis.

2. Phentolamine 5-10 mg intravenously (1-2 ml 0.5%

solution), aminazine 50-100 mg intramuscularly or intravenously.

3. for tachycadria, obzidan, inderal 1-2 ml of 0.1% solution intravenously repeatedly until a clinical effect is obtained.

ACACIA WHITE.

Yalovite roots and bark containing toxalbumin. Gastroenterotoxic effect. .

B. Symptoms of poisoning

Nausea, vomiting, tenesmus, abdominal pain, diarrhea. In severe cases, bloody stools, hematuria, acute cardiovascular failure.

C. Emergency care:

1. Active detoxification methods

2. Antidote treatment

D. Symptomatic therapy

1. Gastric lavage, activated carbon orally

2. Intravenous administration of 5-10% glucose solution, 0.9% sodium chloride solution, electrolyte solution used for forced diuresis. Cardiovascular drugs, calcium chloride, vikasol.

ACONITE.

Aconite (borech, blue buttercup, Issykul root). The active principle is the alkaloid aconitine. Neurotoxic (curare-like, ganglion-blocking), cardiotactic effect. Lethal dose - about 1 g of plant, 5 ml of tincture, 2 mg of aconite alkaloid.

B. Symptoms of poisoning

Nausea, vomiting, numbness of the tongue, lips, cheeks, tips of the fingers and toes, a feeling of crawling, sensations of heat and cold in the extremities, transient visual disturbances (seeing objects in green light), dry mouth, thirst, headache, anxiety, convulsive twitching of the muscles of the face, limbs, loss of consciousness. Breathing is rapid, shallow, difficulty inhaling and exhaling, there may be a sudden stop in breathing. Decrease in blood pressure (especially diastolic). In the initial stage, bradyarrhythmia, extrasystole, then paroxysmal tachycardia, turning into ventricular fibrillation

C. Emergency care:

1. Active detoxification methods 2. Antidote treatment

D. Symptomatic therapy

1. Gastric lavage, saline laxative, activated carbon orally, forced diuresis, detoxification hemosorbium

2. Intravenous 20-50 ml of 1% novocaine solution, 500 ml of 5% glucose. Intramuscularly 10 ml of 25% magnesium sulfate solution. For convulsions, diazepam (Seduxen) 5-10 mg internally. For heart rhythm disorders - intravenously 10 mg of 10% solution of novocainamide (with normal blood pressure!) or 1-2 ml of 0.1% solution of obsidan, 20 ml of 40% glucose solution with 1 ml of 0.06% solution of corglycone. For bradycardia -0.1% atropine solution subcutaneously. Intramuscular cocarboxylase - 100 mg, 1% ATP solution - 2 ml, 5% ascorbic acid solution - 5 ml, 5% solutions of vitamins B1 - 4 ml, B6 - 4 ml.

ALCOHOL

A. Name of the chemical substance, its synonyms and characteristics

Alcohol

B. Symptoms of poisoning - see Ethyl alcohol. Alcohol substitutes

ALDEHYDES

A. Name of the chemical substance, its synonyms and characteristics

Formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, paraldehyde, metaldehyde. Psychotropic (narcotic), neurotoxic (convulsive), locally irritating, hepatoxic effect. Absorbed through the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract and gastrointestinal tract. excreted in the lungs and in the urine in the form of non-toxic metabolites.

B. Symptoms of poisoning

See Formalin. When taken orally - salivation, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, chills, drowsiness, tremor, tonic convulsions, coma, respiratory depression. Jaundice, enlargement and tenderness of the liver on palpation. When inhaling vapors - severe irritation mucous membranes of the eyes and upper respiratory tract, sharp cough, suffocation, impaired consciousness, and in severe cases, coma.

B. Emergency care:

1. Active detoxification methods

2. Antidote treatment

3. Symptomatic therapy

1. Gastric lavage with the addition of sodium bicarbonate

2. Forced diuresis

3. See Formalin. For seizures - diazepam 10 mg intravenously

Name of the chemical substance, its synonyms and characteristics

AMIDOPYRINE

Amidopyrine (pyramidon). Neurotoxic (convulsive), psychotropic effect. Lethal dose 10-15 g. Rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, 15% is bound to plasma proteins. Metabolism in the liver, excretion mainly in the urine.

Symptoms of poisoning.

In case of mild poisoning, tinnitus, nausea, vomiting, general weakness, decreased temperature, shortness of breath, palpitations. In severe poisoning - convulsions, drowsiness, delirium, loss of consciousness and coma with dilated pupils, cyanosis, hypothermia, decreased blood pressure. The development of peripheral edema, acute agranulocytosis, gastric bleeding, and hemorrhagic rash is possible.

Urgent Care:

1. Active detoxification methods

2. Antidote treatment

3. Symptomatic therapy

1. Flushing the ventricle through a probe. Saline laxative orally. Forced diuresis, alkalization of the blood (sodium bicarbonate 10 -15 g orally). Detoxification hemosrbia.

2. Vitamin B1 solution 6% - 2 ml intramuscularly. Cardiovascular drugs. For seizures, diazepam 10 mg intravenously.

AMINAZINE.

A. Name of the chemical substance, its synonyms and characteristics.

Aminazine (plegomazine, largactil, chlorpromazine). Psychotropic, neurotoxic effects (gangliolytic, adrenolytic). Toxic dose is more than 500 ml. Lethal dose 5-10g. Toxic concentration in the blood is 1-2 mg/l, lethal 3-12 mg/l. Detoxification in the liver, excretion through the intestines and urine - no more than 8% dose taken within 3 days.

B. Symptoms of poisoning.

Severe weakness, dizziness, dry mouth, nausea. Convulsions and loss of consciousness may occur. The comatose state is shallow, tendon reflexes are increased, the pupils are constricted. Increased heart rate, decreased blood pressure without cyanosis. Skin allergic reactions. Upon recovery from a coma, symptoms of parkinsonism are possible. When chewing chlorpromazine tablets, hyperemia and swelling of the oral mucosa occurs; in children, this has an expressive effect on the mucous membrane of the digestive tract.

B. Emergency care:

1. Active detoxification methods

2. Antidote treatment

3. Symptomatic therapy

1. Gastric lavage, saline laxative. Forced diuresis of plasma alkalization bases.

3. For hypotania: 10% caffeine solution - 1-3 ml or 5% ephedrine solution - 2 ml subcutaneously, 6% vitamin B1 solution - 4 ml intramuscularly. For parkinsonism syndrome: cyclodol 10-20 mg/day orally. Treatment of acute cardiovascular failure.

AMITRYPTYLINE.

Amitriptyline (tryptisol), imizin (melipramine, imipramine, tofranil) and other tricyclic natidepressants. Psychotropic, neurotoxic (anticholinergic, antihistamine), cardiotoxic effects. Toxic dose 500 mg, lethal 1200 mg. Rapid absorption from the gastrointestinal tract Binds to plasma proteins, partial metabolism in the liver, excretion in urine within 24 hours - 4 days

B. Symptoms of poisoning.

In mild cases, dry mouth, blurred vision, psychomotor agitation, weakened intestinal motility, urinary retention. Muscle twitching and hyperkinesis. In severe poisoning - confusion up to deep coma, attacks of colonic-tonic convulsions of the epileptiform type. Cardiac disorders: brady and tachyarrhythmias, intracardiac blockade, ventricular fibrillation. Acute cardiovascular failure (collapse). The development of toxic hepatopathy, hyperglycemia, and intestinal paresis is possible.

B. Emergency care:

1. Active detoxification methods

2. Antidote treatment

3. Symptomatic therapy

1. Repeated gastric lavage, forced diuresis.

2. 3. For tachyarrhythmia - 0.05% proserin - 1 ml intramuscularly or 0.1% solution of physiostigmine - 1 ml subcutaneously again an hour later until the pulse rate is 60 - 70 per minute, lidocaine - 100 mg, 0.1% solution inderal 1-5 ml intravenously. For bradyathermia - 0.1% atropine solution subcutaneously or intravenously again after an hour. For convulsions and agitation - 5 - 10 mg of diazepam intravenously or intramuscularly. Sodium bicarbonate solution 4% - 400 ml intravenously.

A. Name of the chemical substance, its synonyms and characteristics.

AMMONIA.

B. Symptoms of poisoning: see. Alkalis are caustic.

A. Name of the chemical substance, its synonyms and characteristics

ANALGIN.

B. Symptoms of poisoning: see Amidopyrine

A. Name of the chemical substance, its synonyms and characteristics

ANESTHESIN.

Anestezin (benzocaine, ethylaminobenzoate). Hemotoxic (methemoglobin-forming) effect. Lethal dose 10-15 g.

Rapidly absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract, metabolized in the liver, and excreted by the kidneys.

B. Symptoms of poisoning.

When a toxic dose is ingested, there is severe cyanosis of the lips, ears, face, and limbs due to acute methemoglobinemia. Psychomotor agitation. When methglobinemia exceeds 50% of the total hemoglobin content, the development of a coma, hemolysis, and exotoxic shock is possible. High risk of anaphylactic reactions, especially in children

B. Emergency care:

2. Antidote treatment.

3. Symptomatic therapy.

1. Gastric lavage through a tube, forced diuresis with blood alkalization (sodium bicarbonate 10-15 g orally)

2. Methylene blue 1% solution, 1-2 ml per 1 kg of body weight with 250-300 ml of 5% glucose solution intravenously, 5% ascorbic acid solution - 10 ml intravenously.

3. Oxygen therapy, hyperbaric oxygenation.

ANDAXIN.

A. Names of the chemical substance, its synonyms and characteristics.

Andaxin (meprotan, meprobamate). Psychotropic neurotoxic (central muscle relaxation), antipyretic effect. The lethal dose is about 15 g. The toxic concentration in the blood is 100 mg/l, lethal 200 mg/l. Rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and excreted in the urine within 2-3 days

B. Symptoms of poisoning.

Drowsiness, muscle weakness, decreased body temperature. In severe cases - coma, dilated pupils, decreased blood pressure, respiratory failure. See also barbiturates.

B. Emergency care:

1. Methods of active detoxification.

2. Antidote treatment.

3. Symptomatic therapy.

1. Gastric lavage, saline laxative. Forced diuresis without plasma alkalization. With the development of a coma - peritoneal dialysis, hemodialysis, detoxification hemosorption. In case of severe breathing disorders - artificial ventilation.

ANILINE.

A. Name of the chemical substance, its synonyms and characteristics

Aniline (amidobenzene, phenylamine). Psychotropic, neurotoxic, hemotoxic (methemoglobin-forming, secondary hemolysis), hepatotoxic effect. The lethal dose when taken orally is 1 g. When the methemoglobin content of total hemoglobin is 20-30%, symptoms of intoxication appear, 60-80% is a lethal concentration. Entry through the respiratory tract, digestive tract, skin. Most of it is metabolized to form intermediate products that cause methemoglobin formation. Deposited in adipose tissue, relapses of intoxication are possible. Excreted through the lungs and kidneys (para-aminophenol).

B. Symptoms of poisoning.

Bluish discoloration of the mucous membranes of the lips, ears, and nails due to acute methemoglobinemia. Severe weakness, dizziness, headache, euphoria with motor excitement, vomiting, shortness of breath. The pulse is frequent, the liver is enlarged and painful. In severe poisoning, impaired consciousness and coma quickly occur, the pupils are constricted, without reaction to light, salivation and bronchorrhea, hemic hypoxia. Danger of developing paralysis respiratory center and exotoxic shock. On the 2-3rd day of the disease, relapses of methemoglobinemia, clonic-tonic convulsions, toxic anemia, parenchymal jaundice, and acute hepatic-renal failure are possible.

B. Emergency care:

1. Active detoxification methods

2. Antidote treatment

3. Symptomatic therapy

1. In case of contact with skin, wash with a solution of 1:1000 potassium permanganate. When taken orally - abundant gastric lavage, administration of 150 ml of petroleum jelly through a tube. Forced diuresis, hemosorption, hemodialysis.

2. Treatment of methemoglobinemia: 1% solution of methylene blue, 1-2 ml per 1 kg of body weight with 5% glucose solution 200-300 ml intravenously. Ascorbic acid solution 5% to 60 ml per day intravenously. Vitamin B12 600 mcg intramuscularly. Sodium thiosulfate 30% solution - 100 ml intravenously.

3. Treatment of exotoxic shock, acute hepatic-renal failure. Oxygen therapy, hyperbaric oxygenation.

ANTABUS.

A. Name of the chemical substance, its synonyms and characteristics.

Antabuse (teturam, disulfiram). Psychotropic, hepatotoxic effect. Lethal dose: without alcohol in the blood about 30g with a blood alcohol concentration of more than 1% - 1g. Slowly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, excreted slowly in the urine (in unchanged form). Leads to the accumulation of acetaldehyde in the body, the main metabolite of ethyl alcohol.

B. Symptoms of poisoning

After a course of treatment with Antabuse, drinking alcohol causes a sharp vegetative-vascular reaction - hyperemia of the skin, a feeling of heat in the face, difficulty breathing, palpitations, a feeling of fear of death, chills. Gradually the reaction ends and after 1-2 hours sleep sets in. After taking large doses of alcohol, a severe reaction may develop - severe pallor of the skin, cyanosis, repeated vomiting, increased heart rate, drop in blood pressure, signs of myocardial ischemia.

B. Emergency care:

1. Active detoxification methods

2. Antidote treatment

3. Symptomatic therapy

1. When taking a toxic dose - gastric lavage, forced diuresis.

3. Place the patient in a horizontal position. Intravenous influence of a 40% glucose solution - 40 ml with a 5% ascorbic acid solution - 10 ml. Sodium bicarbonate 4% solution 200 ml - intravenous drip. Vitamin B1 5% solution - 2 ml intramuscularly. Lasix - 40 mg intravenously. Cardiovascular drugs

ANTIBIOTICS.

A. Name of the chemical substance, its synonyms and characteristics.

Antibiotics (streptomycin, monomycin, kanamycin). Neurotoxic otoxic effect

B. Symptoms of poisoning.

At the same time, ingestion of an excessively high dose of antibiotics (over 10 g) can cause deafness due to damage to the auditory nerve (streptomycin) or oliguria due to renal failure (kanamycin, monomycin). These complications develop 6 as a rule, with a noticeable decrease in diuresis against the background of various infections with less daily dose drug, but longer use. With increased sensitivity to antibiotics when using normal therapeutic doses, anaphylactic shock may develop.

B. Emergency care:

1. Active detoxification methods

2. Antidote treatment

3. Symptomatic therapy

1. For hearing loss: 1-3 days after poisoning, hemodialysis or forced diuresis is indicated.

3. For oliguria: forced diuresis for the first day. Treatment of acute renal failure.

ANTICOAGULANTS.

A. Name of the chemical substance, its synonyms and characteristics.

Direct anticoagulants - heparin.

B. Symptoms of poisoning

When administered into a vein, the effect is immediate, into a muscle or under the skin - after 45-60 minutes.

B. Emergency care:

1. Active detoxification methods

2. Antidote treatment

3. Symptomatic therapy

1. In severe cases - blood replacement surgery, forced diuresis

2. Vikasol - 5 ml of 1% solution intravenously under the control of prothrombin content. Calcium chloride - 10 ml of 10% solution intravenously. In case of heparin overdose - 5 ml of 1% protamine sulfate solution intravenously, repeated if necessary (1 ml for every 100 units of heparin administered)

3. Aminocaproic acid 5% solution - 250 ml intravenously. Antihemophilic plasma - 500 ml intravenously. Repeated blood transfusion of 250 ml. Cardiovascular drugs as indicated.

Indirect anticoagulants - dicoumarin (dicoumarol), neodicoumarin (pelentan), syncumar, phenylin, etc. Hemotoxic effect (blood hypocoagulation).

B. Symptoms of poisoning

It is quickly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, the effect appears after 12-72 hours. It is excreted in the urine. Bleedings from the nose, uterus, stomach, intestines. Hematuria. Hemorrhage into the skin, muscles, sclera, hemorrhagic anemia. A sharp increase in blood clotting time (heparin) or a decrease in the prothombin index (other drugs)

A. Name of the chemical substance, its synonyms and characteristics.

Antifreeze

B. Symptoms of poisoning.

See ethylene glycol.

B. Emergency care:

1. Active detoxification methods

2. Antidote treatment

3. Symptomatic therapy

See ethylene glycol.

ARSENITES.

Arsenites: sodium arsenite, calcium arsenite, double salt of acetic and metaarsenic copper (Schweinfurt or Paris green). See Arsenic.

B. Symptoms of poisoning.

See Arsenic.

B. Emergency care:

1. Active detoxification methods

2. Antidote treatment

3. Symptomatic therapy

See Arsenic.

ASPIRIN.

A. Name of the chemical substance and its characteristics.

Aspirin (acetylsolicylic acid). Also included in the preparations: askofen, asphen, citramon, sodium salicylate. Psychotropic, hemotoxic (anticoagulant) effect. The lethal dose is about 30 - 40g, for children 10g. Toxic concentration in the blood is 150 - 300 mg/l, lethal 500 mg/l. Rapidly absorbed in the stomach and small intestine. Deacetylated in blood plasma, 80% is excreted in urine within 24 - 28 hours. B. Symptoms of poisoning.

Excitement, euphoria. Dizziness, tinnitus, hearing loss, visual impairment. Breathing is noisy and rapid. Delirium, suparosis, coma. Sometimes subcutaneous hemorrhages, nasal, nasal, gastrointestinal, uterine bleeding. The development of methemoglobinemia and toxic nephropathy is possible. Metabolic acidosis, peripheral edema

B. Emergency care:

1. Active detoxification methods

2. Antidote treatment

3. Symptomatic therapy

1. Gastric lavage, Vaseline oil 50 ml orally. Forced diuresis, alkalization of the blood. Early hemodialysis, hemosorption.

3. For bleeding - 1 ml of 1% solution of Vikasol, 10 ml of 10% solution of calcium chloride intravenously. When excited - 2 ml of a 2.5% solution of aminazine subcutaneously or intramuscularly. For methemoglobinemia - see Aniline.

ATROPINE.

A. Name of the chemical substance and its characteristics.

Atropine (also found in bellaldonna, henbane, datura). Psychotropic, neurotoxic (anticholinergic) effect. The lethal dose for adults is 100 mg, for children (under 10 years old) - about 10 ml. Rapidly absorbed through mucous membranes and skin, hydrolyzed in the liver. About 13% is excreted unchanged in urine within 14 hours.

B. Symptoms of poisoning.

Dry mouth and throat, speech and swallowing disorders, impaired near vision, diplopia, photophobia, palpitations, shortness of breath, headache. The skin is red, dry, the pulse is rapid, the pupils are dilated and do not respond to light. Mental and motor agitation, visual hallucinations, delirium, epileptiform convulsions followed by loss of consciousness, development of a coma, especially in children.

B. Emergency care:

1. Active detoxification methods

2. Antidote treatment

3. Symptomatic therapy

1. When taken orally - gastric lavage through a generously lubricated tube Vaseline oil, forced diuresis.

2. In a comatose state in the absence of sudden excitement - 1 ml of a 1% solution of pilocarpine repeatedly, 1 ml of a 0.05% solution of proserine or 1 ml of a 0.1% solution of eserine subcutaneously again.

3. When excited, 2.5% solution of aminazine - 2 ml intramuscularly, 1% solution of diphenhydramine - 2 ml intramuscularly, 1% solution of promedol 2 ml subcutaneously, 5 - 10 mg diazepam intravenously. For severe hyperthermia - 4% amidopyrine solution - 10 - 20 ml intramuscularly, ice packs on the head and groin areas, wrapping in a damp sheet and blowing with a fan.

ACETONE.

A. Name of the chemical substance and its characteristics.

Acetone (dimethylketone, propanol). Psychotropic (narcotic) nephrotoxic, local irritant effect. Lethal dose is more than 100 ml. Toxic concentration in the blood is 200 - 300 mg/l, lethal - 550 mg/l. It is quickly adsorbed by mucous membranes and excreted through the lungs in the urine.

B. Symptoms of poisoning.

If ingested and inhaled, intoxication, dizziness, weakness, unsteady gait, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, collapse, coma. There may be a decrease in diuresis, the appearance of protein and red blood cells in the urine. When recovering from a comatose state, pneumonia often develops.

B. Emergency care:

1. Active detoxification methods

2. Antidote treatment

3. Symptomatic therapy

1. For oral administration, gastric lavage; for inhalation poisoning, rinse eyes with water and inhale oxygen. Forced diuresis with blood alkalization (sodium bicarbonate 10-15 g orally).

3. Treatment of acute cardiovascular failure (toxic shock), pneumonia. For abdominal pain, subcutaneously 2% solution of papaverine - 2 ml, 0.2% solution of platiflline - 1 ml, 0.1 solution of atropine -1 ml.

BABITURATES.

A. Name of the chemical substance and its characteristics.

Long-acting barbiturates (8 - 12 hours) - phenobarbital (luminal), medium-acting (6 - 8 hours) - barbital (veronal), sodium barbital (medinal), sodium amytal (barbamyl), short-acting (4 - 6 hours) - sodium etaminal ( Nembutal).

Preparations containing barbiturates: tardil, bellaspon, Sereysky powders, verodone, bromital, andipal, dipasalin, camphotal, tepaphilin, etc. Psychotropic (narcotic, hypnotic) effect. Lethal dose - about 10 therapeutic doses with large individual differences. Absorption in the stomach and small intestine; sometimes in unconscious patients, drugs are found unchanged in the stomach 2-3 days after administration. Short-acting barbiturates are almost completely (90%) metabolized in the liver, 50-60% are protein bound. Long-acting barbiturates are protein bound (8-10%), 90-95% are not metabolized and are excreted in the urine.

B. Symptoms of poisoning.

Observed 4 clinical stages intoxication. Stage 1 - falling asleep: drowsiness, apathy, contact with the patient is possible, moderate miosis with a lively reaction to light, bradycardia during shallow sleep, hypersalivation. Stage 2 - superficial coma (a - uncomplicated, b - complicated): complete loss of consciousness, preserved reaction to painful stimulation, weakened pupillary and corneal reflexes. Fickle neurological symptoms: decreased or increased reflexes, muscle hypotonia or hypertension, pathological reflexes of Babinsky, Rossolimo, which are transient in nature. Breathing disorders due to hypersalivation, bronchorrhea, tongue retraction, aspiration of vomit. There are no pronounced hemodynamic disturbances. Stage 3 - deep coma (a - uncomplicated, b - complicated): a sharp absence or decrease in eye and tendon reflexes, lack of response to painful stimulation. The pupils are narrow. Breathing is rare, superficial, pulse is weak, cyanosis. Diuresis is reduced. In the case of a prolonged coma (12 hours), the development of bronchopneumonia, collapse, deep bedsores and septic complications is possible. Impaired liver and kidney function. Stage 4 - postcomatose period: unstable neurological symptoms (prose, unsteady gait, etc.), emotional lability, depression, thromboembolic complications.

B. Emergency care:

1. Active detoxification methods

2. Antidote treatment

3. Symptomatic therapy

1. Gastric lavage (in comatose patients - after preliminary intubation) again after 3 - 4 days until consciousness is restored, water-alkaline load, forced diuresis in combination with blood alkalization. In stages IIb, III - early use of hemodialysis in case of poisoning with long-acting barbiturates, detoxification hemosorption, in case of poisoning with short-acting barbiturates or mixed poisoning. In stage IV - water-electrolyte load, diuretics

2. In the stage of complicated coma, the use of bemegride is contraindicated. A 20% solution of camphor, a 10% solution of caffeine, a 5% solution of ephedrine, and 2-3 ml of cardamine are administered subcutaneously after 3-4 hours.

3. Intense infusion therapy. Plasma substitutes (polyglucin, hemodez). Antibiotics. Intramuscularly: vitamins B1 and B6 5% solutions - 6-8 ml, B12 - 500 mcg (B vitamins should not be administered at the same time), ascorbic acid 5% solution - 5-10 ml, ATP 1% solution - 6 ml per day. For low blood pressure - 0.2% norepinephrine in combination with a 0.5% dopamine solution, 1 ml intravenously in 400 ml of polyglucin. Cardiac glycosites.

BARIUM.

A. Name of the chemical substance and its characteristics.

Barium. Neurotoxic (paraletic), cardiotoxic effect. All soluble barium salts are toxic; insoluble barium sulfate, used in radiology, is practically nontoxic. Lethal dose is about 1g. Soluble barium salts are quickly absorbed in the small intestine and excreted primarily through the kidneys.

B. Symptoms of poisoning.

Burning in the mouth and esophagus, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, profuse diarrhea, dizziness, profuse sweating. The skin is pale. The pulse is slow and weak. Extrasystole, bbbigeminia, atrial fibrillation, arterial hypertension followed by a drop in blood pressure. Shortness of breath, cyanosis. 2-3 hours after poisoning - increasing muscle weakness, especially muscles upper limbs and neck. Hemolysis, weakened vision and hearing, and clonic-tonic convulsions are possible with preserved consciousness.

B. Emergency care:

1. Active detoxification methods

2. Antidote treatment

3. Symptomatic therapy

1, 2. Gastric lavage through a tube with a 1% solution of sodium or magnesium sulfate to form insoluble barium sulfate, magnesium or barium sulfate 30 g orally (100 ml of a 30% solution). Forced diuresis, hemodialysis. Intravenous 10-20 ml of 10% solution of sodium or magnesium sulfate. Tetacin - calcium - 20 ml of 10% solution with 500 ml of 5% glucose solution intravenously.

3. Promedol - 1 ml of 2% solution. Atropine - 1 ml of 0.1% solution intravenously with 300 ml of 5% glucose solution. For rhythm disturbances - potassium chloride 2.5 g in 500 ml of 5% glucose solution intravenously, repeated if necessary. Cardiovascular drugs. Vitamins B1 and B6 intramuscularly (not simultaneously). Oxygen therapy. Treatment of toxic shock. Cardiac glycosides are contraindicated.

HENBANE.

See Atropine.

BELLADONNA.

See Atropine.

BELLOOID, BELLASPON.

A. Name of the chemical substance and its characteristics.

Psychotropic (narcotic) and neurotoxic (cholinergic) effects. The drugs contain barbiturates, ergotamine, atropine. Lethal dose - more than 50 tablets.

B. Symptoms of poisoning.

The earliest symptoms of atropine poisoning (see Atropine) appear, followed by the development of a severe coma, similar to a barbiturate coma (see barbiturates), with severe dryness of the skin and mucous membranes, dilated pupils, and skin hyperemia, hyperthermia. Poisoning is especially dangerous in children.

B. Emergency care:

1. Active detoxification methods

2. Antidote treatment

3. Symptomatic therapy

1. Gastric lavage. Forced diuresis, in case of severe poisoning - detoxification hemosorption.

3. When excited - see Atropine. If coma develops, see Barbiturates.

PETROL.

A. Name of the chemical substance and its characteristics.

Petrol. Psychotropic (narcotic), hepatotoxic, nephrotoxic, pneumotoxic effects. Leaded gasoline containing tetraethyl lead is especially dangerous. Rapidly absorbed in the lungs and gastrointestinal tract. It is excreted primarily through the lungs.

B. Symptoms of poisoning.

When inhaling vapors - dizziness, headache, feeling of intoxication, agitation, nausea, vomiting. In severe cases - breathing problems, loss of consciousness, convulsions, smell of gasoline from the mouth. If swallowed - abdominal pain, vomiting, enlarged and painful liver, jaundice, toxic hepatopathy, nephropathy. With aspiration - chest pain, bloody sputum, cyanosis, shortness of breath, fever, severe weakness (gasoline toxic pneumonia). Poisoning is especially severe in children. Chronic inhalation intoxication is possible.

B. Emergency care:

1. Active detoxification methods

2. Antidote treatment

3. Symptomatic therapy

1. Removing the victim from a room saturated with gasoline vapors. If gasoline gets inside, lavage the stomach through a 200 ml tube. Vaseline oil or activated carbon.

3. In case of inhalation of vapors or aspiration - oxygen inhalation, antibiotics (10,000,000 units of penicillin and 1 g of streptomycin intramuscularly), cups, mustard plasters. Subcutaneously camphor - 2 ml of a 20 (percent) solution, cordiamine - 2 ml, caffeine - 2 ml of a 10 (percent) solution. Intravenous 30-50 ml of 40 (percent) glucose solution with corglycon (0.06 (percent) solution - 1 ml) or strophanthin (0.05 (percent) solution - 0.5 ml). For pain - 1 ml of 1 (percent) solution of promedol, 1 ml of 1 (percent) solution of atropine subcutaneously. In a comatose state with respiratory failure - intubation and artificial respiration, oxygen.

BENZODIAZEPINES.

A. Name of the chemical substance and its characteristics.

Benzodiazepines - elenium (chlordiazepoxide, Napotom, Librium), diazepam (Seduxen, Valium), oxazepam (Tazepam), nitrazepam (Eunoctin, Radedorm). Psychotropic, neurotoxic effect. Lethal dose - 1-2g (large individual differences. Absorbed in the stomach and small intestine, binds to plasma proteins, detoxification in the liver, excretion in urine and feces.

B. Symptoms of poisoning.

See Barbiturates.

BENZENE.

A. Name of the chemical substance and its characteristics.

Bezol. Psychotropic (narcotic), hemotoxic, hepatotoxic effects. Lethal dose 10-20 ml. The lethal concentration in the blood is 0.9 mg/l. Rapidly absorbed from the lungs and gastrointestinal tract. 15-30% is oxidized and excreted by the kidneys in the form of metabolites, the remaining portion is excreted unchanged through the lungs and in the urine. Depanation is possible in red blood cells, glandular organs, muscles, and fatty tissue.

B. Symptoms of poisoning.

When inhaling benzene vapors - excitement similar to alcohol, clinical-tonic convulsions, pallor of the face, red mucous membranes, dilated pupils. Shortness of breath with irregular breathing rhythm. Increased pulse rate, often arrhythmic, decreased blood pressure. Bleeding from the nose and gums, hemorrhage into the skin, and uterine bleeding are possible. When taking benzene orally - burning in the mouth, behind the sternum, in the epigastric region, vomiting, abdominal pain, dizziness, headache, agitation followed by depression, coma, enlarged liver, jaundice (toxic hepatopathy). Chronic inhalation intoxication is possible.

B. Emergency care:

1. Active detoxification methods

2. Antidote treatment

3. Symptomatic therapy

1. Removing the victim from the danger zone. If poison is ingested, gastric lavage through a tube, Vezelin oil orally - 200 ml. Forced diuresis, blood replacement surgery.

2. 30% sodium thiosulfate solution - 200 ml intravenously.

3. Intramuscular vitamins B1 and B6 - up to 1000 mcg/day (B vitamins should not be administered at the same time). Cardiovascular drugs. Ascorbic acid - 10-20 ml of 5% solution with 5% glucose solution intravenously. Oxygen inhalation. For bleeding - 1% solution of Vikasol intramuscularly up to 5 ml.

BORIC ACID.

A. Name of the chemical substance and its characteristics.

Boric acid (borax), borax, sodium borate. Local irritant, weak cytotoxic, convulsive effect. The lethal dose for adults is 10-20g. Toxic concentration in the blood is 40 mg/l, lethal 50 mg/l. Absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract and damaged skin. They are excreted unchanged by the kidneys and through the intestines within a week. Deposited in bone tissue, liver.

B. Symptoms of poisoning.

Symptoms of intoxication develop 1 to 48 hours after ingestion. Abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhea, general weakness, headache. Dehydration of the body, loss of consciousness, generalized twitching of the muscles of the face, limbs, convulsions. Cardiovascular failure. Possible damage to the liver and kidneys. Poisoning is especially severe in children.

B. Emergency care:

1. Active detoxification methods

2. Antidote treatment

3. Symptomatic therapy

1. Gastric lavage through a tube. Forced diurcz. Hemodialysis for severe poisoning.

3. Riboflavin mononucleotide 10 g per day into the muscle. Correction of wine-electrolyte balance and acidosis: infusion of sodium bicarbonate solution, plasma-substituting solutions, glucose, sodium chloride. For abdominal pain - 0.1% atropine solution - 1 ml, 0.2% platifilin solution - 1 ml, 1% promedol solution - 1 ml subcutaneously. Novocaine 2% solution - 50 ml with glucose - 5% solution - 500 ml intravenously. Cardiovascular drugs.

VEGH IS POISONOUS.

A. Name of the chemical substance and its characteristics.

Veh poisonous (hemlock, water hemlock, water omega). The most poisonous rhizomes of the plant, especially in late autumn and early spring. Contains cycototoxin. Neurotoxic (cholinergic, convulsive) effect. The lethal dose is about 50 mg of plant per 1 kg of body weight.

B. Symptoms of poisoning.

Rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. Initial symptoms poisoning appears after 1.5 - 2 hours, sometimes after 20 - 30 minutes. Salivation, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, dilated pupils, tachycardia, clonic-tonic convulsions, respiratory depression. Loss of consciousness, collapse. Most often, poisoning develops in children, who usually eat rhizomes, mistaking them for carrots.

B. Emergency care:

1. Active detoxification methods

2. Antidote treatment

3. Symptomatic therapy

1. Gastric lavage through a tube, saline laxative, activated carbon orally, hemosorption.

3. Intramuscular injection of 25% magnesium sulfate solution - 10 ml. For seizures - diazepam 5 - 10 mg intravenously. Artificial respiration. For cardiac arrhythmias - 10 ml of 10% solution of novocainamide intravenously.

HYDROGEN IS ARSENIC.

A. Name of the chemical substance and its characteristics.

Arsenic hydrogen (arsine) is a colorless gas with a garlic odor. Neurotoxic, hemotoxic (hemolytic), hepatotoxic effects. The lethal concentration in the air is 0.05 mg/l with an exposure of 1 hour; at a concentration of 5 mg/l, several breaths lead to death.

B. Symptoms of poisoning.

In case of poisoning with low doses, the development of poisoning is preceded by a latent period of about 6 hours; in case of severe intoxication, the latent period is less than 3 hours. General weakness, nausea, vomiting, chills, anxiety, headache, parasthesia in the limbs, suffocation. After 8 - 12 hours - hemoglobinuria (red or brown urine), cyanosis, possible convulsions, impaired consciousness. On the 2-3rd day - toxic hepatotopathy, nephropathy, hemolytic anemia.

B. Emergency care:

1. Active detoxification methods

2. Antidote treatment

3. Symptomatic therapy

1. Early hemodialysis. Blood replacement surgery.

2. Mecaptide 40% solution - 1-2 ml every 4 hours with 0.25% navocaine solution intramuscularly for the first 2 days, then 2 times a day until 5 - 6 days, after which - unithiol 5% solution 5 ml 3 - 4 times per day.

For hemoglobinuria - intravenous glucozone-novocaine mixture (glucose 5% solution - 500 ml, novocaine 2% solution - 50 ml), hypertonic 20-30% glucose solutions - 200 - 300 ml, aminophylline 2, 4% solution - 10 ml, sodium bicarbonate 4 % solution - 100 ml intravenously. Forced diuresis. Cardiovascular drugs.

VITAMIN D2.

A. Name of the chemical substance and its characteristics.

Vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol, calciferol). Disturbance of calcium and phosphorus metabolism in the body, cytotoxic (membrane), nephrotoxic effect. The toxic dose for a single dose of 1,000,000 IU is 25 mg (20 ml of oil solution, 5 ml of alcohol solution). Vitamin D is metabolized in the liver and kidneys to form active metabolites that cause the toxicity of the drug. Cumulates in the body.

B. Symptoms of poisoning.

Intoxication can develop as a result of a single dose of a large dose of the drug or repeated consumption of food (sometimes instead of sunflower oil). In children - as a result of exceeding the course of preventive and therapeutic doses. Nausea, repeated vomiting, dehydration, malnutrition, lethargy, increased body temperature, general adynamia, muscle hypotension, drowsiness, followed by severe anxiety, clonicotonic convulsions. Increased blood pressure, muffled heart sounds, sometimes rhythm and conduction disturbances. Hematuria, leukocyturia, proteinuria, azotemia, acute heart failure. Hypercalcemia (calcium content in blood serum up to 20 mg% or more), hypercholesterolemia, hyperphosphatemia, hyperproteinemia. Fluoroscopy of cadaveric bones reveals osteoporosis of the diaphyseal part. Possible metastatic calcification of the kidneys, myocardium, heart valves, vascular wall.

B. Emergency care:

1. Active detoxification methods

2. Antidote treatment

3. Symptomatic therapy

1. At a high dose - hemodialysis, detoxification hemosorption.

3. Hydrocotisone - 250 mg/day or prednisolone - 60 mg/day intramuscularly. Thyrocalcitonia - 5D 2-3 times a day, vitamins A ( oil solution) 3000-50000 IU 2 times a day intramuscularly. Tocopherol (vitamin E) 30% solution - 2 ml intramuscularly 2 times a day. Cardiovascular drugs. For increased blood pressure - 1% dibazole solution, 2-4 ml intramuscularly. Calcium-disodium salt ELTA 2-4 g per 500 ml of 5% glucose solution intravenously. Glucose with insulin - 8D, isotonic sodium chloride solution 40% - 20 ml, plasma and plasma-substituting solutions.

CARDIAC GLYCOSIDES.

A. Name of the chemical substance and its characteristics.

Cardiac glycosides: preparations different types foxglove (active principle - glycosides ditoxin, digoxin), adonis, lily of the valley, jaundice, strophanthus, hellebore, sea onion, etc. Cardiotoxic effect. Rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, with intravenous administration are excreted slowly in the urine.

B. Symptoms of poisoning.

Dyspeptic disorders (nausea, vomiting). Bradycardia, ventricular and atrial extrasystoles, conduction disturbances, different kinds tachycardia, fibrillation and ventricular fibrillation. Fall in blood pressure, cyanosis, convulsions, blurred vision, mental disorders, loss of consciousness.

B. Emergency care:

1. Active detoxification methods

2. Antidote treatment

3. Symptomatic therapy

1. Gastric lavage, saline laxative, activated carbon orally. Detoxification hemosorption.

2. Atropine 0.1% solution - 1 ml subcutaneously for bradycardia. Intravenous drip administration of potassium chloride (only for hypokalemia!) - 0.5% solution 500 ml. Unithiol 5% solution, 5 ml intramuscularly 4 times a day.

For arrhythmias: 0.1% atropine solution - 1-2 ml intravenously, lidocaine - 100 ml every 3 - 5 minutes intravenously (until the arrhythmia is eliminated), diphenin - 10 - 12 mg/kg for 12-24 hours intravenously .

GRANOSAN.

A. Name of the chemical substance and its characteristics.

Granosan (2% ethyl mercuric chloride). Enterotoxic, hepatotoxic effects.

B. Symptoms of poisoning.

Poisoning develops when consuming granosan-treated sunflower seeds, peas, flour from treated seeds, and fruits from untimely treated trees. Symptoms of poisoning develop gradually - 1-3 weeks after eating contaminated foods. Loss of appetite, unpleasant taste and dry mouth, thirst, lethargy, insomnia, headache. Then nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, lethargy, adynamia, hallucinations, and sometimes paresis of the limbs appear. Possible visual impairment, anisocaria, strabismus, ptosis (damage to the cranial nerves), tremor, epileptic syndrome, vomiting, diarrhea with blood. Symptoms of toxic nephropathy and toxic hepatopathy appear (enlarged and painful liver, jaundice).

B. Emergency care:

1. Active detoxification methods

2. Antidote treatment

3. Symptomatic therapy

1, 2. See Sulema.

H. Vitamins B1 and B12. Prozerin - 0.05% solution, 1 ml subcutaneously.

MUSHROOMS ARE POISONOUS.

A. Name of the chemical substance and its characteristics.

Mushrooms are poisonous. 1. Toadstool - contains toxic alkaloids phalloin, phalloidin, amanitin. Hepatotoxic, nephrotoxic, enterotoxic effects. 100 g of fresh mushrooms (5 g of dry) contains 10 mg of phalloidin, 13.5 mg of amanitin. The lethal dose of amanitin is 0.1 mg/kg. Toxins are not destroyed by heat treatment or drying; they are quickly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and deposited in the liver.

2. Fly agaric - active ingredient - muscarine, muscaridine. Neurotoxic (cholinergic effect). Toxins are partially destroyed during heat treatment.

3. Strings, morels - contain gelvelic acid. Hemotoxic (hemolytic) effect. The toxin is destroyed by heat treatment.

B. Symptoms of poisoning.

The latent period before the development of pronounced symptoms of intoxication is 6 - 24 hours. Uncontrollable vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, hemolysis, hemoglobinuria (red urine). Damage to the liver, kidneys. Hemolytic jaundice.

B. Emergency care:

1. Active detoxification methods

2. Antidote treatment

3. Symptomatic therapy

1. Sodium bicarbonate - 1000 ml of 4% solution into a vein. Forced diuresis.

DIKUMARIN.

A. Name of the chemical substance and its characteristics.

Dicumarin.

B. Symptoms of poisoning. See Anticoagulants

B. Emergency care:

1. Active detoxification methods

2. Antidote treatment

3. Symptomatic therapy

See Anticoagulants.

DIMEDROL.

A. Name of the chemical substance and its characteristics.

Diphenhydramine (diphenhydramine) and other antihistamines.

Neurotoxic (parasympatholytic, central anticholinergic), psychotropic (narcotic) effect. The lethal dose is 40 mg/kg. Toxic concentration in the blood is 10 mg/l. Rapidly absorbed, reaches maximum concentration in tissues within the first 6 hours, detoxification in the liver, and is excreted in the urine mainly in the form of metabolites within 24 hours.

B. Symptoms of poisoning.

Dry mouth and throat, drowsiness and dizziness, nausea, nausea, muscle twitching, tachycardia, blurred vision. The pupils are dilated, there may be horizontal nystagmus, the skin is dry and pale. Motor and psychological agitation, convulsions followed by loss of consciousness. Comatose state, drop in blood pressure, respiratory depression. Oral numbness may occur when taking premedimedrol by mouth.

B. Emergency care:

1. Active detoxification methods

2. Antidote treatment

3. Symptomatic therapy

1. When taken orally, lavage the stomach through a tube lubricated with petroleum jelly. Forced diuresis.

2. Physostigmine - 0.1% solution, 1 ml subcutaneously, again, in the absence of sudden excitement - pilocarpine - 1 ml of 1% solution subcutaneously.

3. For agitation - aminazine or tizercin - 2.5% solutions, 2 ml intramuscularly, for convulsions - diazepam - 5 - 10 mg intravenously.

DIMETHYL PHTHALATE.

A. Name of the chemical substance and its characteristics.

Dimethyl phthalate. Local irritant, psychotropic (narcotic), neurotoxic, nephrotoxic effect. Absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract and respiratory tract. In the body in short time undergoes metabolism to form methyl alcohol.

B. Symptoms of poisoning.

See Methyl alcohol.

Inhalation of vapors causes irritation of the mucous membranes of the eyes and nose.

B. Emergency care:

1. Active detoxification methods

2. Antidote treatment

3. Symptomatic therapy

See Methyl alcohol.

DICHLOROETHANE.

A. Name of the chemical substance and its characteristics.

Dichloroethane (ethylene dichloride) exists in the form of 2 isomers: 1 - 1-dichloroethane and the most toxic 1 - 2-dichloroethane. Psychotropic (narcotic), neurotoxic, hepatotoxic, nephrotoxic, local irritant effect. The lethal dose when taken orally is 15 - 20 ml. Toxic concentration in the blood - traces of dichloroethane, lethal 5 mg/l. Quickly absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract, respiratory tract, and skin. After oral administration, the maximum concentration in the blood is reached in the first 6 hours, the rate of absorption increases with joint reception with alcohol and fats. It is metabolized in the liver with the formation of toxic metabolites chloroethylene and monochloroacetic acid. Deposited in adipose tissue. Excreted in exhaled air, urine, and feces.

B. Symptoms of poisoning.

Symptoms of intoxication appear in the first 1 - 3 hours. Upon admission - nausea, vomiting (persistent) with an admixture of bile, blood, pain in the epigastric region, salivation, loose, flaky stool with the smell of dichloroethane, scleral hyperemia, severe weakness, headache, psychomotor agitation, coma, exotoxic shock (1 - 2 days), on days 2 - 3 - toxic hepatopathy (pain in the right hypochondrium, liver enlargement, jaundice, nephropathy, hepatic-renal failure, hemorrhagic diathesis (stomach, nosebleeds) With inhalation poisoning - headache, dizziness, drowsiness, dyspeptic disorders, increased salivation, hepatopathy, nephropathy. In severe cases - coma, exotoxic shock. In case of contact with the skin - dermatitis, bullous rashes.

B. Emergency care:

1. Active detoxification methods

2. Antidote treatment

3. Symptomatic therapy

1. Abundant repeated gastric lavage through a tube, followed by the introduction of vaseline oil (150 - 200 ml) into the stomach. Detoxification hemosorbium, forced diuresis with blood alkalization. Vitamin E 1 - 2 ml 30% intramuscularly 4 times in the first 3 days.

3. In the presence of deep coma - intubation, artificial respiration. Cardiovascular drugs. Treatment of toxic shock. On the first day - hormone therapy (prednisolone up to 120 mg intravenously repeatedly. Vitamin therapy: B12 - up to 1500 mcg; B1 - 4 ml of a 5% solution intramuscularly; B15 up to - 5 g orally. Ascorbic acid - 5-10 ml of a 5% solution intravenously. Tetacin calcium - 40 ml of a 10% solution with 300 ml of a 5% glucose solution intravenously. Unithiol 5% solution, 5 ml intramuscularly repeatedly. Lipoic acid- 20 - 30 mg/kg intravenously per day. Antibiotics (levomytin, penicillin).

In case of sudden excitement, 2 ml of 2.5% solution of pipolfen intravenously. Treatment of toxic nephropathy and hepatopathy is carried out in a hospital.

Datura.

A. Name of the chemical substance and its characteristics.

Datura. See atropine.

B. Symptoms of poisoning. See Atropine.

B. Emergency care:

1. Active detoxification methods

2. Antidote treatment

3. Symptomatic therapy

See Atropine

LUCK.

A. Name of the chemical substance and its characteristics.

Zamanikha (araliaceae seeds). Rhizomes and roots contain saponins, traces of alkaloids and glycosides, essential oil. Available as a 5% alcohol tincture. Cardiotoxic local irritant, psychotropic (stimulating) effect.

B. Symptoms of poisoning.

If you take a toxic dose, you may experience nausea, repeated vomiting, loose stools, bradycardia, dizziness, anxiety, and a possible decrease in blood pressure. Bradyarrhythmia, ventricular extrasystole.

B. Emergency care:

1. Active detoxification methods

2. Antidote treatment

3. Symptomatic therapy

3. Atropine - 1 ml of 0.1% solution subcutaneously or intravenously again until bradycardia is relieved.

ISOMIAZIDE.

A. Name of the chemical substance and its characteristics.

Isoniazid (GINK, isonicotinic acid hydrazide); derivatives: tubazide, ftivazide, saluzide, larusan, etc. Neurotoxic (convulsive) effect. Lethal dose- 10 g. Rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, maximum concentration in the blood 1-3 hours after administration. 50 - 75% of the drug in acetylated form is excreted in the urine within 24 hours, 5 - 10% through the intestines.

B. Symptoms of poisoning.

Nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, weakness, headache, paresthesia, dry mouth, tremor, ataxia, shortness of breath, bradycardia, then tachycardia. In severe poisoning - epileptiform-type convulsions with loss of consciousness and respiratory distress. The development of toxic nephropathy and hepotopathy is possible.

B. Emergency care:

1. Active detoxification methods

2. Antidote treatment

3. Symptomatic therapy

1. Gastric lavage through a tube, saline laxative. Forced diuresis with blood alkalization. Detoxification hemosorption.

2. B6 - 5% solution, 10 ml intravenously repeatedly.

3. Essential oxygen anesthesia with muscle relaxants, mechanical breathing. Correction of acidosis - 4% sodium bicarbonate solution 1000 ml into a vein.

INDIAN HEMP.

A. Name of the chemical substance and its characteristics.

Indian hemp (hashish, plan, marijuana, anasha).

B. Symptoms of poisoning.

Initially, psychomotor agitation, dilated pupils, tinnitus, vivid visual hallucinations, then general lethargy, weakness, tearfulness and prolonged deep dream with a slower pulse and lower body temperature.

B. Emergency care:

1. Active detoxification methods

2. Antidote treatment

3. Symptomatic therapy

Gastric lavage if poison is taken orally, forced diuresis. In case of sudden excitement - 4 - 5% ml of 2.5% chlorpromazine solution intramuscularly.

INSULIN.

A. Name of the chemical substance and its characteristics.

Insulin. Hypoglycemic effect.

B. Symptoms of poisoning.

Active only when administered parenterally. In case of an overdose, symptoms of hypoglycemia occur - weakness, increased sweating, hand tremors, feeling of hunger. In case of severe poisoning (blood sugar level below 50 mg%) - psychomotor agitation, clinical-tonic convulsions, coma. When emerging from a comatose state, prolonged encephalopathy (schizophrenia-like syndrome) is observed.

B. Emergency care:

1. Active detoxification methods

2. Antidote treatment

3. Symptomatic therapy

1. Phosphorus diuresis with blood alkalization.

2. Immediate intravenous administration of a 20% glucose solution in the amount necessary to restore normal blood sugar levels. Glucagon - 0.5 - 1 mg intramuscularly.

3. For coma, adrenaline - 1 ml of 0.1% solution subcutaneously. Cardiovascular drugs.

A. Name of the chemical substance and its characteristics.

Iodine. Local cauterizing effect. The lethal dose is about - - 3g.

B. Symptoms of poisoning.

When inhaling iodine vapor, the upper respiratory tract is affected.

(see Chlorine). When concentrated solutions get inside, severe burns of the digestive tract occur; the mucous membrane has a characteristic color. The development of hemolysis and hemoglobinuria is possible.

B. Emergency care:

1. Active detoxification methods

2. Antidote treatment

3. Symptomatic therapy

Gastric lavage through a tube, preferably 0.5% sodium thiosulfate solution.

2. Sodium thiosulfate 30% solution - up to 300 ml per day intravenously, 10% sodium chloride solution 30 ml intravenously.

3. Treatment of burns of the digestive tract (see Strong acids)

POTASSIUM PERMANGANATE.

A. Name of the chemical substance and its characteristics.

Potassium permanganate. Local cauterizing, resorptive, hemotoxic (methemoglobinemia) effects. The lethal dose for children is about 3 g, for adults - 0.3 - 0.5 g / kg.

B. Symptoms of poisoning.

If ingested, sharp pain occurs in the oral cavity, along the esophagus, in the abdomen, vomiting, and diarrhea. The mucous membrane of the oral cavity and pharynx is swollen, dark brown, purple. Possible swelling of the larynx and mechanical asphyxia, burn shock, motor agitation, and convulsions. Severe pneumonia, hemorrhagic colitis, nephropathy, hepatopathy, and parkinsonism often occur. With reduced acidity of gastric juice, methemoglobinemia with severe cyanosis and shortness of breath is possible.

B. Emergency care:

1. Active detoxification methods

2. Antidote treatment

3. Symptomatic therapy

1. See Strong acids.

2. For severe cyanosis (methemoglobinemia) - methyl blue 50 ml of 1% solution, ascorbic acid - 30 ml of 5% solution intravenously.

3. Vitamin therapy: B12 up to 1000 mcg, B6 - 3 ml of 5% solution intramuscularly. Treatment of toxic nephropathy, hepatopathy in the hospital.

ACIDS ARE STRONG.

A. Name of the chemical substance and its characteristics.

Strong acids: inorganic (nitric, sulfuric, hydrochloric, etc.), organic (acetic, oxalic, etc.). Oxalic acid is included in a number of products household chemicals used to remove rust: liquid "Vaniol" (10%), "Antirzhavin", paste "Prima" (19.7%), powder "Sanitary" (15%), "Tartaren" (23%). Local cauterizing effect (coagulative necrosis), hemotoxic (hemolytic) and nephrohepatotoxic - for organic acids. Lethal dose - 30 -50 ml.

B. Symptoms of poisoning.

When ingested, a chemical burn develops in the oral cavity, pharynx, pharynx, stomach, esophagus, and sometimes intestines - sharp pain in the oral cavity along the esophagus, in the abdomen. Significant salivation, repeated vomiting with blood, esophageal bleeding. Mechanical asphyxia due to burns and swelling of the larynx. Phenomena of toxic burn shock (compensated or decompensated). In severe cases, especially in case of poisoning with vinegar essence, hemolysis, hemoglobinuria are observed (urine becomes red-brown, dark brown), and by the end of the first day, yellowness of the skin and sclera appears. Against the background of hemolysis, toxic coagulopathy develops (short-term phase of hypercoagulation and secondary fibrinolysis). On days 2 - 3, the phenomena of exogenous toxemia (fever, agitation), the phenomena of active peritonitis, pancreatitis, then the phenomenon of nephropathy against the background of acute hemoglobinuric nephrosis (in case of acetic acid poisoning), hepatopathy, infectious complications (purulent tracheobronchitis, pneumonia) predominate. - 3 weeks, a complication of a burn disease may be late esophageal-gastric bleeding. By the end of the 3rd week, with severe burns (ulcerative-necrotic inflammation), signs of cicatricial narrowing of the esophagus or, more often, of the outlet of the stomach (in case of poisoning with inorganic acids) appear. Burn asthenia is noted, loss of body weight, disturbance of protein and water-electrolyte balance.Ulcerative-necrotizing gastritis and esophagitis often become chronic.

B. Emergency care:

1. Active detoxification methods

2. Antidote treatment

3. Symptomatic therapy

1. Gastric lavage with cold water through a lubricated tube vegetable oil. Before gastric lavage - subcutaneous morphine - 1 ml of 1% solution and atropine - 1 ml of 0.1% solution. Forced diuresis with alkalization of the blood. Swallow pieces of ice.

2. Injection of 4% sodium bicarbonate solution up to 1500 ml into a vein when dark urine appears and metabolic acidosis develops.

3. Treatment burn shock. Polyglucin - 800 ml intravenously. Glucose-novocaine mixture (glucose - 300 ml of 5% solution, novocaine - 30 ml of 2% solution) intravenous drip. Papaverine - 2 ml of 2% solution, platifilin - 1 ml of 0.2% solution, atropine - 0.5 - 1 ml of 0.1% solution subcutaneously up to 6 - 8 times a day. Cardiovascular drugs (cordiamin - 2 ml, caffeine - 2 ml of 10% solution subcutaneously). If bleeding develops, use ice inside. In cases of significant blood loss, repeat blood transfusion. Antibiotic therapy (penicillin - up to 8,000,000 units per day). Hormone therapy: hydrocartisone - 125 mg, ACTH - 40 units intramuscularly per day. For local treatment of the burned surface, 20 ml of the mixture of the following composition is given orally after 3 hours: 10% sunflower oil emulsion - 200 ml, anesthesin - 2 ml, chloramphenicol - 2 g. Vitamin therapy: B12 - 400 mcg, B1 - 2 ml of 5% solution intramuscularly (do not enter at the same time). Treatment of toxic nephropathy, hepatopathy - in a hospital. For the treatment of toxic coagulopathy after stopping bleeding - heparin up to 30,000 - 60,000 units per day intravenously intramuscularly for 2 - 3 days (under the control of a coagulogram). For swelling of the larynx - inhalation of aerosols: novokina - 3 ml of 0.5% solution with ephedrine - 1 ml of 5% solution or adrenaline - 1 ml of 0.1% solution. If this measure fails, tracheostomy is performed.

CAFFEINE.

A. Name of the chemical substance and its characteristics.

Caffeine and other xanthines - theophylline, theobromine, aminophylline, aminophylline. . Psychotropic, neurotoxic (convulsive) effect. The lethal dose is 20 g with large individual differences, the lethal concentration in the blood is more than 100 mg/l. It is quickly absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract, demethylated in the body, and excreted in the urine in the form of metabolites, 10% unchanged.

B. Symptoms of poisoning.

Tinnitus, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, increased body temperature, palpitations. Severe psychomotor agitation and clonicotonic convulsions are possible. In the future, depression of the nervous system may develop up to a soporous state, severe tachycardia (sometimes paroxysmal, accompanied by hypotension), and cardiac arrhythmias. In case of an overdose of drugs, especially when administered intravenously, an attack of clonic-tonic convulsions and a drop in blood pressure are possible. Orthostatic collapse.

B. Emergency care:

1. Active detoxification methods

2. Antidote treatment

3. Symptomatic therapy

1. Gastric lavage through a tube, saline laxative. Forced diuresis. In severe cases - detoxification hemosorption.

3. Aminazine - 2 ml of 2.5% solution intramuscularly. In severe cases - intramuscular injection lytic mixture: aminazine - 1 ml of 2.5% solution, promedol - 1 ml of 1% solution, diprazine (pipolfen) - 2.5% solution. For convulsions - barbamyl - 10 ml of 10% solution intravenously. To relieve paroxysmal tachycardia - novocainamide 10% solution 5 ml intravenously slowly.

LITHIUM.

A. Name of the chemical substance and its characteristics.

Lithium - lithium carbonate. Psychotropic, neurotoxic, cardiotoxic effects. Lethal dose - 20 g. Toxic concentration in the blood - 13.9 mg/l, lethal dose -34.7 mg/l. Absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract, distributed evenly in the body in intracellular and extracellular fluid, 40% is excreted in the urine, a small part through the intestines.

B. Symptoms of poisoning.

Nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, muscle weakness, tremor of the limbs, adynamia, ataxia, drowsiness, stuporous state, coma. Heart rhythm disturbances, bradyarrhythmia, decreased blood pressure, acute cardiovascular failure (collapse). On days 3 - 4 - manifestations of toxic nephropathy. The wavy course of intoxication is characteristic.

B. Emergency care:

1. Active detoxification methods

2. Antidote treatment

3. Symptomatic therapy

1. Gastric lavage through a tube. Forced diuresis. In severe cases, early hemodialysis.

2. Into a vein - sodium bicarbonate - 1500 - 2000 ml of 4% solution, sodium chloride - 20 - 30 ml of 10% solution after 6 - 8 hours for 1 - 2 days.

3. When blood pressure decreases - 0.2% norepinephrine solution intravenously until a clinical effect is obtained. B vitamins, ATP - 2 ml of 1% solution intramuscularly 2 - 3 times a day. Treatment of toxic nephropathy.

MERCURY OINTMENT.

A. Name of the chemical substance and its characteristics.

Mercury ointment: gray (contains 30% metallic mercury, white (10% mercury amide chloride), yellow (2% yellow mercuric oxide).

B. Symptoms of poisoning.

Poisoning develops when the ointment is rubbed into the skin, especially into the hairy parts of the body and when there are excoriations, abrasions on the skin or during prolonged exposure (more than 2 hours). On days 1–2, signs of dermatitis appear and body temperature rises, which may be a manifestation of hypersensitivity to mercury preparations. On days 3–5, symptoms of toxic nephropathy and acute renal failure develop. At the same time, manifestations of stomatitis, gingivitis, enlargement of regional nodes occur, and on the 5th - 6th day - enterocolitis.

B. Emergency care:

1. Active detoxification methods

2. Antidote treatment

3. Symptomatic therapy

1. Forced diuresis. Early hemodialysis in the presence of toxic concentrations of mercury in the blood and severe intoxication.

2. Unithiol - 5% solution, 10 ml intramuscularly repeatedly.

3. Treatment of toxic nephropathy in a hospital setting. Apply ointment dressings with hydrocortisone and anesthesin to the affected areas of the skin. Treatment of stomatitis.

COPPER.

A. Name of the chemical substance and its characteristics.

Copper and its compounds (copper sulfate). Copper-containing pesticides: Bordeaux mixture (mixture copper sulfate and lime), Burgud liquid (a mixture of copper sulfate and sodium carbonate), cupronaft (a combination of copper sulfate with a solution of methylonaphtha), etc. Local cauterizing, hemotoxic (hemolytic), nephrotoxic, hepatotoxic effect. The lethal dose of copper sulfate is 30 - 50 ml. The toxic concentration of copper in the blood is 5.4 mg/l. About 1/4 of the dose administered orally is absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and binds to plasma proteins. Most of it is deposited in the liver. Excretion with bile, feces, urine.

B. Symptoms of poisoning.

When copper sulfate is ingested, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, frequent bowel movements, headache, weakness, tachycardia, and toxic shock develop. With severe hemolysis (hemoglobin), acute renal failure (anuria, nuremia). Texas hepotopathy. Hemolytic jaundice, anemia. When non-ferrous metals (highly dispersed copper dust (zinc and chromium)) enter the upper respiratory tract during welding, acute “foundry fever” develops: chills, dry cough, headache, weakness, shortness of breath, persistent fever. Possible allergic reaction(red rash on the skin, itching).

B. Emergency care:

1. Active detoxification methods

2. Antidote treatment

3. Symptomatic therapy

1. Gastric lavage through a tube. Forced diuresis. Early hemodialysis.

2. Unithiol - 10 ml of a 5% solution, then 5 ml every 3 hours intramuscularly for 2 - 3 days. Sodium thiosulfate - 100 ml of 30% solution intravenously.

3. Morphine - 1 ml of 1% solution, atropine - 1 ml of 0.1% solution subcutaneously. For frequent vomiting - aminazine - 1 ml of 2.5 solution intramuscularly. Glucose-novocaine mixture (glucose 5% - 500 ml, novocaine 2% - 50 ml intravenously). Antibiotics. Vitamin therapy. For hemoglobinuria - sodium bicarbonate - 1000 ml of 4% solution intravenously. Treatment of acute renal failure and toxic hepatopathy - in a hospital setting. For foundry fever - acetylsolicylic acid - 1 g, codeine - 0.015 g orally. For allergic rash - diphenhydramine - 1 ml of 1% solution subcutaneously, calcium gluconate 10 ml of 10% solution intravenously.

MORPHINE.

A. Name of the chemical substance and its characteristics.

Mlorphine and other narcotic analgesics of the opium group: opium, pantopon, heroin, dionine, codeine, tecodin, fenadone. Preparations containing substances of the opium group - gastric drops and tablets, codeterpine, cotermops. Psychotropic (narcotic), neurotoxic effect. The lethal dose when morphine is taken orally is 0.5 - 1 g, when administered intravenously - 0.2 g. The lethal concentration in the blood is 0.1 - 4 mg/l. All drugs are especially toxic for children younger age. The lethal dose for children under 3 years of age is 400 ml, phenadone - 40 mg, heroin - 20 mg. Rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and when administered parenterally, detoxification in the liver by conjugation with glucoronic acid (90%), 75% is excreted in the urine on the first day in the form of conjugants.

B. Symptoms of poisoning.

When ingesting or parenterally administering toxic doses of drugs, a coma develops, which is characterized by significant constriction of the pupils with a weakened reaction to light, skin hyperemia, muscle hypertonicity, and sometimes clonic-tonic convulsions. In severe cases, breathing disturbances and the development of asphyxia are often observed - severe cyanosis of the mucous membranes, dilated pupils, bradycardia, collapse, hypothermia. In case of severe cadeine poisoning, breathing problems are possible while the patient remains conscious, as well as a significant decrease in blood pressure.

B. Emergency care:

1. Active detoxification methods

2. Antidote treatment

3. Symptomatic therapy

1. Repeated gastric lavage (even with pantheral administration of morphine), activated charcoal orally, saline laxative. Forced diuresis with blood alkalization. Detoxification hemosorption.

2. Administration of nalorphine (anthorphine) - 3 - 5 ml of 0.5% solution intravenously.

3. Subcutaneously atropine - 1 - 2 ml of 0.1% solution, caffeine - 2 ml of 10% solution, cordiamine - 2 ml. Vitamin B1 - 3 ml of 5% solution intravenously again. Oxygen inhalation, artificial respiration. Warming the body.

ARSENIC.

A. Name of the chemical substance and its characteristics.

Arsenic and its compounds. Nephrotoxic, hepatotoxic, enterotoxic, neurotoxic effects. The most toxic compounds are trivalent arsenic. The lethal dose of arsenic when taken orally is 0.1 - 0.2 g. Toxic concentration in the blood is 1 mg/l, lethal - 15 mg/l. Slowly absorbed from the intestine and after parenteral administration. Deposited in the liver, kidneys, spleens, thin intestinal walls, and lungs. When inorganic compounds are consumed, arsenic appears in the urine within 2–8 hours and is excreted in the urine within 10 days. Organic compounds are excreted in urine and feces within 24 hours.

B. Symptoms of poisoning.

When ingested, a gastrointestinal form of poisoning is more often observed. Metallic taste in the mouth, vomiting, severe abdominal pain. Vomit is greenish in color. Loose stools resembling rice water. Severe dehydration of the body, accompanied by chlorpenic convulsions. Hemoglobinuria as a result of hemolysis, jaundice, hemolytic numbness, acute hepatic-renal failure. In the terminal phase - collapse, coma. A paralytic form is possible: stunning, stuporous state, convulsions, loss of consciousness, coma, respiratory paralysis, collapse. In case of inhalation poisoning with arsenic hydrogen, severe hemolysis, hemoglobinuria, cyanosis quickly develop, and on the 2nd - 3rd day - hepatic-renal failure.

B. Emergency care:

1. Active detoxification methods

2. Antidote treatment

3. Symptomatic therapy

1. Gastric lavage through a tube, repeated siphon enemas. Early hemodialysis with simultaneous intravenous administration of 150 - 200 ml of 5% unithiol solution.

2. Unithiol - 5% solution, 5 ml 8 times a day intramuscularly; 10% solution of thetacine-calcium - 30 ml in 500 ml of 5% glucose intravenously.

3. Vitamin therapy: ascorbic acid, vitamins B1, B6, B15. 10% sodium chloride solution intravenously, repeated 10 ml (under ionogram control). For severe pain in the intestines - platifilin -1 ml of 0.2% rasta, atropine 1 ml of 0.1% solution subcutaneously, perirenal block with novocaine. Cardiovascular drugs. Treatment of exotoxic shock. For hemoglobinuria - glucose-novocaine mixture (glucose 5% - 500 ml, novocaine 2% - 50 ml) intravenously, hypertonic solution (20 - 30%) glucose - 200 - 300 ml, aminophylline 2, 4% solution - 10 ml, bicarbonate sodium 4% - 1000 ml intravenously. Forced diuresis.

NAPHTHALENE.

A. Name of the chemical substance and its characteristics.

Naphthalene has a local irritant, hemotoxic (hemolytic) effect. The lethal dose when taken orally is about 10 g, for children - 2 g. Poisoning is possible through inhalation of vapors and dust, through penetration through the skin, or into the stomach. Excretion in urine in the form of metabolites.

B. Symptoms of poisoning.

When inhaled - headache, nausea, vomiting, lacrimation, cough, superficial clouding of the cornea. The development of hemolysis and hemoglobinuria is possible. Upon contact with skin - erythema, dermatitis phenomena. If ingested - abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhea. Anxiety, in severe cases - coma, convulsions. Tachycardia, shortness of breath, hemolysis, hemoglobinuria, toxic nephropathy. The development of toxic hepatopathy is possible. Poisoning is especially dangerous in children.

B. Emergency care:

1. Active detoxification methods

2. Antidote treatment

3. Symptomatic therapy

1. When taken orally - gastric lavage through a tube, saline laxative. Forced diuresis with blood alkalization.

2. Sodium bicarbonate 5 g orally in water every 4 hours or intravenously 4% solution 1 - 1.5 liters per day.

3. Calcium chloride - 10 ml of 10% solution intravenously, orally - rutin - 0.01 g, riboflavin 0.01 g repeated. Treatment of toxic nephropathy.

AMMONIA.

Ammonia - see Caustic alkalis.

NICOTINE.

A. Name of the chemical substance and its characteristics.

Nicotine. Psychotropic (stimulating), neurotoxic (cholinergic, convulsive) effect. Toxic concentration in the blood is 5 ml/l, lethal dose is 10 - 22 mg/l. It is quickly absorbed by the mucous membranes and quickly metabolized in the body. Detoxification in the liver. 25% are excreted unchanged in the urine and through the lungs with sweat.

B. Symptoms of poisoning.

Headache, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, drooling, cold sweat. The pulse is slow at first, then rapid and irregular. Constriction of the pupils, visual and hearing disturbances, muscle fibrillations, clonic-tonic convulsions. Coma, collapse. Non-smokers are more sensitive to nicotine than long-term smokers.

B. Emergency care:

1. Active detoxification methods

2. Antidote treatment

3. Symptomatic therapy

1. Gastric lavage with a solution of potassium permanganate 1:1000, followed by the administration of a saline laxative. Activated carbon inside. Forced diuresis. In case of severe poisoning - detoxification hemosorption.

3. Intravenous 50 ml of 2% novocaine solution, 500 ml of 5% glucose solution. Intramuscularly - magnesium sulfate 25% - 10 ml. For convulsions with difficulty breathing - 10 ml of 10% barbamyl solution intravenously or 2 ml of 2% ditilin and artificial respiration. For severe bradycardia - 1 ml of 0.1% atropine solution subcutaneously.

NITRITES.

A. Name of the chemical substance and its characteristics.

Nitrites: sodium nitrite (saltpeter), potassium, ammonium, amyl nitrite, nitroglycerin. Hemotoxic (direct hemoglobin formation), vascular effect (relaxation of the smooth muscles of the vascular wall). The lethal dose of sodium nitrite is 2 g. It is quickly absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract and is excreted mainly unchanged through the kidneys and intestines. They are not deposited in the body.

B. Symptoms of poisoning.

First, redness of the skin, then cyanosis of the mucous membranes and skin. The clinical picture is mainly due to the development of methemoglobinemia (see Aniline). A decrease in blood pressure is possible up to the development of acute cardiovascular failure (collapse).

B. Emergency care:

1. Active detoxification methods

2. Antidote treatment

3. Symptomatic therapy

1. Gastric lavage through a tube. Forced diuresis.

2. Treatment of methemoglobinemia (see Aniline).

3. When blood pressure decreases, administer 1 - 2 ml of cordiamine, 1 - 2 ml of a 10% caffeine solution subcutaneously, 1 - 2 ml of a 0.2% solution of norepinephrine in 500 ml of a 5% glucose solution - intravenously.

CARBON MONOXIDE.

A. Name of the chemical substance and its characteristics.

Carbon monoxide (carbon monoxide). Hypotoxic, neurotoxic, hemotoxic effects (carboxyhemoglobinemia). The lethal concentration of carboxyhemoglobin in the blood is 50% general content hemoglobin. Poisoning by exhaust gases of internal combustion engines (cars), “burning out” due to malfunctions of the stove heating system, poisoning at the source of the fire.

B. Symptoms of poisoning.

Mild degree - headache of a girdling nature (symptom of a hoop), pounding in the temples, dizziness, nausea, vomiting. A transient increase in blood pressure and the phenomenon of trachyobronchitis (poisoning in a fire) are possible. The concentration of carboxyhemoglobin in the blood taken at the scene of the incident is 20 - 30%. Average degree severity - short-term loss of consciousness at the scene of the incident, followed by excitement with visual and auditory hallucinations or retardation, adynamia. Hypertension syndrome, tachycardia, toxic damage to the heart muscle. The phenomenon of tracheobronchitis with impaired external respiration function (poisoning in a fire). The concentration of carboxyhemoglobin in blood taken at the scene of the incident is 30 - 40%.

Severe poisoning - prolonged coma, convulsions, cerebral edema, disturbances in external respiration with symptoms of respiratory failure (aspiration-obstruction syndrome, burn of the upper respiratory tract - fire poisoning), hypertensive syndrome, toxic damage to the heart muscle, possible development of myocardial infarction. Sometimes trophic skin disorders, development of myorenal syndrome, acute renal failure. The concentration of carboxyhemoglobin in the blood taken at the scene was 50%.

B. Emergency care:

1. Active detoxification methods

2. Antidote treatment

3. Symptomatic therapy

1. Take the victim to fresh air. Continuous inhalation for 2 - 3 hours.

2. For moderate and severe poisoning - hyperboric oxygenation at a pressure in the chamber of 2 - 3 atm for 50 - 60 minutes.

3. For cerebral edema - lumbar punctures with removal of 10 - 15% of the cerebrospinal fluid at elevated pressure, craniocerebral hypothermia (ice application or cold apparatus) for 6 - 8 hours, osmotic diuretics (mannitol, urea). For agitation, 1 ml of a 1% solution subcutaneously, aminazine - 2 ml of a 2.5% solution intramuscularly, for convulsions - 2 ml of a 0.5% solution of diazepam or 5 ml of a 10% solution of barbamyl intravenously. In case of damage to the upper respiratory tract - therapeutic and diagnostic tracheobronchoscopy, sanitation. Prevention of pulmonary complications: antibiotics, heparin (up to 25,000 units per day intramuscularly). With severe respiratory failure- artificial respiration, aminophylline - 10 ml of 2.4% solution intravenously, ascorbic acid - 10 - 20 ml of 5% glucose solution - 500 ml. Vitamin therapy.

PAHICARPIN.

A. Name of the chemical substance and its characteristics.

Pahikarpin. Neurotoxic (ganglionic blocking) effect. The lethal dose is about 2 g. The lethal concentration in the blood is more than 15 mg/l. Rapidly absorbed when taken orally and parenterally. Excreted in urine.

B. Symptoms of poisoning.

Stage I - nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, dizziness, weakness, dry mucous membranes; stage II - impaired neuromuscular conduction: dilated pupils, impaired vision, hearing, severe weakness, ataxia, psychomotor agitation, clonic-toxic convulsions, muscle fibrillations, tachycardia, pallor, acrocyanosis, hypotension; stage III - coma, respiratory failure, collapse, cardiac arrest with sudden brachycardia.

B. Emergency care:

1. Active detoxification methods

2. Antidote treatment

3. Symptomatic therapy

1. Gastric lavage through a tube, saline laxative, forced diuresis, detoxification hemosorption.

2. In stage I, specific therapy is not performed. In stage II: 0.05% proserin solution subcutaneously 10 - 15 ml (days 1 - 2), 2 - 3 ml (days 3 and 4), ATP - 12 - 15

There are many poisons of various natures in the world. Some of them act almost instantly, others can torment the victim of poisoning for years, slowly destroying him from the inside. True, the concept of poison has no clear boundaries. It all depends on concentration. And often the same substance can act both as a deadly poison and as one of the most necessary components for maintaining life. A striking example of such duality are vitamins - even a slight excess of their concentration can completely destroy health or kill on the spot.

Here we propose to take a look at 10 substances that are classified as pure poisons, and are among the most dangerous and fast-acting.

Cyanide

Cyanides are a fairly large group of hydrocyanic acid salts. They are all, like the acid itself, extremely poisonous. In the last century, both hydrocyanic acid and cyanogen chloride were used as chemical warfare agents and were responsible for tens of thousands of deaths.
Potassium cyanide is also famous for its extreme toxicity. Just 200-300 mg of this white powder, which resembles granulated sugar in appearance, is enough to kill an adult in just a few seconds. Thanks to such a small dosage and incredibly quick death, this poison was chosen to kill Adolf Hitler, Joseph Goebbels, Hermann Goering and other Nazis.
They tried to poison Grigory Rasputin with this poison. True, the senders mixed cyanide into sweet wine and cakes, not knowing that sugar is one of the most powerful antidotes for this poison. So in the end they had to use the gun.

Bacillus anthrax

Anthrax is a very serious, rapidly developing disease which is caused by the bacteria Bacillus anthracis. There are several forms of anthrax. The most “harmless” one is the skin one. Even without treatment, the mortality rate from this form does not exceed 20%. The intestinal form kills about half of those sick, but the pulmonary form is almost certain death. Even with the latest treatment methods modern doctors no more than 5% of patients can be saved.

Sarin

Sarin was created by German scientists trying to synthesize a powerful pesticide. But this deadly poison, which causes quick but very painful death, acquired its dark fame not in agricultural fields, but as a chemical weapon. Sarin was produced by the ton for military purposes for decades, and it was only in 1993 that its production was banned. But despite calls for the complete destruction of all stocks of this substance, both terrorists and the military still use it in our time.

Amatoxins

Amatoxins are a whole group of protein poisons contained in poisonous mushrooms of the amanita family, including the deadly toadstool. The particular danger of these poisons lies in their “slowness”. Once they enter the human body, they immediately begin their destructive activity, but the victim begins to feel the first discomfort no earlier than 10 hours later, and sometimes several days later, when it is already very difficult for doctors to do anything. Even if such a patient can be saved, he will still suffer for the rest of his life from painful dysfunctions of the liver, kidneys and lungs.

Strychnine

Strychnine is found in large quantities in the nuts of the tropical chilibuha tree. It was from them that it was obtained in 1818 by the French chemists Pelletier and Cavantou. In small doses, strychnine can be used as a medicine that increases metabolic processes, which improves heart function and treats paralysis. It was even actively used as an antidote for barbiturate poisoning.
However, it is one of the most powerful poisons. Its lethal dose is even less than the famous potassium cyanide, but it acts much more slowly. Death from strychnine poisoning occurs after about half an hour of terrible agony and severe convulsions.

Mercury

Mercury is extremely dangerous in all its manifestations, but its vapors and soluble compounds cause especially great harm. Even small amounts of mercury entering the body cause severe damage to the nervous system, liver, kidneys and the entire gastrointestinal tract.

When small amounts of mercury enter the body, the process of poisoning occurs gradually, but inevitably, since this poison is not eliminated, but rather accumulates. In ancient times, mercury was widely used for the production of mirrors, as well as felt for hats. Chronic poisoning with mercury vapor, expressed in behavioral disorders up to complete insanity, was at that time called “the old hatter’s disease.”

Tetrodotoxin

This extremely strong poison is found in the liver, milk and caviar of the famous puffer fish, as well as in the skin and caviar of some species of tropical frogs, octopuses, crabs and in the caviar of the Californian newt. Europeans first became acquainted with the effects of this poison in 1774, when the crew on James Cook's ship ate an unknown tropical fish, and the slops from the dinner were given to the ship's pigs. By morning, all the people were seriously ill, and the pigs died.
Tetrodotoxin poisoning is very serious, and even today doctors manage to save less than half of all those poisoned.

It is interesting to note that the famous Japanese delicacy fugu fish is prepared from fish in which the content of the most dangerous toxin exceeds lethal doses for humans. Lovers of this treat literally words entrust their lives to the art of the cook. But no matter how hard the chefs try, accidents cannot be avoided, and every year several gourmets die after feasting on a delicious dish.

Ricin

Ricin is an extremely powerful poison of plant origin. The greatest danger is inhaling its smallest grains. Ricin is about 6 times more powerful a poison than potassium cyanide, but it has not been used as a weapon of mass destruction due to purely technical difficulties. But various intelligence services and terrorists are very fond of this substance. Politicians and public figures receive letters filled with ricin with enviable regularity. True, the case quite rarely ends in death, since the penetration of ricin through the lungs is quite low in efficiency. For a 100% result, ricin must be injected directly into the blood.

Vi-Ex (VX)

VX, or, as it is also called, VI gas, belongs to the category of chemical warfare gases that have a nerve-paralytic effect. It was also born as a new pesticide, but soon the military began to use it for their own purposes. Symptoms of poisoning with this gas appear within 1 minute after inhalation or contact with the skin, and death occurs within 10-15 minutes.

Botulism toxin

Botulinum toxin is produced by the bacteria Clostridium botulinum, which is the causative agent the most dangerous disease– botulism. This is the most powerful poison of organic nature and one of the strongest poisons in the world. In the last century, botulinum toxin was part of the arsenals of chemical weapons, but at the same time, active research was conducted regarding its use in medicine. And today a huge number of people who want to at least temporarily restore the smoothness of their skin are experiencing the influence of this terrible poison, which is part of the most popular medicinal product"Botox", which once again confirms the truth famous saying the great Paracelsus: “Everything is poison, everything is medicine; both are determined by the dose.”

Residents of city apartments and gardeners always deal with insecticides - thiophos, karbofos, chlorophos, metaphos, the brand names of which can be very fancy and even poetic. Their essence, however, does not change from this - they all belong to organophosphorus compounds, being direct relatives of nerve gases. And they also act by selectively disrupting the work of the enzyme cholinesterase and, thus, “paralyzing” the nervous system.

In terms of the degree of toxicity, these insect control agents do not look very “modest” - thiophos has a lethal dose when taken orally of 1-2 g, and according to some data only 0.24 g (less than 10 drops). Metaphos is approximately five times less toxic (though not only for humans, but also for insects). Among household poisons, both of them are included in the “leading” group in terms of toxicity.

The most dangerous poisonings are children, who often hang around bottles with organophosphorus insecticides and can use them themselves at any time. Few adults follow the instructions on bottles: “Keep away from children!” In addition, in the struggle for consumers, companies rarely objectively talk about the toxicity of the products they produce, so that adults have a very vague idea about it. Organophosphorus insecticides are absorbed rapidly - already in the nasal cavity and pharynx.

Poisons penetrate through the skin and mucous membranes of the eyes. All this makes it difficult to provide assistance acute poisoning, especially a child who can’t even really explain what happened.

But even the correct use of “homemade” insecticides according to the instructions can lead to many troubles. Thus, companies guarantee that 1-3 hours after airing a room sprayed with insecticides, it can be entered without any health consequences. Recent research has debunked this misconception. It turned out that even after two to three weeks insecticides remain on the surface of sprayed objects in noticeable quantities. Moreover, their highest concentration was determined on toys (!) - both soft and plastic, which absorbed poisons like a sponge. The most amazing thing is that when completely clean toys were brought into the sprayed room, after two weeks they were completely saturated with insecticide to a level 20 times higher than permissible.

No less serious is the problem of exposure of children in the womb to pesticides. Even insignificant concentrations of these poisons lead to serious impairments in the physical and mental development of children. Children exposed to their attack in utero have weakened memory, do not recognize objects well, and learn various skills more slowly. In both children and adults, DDT and related compounds disrupt the metabolism of sex hormones, which has a detrimental effect on the formation of sexual characteristics in adolescents and adolescents. sexual function in adults.

ACIDS

Poisoning with acids (sulfuric, hydrochloric, nitric, a solution of zinc chloride in hydrochloric acid (soldering liquid), a mixture of nitric and hydrochloric acids ("regia vodka"), etc.) occurs when they are mistakenly ingested, usually in a state of alcohol or drugs intoxication. All acids have a cauterizing effect. Sulfuric acid has the most destructive effect on tissue. Burns are found everywhere where the acid has come into contact with tissue - on the lips, face, mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach." Very concentrated acids can cause destruction of the stomach walls. When acids come into contact with the outer skin, they cause severe burns, which turn (especially in the case of nitric acid) into difficult-to-heal ulcers. Depending on the type of acid, burns (both internal and external) differ in color. In case of a burn with sulfuric acid - blackish, with hydrochloric acid - grayish-yellow, with nitric acid - a characteristic yellow color.

The victims complain of excruciating pain, they continue to vomit blood, breathing is difficult, swelling of the larynx and suffocation develop. With severe burns, a painful shock occurs, which can cause death in the first hours (up to 24 hours) after poisoning. In more late dates death may occur from severe complications- severe internal bleeding, destruction of the walls of the esophagus and stomach, acute pancreatitis.

First aid is the same as for acetic acid poisoning.

DYES

The list of dyes and pigments used in everyday life and industry is growing every year. They are used for many different purposes - they are part of paints, they are used for tinting food products and medicines, in medicine and printing, for the production of ink and coloring pastes.

They contain almost all periodic table and are very dangerous if ingested in the form of dust or aerosol. When in contact with exposed parts of the body and eyes, dyes cause severe dermatoses and conjunctivitis. The latter also occur upon contact with painted objects. Dyes often contain very toxic compounds used in their synthesis: mercury, arsenic, etc. Many dyes are extremely insidious, causing cancer.

To prevent poisoning during painting work, it is necessary to use gloves, goggles, and, if possible, sealed overalls, not to eat or drink, and after painting, wash your hands thoroughly and wash your clothes. If paint gets on your skin, it must be removed immediately using suitable solvents (eg kerosene) or soapy water.

COPPER AND ITS SALT

Copper salts are widely used in the paint and varnish industry, in agriculture and in everyday life to combat fungal diseases. In case of acute poisoning, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain immediately occur, jaundice and anemia develop, symptoms of acute liver and kidney failure are pronounced, and hemorrhages are observed in the stomach and intestines. The lethal dose is 1-2 g, but acute poisoning also occurs at doses of 0.2-0.5 g (depending on the type of salt). Acute poisoning also occurs when copper dust or copper oxide, which is obtained during grinding, welding and cutting products made of copper or copper-containing alloys, enters the body. The first signs of poisoning are irritation of the mucous membranes, a sweet taste in the mouth. A few hours later, as soon as the copper “dissolves” and is absorbed into the tissue, headache, weakness in the legs, redness of the conjunctiva of the eyes, muscle pain, vomiting, diarrhea, severe chills with an increase in temperature to 38-39 degrees appear. Poisoning is also possible when dust from copper salts enters the body during crushing and pouring them for the purpose of preparing plant protection products (for example, Bordeaux mixture) or “treating” for building materials. When dry pickling grain with copper carbonate, after a few hours the temperature can rise to 39 degrees or higher, the victim shudders, sweat pours from him, he feels weak, aching pain in the muscles, he is tormented by a cough with green sputum (the color of copper salts), which lasts for a long time. persists even after the cessation of fever. Another scenario of poisoning is also possible, when the victim becomes slightly chilled in the evenings, and after some time an acute attack develops - the so-called copper mordant fever, lasting 3-4 days.

Chronic poisoning with copper and its salts disrupts the functioning of the nervous system, kidneys and liver, the nasal septum is destroyed, teeth are affected, severe dermatitis, gastritis and peptic ulcers occur. Every year of working with copper reduces life expectancy by almost 4 months. The skin of the face, hair and conjunctiva of the eyes turn greenish-yellow or greenish-black, and a dark red or purplish-red border appears on the gums. Copper dust causes destruction of the cornea of ​​the eye.

Urgent Care. The same as for mercury poisoning.

DETERGENTS (WASHING POWDERS, SOAPS)

The incredible variety of detergents and soaps used in everyday life makes it impossible to create any general picture of poisoning by them. Their toxic effect also depends on the way they enter the body - through the respiratory system in the form of dust when poured or an aerosol when dissolved, through the mouth when accidentally ingested (this is typical for small children left near soaked underwear), in contact with skin during washing, with poorly rinsed clothes.

In case of contact with the mucous membranes of the eyes, conjunctivitis occurs, clouding of the cornea and inflammation of the iris are possible (see Alkalies). Inhalation may cause respiratory complications, including burns and pneumonia. If taken orally, the functioning of the digestive system is disrupted, vomiting occurs, which is dangerous because the foam formed during it can enter the respiratory tract. In severe cases, the nervous system is affected, blood pressure decreases, and oxygen deficiency occurs. Constant contact with detergents leads to the development of allergic dermatoses, in particular urticaria. An additional danger is posed by counterfeit laundry detergents, which may contain the most unexpected toxic substances, so it is necessary to avoid purchasing uncertified products of dubious origin. So, some “homemade products” add bleach, which when it comes into contact with water begins to emit toxic chlorine (see Chlorine).

Urgent Care. If detergents come into contact with the mucous membranes of the eyes, rinse them with a strong stream of water. If taken orally, rinse the stomach with water, whole milk or an aqueous suspension of milk and egg whites. The victim is given plenty of fluids and mucous substances (starch, jelly). In severe cases, it is necessary to consult a doctor.

MERCURY AND ITS SALT

People's attitude towards mercury at all times was almost mystical - it was known to the ancient Romans and Greeks, and alchemists also preferred it. Already in those days they were well aware of its toxicity.

Mercury poisoning in our time is possible both through “entertainment” with mercury balls that fell out of a broken thermometer, and through poisoning with mercury-containing substances widely used in medicine, photography, pyrotechnics, and agriculture. The high danger of mercury itself is associated with its ability to evaporate (in laboratories and in production it is stored in specially equipped rooms under a layer of water).

The toxicity of mercury vapor is unusually high - poisoning can occur even at a concentration of just a fraction of a milligram per cubic meter. meter of air, and deaths are possible. Soluble mercury salts are even more poisonous, the lethal dose of which is only 0.2-0.5 g. In chronic poisoning, increased fatigue, weakness, drowsiness, indifference to the environment, headaches, dizziness, emotional excitability are observed - the so-called “mercury neurasthenia” . All this is accompanied by trembling ("mercury tremors"), covering the hands, eyelids and tongue, in severe cases - first the legs, and then the whole body. The poisoned person becomes shy, timid, fearful, depressed, extremely irritable, tearful, and his memory weakens. All this is the result of damage to the central nervous system. Pain in the limbs, various neuralgia, and sometimes paresis of the ulnar nerve occur. Gradually, damage to other organs and systems occurs, chronic diseases worsen, and resistance to infections decreases (mortality from tuberculosis is very high among people in contact with mercury).

Diagnosing mercury poisoning is very difficult. They are hidden under the guise of diseases of the respiratory system or nervous system. In almost all cases, however, there is a fine and frequent trembling of the fingers of outstretched arms, and in many cases, trembling of the eyelids and tongue. The thyroid gland is usually enlarged, the gums bleed, and sweating is severe. Women experience menstrual irregularities, and with long-term work, the frequency of miscarriages and premature births progressively increases. One of the important diagnostic criteria is significant changes in the blood formula.

Urgent Care. In the absence of special drugs that bind mercury (for example, unithiol), it is necessary to rinse the stomach with water with 20-30 g of activated carbon or other enterosorbent; protein water is also effective. Then you need to give milk, egg whites beaten with water, and laxatives.

Further treatment is carried out under the supervision of a doctor, especially since in cases of acute poisoning intensive care is required. Victims are advised to take a milk diet and take vitamins (including B1 and C).

PRYANIC ACID (CYANIDE)

Hydrocyanic acid and its salts, cyanides, are among the most toxic substances and cause severe poisoning both when taken orally and when inhaled. Hydrocyanic acid vapor has the smell of bitter almonds. Hydrocyanic acid and cyanides are widely used in the production of synthetic fibers, polymers, plexiglass, in medicine, for disinfection, rodent control, and fumigation of fruit trees. In addition, hydrocyanic acid is a chemical warfare agent. But you can also become poisoned in a completely harmless situation - as a result of eating grains of certain fruits, the seeds of which contain glycosides that release hydrocyanic acid in the stomach. So, 5-25 of these seeds can contain a dose of cyanide that is fatal to a small child. It is believed that a lethal dose of the cyanogenic glycoside amygdalin, amounting to only 1 g, is contained in 40 g of bitter almonds or in 100 g of peeled apricot kernels. Plum and cherry pits are dangerous.

There are often cases when, when consuming plum and other compotes with seeds not removed from the fruit, severe and sometimes fatal poisoning is observed.

Hydrocyanic acid and its salts are poisons that disrupt tissue respiration. A manifestation of a sharp decrease in the ability of tissues to consume the oxygen delivered to them is the scarlet color of the blood in the veins. As a result of oxygen starvation, the brain and central nervous system are primarily affected.

Poisoning with cyanide compounds manifests itself in increased breathing, decreased blood pressure, convulsions and coma. When large doses are taken, consciousness is immediately lost, convulsions occur and death occurs within a few minutes. This is the so-called fulminant form of poisoning. With a smaller amount of poison, gradual intoxication develops.

Emergency care and treatment. In case of poisoning, the victim should immediately be allowed to breathe amyl nitrite vapor (several minutes). When taking cyanides orally, it is necessary to rinse the stomach with a weak solution of potassium permanganate or a 5% solution of thiosulfate, and give a saline laxative. Intravenously administer sequentially a 1% solution of methylene blue and a 30% solution of sodium thiosulfate. In another option, sodium nitrite is administered intravenously (all operations are carried out under strict medical supervision and with blood pressure monitoring). Additionally, glucose with ascorbic acid, cardiovascular drugs, and B vitamins are administered. The use of pure oxygen has a good effect.

TEAR SUBSTANCES (LACHRIMATORS)

During the First World War, approximately 600 tons of lachrymators were used. Now they are used to disperse demonstrations and carry out special operations. In addition, lachrymators (from the Greek “lakryme” - tear) are the main type of substances pumped into cans for self-defense. The effect of these substances on the body is to irritate the mucous membranes of the eyes and nasopharynx, which leads to profuse lacrimation, spasms of the eyelids, and copious nasal discharge. These effects appear almost instantly - within a few seconds. Lachrymators irritate the nerve endings located in the conjunctiva and cornea of ​​the eyes, and they cause defensive reaction: the desire to wash away the irritant with tears and the closing of the eyelids, which can turn into a spasm. If you close your eyes, the tears are removed through the nose, mixing with secretions from the nose itself. Destruction of the mucous membranes does not occur under the influence of low concentrations of tear gases, therefore, after the cessation of their action, all functions are restored. However, long-term use of lachrimators can lead to the development of photophobia, which lasts for several days.

The sequence of appearance of signs of damage depends on the type of lachrymator, its dose and method of application. First, there is slight irritation of the mucous membranes, mild lacrimation, then severe lacrimation with copious discharge from the nose, pain in the eyes, spasm of the eyelids, and with prolonged poisoning - temporary blindness (when using blister lachrymators, partial or complete loss of vision is possible). Direct contact with a strong jet of some types of lachrymators directly into the eyes is quite dangerous - this is the basis for the principle of the damaging effect of gas canisters. The most famous lachrymators are cyanogen chloride, used as a chemical warfare agent back in the First World War (since 1916), chloroacetophenone, widely used by the Americans in Vietnam and the Portuguese in Angola, bromobenzyl cyanide, and chloropicrin. In addition to the lachrymatory effect, these substances also have a generally toxic (cyanchloride), asphyxiant (all lachrymators), and skin-vesicant (chloroacetophenone) effect.

Symptoms of the lesion quickly disappear when the action of the lachrimators is stopped. The condition is alleviated by washing the eyes with boric acid or albucid, and the nasopharynx with a weak (2%) solution of baking soda. In severe cases, strong analgesics are used - promedol, morphine, and a 1% solution of ethylmorphine is instilled into the eyes. It is necessary to take measures to remove droplets of low-volatile tear substances from the surface of the body and clothing into which they are intensively absorbed, otherwise poisoning may recur.

CARBON MONOXIDE (CARBON MOXIDE)

One of the most common sources of poisoning in everyday life. Formed when misuse gas, malfunction of chimneys or inept combustion of stoves, as well as in the process of heating car interiors in winter as a product of incomplete combustion of carbon and its compounds. Carbon monoxide content in car exhaust gases can reach 13%. In addition, it is formed by smoking and by burning household waste; its concentration is high near chemical and metallurgical plants.

The essence of poisoning lies in the fact that carbon monoxide replaces oxygen in the blood coloring matter hemoglobin and, thus, disrupts the ability of red blood cells to carry oxygen to the body tissues, resulting in their oxygen starvation. The picture of poisoning depends on the concentration of carbon monoxide in the air. When inhaling small quantities of it, heaviness and pressure are felt in the head, severe pain in the forehead and temples, tinnitus, fog in the eyes, dizziness, redness and burning of the facial skin, trembling, a feeling of weakness and fear, coordination of movements worsens, nausea and vomiting appear. . Further poisoning while maintaining consciousness leads to numbness of the victim, he weakens, is indifferent to his own fate, which is why he cannot leave the infection zone. Then confusion increases, intoxication intensifies, and the temperature rises to 38-40 degrees. In case of severe poisoning, when the content of hemoglobin associated with carbon monoxide in the blood reaches 50-60%, consciousness is lost, and the functioning of the nervous system is seriously disrupted: hallucinations, delirium, convulsions, and paralysis develop. The feeling of pain is lost early - those poisoned by carbon monoxide, not yet losing consciousness, do not notice the burns they receive.

Memory weakens, sometimes to such an extent that the victim ceases to recognize loved ones, and the circumstances that caused the poisoning are completely erased from his memory. Breathing becomes disordered - shortness of breath appears, which can last for hours or even days and end in death from respiratory arrest. Death from suffocation in acute carbon monoxide poisoning can occur almost instantly.

In severe cases, after recovery, the “memory” of poisoning “remains” and can manifest itself in the form of fainting and psychosis, decreased intelligence, and strange behavior. Paralysis of the cranial nerves and paresis of the limbs are possible. Intestinal and bladder dysfunctions take a very long time to resolve. The organs of vision are severely affected. Even a single poisoning reduces the accuracy of visual perception of space, color and night vision, and its acuity. Even after mild poisoning, myocardial infarction, gangrene of the extremities and other deadly complications can develop.

With long-term chronic carbon monoxide poisoning, a whole “bouquet” of symptoms develops, indicating damage to both the nervous system and other organs and systems of the body. Memory and attention decrease, fatigue and irritability increase, obsessive fear and melancholy appear, discomfort in the heart area, and shortness of breath occur. The skin becomes bright red, coordination of movements is impaired, fingers tremble. After a year and a half of “close contact” with carbon monoxide, persistent disturbances in cardiovascular activity occur, and heart attacks are frequent. The endocrine system suffers. Sexual disorders are typical for men, in some cases there is severe pain in the testicular area, sperm are inactive, which ultimately can result in infertility. In women, sexual desire decreases, the menstrual cycle is disrupted, possible premature birth, abortions. Even after single carbon monoxide poisoning during pregnancy, the fetus can die, although the woman herself can endure it without visible consequences. If poisoned in the first three months of pregnancy, fetal deformities or the subsequent development of cerebral palsy are possible.

Urgent Care. The victim must be immediately taken out in a lying position (even if he can move on his own) into fresh air, freed from clothing that restricts breathing (unfasten the collar, belt), give the body a comfortable position, provide him with peace and warmth (for this you can use heating pads, mustard plasters, legs). Caution is needed when using heating pads, as the victim may not feel the burn. In mild cases of poisoning, give coffee or strong tea. Relieve nausea and vomiting with a 0.5% solution of novocaine (inside teaspoons). Subcutaneously inject camphor, caffeine, cordiamine, glucose, ascorbic acid. In case of severe poisoning, use oxygen as quickly as possible; in this case, intensive care in a hospital setting is necessary.

ACETIC ACID (VINEGAR)

The most common cause of burns and poisoning is the vinegar essence used in everyday life - an 80% solution of acetic acid. However, they can also be obtained from 30% acid. Both its 2% solution and its vapor are dangerous for the eyes.

Immediately after taking vinegar essence, a sharp pain occurs in the mouth, throat and along the digestive tract, depending on the extent of the burn. The pain intensifies when swallowing or passing food and lasts more than a week. A stomach burn, in addition to sharp pain in the epigastric region, is accompanied by painful vomiting mixed with blood. When the essence gets into the larynx, in addition to pain, hoarseness of the voice appears, with massive swelling - difficulty, wheezing, the skin turns blue, possible suffocation. When taking 15-30 ml, a mild form of poisoning occurs, 30-70 ml - moderate, and when 70 ml and above - severe, with frequent deaths. Death can occur on the first or second day after poisoning due to burn shock, hemolysis (destruction of red blood cells) and other intoxication phenomena (40% of cases). On the third to fifth days after poisoning, the cause of death is most often pneumonia (45% of cases), and in longer periods (6-11 days) - bleeding from the digestive tract (up to 2% of cases). In acute poisoning, the causes of death are acute renal and liver failure (12% of cases).

First aid. In case of contact with the eyes, immediately, for a long time (15-20 minutes) and abundantly (with a stream) rinse them with tap water, then instill 1-2 drops of a 2% solution of novocaine. Subsequently, instillation of antibiotics (for example, 0.25% solution of chloramphenicol).

Irritation of the mucous membrane of the upper respiratory tract can be eliminated by rinsing the nose and throat with water and inhaling a 2% soda solution. A warm drink (milk with soda or Borjomi) is recommended. In case of contact with skin, rinse immediately with plenty of water. You can use soap or a weak solution (0.5-1%) of alkali. Treat the burn site with disinfectant solutions, for example, furatsilin.

In case of poisoning through the mouth, immediately rinse the stomach with cold water (12-15 l) using a thick probe lubricated with vegetable oil. You can add milk or egg white to the water. Soda and laxatives should not be used. If gastric lavage cannot be done, then the victim should be given 3-5 glasses of water to drink and induce vomiting artificially (by inserting a finger into the mouth). This procedure is repeated 3-4 times.

Emetics are contraindicated. Whipped inside egg whites, starch, mucous decoctions, milk. It is recommended to swallow pieces of ice and place an ice pack on the stomach. To eliminate pain and prevent shock, strong analgesics (promedol, morphine) are administered. In a hospital setting, intensive therapy and symptomatic treatment are provided.

ALKALI

Poisoning with caustic alkalis (caustic soda, caustic potassium, caustic soda), as well as ammonia (ammonia) occurs both through erroneous ingestion and improper use. For example, ammonia is sometimes used to eliminate alcohol intoxication (which is completely wrong), resulting in severe poisoning. Poisoning with soda solutions is even more common. When usual baking soda dissolved in boiling water, it begins to bubble due to the release of carbon dioxide. The reaction of the solution becomes highly alkaline, and rinsing the mouth or swallowing such a concentrated solution can lead to severe poisoning. In this case, children often suffer, often swallowing soda solutions. Poisoning often occurs when dosages and times of taking alkaline medications for the treatment of peptic ulcers and gastritis associated with increased acidity gastric juice.

All caustic alkalis have a very powerful cauterizing effect, and ammonia has a particularly sharp irritating effect. They penetrate deeper than acids (see Acids) into tissues, forming loose necrotic ulcers covered with whitish or gray scabs. As a result of their ingestion, extreme thirst, drooling, bloody vomiting. A severe painful shock develops, from which death can occur in the first hours as a result of burns and swelling of the pharynx, and suffocation can develop.? After poisoning a mass develops side effects almost all organs and tissues are affected, massive internal bleeding, the integrity of the wall of the esophagus and stomach is compromised, which leads to peritonitis and can be fatal. In case of ammonia poisoning, due to a sharp excitation of the central nervous system, the respiratory center is depressed, and edema of the lungs and brain develops. Fatalities are very common. At joint use alcohol and ammonia, supposedly intended for sobering up, the toxic effects of both poisons are summed up and the picture of poisoning becomes even more severe.

First aid is the same as for acid poisoning, with the exception of the composition of the liquid for gastric lavage: in order to neutralize alkalis and ammonia, use a 2% solution of citric or acetic acid. You can use water or whole milk. If it is impossible to rinse the stomach through a tube, then you need to drink weak solutions of citric or acetic acid.

A serious problem is superficial burns caused by alkalis (which happens much more often than poisoning after ingestion). In this case, long-term non-healing ulcers occur. With constant work with alkalis, the skin softens, the stratum corneum of the skin of the hands is gradually removed (this condition is called “washerwoman’s hands”), eczema occurs, the nails become dull and peel off from the nail bed. Even the smallest droplets are dangerous alkaline solutions in the eyes - not only the cornea is affected, but also the deep parts of the eye. The outcome is usually tragic - blindness, and vision is practically not restored. This must be taken into account when inhaling soda solutions, especially concentrated and hot ones.

In case of contact with skin, wash the affected area with a stream of water for 10 minutes, then apply lotions of a 5% solution of vinegar, saline or citric acid. In case of contact with eyes, rinse thoroughly with a stream of water for 10-30 minutes. Washing should be repeated in the future, for which very weak acidic solutions can be used. If ammonia gets into the eyes, after washing them, instill them with a 1% solution boric acid or 30% albucide solution.

CHLORINE

Fate confronts a person with this extremely dangerous gas more often than one would like. One of the most common reagents in the chemical industry, it penetrates into our everyday lives in the form of chlorinated water, bleaches and detergents, and disinfectants such as bleach (bleach). If acid accidentally enters the latter, a rapid release of chlorine begins in quantities sufficient to cause severe poisoning.

High concentrations of chlorine can cause instant death due to paralysis of the respiratory center. The victim begins to quickly choke, his face turns blue, he rushes about, tries to escape, but immediately falls, loses consciousness, his pulse gradually disappears. In case of poisoning with slightly smaller quantities, breathing resumes after a short stop, but becomes convulsive, the pauses between respiratory movements become longer and longer, until after a few minutes the victim dies from respiratory arrest due to severe burns to the lungs.

Poisoning with very low concentrations of chlorine or chronic poisoning due to constant contact with substances that release active chlorine. A mild form of poisoning is characterized by redness of the conjunctiva and oral cavity, bronchitis, sometimes slight emphysema, shortness of breath, hoarseness, and often vomiting. Pulmonary edema rarely develops.

Chlorine can stimulate the development of tuberculosis. With chronic contact, the respiratory organs are primarily affected, gums become inflamed, teeth and nasal septum are destroyed, and gastrointestinal disorders occur.

Urgent Care. First of all it is necessary fresh air, peace, warmth. Immediate hospitalization for severe and medium forms poisoning For irritation of the upper respiratory tract, inhalation of a sprayed 2% solution of sodium thiosulfate, soda or borax solutions. Eyes, nose and mouth should be washed with a 2% soda solution. It is recommended to drink plenty of fluids - milk with Borjom or soda, coffee. For persistent painful cough, codeine or mustard plasters taken orally or intravenously. When the glottis is narrowed, warm alkaline inhalations, warming the neck area, and a subcutaneous 0.1% atropine solution are necessary.

Omega is a highly toxic substance that is part of hemlock. Just 100 milligrams of it (8 leaves) will be enough to kill a person. How it works: all body systems gradually fail, except the brain. In total, while you are in sanity, you begin to die slowly and painfully until you suffocate.

The most popular hemlock was among the Greeks. Interesting fact: this plant caused the death of Socrates in 399 BC. The Greeks executed him in this way for disrespect for the gods.

Source: wikipedia.org

No. 9 - Aconite

This poison is obtained from the fighter plant. It causes arrhythmia, which ends in suffocation. They say that even touching this plant without gloves can result in death. It is almost impossible to detect traces of poison in the body. The most famous case of use is that Emperor Claudius poisoned his wife Agrippina by adding aconite to her mushroom dish.

Source: wikipedia.org

#8 - Belladonna

In the Middle Ages, belladonna was used as a women's cosmetic (rouge for cheeks). Special drops were even obtained from the plant to dilate the pupils (at that time this was considered fashionable). You could also swallow belladonna leaves - one is just enough for a person to die. Berries are also not a miss: you only need to eat 10 of them to die. In those days, a special poisonous solution was made from the latter, which was used to lubricate arrowheads.

Source: wikipedia.org

#7 - Dimethylmercury

This is the slowest and most insidious killer. This is because even 0.1 milliliter that accidentally gets on your skin will be enough to be fatal. The most notorious case: in 1996, a chemistry teacher at Dartmouth College in New Hampshire dropped a drop of poison onto her hand. Dimethylmercury burned through a latex glove; symptoms of poisoning appeared after 4 months. And 10 months later the scientist died.

Source: wikipedia.org

#6 - Tetrodotoxin

This poison is found in blue-ringed octopuses and pufferfish. With the former, things are very bad: octopuses deliberately attack their prey with tetrodotoxin, imperceptibly pricking it with special needles. Death occurs within a few minutes, but symptoms do not appear immediately - after paralysis sets in. The venom of one blue-ringed octopus is enough to kill 26 healthy men.

It’s easier with fugu: their poison is only dangerous when you’re about to eat the fish. It all depends on the correct preparation: if the cook is not mistaken, the tetrodoxin will all evaporate. And you will eat the dish without any consequences, except for incredible adrenaline rushes...

Source: wikipedia.org

#5 - Polonium

Polonium is a radioactive poison for which there is no antidote. The substance is so dangerous that just 1 gram of it can kill 1.5 million people in a few months. The most sensational case of the use of polonium was the death of Alexander Litvinenko, an employee of the KGB-FSB. He died in 3 weeks, the reason was that 200 grams of poison were found in his body.

Source: wikipedia.org

#4 - Mercury

1. elemental mercury - found in thermometers. Instant death occurs if it is inhaled;
2. inorganic mercury - used in the manufacture of batteries. Lethal if swallowed;
3. organic mercury. Sources are tuna and swordfish. It is recommended to eat no more than 170 grams per month. Otherwise, organic mercury will begin to accumulate in the body.

The most famous case of use is the poisoning of Amadeus Mozart. He was given mercury tablets to treat syphilis.