IntroductionFlu.

Common diseases

What are they, who observes them and how to deal with them?

Health and disease. Before considering and discussing "disease", it is necessary to consider "health".

What is health? If we accept the definition World Organization of Health (WHO), which states that health is “a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease”, then few of us can be considered completely healthy for any time, This conclusion follows from two recent reviews based on interviews and questionnaire responses.

C. Dannell and A. Cartwright and M. E. J. Wadsworth, W. J. G. Butterfield and R. Blaney, having studied the answers to questions given by the British public, believe that the population of the country can be in the following way divided into groups (according to their own assessment in percentage):

Fully healthy people(as defined by WHO) 10

People in excellent health 25

People in good health 30

People with mediocre health 25

People with poor health 10

The conclusion about whether he is healthy or sick is the person in the first place ": he makes the turn himself and on the basis of this conclusion he either resorts to self-treatment and self-care, or requires skilled medical care. Consideration of the types encountered

disease states allows you to set certain levels of health, poor health and disease (Fig. 1).

Fig. 1. Pyramid of health and disease,

The basis shown in Fig. 1 of the pyramid are healthy people, because although only 10% of them are completely healthy, 25% believe that they have excellent health. Next level this is inferior health, or the pre-symptomatic stage of the disease, when the earliest objective indicators of the disease can be detected during clinical examination and examination even before any symptoms appear. At this stage, dispensary examinations and preventive examinations are already needed, but the importance of mass examinations and their effectiveness in the medical care system has not yet been proven.

When symptoms of the disease appear, the patient must decide what to do: take no steps and put up with unpleasant sensations or do something. Of course, the patient can seek help from or to some other health worker, but it is known that in a developed society, in three cases out of four, the patient and his relatives prefer self-treatment and do not go to the doctor. Thus, the issue of self-treatment is extremely important. It is quite reasonable to assume that the more people self-medicate, the less the need for medical care will be. However, self-treatment options are limited.

If the patient decides that he needs medical care, then he enters the healthcare system, where family doctor the first to face individual manifestations of the disease, diseases in general and those problems for which, in fact, the patient needs qualified help.

The family (or district) doctor performs similar functions in all health systems. He is consulted about common diseases, he makes a diagnosis and decides in which cases the patient needs specialized medical care.

By appointment of the family doctor, the patient is admitted to the district general hospital. This is often dictated not so much by considerations of the danger of the disease as by its characteristics. General specialists work in the district hospital: general surgeons, internists, psychiatrists, obstetricians-gynecologists, pediatricians. There are also diagnostic services. And finally, in the course of the disease, problems may arise that require comprehensive assistance from narrow specialists - neurosurgeons, neuropathologists, cardiologists, pulmonologists, specialists in plastic surgery, pediatric surgeons, etc. Patients for hospitalization should be carefully selected, because a case that seems rare at the level of a family doctor may turn out to be a common common disease at the level of a specialist.

Who decides? So, in medical care there is an intersection of many lines: between the patient and the family doctor; between a family doctor and a general specialist; between narrow specialists and those who refer patients to them.

The path that the patient takes from bottom to top from the level of a family doctor to specialists depends on the severity and complexity of the disease. Of course, there are also transitions from doctor to doctor at the same level, if the doctor deems it necessary to resort to the help of a more experienced and qualified colleague.

However, we know little about the factors that cause the above-described transition of the patient from one level of medical care to another. Why does the patient decide to go to the doctor or to the Healthcare system in general? Why and at what stage the family doctor decides that his patient needs specialized assistance? The reasons that influence this or that decision depend on the views, customs, habits, hopes associated with the characteristics of the patient, his family, as well as on the local and national cultural level. Leaving aside the sociological aspects of the problem, it seems that the reasons why the patient seeks medical help depend on how he understands next questions.

What is a norm? People's idea of ​​the concept of "norm" is often unclear and erroneous. Some diseases are so common that they are almost considered normal. Certain individual sensations, inconveniences, disorders can also be considered the norm. The actions of the sick person depend on how sick he considers himself. And this, in turn, depends on education and social position person, quality and nature of health education and information.

What is individual tolerance? People handle certain things in different ways. discomfort. This is largely due to the individual or family characteristics of a person, his ability to "mobilize" his body in the hope of improvement.

Whether it is possible to recover? How a person understands this issue depends on his culture, life experience and influences his decision whether to seek medical help.

Can the disease be prevented? The solution to this issue depends on the ability of a person to independently maintain their health. However, he often does this without realizing it, while in the question of whether to consult a doctor, he is cautious.

Common diseases. Of course, serious diseases with fatal outcomes are among the most serious, but in addition to them there are many chronic diseases, which, although they do not end in death, cause great inconvenience and prolonged suffering to patients. The widespread occurrence of such non-fatal diseases with a variety of backfire which they entail, serious problem for healthcare and prevention.

Deadly diseases. When considering the main causes of death, a distinction must be made between the populations of developed and developing countries. Now the average life expectancy is about 70 years. In most highly developed countries, the bulk of fatal diseases are associated with the aging process. The main cause of diseases leading to death is the pathology of the heart, which is expressed in the form of ischemic, atherosclerosis, hypertension, damage to the heart valves. No less important place in this list is occupied by various forms of cancer. various organs; their localization in the world varies. The group of deadly diseases also includes diseases accompanied by blockage of the arteries of the brain and their rupture, which leads to a stroke. Death also occurs as a result of accidents, injuries, from infectious diseases, especially diseases that affect the respiratory tract and lead to the development of pneumonia and acute bronchitis.

In developing countries, the causes of death are manifold. Both life and death there are influenced by social conditions: malnutrition, large families, overcrowding, ignorance, prejudices. These factors, exacerbated various restrictions and national problems, leads to the fact that life expectancy in many developing countries does not exceed 50 years; the mortality rate is especially high among newborns and young children. One-third to one-half of children die before they reach the age of five.

Many deaths are attributed to malnutrition, contagious diseases, common specific fevers, respiratory and gastrointestinal infections. You can also add violent death to this. Much less important in developing countries as causes of death are heart disease, cancer, and stroke.

Morbidity. As already noted, the picture of common diseases depends on where and who observes them. The subjective assessment of the disease is also important.

The most common symptoms of diseases identified by a selective survey among the adult population of Great Britain in a two-week period (according to K. Dunnell and A. Cartwright, 1972)

Symptoms	% detection within two
Respiratory infections
cough, catarrh, sputum
cold, flu, copious discharge from the nose
sore throat
Nervous and emotional disorders
headache
drowsiness
general fatigue
fatigue, eyes
Rheumatic pains
pain in limbs or joints
back pain
foot pain, bone spurs
Gastrointestinal Disorders
indigestion
changes in body weight
Accidents

On average, one patient has 3.9 symptoms

In table. 1 presents the most common symptoms of diseases that affect the adult population of the UK. The data were obtained by a selective survey method. At the same time, individual and family characteristics are also taken into account.

The table shows that the most common diseases in this group include: respiratory infections, emotional and nervous disorders, rheumatic pains, gastrointestinal disorders, skin rashes, shortness of breath and accidents.

The average practice volume of an English family doctor (or general practitioner) is 2,500 people of all ages. In table. 2 presents the common and less common diseases he faces.

Table 2 Number of visits to a doctor or cases of diseases occurring in general practice an English doctor with a capacity of 2500 people (according to J. Fry, given in Medicine in Three Societies, Med. and Techn. Publ. Co., Ltd., Lancaster, 1969)

The most common diseases are divided into groups of mild, severe (life-threatening), chronic and leading to disability. At the same time, social problems and the influence of the environment are taken into account. Such diseases include respiratory infections, infections of the gastrointestinal tract, infectious diseases with skin lesions, emotional disorders, accidents, diseases associated with impairment and aging, accompanied by changes in the arteries, which in turn leads to cardiovascular diseases, stroke, and diseases associated with age-related changes joints, organs of vision and hearing.

Who sees these diseases? The place and role of the family doctor. These are the most common diseases found in the English population living in the suburbs, and which will be dealt with in more detail in the following chapters. However, before we proceed to their consideration, it is necessary to explain the place that occupies the initial medical care, and its characteristic features.

Fig. 2. Double pyramid of health care.

The diagram (Fig. 2) shows the levels of medical care and its organization. As you can see, in this system, the family doctor, in his position, is between district hospital(and sometimes in its composition) and sick. It is to the family doctor that the patient or members of his family first turn when they need medical help.

Fig. 3. The path of medical care. P - pediatrician; T—therapist; G - obstetrician-gynecologist.

If we represent it in a different way (Fig. 3), then it is necessary that, regardless of the system of medical care, it should always be a person who performs the functions of a family doctor and enters into the first contact with the patient. In the UK it is a general practitioner. In the United States, a general practitioner at home, a specialist (physician or pediatrician), or office staff emergency care at the local hospital. In the USSR - a district specialist - a pediatrician or therapist (general practitioner), production. In developing countries, this function is performed by a physician assistant working in the peripheral medical institution and not having sufficient contact with the doctor.

In all the systems described above, the main features initial level medical care are similar. They the best way suitable for organizing medical care in an area with a population of 250,000 people. inc (Fig. 4).

Fig. 4. District and initial link of medical care.

It is typical for the initial level of care that the patient has direct access to his family doctor, while consultations with hospital specialists are usually carried out after the selection of patients by the family doctor. Since it is the family doctor who first sees the patient, his duties include assessing the disease, diagnosing and treating minor ailments, and identifying serious illnesses that require contacting specialists at the most early stages. An essential feature of the initial link is the fact that the family doctor and his assistants deal with a relatively small and changing population. V developed countries the family doctor serves on average 2000-3000 people, depending on the location of the site and social conditions. The district hospital serves an average of 250,000 people.

Serving a small and little changing group of the population, the family doctor has the opportunity to conduct long-term observation and treatment of patients - at least as long as the patient and the doctor maintain mutual contact. Not surprisingly, the family doctor knows his patients, their families, environmental problems well.

environment and society. This is what distinguishes him from hospital specialists, who, due to circumstances, are forced to be content with only providing emergency and episodic care to their patients.

In summary, entry-level health care workers face only those problems that may be encountered in a relatively small population of 2,000-3,000 people. A skilled, experienced family doctor is primarily concerned with very common and less common diseases that occur with normal frequency in a population of this size. Meanwhile, patients with unusual diseases come to hospital specialists from among those who have been seen hundreds of times by a general practitioner and whom he himself sent to the hospital. It is in this category of diseases that it is customary to train students, nurses and young doctors. However, these forms of disease and the situations in which the patients find themselves differ significantly from what the doctor has to deal with outside the hospital in his practice.

For those common diseases that the doctor observes outside the hospital, the following is characteristic: they proceed benignly, pass quickly, and there is a clear tendency to spontaneous recovery. As for them clinical picture, it is rather vague. It is difficult to fit it into a certain framework on the basis of clear criteria for pathology. Throughout the disease, it is often difficult to give a clear definition. Often clinical pathology The underlying disease is inseparable from social problems, and both factors must be taken into account in the management of the patient.

The largest group of common diseases in general practice are various infections. respiratory tract and gastrointestinal tract with skin involvement; diseases associated with aging and rebirth various bodies, as well as mental and emotional disorders that occur in vulnerable people.

A family doctor should be as good a diagnostician, tactician, therapist as a hospital doctor or any other doctor. But in addition to this, he must be able to coordinate the actions of special diagnostic services and use the benefits provided by the social security authorities for the benefit of his patients. It is also designed to protect its patients from unnecessary hospitalization and excessive diagnostic and curative measures from the throne of their fellow medical specialists, and then from patients who do not really need specialized care.

As in the past, a good family doctor not only personal doctor, but also a leader, adviser and friend of the patient.

Proper treatment and management of patients. Correct and effective treatment any disease should be based on a clear and realistic understanding by the doctor of the disease, the patient, the treatment, the availability of specific drugs, knowledge of local conditions. Important role play also experience and qualifications of the doctor. Let us dwell briefly on the above conditions.

Disease. The goal of a comprehensive medical education is to educate the young doctor in the diagnosis, treatment of diseases and knowledge of their nature. So ideally. In fact, not enough attention is paid to the characteristics, features of the course and outcome of common diseases. In most cases, patients are prone to spontaneous recovery, which has little to do with treatment.

Most children with recurrent respiratory infections and asthma, attacks disappear with age. Many people who suffer from migraines, duodenal ulcers, hay fever, and other forms of nasal mucosal allergies recover within a few years. In many cases, diseases such as ischemic disease heart disease, hypertension, rheumatoid arthritis, Chronical bronchitis, stroke, multiple sclerosis, over time, also flow more easily than is commonly believed. Not all patients die from these diseases. Moreover, a progressive course with the development of disability is also not at all necessary.

Patient features. Each patient has individual characteristics, reacts in his own way to illness, stressful situations and other life circumstances. He is influenced by the family, the environment in which he lives, the profession and a number of social factors.

Naturally, every patient needs individual approach and treatment. One and the same disease in different patients has to be treated in completely different, and sometimes opposite ways.

Only a family doctor who knows his patients, observes them for many years and takes into account the individual characteristics of each, is able to provide proper treatment.

Medications and other forms of treatment. Do not think that there is any special key to the cure of most diseases. In fact, most diseases do not have a specific treatment. Fortunately, many diseases with the support of the patient's doctor eventually go away on their own.

When prescribing potentially dangerous modern drugs and other forms of active therapy, the placebo method should always be used. It is important to implement a method of selective monitoring of treatment and, if possible, draw conclusions from this.

The art of managing the patient and the success of treatment does not at all consist in the indiscriminate universal use of the latest and most active drugs or in superradical surgical treatment. It is safer, more convenient, more economical, and more effective than ever to use carefully tried and tested methods. These methods may be old or new, but should always be applied with individual characteristics patient to solve specific problems.

Importance of local conditions. Each family doctor in the course of work learns local opportunities for the diagnosis of diseases, treatment and welfare of patients. He gets to know his colleagues, knows which health services can and should help him in the treatment of his patients.

Over time, he becomes more experienced and more qualified, which allows him to control the activities of specialists who help serve patients.

Experience shows that it is best to work in partnership with a small number of professionals whose skill levels and capabilities have been studied, rather than having a short-term and casual association with a wider range of specialists.

In the entry level system qualified assistance able to provide a good specialist general profile, and only sometimes there is a need to contact a narrow specialist.

Doctor. Experience tells us what our capabilities are and teaches us what can and cannot be done well and safely. We must subject ourselves to constant reassessment and be able to analyze our own actions. The true state of affairs in the health care system. Before proceeding to a detailed discussion of the clinical features of specific common diseases, some basic real possibilities need to be clarified. Since they apply to all forms of health care, their evaluation will influence how we approach health care.

The state of full health is that illusory goal, a mirage that disappears as soon as we approach it. We have already said that health is defined as "a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease." This state is achieved rarely and not for long.

Many common diseases inevitably develop, tend to self-limit, are mild or, conversely, last a long time and disable the patient, while there is no specific treatment. But it is always possible to alleviate the patient's condition, to try to create maximum comfort for him, and this task is still paramount in modern healthcare.

Disease prevention is essential important goal. But it has been shown that greater success on the scale of society and health care as a whole can be achieved through the implementation of broad measures to improve the environment and living conditions of a person - water and air purification, improved nutrition, construction of comfortable dwellings, than due to the simple desire of a person through self-treatment to improve the state of your health.

The inability to solve the problem. It is unrealistic to hope and expect that as the expansion research work, increase health care spending, increase the number of doctors, nurses, hospitals and medicines, the incidence of illness will decrease, and payment for medical care and the cost will decrease over time.

This will never happen. Health care spending is a bottomless barrel that absorbs a lot of money. The problem cannot be solved. And if we eventually learn how to control the incidence of such serious diseases as diseases associated with malnutrition, tuberculosis and PC, then less serious diseases that were previously forced to pay less attention will flood into the resulting vacuum.

Unsolvable equation. Before those who plan and those who put ideas into practice (Fig. 5), there is always an unresolvable breakdown of self: the discrepancy between desires and real needs, and needs - real possibilities.

Fig. 5. The unsolvable equation of medical care.

Desires are always higher than needs, and those in turn are higher than opportunities. practical life requires quick decision questions about how best to use available options.

The problem before us is to decide how best to use the opportunities available. This decision depends on many factors and concepts that need to be defined. These include understanding what common diseases are that require so much care and expense, how to treat them, with what results, and to what extent these results match the aspirations of patients, doctors and health workers.

Science fiction writers of past centuries believed that people of the 21st century would travel to other planets, command robots and live forever. And now 2014 - we are surrounded by nanotechnology, virtual worlds, social networks, as well as stress, poor ecology and natural anomalies.

Eternal life is still a fantasy. Medicine continues to fight old diseases and is looking for ways to counter new common diseases.

Top list of diseases of the past

It's hard to imagine, but in the recent 20th century, about 500 million people died from it. It was not until 1967 that the WHO decided on mass vaccination against smallpox.

Cholera, a disease known since ancient times, has caused millions of deaths. Despite the fact that at present the infection no longer poses the same danger, infections and even epidemic cases are recorded every year in the world. So, for example, in Haiti at the end of 2010, more than 3 thousand people died and another 200 thousand were infected with cholera vibrio.

Until the 20th century, it had a pandemic character. Between 1898 and 1963, more than 12 million people died from the plague in India. It is vain to believe that the plague is a thing of the past. According to the WHO, more than 2,000 people are infected with plague every year, and this trend is not decreasing.

Common diseases of our time

The modern picture of mortality is fundamentally different from past centuries. Individual cases of plague and cholera are still recorded, but do not take the lives of millions of people.

55% off total number of the dead is mortality from diseases of the heart and blood vessels. Such statistics are alarming, first of all, because with an increase in life expectancy, many diseases have become much younger.

According to the WHO, it is Russia that leads in the prevalence of coronary heart disease, strokes and arterial hypertension. And this is not a disease of the elderly, suffer from these diseases regardless of age.

According to Rosstat, in 2000, 434 thousand people were registered with diseases characterized by high blood pressure, by 2012 this figure had almost doubled and amounted to 841 thousand people.

Other numbers are also striking. For example, according to Rosstat, in 2012 more than 47 million people were diagnosed with respiratory diseases.

Perhaps, respiratory diseases can rightfully be considered the most common diseases of the 21st century. Among the most common diseases are bronchitis, asthma, (COPD), pneumonia and others. The nature of these diseases can be not only infectious (viruses, bacteria, fungi), but also allergic, autoimmune, hereditary.

Has a strong influence modern look human life. We are often in close proximity to smoking people, breathe exhaust fumes or spend everyday life in cramped office spaces. Even copiers and printers help reduce protective functions organism, and thanks to air conditioners (which work either for cooling or for heating the air), pathogenic microorganisms successfully multiply.

Speaking of the common diseases of the century, HIV cannot be ignored. Despite the fact that the human immunodeficiency virus was discovered back in 1983, it still retains its position.

Thus, in Russia, the number of patients registered with HIV infection increased from 78,000 in 2000 to 438,000 in 2012.

Top ten countries with the largest number HIV-infected (data for 2006-2007) includes:

• India (6.5 million);
• South Africa (5.5 million);
• Ethiopia (4.1 million);
• Nigeria (3.6 million);
• Mozambique (1.8 million);
• Kenya (1.7 million);
• Zimbabwe (1.7 million);
• USA (1.3 million);
• Russia (1 million);
• and China (1 million).

Most diseases of the 21st century are international. Cancer is one such global threat. There are statistics that indicate the predisposition of countries to certain forms of cancer.

In smoking countries, such as Scotland and the UK, lung cancer is more common; breast cancer is more common in countries where women give birth in late age, pancreatic cancer is more common in the United States, Canada and Denmark - this is primarily due to the culture of food.

At first glance, the problems of the digestive system and metabolism seem insignificant compared to the pandemic infections of past centuries. But it is they that affect the work of other organs in the body. So, obesity is accompanied by an increase in cholesterol in the blood and can cause the development of diabetes mellitus, atherosclerosis, hypertension followed by stroke and heart attack. Consequently, digestive problems are inextricably linked with the results of mortality statistics.

According to the World Health Organization, the problem of infertility is considered to be a worldwide problem. Name the exact number of people incapable of reproductive function, impossible. However, the number of calls to specialists due to the inability to have children is growing inexorably around the world.

A characteristic feature of our century can be considered the increased number of people with neuroses, psychoses and depressions. The frantic rhythm of the city, globalization, technological progress require a person to be flexible to rapidly changing living conditions. This often happens to the detriment of health. From 2000 to 2012, more than 2 million people with diseases were registered annually in Russia nervous system, and how many more people cannot admit to themselves the need to consult a specialist?

No need to live at cosmic speed and implement the ideas of science fiction writers. Start the day after a full sleep, get up on the “right” foot, take your time to live - take time for breakfast and lunch, go for a walk, look for positive emotions - and be healthy!

Illness is a state of the body in which it cannot function normally. The causes of diseases are very diverse, but, nevertheless, they can be divided into several groups:

1. physical;
2. mechanical;
3. chemical;
4. biological.

Each of these causes can cause a disease state if these causes are unusual for the organism.

So, what are the most common diseases in the world?

In the first place is caries. Caries is the most common human disease, more than 90% of people have dealt with this disease. Caries is a slow process that occurs in the tissues of the tooth (enamel or dentite), which leads to total destruction tooth. Caries has a lot various classifications, for example, classification according to the depth of the lesion, classification according to the primacy of development, and many others.

In second place is influenza or SARS. Acute respiratory viral infections (ARVI) are a group of diseases that usually affect the respiratory system and are transmitted by airborne droplets. Most often, the cause of the disease can be viruses, every year viruses mutate and appear a large number of their varieties, such as bird flu, swine flu other. Symptoms are usually the most common: cough, runny nose, sore throat, possible fever. Treatment can last from 5-7 days to 3 weeks. SARS is a very common disease in humans. During the epidemic (autumn and spring), every second person can get sick with ARVI.

The third place, oddly enough, is given to allergies. Allergy is an inadequate response of the immune system to external stimuli (allergens). An allergy can be to any product, pollen, wool, dust, and so on. Allergy to flowers and pollen is most common, it develops only in spring and summer. Allergies are very dangerous because they can bring a person to anaphylactic shock. At the present time, you can take tests for allergens and find out which product or substance you are allergic to, and then a person can protect himself from the consequences by taking allergy medications.

The fourth place rightfully belongs to various heart diseases. Heart disease is a disease characterized by abnormal and abnormal functioning of the heart. This disease can appear due to damage to any part of the heart. heart disease for a long time may be in a latent form, and a person may not know anything about it. Due to the fact that many people do not know about heart disease, they can have an attack, heart attack, stroke with a fatal outcome. The main cause of heart disease is a failure in human circulation.

We are in fifth place headache. Headache may be primary symptom many diseases. Headache is sometimes simply unbearable and may appear due to lack of sleep, constant stress, overwork, large physical activity etc. In the hard tissues of the head are pain receptors responsible for headaches. If they are irritated, then pain occurs. There are several types or characters of headache: throbbing, squeezing, dull and various others. Sometimes only one headache in a person can predict cardiovascular disease, coronary heart disease, stroke. Pain in the head can also indicate an eye disease: glaucoma, strabismus. Also, a headache can begin as a result of a traumatic brain injury, concussion, head bruise. And yet, a headache often accompanies viral diseases: influenza, SARS.

In the next place, in sixth place, are diseases of the digestive system. They include: constipation, diarrhea and stomach ulcers.

Constipation is a difficulty in emptying the intestines. The causes of constipation can be very diverse, from the usual depression and nerves, to malnutrition and lack of substances and fibers.

Diarrhea is a very frequent bowel movement with watery stools and painful sensations in the abdomen. Diarrhea can be caused by a virus or bacterial infection, food poisoning. Diarrhea appears due to a violation of the normal functioning of the intestine.

A stomach ulcer is a lesion of the gastric mucosa. Often there are relapses, usually in autumn or spring. Symptoms of stomach ulcers are usually vomiting or nausea after eating, sudden weight loss, heartburn. Typically, stomach ulcers are treated with antibiotics.

In seventh place is diabetes. Diabetes is an endocrine disease due to high blood sugar and little insulin production. With diabetes, the metabolism is completely disrupted. The first symptoms of diabetes: increased urination, constant thirst, constant hunger. Diabetes is of two types. Type 1 diabetes is characterized by a lack of insulin production in the blood. In this case, the person must inject himself with insulin. Type 2 diabetes is characterized by the production of insulin, but the body does not perceive it properly.

The next place is Hepatitis A and B. Hepatitis A is also called Botkin's disease - this is an acute and infectious liver disease. It is transmitted through contaminated water or food. In countries with poor hygiene, a large number of people get hepatitis A. Hepatitis B is a viral disease caused by the hepatitis B virus. The hepatitis B virus is resistant to many physical and chemical influences. May exist in frozen foods for a long time. Infection with hepatitis B can occur sexually, artificially and domestically.

And in the last, in ninth place, there is a high blood pressure. High blood pressure or otherwise arterial hypertension is a chronic cardiovascular disease. Blood pressure is the pressure of blood on the walls of blood vessels. An increase or decrease in blood pressure can be important symptoms various diseases.

According to the World Health Organization, the most common causes of death are 15 diseases, which will be discussed in this article. Statistics show that these diseases account for up to 60% of all deaths or serious complications, including disability.

So, we will tell you about the fifteen most common diseases.

Cardiac ischemia

CAD is a heart disease associated with insufficient blood supply individual sections of the heart muscle.

This disease occupies the top line of this disappointing rating and is the most common pathology of cardio-vascular system. According to statistics, 12.6% of deaths are due to this disease. With coronary artery disease, the heart muscle is affected - the myocardium, due to its insufficient or stopped blood supply. In Russia alone, more than 600,000 people die each year due to this disease.

Ischemia mostly affects the age category of people from 50 to 65 years. At the same time, men are more susceptible to the development of the disease. Ischemia is based on oxygen starvation of the heart tissues due to a decrease in the intensity of the coronary blood supply. Pathology can occur in both acute and chronic forms.

In the vast majority of cases, the cause of coronary artery disease is atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, leading to such disorders as thromboembolism, vasospasm. In addition, risk factors include:

• smoking and drinking alcohol;
• lipid metabolism disorders;
• sedentary lifestyle;
• overweight and;

The consequences of coronary heart disease are very serious: it is disability, and in the worst case, death. To prevent the development of the disease, it is necessary to healthy lifestyle life, maintain normal body weight, eat right, monitor blood pressure levels and do not neglect physical activity.

Cerebrovascular disease

Unlike IHD, it is characterized by insufficient blood supply not to the heart, but to the brain tissues, which leads to their oxygen starvation. At the heart of the lesion lies, in more rare cases, vasculitis, or inflammation of the vessels. by the most dangerous manifestation pathology is a stroke, which in almost half of cases ends in death.

It develops due to a hemorrhage in the brain or due to the appearance of blood clots in its vessels or atherosclerotic plaques. In accordance with this, hemorrhagic, ischemic and mixed forms of the disease are distinguished. Despite the fact that the improvement in the effectiveness of treatment in last years reduced mortality from stroke, more and more people remain disabled after an attack.

The likelihood of a stroke increases in people after 50 years of age, as well as in people with atherosclerosis, impaired fat metabolism. Pathologies are subject to smokers, lovers of alcohol. Risk factors should also include:

• congenital and acquired vascular anomalies;
• heart rhythm disturbances;
• skull trauma;
• amyloid angiopathy;
• hormonal changes or disorders, such as pregnancy or diabetes;
• stress, regular emotional overstrain.

Lower Respiratory Infections

Pneumonia is more common in children, the elderly, and those with immunodeficiencies.

They rank third in terms of the number of deaths and are among the most common diseases. A large number of deaths are characteristic of the following pathologies of the respiratory organs:

• complications ;
• pneumonia, or pneumonia;
• lung abscess;
• pleural empyema.

Most often, the causative agents of inflammation are the bacteria Streptococcus pneumonia, or pneumococci, as well as microorganisms such as chlamydia, mycoplasmas and staphylococci. Certain factors contribute to the development of a disease.

As for, the risk group includes people with weakened immunity and impaired functioning, with chronic pathologies of the respiratory organs, smokers, drug addicts. Malnutrition, stress, heart failure can provoke an illness. The incidence of pneumonia increases significantly with age and reaches its peak among the elderly and elderly.

Pleural empyema and lung abscess are accompanied by suppuration in the pleural cavity or directly in the lung tissue. According to statistics, the most common cause of the development of these pathologies are complications of pneumonia, and the main risk factors can also include:

• elderly age;
• distant foci of infection in the body;
• bronchial diseases;
• sepsis;
• decrease in immunity.

AIDS

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome is a stage of development in which secondary pathologies appear, caused by a weakened immune system: from infections to tumor lesions leading to death. Sad statistics report that in 2014 more than 800 thousand Russians.

The pathogen is transmitted through the blood, body fluids, and through mother's milk. The main risk factors are:

• unprotected sex (accounting for up to 80% of all infections);
• the use of one syringe for injection, so drug addicts are a large risk group;
• transfusion of infected blood;
• transmission of the virus from a sick mother to her child.

In rarer cases, infection may occur when using non-sterile instruments, such as dental treatment, tattooing or piercing. The insidiousness of the disease is that the symptoms of AIDS are detected many years after infection. Once in the body, the virus will always be there, and treatment is aimed only at maintaining immunity and preventing the development of secondary infections.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

COPD is a serious, long-term progressive disease. It is characterized by the development of inflammation in the lungs due to the narrowing of the lumen of the airways. The consequences of pathology are disability, limitation of a person’s physical abilities, and often death. According to statistics, the incidence trend is growing, while age category most at risk of developing COPD are people over 40 years of age. The high mortality rate is also explained by the fact that most cases of obstructive pulmonary disease are diagnosed in the late stages, when pathological process becomes irreversible. Experts name the main risk factors:

• smoking: 90% of sick people have a long history nicotine addiction In addition, the risk group includes passive smokers, especially childhood;
• chronic respiratory diseases;
• employment in hazardous production, in particular with high content cadmium and silicon in the air. In this regard, metallurgists, miners, builders, people working in the mining, textile and pulp and paper industries fall into the risk group;
• living in places with a polluted atmosphere - industrial cities, megacities.

diarrheal diseases

The cause of death in diarrhea is often dehydration.

Make up 3.2% of total deaths and are a common cause of death in childhood. Every year, more than 2 billion people fall ill with them all over the world. Death occurs as a result of severe dehydration of the body caused by diarrhea. According to the etiology, diseases of this group can be functional or infectious. In the first case, the symptoms of diarrhea are caused by factors such as:

• taking antibiotics;
• radiation therapy;
• food toxins;
• functional disturbances;
• violation of the production of enzymes.

All these causes lead to the death of the natural intestinal microflora. In infectious diarrheal diseases, the impetus for the development of acute intestinal disorders is the entry into the digestive system pathogenic microorganisms- Escherichia coli, salmonella, giardia, rotavirus, dysentery pathogen and others.

The main measures to prevent diarrheal diseases are the use of clean and high-quality food and water, timely treatment gastrointestinal diseases and low acidity.

Tuberculosis

Pathology, which accounts for 2.7% of deaths on the planet. Of the sick people, more than half die, and the airborne method of spreading the disease explains the huge number of infected people. A few decades ago, doctors predicted the fate of smallpox, which was completely defeated and practically disappeared. However, they were mistaken in their assumptions: the pathogen (Koch's bacillus, or Mycobacterium tuberculosis) turned out to be terrible not only by the acquired resistance to environmental conditions and drugs, but also by its consequences. These include internal bleeding, dysbacteriosis and diarrhea, infertility and the inability to give birth to a healthy child.

Risk groups for developing the disease:

• people who have recently become infected and have a history of suspected tuberculosis;
• persons in contact with a sick person;
• patients with diabetes and AIDS;
• smokers, drug addicts and alcohol abusers;
• medical staff.

The likelihood increases if there is no good nutrition and decreased immunity.

Malaria

It is the cause of death in 2.2% of deaths. The most common pathology in Africa and Asia. Risk factors include visiting these countries, where tourists often become infected with this disease.

The causative agents of the disease are localized in red blood cells, erythrocytes, and feed on hemoglobin. Propagating in the blood, Plasmodium provoke an attack of malaria. The likelihood of infection from a mosquito bite is high during the so-called "malarial" period, which lasts from June to September. 98% of deaths from this disease are caused by tropical malaria, and among its consequences can be coma, anemia.

Cancer of the lungs, trachea and bronchi

Ranked 9th in the list of the most dangerous diseases. Most often, such pathologies affect the age category of people after 45 years. It is significant that more than 80% of deaths in this case are smokers, so they are the first who fall into the risk group for developing cancer of the respiratory organs. Nicotine significantly affects bronchial tissue, which is the shortest route to tumor development. A separate group should include people who, by the nature of their activities, are in contact with asbestos or radon gas: in the first case, these are builders and workers in the industrial sector, in the second, they are mine workers. Passive smokers and people with chronic lung diseases, for example, are also at risk. and, especially after the age of 65, can also provoke respiratory cancer.

The consequences of the pathology are sad, without timely therapy it is almost always fatal. Treatment of the disease is complex, lengthy and can provoke the development of severe complications. Often used surgical method in which cancerous tissue is removed. However, if at least 1% of the affected cells remain in the body, tumor process With highly likely may resume.

traffic accidents

With full confidence it can be called a real misfortune of our time. A huge number of people die and remain with disabilities. There are more and more cars every year, and more than 70 people in Russia die on the roads every day, and in the world, car accidents claim the lives of more than a million people every year. Why is this happening? Here are the main causes of accidents:

• driving under the influence of alcohol;
• ignorance and non-observance of traffic rules;
• technical malfunction of vehicles;
• driver inattention;
• deplorable state of the roads.

Diseases of childhood

Many childhood diseases are also among the most common diseases. The following are the ones that are most common and pose the greatest danger to the health of children:

• salmonellosis: intestinal infection caused by various bacteria from the genus Salmonella. The pathogen enters digestive tract a child with unprocessed and dirty food, affecting the intestinal mucosa and often internal organs;
• Botkin's disease, or hepatitisA, develops due to the consumption of contaminated food and water, through dirty hands. The disease is very dangerous, the main threat is liver damage. In the prevention of hepatitis, the first place is occupied by the heat treatment of food, hygiene of the child, mandatory washing of hands after the toilet, walking, before eating;
• staphylococcal diseases can be caused by several varieties of bacteria of this genus and manifest themselves in different parts bodies, and Staphylococcus aureus is considered the most dangerous. Infection most often occurs through dirty hands and from carriers of the infection;
• mumps, or mumps: a viral disease that is localized in the tissues of the parotid salivary glands child and leaves a very strong immunity. However, complications after past infection are quite serious, for example, infertility in men who had mumps in childhood;
• poliomyelitis, or Heine-Medin's disease, is one of the most dangerous childhood ailments, since in half of the cases it leads to life-long disorders, including muscle atrophy, problems of internal organs, and deformity of the limbs. The causative agent is a virus that infects the gray matter of the central nervous system. Most often, the disease affects children under the age of 10 years, and infection occurs through household contact and airborne droplets;
• whooping cough affects children under 5 years old, the disease is localized in the upper respiratory organs and is manifested by bouts of spasmodic cough. Timely recognition of the disease helps to avoid complications of whooping cough, among which pneumonia is in the first place;
• - children's pathology, the causative agent of which are staphylococcal bacteria. At risk are children 2-7 years old, the likelihood of infection increases in autumn and winter. Toxic Substances secreted by bacteria have negative impact to the nervous system.

Accidents

Just like unintentional injuries, they often lead to health problems or death. The factors are varied, as are the risk groups. Weather conditions can provoke injury (examples are sunburn, frostbite, heat syncope, an accident on a slippery road), non-compliance with safety regulations at work, the human factor, when people are not aware of the danger of risk or behavior, poisoning by poisonous plants or substances, and many others.

Hypertonic disease

Hypertension significantly increases the risk of developing severe, life-threatening, cardiovascular complications- heart attacks, strokes and others.

Refers to cardiac pathologies and is characterized by an increase in blood pressure. The disease develops to a greater extent in people after 40 years, while women and men are equally susceptible to the development of the disease. Hypertension often becomes an impetus for the onset of atherosclerosis and is assessed by experts as one of the most common causes. early mortality among the working population. Among the risk factors it is worth noting:

• stress and frequent emotional overstrain;
• excessive intake of salt in the body, leading to fluid retention and increased pressure;
• hypertension in relatives, since the predisposition to it is inherited;
• diabetes;
• obesity and overweight;
• endocrine diseases, in particular hyperthyroidism;
• chronic infectious diseases.

Against the background of hypertension, pathologies such as angina pectoris, coronary heart disease and myocardial infarction, heart failure, retinal detachment and stroke can develop. by the most serious complication considered accompanied by a sharp and rapid rise in pressure, vomiting, and even loss of consciousness.

suicide

Causes two deaths on the planet every minute. More than a million people die each year by committing suicide. What motivates people to take such a step? There are statistics according to which the most common cause of suicide is mental disorders, in particular, depressive states. It has been established that more than half of the suicides suffered from depression before their death.

A quarter of suicide cases are associated with alcoholism and drug use. The following categories of the population are also included in the risk group:

• recently retired people;
• disabled people;
• people experiencing severe stress;
• prisoners;
• soldiers;
• lonely people;
• teenagers.

In addition, statistics indicate that women attempt suicide more often than men, and the latter, in turn, more often than women complete suicide. Some studies link suicidal tendencies to insufficient production of serotonin in the body.

Stomach cancer

This tumor disease completes the rating, making up a fourth of all oncological diseases and ranked second in prevalence after lung cancer. Men get sick a little more often than women, and the age category prone to stomach cancer is the population over 50 years old.

The following factors contribute to the development of pathology:

• smoking;
• the use of spicy, fried, salty, smoked and nitrate-rich foods;
• improper diet, hasty snacks, fast food;
• chronic diseases of the stomach, for example;
• pernicious anemia;
• environmental reasons: high content in air, water and food molybdenum, zinc, nickel, asbestos dust;
• disorders in the immune system;
• abuse of strong alcoholic beverages;
• genetic predisposition.

Gastric cancer, originating in the mucous tissue of the organ, spreads over time lymphatic system and affects the pleura, peritoneum, diaphragm, internal genital organs, large arteries and lymph nodes. Launched Forms cancer can end in disappointing consequences: from the removal of the stomach to lethal outcome. However, in the first stage of the disease, the patient has every chance for a successful recovery.

So, we have compiled a kind of rating of the causes of death of people. As you can see, some diseases are genetically determined and external conditions life, but the person himself is quite capable of influencing some of the factors and ailments. Measures to prevent major diseases are often simple. Take care of your health and you will live a long, interesting and eventful life.

List of common diseases

There is not a single person in this world who has never fallen victim to disease. In this article, you will find a list of common diseases that have been the leading cause of death and other health complications affecting the human body. There are certain times a month or half a year that we suddenly feel weak and troubled. We are tired for no apparent reason, and we become exhausted just doing simple daily activities like talking and eating. I think you should have already guessed that something is wrong with the body and you are suffering from an illness. Well there are over a million kinds of diseases and disorders in this world and it becomes difficult to understand what is with us until we meet our doctor. In this article, we compile a list of common diseases that affect humanity because often we don't care to gather information about the disease we are suffering from. I'm not saying it's extremely important, it's just that when you have the knowledge you communicate with it will be easy to handle it.

List of the most common diseases

When you think about diseases affecting people, you would obviously relate infectious diseases, venereal diseases, rare skin diseases, etc. As I said before, it is very necessary to have a basic knowledge of the most common diseases affecting our generation, so that we can keep some kind of preventive measures to avoid them.

Cholera kills more than 1 million people every year. It spreads mainly through net drinking water and unsanitary hygienic conditions. It is the leading cause of death in Russia, Africa and the Indian subcontinent. It is caused by the Vibrio cholera virus, which is the main cause of intestinal infection of the stomach. People suffering from cholera develop symptoms such as vomiting, stomach upset and leg cramps. In severe cases, cholera can also lead to death due to dehydration.

Pneumonia

If you've ever thought about making a list of infectious diseases, the name pneumonia definitely comes in the top five places. A lung infection is called pneumonia. This feeling of pneumonia caused by viral infection. Blood tests or chest x-ray two ideal ways knowing that the person is suffering from pneumonia. In some cases, even a severe cold or dry cough also causes pneumonia.

Pharyngitis

Another common disease that affects people in large numbers is pharyngitis. The streptococcus bacterium is a bacterium that causes sore throat. Over 3 million cases acute pharyngitis reportedly only in the US. Symptoms include pain, fatigue, nausea, headache, and high fever.

One of the most dangerous diseases caused by smoking is cancer. More than 9 million people are affected every year, cancer is the leading cause of death in the United States. Smokers have a higher risk of getting cancer. Tobacco present in cigarettes causes cancer of the lungs, mouth and throat. Smoking can also lead to the development of many types of cancer, such as throat cancer and lung cancer.

Nowadays, we don't hear the name Cory much, probably because he has been eliminated in most countries where the vaccine is. However, it is still very common in some developing countries where, unless treated, it results in death. Measles symptoms include high temperature, cough, skin rash, and in the worst case diarrhea.

AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) is one of the most dangerous sexually transmitted diseases. It does the immune system weak, so he can't fight infections. Identified in the 1980s, AIDS has already killed over 25 million people. It is caused by HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus), which causes various infections in the body, and eventually leads to death.

Tuberculosis

Considered one of the world's worst infectious diseases, tuberculosis causes almost 2 million deaths each year. Tuberculosis bacteria are found in the lungs, which cause pain in the lungs, chest, and bloody mucus. According to the latest WHO reports, more than a billion people will be affected by TB between 2000 and 2020.

Digestive Disorders
Heartburn
Food poisoning
lactose intolerance
stomach ulcer
diverticular disease
irritable bowel syndrome
Colon Cancer
Stomach cancer
Circulation and respiratory disorders

Where you see, there is pollution. In our advanced world, we have cars that take out tons of smoke and air pollution, and green plants and trees are very rare. This harmful smoke has led to global warming and has also led to various respiratory diseases.
flu
Bronchitis
Asthma
Sinusitis
High blood pressure
rheumatic fever
Atherosclerosis
angina pectoris
Skin Ailments

The following list of skin conditions will help you identify your skin problems so that you can begin effective treatment right away.
Eczema
acne
Psoriasis
Dry skin
Dandruff
Nail fungus
Scabies
Skin rashes
Hyperpigmentation on the face
Blood Diseases

Since blood moves to all parts of the body, blood disease is enough to cause problems throughout the body.
bacteremia
Sepsis
Anemia
Deep vein thrombosis
Tela
staph infection
Hepatitis B
Thalassemia
A few more diseases that are becoming more common nowadays are yellow fever, chlamydia, hepatitis, diabetes, etc. All of these are the main reason for the decline of the human population. Therefore, it is very necessary that we take effective care, including balanced diet and after exercise regimen.

Disclaimer: This article is for informational purposes only and should not be used as a substitute for expert medical advice.