FLOWER ESSENTIAL OILS:
LAVENDER- almost all essential oils, especially floral, citrus, herbal ones.
GERMAN CHAMOMILE- floral, citrus, herbal EOs, also patchouli, petitgrain, benzoin.
ROMAN CHAMOMILE- floral, herbal, also - bergamot, incense, verbena, nutmeg.
GERANIUM- bergamot, lavender, rosemary, black pepper, rose, neroli, rosewood, juniper, lemon, patchouli, jasmine, orange.
YLANG-YLANG- floral and citrus essential oils, also verbena, nutmeg, rosewood, patchouli, vetiver, sandalwood.
ROSE- floral, bergamot, clary sage, sandalwood, rosewood, lemon balm, incense, palmarosa, patchouli, myrrh, benzoin.
NEROLI- many essential oils, especially lavender, lemon balm, jasmine, incense and bergamot.
JASMINE- citrus fruits, clary sage, rose, sandalwood, rosewood, incense, neroli, cypress, verbena and lemon balm.
VIOLET- floral, also lemon, bergamot, cumin, basil and clary sage.
HERBAL EM
MARJORAM- many um, and also - lavender, bergamot, cypress, chamomile, juniper and eucalyptus.
ROSEMARY- most are spicy, as well as lavender, bergamot, basil, incense, juniper, pine, verbena, lemon balm, cedar and petitgrain.
CLEAN SAGE- citrus fruits, lavender, coriander, cardamom, incense, jasmine, pine, geranium, cedar, palmarosa.
MELISSA- floral and citrus fruits, especially lavender, rose, geranium, myrtle.
BASIL- many herbal em, lavender, geranium, bergamot, lime, lemon, incense, pine.
THYME- herbal, lavender, bergamot, lemon, pine, cypress, black pepper.
PEPPERMINT- lavender, rosemary, eucalyptus, lemon.
FENNEL- geranium, lavender, black pepper, rosemary, sandalwood, verbena, lemon.
HYSSOP- many herbal and citrus fruits, lavender, myrtle, bay, geranium.
VERBENA- herbs and citruses, neroli, palmarosa, incense, jasmine, juniper, cedar, myrtle, geranium.
RESIN AND ROOTS
ANGELICA ROOT- citrus fruits, neroli, patchouli, incense, clary sage, vetiver, tsotsna, juniper.
INCENSE- floral, woody, citrus, spicy, patchouli, clary sage, rosemary, basil, vetiver.
MYRRH- other resins, patchouli, rose, sandalwood, thyme, geranium, mandarin, lavender, juniper, cypress, pine.
BENZOIN- other resins, most spicy, rose, sandalwood, jasmine, cypress, juniper, lemon, pine.
CITRUS
BERGAMOT- other citrus, floral, cypress, sandalwood, juniper, coriander, black pepper, ginger, clary sage, rosemary, incense.
SWEET ORANGE- other citrus fruits, spicy, sandalwood, neroli, clary sage, myrrh, geranium, palmarosa, incense.
MANDARIN, TANGERIAN- other citrus fruits, spicy, neroli, lavender, sandalwood, petitgrain, lemon balm, ylang-ylang, juniper, geranium, rosewood, cypress.
LEMON- other citrus, floral and many other um.
GRAPEFRUIT- other citrus fruits, spicy, palmarosa, neroli, rosemary, cypress, juniper, lavender, jasmine, ylang-ylang.
LIME- citrus fruits, neroli, lavender, geranium, ylang-ylang, rosemary, cypress, rosewood.
WOOD
SANDALWOOD- floral, resins, rosewood, cloves, black pepper, cypress, vetiver, patchouli, bergamot.
ALTAI CEDAR- woody, jasmine, black pepper, incense, vetiver, patchouli, rosemary, bergamot.
CEDAR (VIRGINIA)-woody, rose, vetiver, patchouli, benzoin.
PETITGRAIN- floral, citrus, rosemary, clary sage, black pepper, benzoin, patchouli, palmarosa, cloves.
ROSEWOOD- many EM.
Juniper- woody, citrus, incense, clary sage, lavender, geranium, rose, benzoin.
CYPRESS- woody, citrus, incense, clary sage, lavender, cardamom, marjoram, geranium, neroli, black pepper, benzoin.
LEMON EUCALYPTUS (Eucalyptus citriodora)- floral, citrus, some spicy.
EUCALYPTUS (Eucalyptus globulus, Eucalyptus radiata, Eucalyptus smithi, etc.)- woody, herbal, lavender, lemon.
PINE NEEDLES- woody, herbal, lavender, lemon.
SPICES (SPICY)
GINGER- citrus, neroli, geranium, ylang-ylang, rose, incense, sandalwood, vetiver, patchouli, rosewood.
BLACK PEPPER- other spices, floral, incense, sandalwood, marjoram, rosemary.
CARNATION- citrus, floral, clary sage, bay, lemongrass, sandalwood.
CORIANDER- other spices, citrus fruits, incense, sandalwood, clary sage, jasmine, neroli, petitgrain, cypress, pine, lemon balm.
CARDAMOM- other spices, citrus, floral, incense, sandalwood, vetiver, patchouli, cedar, rosewood.
CINNAMON- incense, myrrh, orange, mandarin, benzoin, ylang-ylang.
NUTMEG- other spices, clary sage, bay, tangerine, orange, geranium, lavender, rosemary, lime, petitgrain.
HERBS, SEEDS, SHRUBS
PALMAROSA- most um.
LEMONGRASS(lemongrass) - citrus, floral, marjoram, black pepper, rosemary, angelica root, ginger.
CARROT SEEDS- citrus fruits, spices, cedar, geranium, patchouli, palmarosa.
IMMORTELLE- citrus, floral, cloves, clary sage.
ROCK ROSE(Cistus landaniferus)- neroli, lemon, bergamot, cedar, jasmine, pine, juniper, lavender, cypress, vetiver, sandalwood, patchouli, orange, Roman chamomile, clary sage.
VETIVER- orange, marjoram, sandalwood, verbena, neroli, cardamom, rose, jasmine, lavender, ylang-ylang, geranium, patchouli, clary sage.
TEA TREE- herbal, spicy, lavender, pine, eucalyptus.
PATCHOULI- lavender, sandalwood, vetiver, cedar, rose, neroli, jasmine, ylang-ylang, lemon, bergamot, geranium, cloves, myrrh, incense, clary sage.
NAOLI- lavender, lemon, myrtle, orange, hyssop, eucalyptus
MYRTLE- spices, lavender, neroli, lime, bergamot, lemon, hyssop, bay, rosemary, clary sage, pine, cypress.
BEAT- spices, citrus fruits, lavender, rosemary, geranium, ylang-ylang, cloves.
essential oil thyme officinalis
Classification of essential oils
Terpenes are hydrocarbons that have general formula(C5H8)n, and their oxygen-containing derivatives are called terpenoids. Terpenes and terpenoids belong to different classes of natural compounds, but the underlying structure of all of these compounds is isoprene. Therefore, we came to the conclusion that the most suitable classification is based on the main valuable components that are carriers of the smell of a given essential oil. According to this principle, essential oil raw materials and their essential oils can be divided into groups containing:
- 1. acyclic monoterpenes
- 2. monocyclic monoterpenes
- 3. bicyclic monoterpenes
- 4. sesquiterpenes
- 1. Acyclic or Aliphatic monoterpenes are the simplest of monoterpenoids; they can be considered as unsaturated fatty compounds with three double bonds.
They represent the main, most valuable part of the essential oil of plants such as hops (myrcene), rose, geranium, eucalyptus (geraniol), lavender, jasmine, citrus fruits (citronellol). Essential oils have a subtle, pleasant aroma and are used in perfumery. The most common oxygen derivatives of aliphatic terpenes are: from alcohols - geraniol, linalool, and from aldehydes - citral.
Geraniol linalool citral
1. Monocyclic monoterpenes
menthane menthol menthone
The most common hydrocarbons in essential oils are limonene (turpentine, caraway oil, dill oil), phellandrene, terpinene, and among oxygen-containing ones: alcohols - terpineol, menthol, ketones - menthone, carvone, oxides - cineole.
terpinene type:
terpinene terpineol b-phellandrene b-phellandrene
limonene type:
limonene carvone
2. Bicyclic monoterpenes
Bicyclic monoterpenes are compounds with two fused non-aromatic rings and one ethylene bond.
Camphor -- main component essential oil of camphor laurel, camphor basil, some types of wormwood, etc. Borneol is usually found in the form of esters with acetic (fir), isovaleric (valerian) and other acids. Pinene is the main component of turpentine (pine), which has wide application in medicine. Pinene is used in organic synthesis and technology. Thujone and thujol are contained in the essential oil of wormwood, tansy, salvia officinalis, thuja and other plants.
Type of pinene Type of sabinene b - pinene b - pinene sabinene b - thuyene
Camphene type Karen type
camphene fenchen -3 -caren 4-carene
Oxygen derivatives of bicyclic terpenes are very diverse. Among the alcohols, the following are quite common: thujol, sabinol, borneol, myrtenol, and among ketones - camphor, fenchone, thujone.
Thujone thuyol sabinol
Camphor borneol fenchone
Thymol is found in the essential oil of azhgon, thyme, thyme, oregano and other plants. Anethole is the main component of the essential oil of anise and fennel fruits. Eugenol is found in the essential oil of clove, eugenolic basil, and eugenolic camellia.
Thymol anethole eugenol
3. Sesquiterpenes
Sesquiterpenes contained in essential oils, like monoterpenes, can be acyclic or cyclic. Acyclic sesquiterpenes are unsaturated fatty compounds with 4 double bonds. The precursor of acyclic sesquiterpenes is geranyl pyrophosphate.
Monocyclic sesquiterpenes. The precursors of cyclic sesquiterpenes are acyclic sesquiterpenes - the hydrocarbon farnesene and its oxygen derivatives - farnesol, nerolidol. Farnesol is a component of linden essential oil.
Bicyclic sesquiterpenes:
- 1) Type of betulenol (found in essential oil of birch leaves)
- 2) Akoran type (with the formation of 5 and 6-membered rings) Akoran derivatives are contained in calamus essential oil. akoran akoron
Tricyclic sesquiterpenes
Compounds with 3 fused rings without ethylene bonds. Aromadendren (found in eucalyptus essential oil), iceol is isolated from the essential oil of wild rosemary. aromadendren iceol
Physical properties. Essential oils - colorless or yellowish clear liquids, less often - dark brown ( cinnamon oil), red (thyme oil), green from the presence of chlorophyll (bergamot oil) or blue, greenish-blue from the presence of azulene (oil of chamomile, yarrow, wormwood and citvar). The smell of oils is characteristic, aromatic. The taste is spicy, pungent, burning.
Most essential oils have a relative density of less than one, some (cinnamon, clove) are heavier than water. Essential oils are almost insoluble in water, but when shaken with water they form emulsions, the water acquires their smell and taste; Almost all oils are highly soluble in alcohol, fatty oils, and mineral oils ( Vaseline oil) and mixed in all proportions with chloroform and petroleum ether. Sudan III reagent turns the oil orange.
The boiling point of essential oils is from 40 0C, with the monoterpene fraction boiling at 150-190 0C, the sesquiterpene fraction at 230-300 0C. Essential oils are optically active. The reaction of oils is neutral or slightly acidic. Essential oils are distilled with water steam, and monoterpenes are distilled well, sesquiterpenes - worse. When essential oils are cooled, some components crystallize (menthol, thymol, camphor). The solid part of the essential oil is called stearopten, the liquid part is called eleopten.
Chemical properties. Essential oils are complex mixtures of various organic compounds, the main group of which are substances with an isoprene structure. Monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, and, less commonly, aromatic and aliphatic compounds are present. Terpenoids contained in essential oils are represented by aldehydes, ketones, alcohols, phonols, esters, lactones, acids and other compounds. The components of essential oils easily enter into oxidation, isomerization, and polymerization reactions.
They easily undergo hydrogenation, hydration, halogenation through double bonds; they add halogens, oxygen, and sulfur. They give reactions characteristic of the incoming functional groups.
When stored in the light in the presence of atmospheric oxygen, essential oils oxidize, change color (darken) and smell. Some essential oils thicken after distillation or during storage.
Introduction
The influence of odors on the psychological and physical state of a person has been known for a long time. Reliable information that people learned to extract aromatic substances from plant materials dates back to the 5th millennium BC. However, the Egyptians are rightfully considered the real discoverers, who widely used aromatic extracts from plants to influence the human body and soul. Aromas helped the birth of babies, facilitating labor (cloves); supported the health of the body (lemon, sandalwood, juniper) and spirit (frankincense, myrrh); preserved beauty and youth (rose, jasmine); were an integral part of the art of love (jasmine, ylang, nutmeg). Subsequently, they were given the term “perfumery” (“per fumum” - Latin “through smoke, through smoke”), the name is explained by the peculiarity of its production. Time passed, fashion changed, new scientific trends appeared and died, but fragrances continued to live - in art, aesthetics, and expensive perfumes. The recipe for the first perfume was invented by Theophrastus (372-288 BC), and the first perfume in the modern sense was obtained from the flowers of the Parma violet in 1870 and was called “Vera Violetta”. In the second half of the last century, interest in the use of essential oils in perfume production began to increase. The reasons for this are the deterioration of the environmental situation, large psycho-emotional stress on a person, side effects characteristic of synthetic drugs, increasing in frequency and strength of manifestation, allergic reactions, and sometimes anaphylactic shock perfumes of synthetic origin also attract attention.
The purpose of this course work is: the concept of the basics of using essential oils in perfume production, the solution to the smell of essential oils.
The accumulated experience in the use of essential oils, resins, and balms formed the basis of the science of aromas - perfumery. In all historical periods, incense has been used in religious, preventive, therapeutic and for cosmetic purposes. They were used everywhere - during state meetings, recreation, in war, for embalming, etc. The ancient Egyptians, Romans, Greeks, Easterners and other peoples did not part with aromas throughout their lives. For them, especially for representatives of the rich classes, fragrances were a means of preserving youth and beauty, but what do fragrances mean in our lives now? What do they come from? How are they used in the perfume industry? How are the most common odors obtained? What is their secret? These are the questions I will try to reveal in my work.
The main tasks were:
Consider the full characteristics of essential oils and find out the secret of their smell
Study the raw materials from which essential oils are obtained
Familiarize yourself with the stages of making natural perfume
Chapter 1. Characteristics of essential oils
Definition and component composition of essential oils
Essential oils are a mixture of volatile fragrant substances formed in plants and belonging to various classes of organic compounds, mainly terpenoids, less often aromatic or aliphatic compounds. They got their name due to the presence of a characteristic aromatic odor and oily consistency.
The components of essential oils are represented by various compounds, which can be arranged in the following order according to their bactericidal activity: phenols, aldehydes, alcohols, esters, acids. The most biologically active components of essential oils are alcohols (isoamyl alcohol, undecyl alcohol, etc.), the least active are hydrocarbons (heptane, ionane, etc.). The characteristic components of essential oils are terpenoids. They perform a huge number of functions. Some of them carry out redox processes, regulate the activity of plant genes, participate in photochemical reactions, absorbing light energy, which goes into the biosynthesis of essential oil components. In this regard, it is suggested that plants activate atmospheric oxygen using light energy. Terpenoids such as linalool, geraniol, farnesol, being associated with other chemical structures, are included in various biocatalytic systems. Thymol, eugenol, anethole, etc. have similar structures to known bioenergy activators. Biosynthesis of essential oil components is accompanied by costs large quantity chemical energy per molecule. Some terpenoids are precursors to pheromones. The carbon chains of geraniol, linalool, neralidol and farnesol are key intermediates in the biosynthesis of such biologically active substances. active substances, such as steroid hormones, enzymes, antioxidants, vitamins B, E, K, bile acids. Thus, the components of essential oil are either the initial products of the formation of many biologically active substances, or intermediate products along the path of their biosynthesis.
Each type of essential oil has its own component composition, characteristic only for it. It is very complex and is constantly growing due to the improvement of research methods. Thus, about 300 components are identified in the essential oil of geranium, about 500 components each in the essential oils of rose, bergamot, lemon, tangerine, and orange. Some essential oils contain up to 800 components, with one of them usually predominant. Many components account for one tenth, hundredth and even thousandth of a percent, but some of them play a certain role in the formation of odor and biological activity.
Classifications of essential oils
Depending on the component composition of essential oils, R. M. Gatterfosse divided them into 7 groups:
Essential oils containing specific terpene alcohols and corresponding esters;
Essential oils containing specific ketones;
Essential oils containing specific lactones;
Essential oils containing specific aldehydes;
Essential oils containing specific phenols;
Essential oils containing specific oxides;
Essential oils containing specific terpenes.
Hydrocarbons (rich in terpenes);
Oxygenated;
Sulphated.
The most suitable (albeit conditionally) classification is based on the main valuable components that are carriers of the smell of a given essential oil. According to this principle, they can be divided into groups containing:
acyclic monoterpenes
monocyclic monoterpenes
bicyclic monoterpenes
sesquiterpenes
aromatic compounds.
According to the gradation of the French perfumer Piece, essential oils differ in tonality:
Upper tonality oils (orange, jasmine, ylang-ylang) - quickly evaporating, with a fresh aroma, stimulate the senses.
medium-tone oils (anise, chamomile, camphor, fennel) - volatility is less pronounced, they have a greater effect on the functions of internal organs.
low-pitched oils (fir, cedar, pine, sandalwood) – volatility is even less pronounced, and have a relaxing effect.
The following classifications of essential oils are also distinguished: by physiological effects, by energetic properties, depending on the zodiac sign, and so on.
Physical properties, accumulation, meaning of essential oils
Essential oils are clear, colorless or slightly colored liquids that have a characteristic taste and odor; non-greasy, evaporating at room temperature, do not leave greasy stains on paper; lighter than water and practically insoluble in it. When used, they require emulsification (milk, cream, honey, salt, sugar, baking soda, alcohol, etc.); oxidize in light under the influence of oxygen, and therefore require special storage conditions; are well soluble in fats, which ensures their easy penetration through the skin and mucous membranes: they have a low molecular weight.
It should be remembered that essential oils in plants accumulate in specialized formations. They are distinguished as endogenous formations: essential oil containers, essential oil tubules, secretory ducts, specialized parenchyma cells, as well as exogenous ones: essential oil glands, glandular hairs, glandular spots.
The content of essential oils in fresh green parts of plants does not exceed 1%, in seeds – up to 10%. The amount of essential oils in plants varies. Even in the same plant, different organs contain essential oils of different composition. The accumulation of oils and their qualitative composition are influenced by the growing season, insolation, humidity, climatic conditions, soil hours of raw material collection, etc.
In warm and dry climates, plants accumulate more essential oils than in cold and humid climates. More oils are produced during flowering and seed ripening than during other periods; they accumulate in flowers (chamomile, jasmine), in fruits (celery, vanilla, lemon, orange), in leaves (violet), in rhizomes (iris), tree trunks (sandalwood), in tree bark (cinnamon), almost in all organs - leaves, stems, fruits, flowers (mint, lavender, geranium, conifers). Essential oils contained in various parts plants may have different odors. Thus, orange flower oil (plain oil) is extracted from the flowers of the bitter orange tree, petitgrain oil is obtained from the leaves of the bitter orange tree, and orange oil is extracted from the peel of the sweet Chinese orange fruit.
The branching of the carbon chain, especially the tertiary carbon atoms, influences the scent of an essential oil. Substances that cause the appearance of aroma are characterized by the presence of functional groups in their molecule: carbonyl, ester. They enhance the smell. The components that determine the smell of the oil include: geraniol, nerol, anethole, cetronellol, citral, limonene, eugenol, etc. Menthol determines the smell of mint, eugenol determines the smell of clove oil.
The importance of essential oils for plants is enormous: they serve to protect plants from damage by fungi, viruses, bacteria, pests, from being eaten by animals, to attract pollinating insects, to protect against overheating during the day and hypothermia at night, and to increase enzymatic processes.
CLASSIFICATION BY PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
Essential oils have a complex chemical composition. More than 500 organic substances have been isolated and identified from essential oils, which are divided into groups ( Brief overview can be read in section). Studying chemical composition The study of essential oils has not yet been completed; with the advent of new technologies, it is becoming more and more in-depth. Because everything chemical elements have specific properties (for example, alcohols have antiseptic, immunostimulating, analgesic effects; aldehydes have relaxing, antispasmodic properties, etc.), then it is theoretically possible to classify essential oils in terms of chemical composition.
However, the question arises about the benefits of such classifications for the average consumer. Dr. aromatherapist from England Martin Watt reminds that the list chemicals contained in one essential oil can take about five pages. He emphasizes that judging the properties of an aroma oil based solely on the presence of one or another element in it is incorrect. It would seem that in this case, only those of them that are contained in large quantities and are predominant in the composition can be taken into account. However, everything is not so simple here, since chemical elements have different abilities to react with the human body.
The example given by the aromatherapist is also very interesting: water consists of hydrogen and oxygen (which are catalysts for the combustion process), but water itself has the opposite properties - it extinguishes fire, therefore chemical elements do not determine the properties of the whole substance. In connection with these arguments, Martin Watt considers the classification of essential oils according to chemical properties simplified and does not give the correct idea. Therefore, we will limit ourselves to describing the physical properties of essential oils that are more “close” to us and those classifications that can bring practical benefit when using them.
General physical properties essential oils:
- A clear liquid that may be colorless or have a yellow, greenish, brown or reddish tint. They have a specific smell and a hot-spicy taste.
- Essential oils do not dissolve in water, but when shaken, the liquid acquires a corresponding aroma. Easily dissolves in all organic solvents: alcohol, acetone, benzene, vegetable oils and animal fats. Essential oils themselves can dissolve resins, wax, paraffin, fats, rubber - this property should be taken into account when storing and preparing compositions from essential oils, when making home cosmetics.
- The boiling point ranges from 150 to 300°C, while the flash point (ignition upon contact with fire) of essential oils is low - 53-92°C. Due to the flammability of aromatic oils, they should not be stored near fire sources. At low temperatures transform into a viscous (or solid) mass.
- Light, air, moisture change the structure of essential oils, oxidation and resinization processes occur, which affects the physical and therapeutic properties natural product. Therefore, aromatic oils must be protected from the effects of the above-mentioned external factors. Read more in the section
- The volatility of essential oils can be high, medium or low. The degree of volatility determines the tonality of essential oils, which differs due to the shape and size of the molecules of the constituent components.
Along with the degree of volatility, its owners acquire other characteristic properties: highly volatile essential oils refresh and invigorate, uplifting; medium volatiles for the most part soothe and relax, improve respiratory functions at colds; low-volatile essential oils tone the body and act as aphrodisiacs.
Why is this classification useful?
The degree of volatility of essential oils is always taken into account when creating perfume compositions, as well as compositions for aromatherapy. When you open a bottle of perfume, you first notice pure and unstable volatile aromas, which are called the top note of the composition. Later, the “heart” of the aroma is revealed, usually these are the dominant notes of the composition, which begin to be felt after a while, but represent the basis of the aroma. The last to appear are the intense, deep odors, which “support” the heart of the aroma.
Knowledge of these properties of oils helps to calculate the required proportion to create a tonic, relaxing or sensual mixture or to create your own unique perfume.
When calculating the dosage for 10 parts of the composition, the following proportion is obtained, where the first number is highly volatile, and the last number is low-volatile essential oils:
for a tonic mixture - 5/2/3
for a relaxing mixture - 2/5/3
for a sensuality-enhancing mixture - 2/3/5
Aromatherapy - introduction, precautions 2
Fragrance classifications
By family4
According to physiological effects5
By energy properties6
By zodiac sign8
According to the composition of plant raw materials9
According to Ayurveda10
Ways to use essential oils12
Protective properties of essential oils19
Incense, its types21
Traditional Indian and Tibetan incense23
Fragrances in Chinese and Japanese horoscopes31
Aromas and energetic enhancement of all chakras32
Aromatherapy – the oldest branch of medicine, which involves treatment with natural essential oils. But the term itself appeared only in 1904 in France in the laboratory of the chemist René Maris Gatnonfos after successful treatment burns with lavender essential oil.
In fact, when talking about aromatherapy, you need to understand that no one is treating anyone here. Essential oils simply turn on the protective mechanisms in tissue cells that are genetically embedded in them.
The plant world on Earth appeared long before humans, so plants have a deeper gene memory than human body. Penetrating into the cell, essential oils seem to “remind” it how to work correctly, as a result the body’s own defense system turns on. And the body’s capabilities in terms of self-healing are enormous. However, in addition to the unique nature of the impact of essential oils on the human body, the impact of aromas on the energy level is no less unique. There are many aromas that, individually or in combination, can not only heal the soul, but literally revive a person, awaken dormant potential, help one feel like an integral part of the universe, and gain a connection with the original source.
If you decide to plunge into mysterious world aromatherapy, you should first learn a few rules for using essential oils to avoid unpleasant surprises:
Before using essential oils, there are some rules you need to understand. When taking a new essential oil, follow the following measures precautions:
* Do not apply undiluted oil to the skin and mucous membranes (except tea tree oil with manuka!)
* Do not use oil in dosages exceeding the permissible limits!
Start using oils with minimal doses, perhaps they will be sufficient for you, since all people have different sensitivity to aromas.
* Check if you are allergic to any oil! To do this, apply 1 drop of oil to the elbow and watch for any allergic reactions on the skin - swelling, swelling, in addition to the usual redness and slight burning.
Checking for odor allergies - apply 1 drop of oil to a handkerchief and bring it to your nose throughout the day. Signs allergic reactions- runny nose, watery eyes, sneezing.
*Upon admission aromatic baths The first 2 sessions should not last more than 5 minutes. In aroma lamps, the first 2 sessions last no more than 20 minutes.
If you feel good after the bath, the time can be gradually increased.
* During pregnancy and epilepsy, it is recommended to use essential oils in limited quantities and under medical supervision! Their concentration should be 2 times less than usual!
* For heart diseases, for bronchial asthma and asthmatic conditions, use oils only after consulting a doctor.
* Keep oils tightly closed in a dark place out of reach of children.
* Internal use of essential oils is recommended only after consultation with a doctor!
* The course of aromatherapy should not exceed 3 weeks.
* Oils should be stored tightly closed in a dark place out of reach of children!
There are also some features of using essential oils for children:
Essential oils can also be used in children (massage, baths, inhalations, etc.) for strict adherence dosages and rules of use, taking into account contraindications. Before carrying out the procedures, be sure to check your child for sensitivity to aromatic oil!
- Safe essential oils of lavender and tea tree are recommended for infants under 12 months. For massage or baths, only 1 drop of oil is required, diluted in 1 tablespoon of base oil.
- For children from 1 to 5 years old, for the same procedures, 2-3 drops of non-toxic and non-irritating aromatic oil of lavender, orange, tea tree per 1 tbsp. a spoonful of basic oil.
- Children from 6 to 12 years old can use the same aromatic oils, as for adults, but their concentration should be 2 times less.
- Teenagers over 12 years old can use the same essential oils as adults in the same doses.
Children under 12 years old indoor application essential oils are contraindicated!
There are many classifications of fragrances, for example:
Classification of fragrances by families
Chypre The scents in this family are sage, lavender, oakmoss, patchouli and resin.
Citrus These scents include lemon, tangerine, grapefruit, and bergamot.
Floral Fragrances in this family include violet, carnation, rose, gardenia, lily, tuberose and narcissus.
Floral-oriental
The scents of this family are jasmine, gardenia, mandarin, frisia; base notes of sandalwood, musk, amber, and apricot. Basically, the floral-oriental type is a subcategory of the flower family and is broad enough to give it precise definition.
Fougere This family consists of oakmoss, lavender and geranium scents.
Fruit Fragrances in this family include apple, apricot, mandarin, bergamot, neroli, pineapple, and papaya.
Greens Fragrances in this family include rosemary, lavender, pine, juniper, hyacinth, and galbanum. It's the smell of green leaves and freshly cut grass mixed with autumn breezes.
Aldehydic Fragrances in this family are synthesized from aldehydes, pure chemical compounds, which provides a wide variety of nuances in the scents of this family.
Oriental The scents in this family are amber, vanilla, wood and resins.
Marine The scents in this family are completely synthetic scents that remind us of things that cannot be contained in a bottle: splashes of waves, air in the mountains, natural elements.
Spicy Fragrances in this family include ginger, cinnamon and cardamom, as well as flowers with spicy notes such as clove and lavender.
Amber
This family includes lavender oils and lavender plants, which grow in the south of France.
Leather Juniper oil, birch bark extract in the form of resin.
WoodyThis family consists of sandalwood, rosebush, cedar, vetiver, and also contains a subfamily of marine (ocean, ozone) woody scents: myrtle, musk and blue iris.
Classification of essential oils according to physiological effects.
Acclimatizing
Lavender, lemon balm, mint
Analgesics
Basil, cloves, lavender, lemon, mint, rosemary, tea tree, eucalyptus
Anthelmintic
Anise, bergamot, cloves, geranium, lemon, wormwood, rose, dill, fennel, thyme
Antidepressants
Orange, bergamot, geranium, jasmine, ylang-ylang, lemon balm, patchouli, rose, sage
Antiseptics
Basil, bergamot, oregano, lavender, lemon, juniper, pine, thyme, eucalyptus
Hypertensive
Thyme, sage
Antihypertensives (lower blood pressure)
Clove, geranium, ylang-ylang, lavender, lemon, juniper, neroli, fennel
Disinfecting rooms
Cloves, oregano, lavender, juniper, pine, thyme, tea tree, sage
Disinfecting wounds
Cloves, lavender, thyme, tea tree, sage
Deodorants
Geranium, cypress, coriander, rose, pine, tea tree, sage
Immunostimulants
Anise, basil, bergamot, clove, ylang-ylang, cypress, lavender, lemon, fir, pine
Hemostatic
Oregano, cypress, lemon
Blood circulation normalizing coronary
Anise, geranium, jasmine, ylang-ylang, lavender, marjoram, lemon balm, mint, neroli, rose
Blood circulation normalizing peripheral
Lemon, myrtle, lemon balm, rosemary
Metabolism normalizing
Orange, geranium, grapefruit, ylang-ylang, cypress, lemon, mandarin, rosemary, sage
Liver tonic
Chamomile, cardamom, lemon, menthol, rose
Anti-inflammatory
Geranium, lavender, lemon balm, mint, rose, tea tree, sage, eucalyptus
Decongestants
Lavender, naioli, rosemary, fir, eucalyptus
Anticonvulsants
Cloves, juniper, nutmeg
Wound healing
Lavender, rose, rosemary, sage, eucalyptus
Antispasmodics
Basil, cloves, cypress, lemon, mint, rosemary
Stimulating digestion
Anise, basil, marjoram, juniper, dill, fennel
Stimulating potency
Orange, clove, jasmine, ylang-ylang, nutmeg, patchouli, petit grain, sandalwood, pine
Stimulating mental and physical activity
Orange, bergamot, clove, lavender, lemon, mint, fir
Strengthening the cardiovascular system
Geranium, ylang-ylang, lavender, mint, neroli, rosemary
Strengthening the autonomic nervous system
Basil, geranium, lemon, mint, petit grain, rosemary
Calming
Anise, oregano, lavender, neroli, sandalwood
However, it has been proven that aromatherapy treats not only physical, but also mental ailments. Essential oils have a beneficial effect on a person’s emotional well-being and help harmonize the so-called “energy body.” No wonder aromatherapy is widely used in oriental medicine, Where mental health people are given special attention.
Classification of essential oils according to their energetic properties.
Protection from energy vampirism, ill will, as well as restoration of a person’s field body after negative impact other people, increasing immunity
Carnation, jasmine, hyssop, cypress, frankincense, lemon, lemon balm, juniper, rose, rosemary, pine, yarrow, tea tree, sage
Energy saturation and revitalization of the field body, thinned due to overwork and constant dissatisfaction with itself; return of interest in life
Orange, basil, geranium, hyssop, coriander, cinnamon, lavender, bay, incense, lemon, marjoram, juniper, mint, neroli, rose, pine, thyme
Restoring the field body after stressful situations, grief, grief over the loss of a loved one
Orange, bergamot, bay, geranium, coriander, lavender, lemon, marjoram, neroli, rose, sage, eucalyptus
Stimulation of the flow of energy to the field body when it is depleted due to serious illnesses and injuries
Orange, cloves, cedar, tangerine, mint, pine, thuja, eucalyptus
Creation favorable conditions to achieve positive results and successfully overcome difficulties in your career
Geranium, grapefruit, lavender, lemon, lemon balm, nutmeg, chamomile, pine, thuja
Enrichment of the positive energy of the field body to achieve harmony between a person and the world around him
Ylang-ylang, frankincense, lemon, leuzea, myrtle, rose, sandalwood
Help in analyzing your actions, in correcting actions that bring offense and harm to others; transformation of the unproductive energy of irritability, anger into the energy of tolerance, self-improvement
Verbena, cloves, geranium, oregano, jasmine, cedar, lavender, frankincense, mandarin, myrrh, rosemary, sandalwood, thyme, sage
Help in improving spirituality, increasing communication skills, intelligence
Orange, jasmine, ylang-ylang, hyssop, cypress, lemon, mandarin, myrtle, juniper, neroli, patchouli, rose
Creating high harmonious relationships between a man and a woman, opening a light, bright breath in love
Bergamot, jasmine, ylang-ylang, hyssop, cinnamon, lemon, myrrh, neroli, patchouli, rose, sandalwood, thuja
Help in establishing mutual understanding between spouses, children, relatives; creating warmth and comfort in the home
Orange, vanilla, grapefruit, hyssop, cypress, frankincense, lemon, mandarin, myrrh, nutmeg, mint, rose
Plus, there is a practice of creating so-called “fragrant talismans” with a specific aroma depending on the zodiac sign. There is even such a fairly young science - aroma astrology.
Classification of essential oils depending on the zodiac sign.
Aries (21.03. – 20.04)
Rosemary, juniper, lemon, patchouli, coriander, geranium
Taurus (21.04 – 20.05)
Bergamot, rosemary, neroli, lemon, patchouli, jasmine
Gemini (21.05 – 21.06)
Eucalyptus, geranium, lavender, orange, neroli, rose, rosemary, cinnamon, ylang-ylang, jasmine
Cancer (22.06 – 22.07)
Jasmine, bergamot, lavender, lemon, neroli, orange, rosemary, ylang-ylang, juniper
Leo (23.07 – 23.08)
Frankincense, lemongrass, orange, patchouli, rose, rosemary, juniper
Virgo(24.08 – 23.09)
Eucalyptus, geranium, orange, neroli, cinnamon, ylang-ylang
Libra(24.09 – 23.10)
Rose, lavender, mint, cinnamon, ylang-ylang, geranium, eucalyptus
Scorpio (24.10 – 22.11)
Patchouli, jasmine, lemon, rosemary, cinnamon, ylang-ylang
Sagittarius (11/23 – 12/21)
Lavender, lemon, almond, neroli, patchouli, rose, rosemary, cinnamon
Koseorg(22.12 – 20.01)
Bergamot, lavender, clove, eucalyptus, juniper, rose, cinnamon
Aquarius(21.01 – 20.02)
Rose, bergamot, lemon, orange, eucalyptus, ylang-ylang
Pisces(21.02 – 20.03)
Orange, bergamot, lavender, eucalyptus, lemon, neroli, rosemary, jasmine, juniper
There are also other classifications of essential oils depending on the composition of the plant material. In turn, all essential oils can be divided into light, medium and heavy depending on the degree of volatility.
- Light: evaporates within 20-30 minutes.
- Medium: do not erode within 30-90 minutes.
- Heavy: do not weather for 2-3 hours, and some up to 5-6 hours.
Oil group
Light aromatic oils
Medium aromatic oils
Heavy aromatic oils
Floral
Verbena (lemon)
Geranium
Oregano
Hyssop
Lavender
Lavandin
Melissa
Chamomile
Jasmine
Neroli
Rose
Citrus
Orange
Bergamot
Grapefruit
Lime
Lemon
Lemon grass (lemongrass)
Mandarin
Petitgrain
Citronella
Herbs
Basil
Clary sage
Spearmint (closer to medium)
Peppermint (closer to medium)
Marjoram
Carrot
Rosemary
Thyme (thyme)
Dill
Fennel
Trees
Kayaput
Nauli
Petitgrain
Pine (closer to medium)
Thuja eucalyptus
tea tree
Spruce
Cypress
Myrtle
Juniper
Cedar
Mahogany
Rosewood
Spices
Anise (closer to medium)
Cardamom
Coriander
Laurel
Black pepper
Cloves (closer to heavy)
Nutmeg (closer to heavy)
Ginger
Cinnamon
Resin
Fir
Myrtle
Benzoin
Incense
Mirr
Exotic
Verbena (exotic)
Palmarosa
Ylang-ylang
Patchouli
Sandalwood
Energy properties of essential oils according to Ayurvedic classification
HEATING AND COOLING OILS
Each essential oil, depending on its chemical composition, affects the body either warming or cooling effect. Essential oils can be arranged on a vertical scale with the coldest oils at the top and the hottest at the bottom. For each oil on such a scale there will definitely be a place corresponding to its properties.
Chamomile essential oil is cold, lavender oil is neutral, and thyme oil is hot. Try taking a bath with chamomile and peppermint and you will feel the powerful cooling effect they have. Oils in the middle of our scale - neutral oils like lavender - are called "stabilizers": if you have elevated temperature, they will help reduce the fever, and if you are very cold, you can warm up by adding massage oil a little lavender and rubbing the body. Lavender oil appropriate at any time of the year. Stabilizing oils invariably return us to a neutral state, restoring normal functions body. Try rubbing a drop of thyme or clove oil into the skin of your forearm, and after 15 minutes you will feel warm. This scale directly correlates with the Eastern teachings of yin and yang: yin energy corresponds to cold, and yang energy corresponds to heat.
The heat/cold scale agrees well with data from Western chemistry. Essential oils at the top of this scale have a negative electrical charge: the atoms they are made of have extra electrons, which is why they draw heat from the body. And essential oils located at the bottom of the scale have a positive electrical charge. The atoms that make them up lack electrons in the outer orbitals, and the resulting active capture of electrons leads to an increase in body temperature.
Moreover, this scale correlates with the spectrum sunlight : red is placed at the bottom, orange and yellow are located above, green corresponds to neutral oils, and blue and blue correspond to cold oils. The color of many essential oils matches the corresponding color on the scale. Thus, oils of oregano, thyme and savory, located at the bottom of the scale, have an intense red color. Lemon oil is yellow. Neutral oils of lavender, navel and clary sage have a greenish tint, and cold chamomile oil has a rich dark blue color. Thus, all essential oils can be divided into three categories: red (hot, yang, positive), neutral and blue (cold, yin, negative).
DRYING AND MOISTURIZING OILS
The second pair of signs according to which essential oils are classified in Ayurveda is: dry/wet couple. Wet oils have high electrical polarity and mix well with water. If you pour this oil into a bath, it will disperse evenly in the water. This quality - affinity for water - is also called hydrophilicity (“love of water”). Oils with low electrical polarity do not mix with water. They float on the surface of the water, covering it with a thin film. These oils have an affinity for vegetable oils and animal fats and mixes well with them. This quality is called lipophilicity (“love of fats”). All essential oils can be distributed on a horizontal scale, with wet oils on the left side and dry oils on the right. Wet essential oils include, in particular, geranium and rose oils, which have a high alcohol content, and dry, “fat-loving” oils include citrus and pine oil, rich in terpenes. Neutral on this scale, as on the previous one, are the oils of lavender, clary sage, navel, basil, anise and tarragon.
Thus we have the opportunity combine two scales- horizontal andvertical - and build a pie chart that will help us determine the predominant energy of a particular oil. Hot and wet oils will fall into the lower left quarter of the circle, corresponding to pitta - the hot and wet dosha, consisting of from the elements of fire and water. Cold and wet oils will fall into the upper left quarter, corresponding to kapha - the cold and wet dosha. Cold and dry oils will be in the upper right quarter, corresponding to vata - the cold and dry dosha. By distributing essential oils on this pie chart, we let's understand better their energetic qualities and we can find out which of the three doshas is stimulated by a particular oil.
Use of essential oils in everyday lifeEssential oils widest spectrum applications, and any procedure using them is a full-fledged aromatherapy session.
Inhalations
Cold inhalations - direct inhalation of the aroma of essential oil, without a thermal procedure. You should inhale calmly, deeply, evenly. The procedure takes 5–10 minutes. More often, such procedures are carried out to aromatize the room, to cleanse the room, to create good mood, to restore strength... Cold inhalations can be performed using:
Aroma lamps or aroma lamps - poured into the aroma pot warm water, 3-7 drops of essential oil are added to it, after which a candle is lit under the aroma pot. There is a gradual saturation of the air with aroma. The procedure takes approximately 1–3 hours. The distance to the heat source should be at least 10 cm, the water should not be warmer than 50–600C (the water should not boil, otherwise the effect of aromatic substances will change). The number of drops depends on the size of the room. It is better to wash the aroma holder with soap, then rinse with water and vinegar.
Aromatic terracotta medallions (fine-porous clay), which long time hold the aroma, or directly inhale air from the bottle - carefully, gently bringing the bottle to the nose so as not to burn the nasal mucosa.
Aroma stones- essential oil is applied to the finely porous stone
Humidifiers - special sprayers and air fresheners (preparing a solution for moisturizing and refreshing the air: 10 drops of essential oil per 50 ml of water, shake well).
Examples of mixtures for aroma makers- stimulating mixtures: essential oils of verbena 2 drops, lavender, cloves, rosemary 1 drop each
- cleaning mixtures: essential oils of lavender 4 drops, lemon 2 drops, sage, geranium 1 drop each
- relaxing and calming blends: essential oils of chamomile 2 drops, lemon balm 2 drops, basil, bigardia, lavender 1 drop or rose essential oils 2 drops, orange 2 drops, cedar, sandalwood, lemon balm 1 drop
- refreshing mixtures: essential oil of lavender 12 drops, lemongrass 8 drops, geranium 8 drops, lemon 4 drops
The smelling salts are placed in a container with a fairly wide neck with a stopper (a beautiful bottle) and used as needed. Coarse salt is used as a carrier in smelling salts, and flint sand with microelements is used as an adsorbent.
How to prepare salt: Pour table salt and adsorbent into a bowl and add the essential oil mixture. Mix everything thoroughly so that the carrier evenly absorbs the essential oils. Pour the resulting salt into the bottle and close it.
- 1 teaspoon coarse table salt, 1 teaspoon of adsorbent, a mixture of essential oils: lemon balm 2 drops, lavender 2 drops, chamomile 1 drop (soothing effect)
- 2 teaspoons of coarse table salt, ½ teaspoon of adsorbent, a mixture of essential oils: nutmeg 5 drops, sage 2 drops (normalizes blood circulation)
Scented pillows will help fill the room pleasant aroma. Such pillows can be hung in the bedroom, they can be placed in the car interior or in the linen closet to make the linen pleasant smell and from insects.
Making aroma pillows: sew beautiful pillows of any shape and size, fill them with dried crushed grass, and sew them up. To enhance the aroma, add to the herb essential oil of lavender, rosemary, sage, rose, jasmine, of your choice.
- refreshing pillow: lavender flowers and herb, rose petals, sage herb, 4 drops lavender essential oil and 1 drop rose petal essential oil
- A pillow that purifies the air and repels mosquitoes: spicy cloves, dried lavender, rose petals, essential oils of clove 3 drops, lavender 2 drops, lemongrass 1 drop
- pillow with a refreshing and strengthening effect: rosemary herb, sage herb, thyme herb, lemon balm herb, lavender flowers, essential oils of rosemary 3 drops, lemon balm 2 drops, lavender 2 drops, sage, thyme 1 drop each
- pillow for a children's room, has a calming effect: rose petals, sage herb, dill seeds, lavender flowers, chamomile flowers, essential oils of chamomile, lemon balm 2 drops, sage 1 drop
Dried flowers and herbs perfectly absorb essential oil and, gradually evaporating it, scent the room well. Place a bouquet of dried flowers and herbs in a vase with a narrow head, drip essential oil into the vase. Dry plants, absorbing essential oil, will spread its aroma. To prolong its effect, seal the neck of the vase with wax.
Hot inhalations - direct inhalation of the aroma of essential oil, with a thermal procedure. More often, such procedures are carried out for therapeutic and health purposes - in case of diseases of the upper respiratory tract, for a cold.
Inhaling warm vapors - pour into a bowl hot water, prepare a mixture of essential oils in advance. Cover your head and bare shoulders with a towel, and add 3-5 drops of essential oil under the towel. Add essential oil gradually as needed. Breathe slowly and deeply, through your nose if possible. The procedure takes 15–20 minutes to allow time to warm up. It is better to keep your eyes closed during inhalation. After the procedure, wipe your face and chest with a dry terry towel and rest. Inhalations can be carried out 1-2 times a day.
“Home Beach” - collect small pebbles, rinse, dry well in the oven. Before the procedure, heat the stones in the oven, then carefully pour them into a specially prepared box or basin. Allow to cool slightly (to a temperature of 600C) and drop essential oil onto the stones. Then you can sit nearby, cover yourself with a large towel and inhale the aroma. It is good to combine this procedure with a massage - walk barefoot on pebbles, rub them between your palms. Remember, there are correspondence points on the hands and feet internal organs and systems. By doing such a massage, we actively involve them in our work. This procedure is especially useful and convenient for children.
BathsDue to their high penetrating ability, aromatic substances are quickly absorbed by the skin and have a therapeutic and prophylactic effect. Essential oils enter the bloodstream, lymph flow, affect skin receptors, biologically active points and zones and have an effect on organs and systems of the whole body. Water prepares the skin and the entire body for the active perception of aromatic substances. Aroma baths help you relax, unwind, cleanse the skin, and in addition, have a powerful effect on the lungs, intestines, kidneys, hormonal and nervous systems.
To be continued
