What can cause food poisoning. Symptoms of food poisoning and its treatment

Most people know about food poisoning from their own experience or have heard of it. But many do not know that a few hours of inactivity and ignoring the signs of the disease prolongs and complicates the period of treatment and rehabilitation.

Poisoning occurs when toxic substances enter the body.

General information about poisoning

By poisoning, doctors mean a violation of the normal functioning of the human body, which can manifest itself when a toxic substance enters. Body intoxications are classified depending on the type of poison and the nature of its effect on the body.

If the poisoning was caused by food, it is called food poisoning. There are many signs by which it is easy to identify. Doctors still distinguish intoxication with poisons and chemicals, acids, gas, and others. In medical practice, food intoxication is more common. The disease can manifest itself in acute or chronic form.

The main signs of food intoxication

Food poisoning is caused by microorganisms that enter the gastrointestinal tract with poor quality food or drinks. The cause of the disease may be a violation of the basic rules of hygiene (unwashed hands, vegetables, fruits).

Early signs of food poisoning: nausea and vomiting

The first signs of poisoning appear half an hour or a couple of hours after the toxin enters the human body. Sometimes the signs of the disease become apparent after a day or more. In such situations, you need to act quickly, because after a short period of time there is a general intoxication of the body. Doctors call the first signs of food poisoning:

nausea and vomiting;
diarrhea (may appear liquid stool with an admixture of blood or mucus);
pain in the intestinal area.

If you do not start treatment, the patient may increase body temperature. The human body loses fluid, because of which the sick person feels constant fatigue, dry mouth. In such cases, they seek the qualified help of a doctor in a hospital in order to prevent general intoxication of the body.

First steps in case of poisoning

With food poisoning, you need to buy time. To begin with, toxins are removed from the body of the victim. This is done using the procedure of gastric lavage and sorbents Enterosorbents help to remove from the intestines toxic substances and prevent them from entering the bloodstream.

To restore the water-salt balance of the body, it is recommended to drink a large number of liquids

Doctors recommend drinking plenty of fluids in order to restore the water-salt reserve of the body. The drink should be warm, not very sweet. Weak black tea, dried fruit compote or plain tea is ideal. boiled water.

A day after the poisoning, the patient is prescribed a strict diet. The diet includes cereals (rice, oatmeal) and grated vegetable soups. The patient should not eat dairy products, meat, fish. When the patient's condition improves, boiled or baked lean meat is gradually introduced into the diet, lean varieties fish, dairy products and so on.

Signs of food poisoning in children

Doctors call food intoxication in children with another term - “intestinal infections”. Children get sick more often younger age. harmful bacteria and microorganisms get inside due to dirty hands, unwashed products, raw water, dairy products and so on. E. coli are activated when the warm season comes and the temperature regime allows them to maintain their vital activity.

The first signs of the disease occur depending on the type of pathogen. Symptoms intestinal disease appear from several hours to days.

Symptoms of poisoning in children

When pathogenic bacteria enter the body of the crumbs, the gastrointestinal tract begins inflammatory process. The baby may be concerned about:

pain and cramps in the stomach;
frequent vomiting;
liquid stool, unusual color, with mucus or blood.

The child feels tired, powerless, thirsty, constantly wants to sleep, refuses to eat. In a couple of hours, the temperature rises (from 38 degrees), chills appear, pressure may decrease.

The first steps in the intestinal illness of a child

Emergency care for a sick baby depends on her weight and age. If the baby is under 5 years old, then parents should urgently call an ambulance and that's it. necessary procedures will be carried out by qualified specialists in a hospital setting. It is important to provide doctors with information about how many hours the first signs of the disease appeared.

If the child is over 5 years old, parents can wash the stomach at home. This procedure will help the body get rid of E. coli faster. Boiled water, a solution of soda (1 tablespoon per liter of water) or a pale pink solution of potassium permanganate are suitable for washing the stomach. The child must be persuaded to drink approximately 2 liters of liquid and then vomited. Carry out the procedure until clean water in vomit.

Parents can wash the child's stomach at home

Some time after washing the stomach, doctors prescribe the necessary enterosorbents to the child, which help neutralize toxins in the intestines. If the baby needs to be given a pill, then the parents crush it, mix it with a small amount of water and give it to the baby.

Severe vomiting and diarrhea contribute to fluid loss. Therefore, parents are advised to give their child frequent and small amounts of water (a couple of sips of liquid every 10-15 minutes) to prevent dehydration. As a drink, the baby is given rice water, weak tea, compote, raisin water, or special saline solutions are bought at the pharmacy.

To restore the water-salt balance, doctors prescribe young children to drink liquids of 200 ml per kilogram of body weight, older children - 150 ml per kilogram. Solder children until the disappearance of diarrhea and vomiting.

Feeding a child with food poisoning

If the baby refuses to eat, parents should not force-feed him. Doctors prescribe special diet, which, in combination with drugs, helps the body cope with the disease faster.

The child eats a little, but often (up to 8 times). The diet of a sick baby necessarily includes oatmeal and rice porridge, pureed vegetable soups and mashed potatoes (potatoes, onions, cauliflower), crackers. After a few days, doctors are allowed to give the child boiled or steamed lean meat, sea fish, dairy products, baked apple, banana.

The patient's diet must include oatmeal and rice porridge.

The child follows a diet during illness and for 15-20 days after it. Doctors exclude from the diet of the child fried, fatty foods, raw vegetables and fruits, spices, fresh juices, carbonated drinks. Red and orange foods are also excluded for young children to prevent allergies.

Prevention of food poisoning in children

The system of preventive measures for intestinal infections in a child consists of elementary rules of personal hygiene:

wash hands with soap before eating, after walking, after using the toilet;
pour boiling water over raw vegetables and fruits;
do not give the child raw milk, meat, eggs;
store cooked food in the refrigerator for no more than 2 days;
check the expiration date and rules for storing products in the store;
do not give the child unknown foods, fruits, vegetables;
do not self-administer dosage medicines and other.

Keep track of what foods your baby eats. Sequential system preventive measures always leads to the health of the child. This is the best reward for the efforts of parents.

Food poisoning is quite common in humans. Therefore, in any situation and as soon as the first signs of poisoning appear, remain calm and do not panic. modern medicine help to cope with this disease.

Food products are very demanding temperature regime. If you inadvertently leave sausage in the heat for 3-4 hours, and then feast on it, then the risk of food poisoning increases significantly.

Of course, not all food is afraid of heat. For example, nothing will happen to cookies and bread, but meat, fish and sour-milk products spoil very quickly.

Intoxication of the body develops in a number of other cases, so it is useful for each person to know the causes of food poisoning, symptoms and treatment at home, as well as first aid rules that will ease the suffering of the patient and even save his life.

Symptoms of poisoning

A rare person has never been poisoned by anything, but if such an event has happened, then it will be remembered forever. First of all, the patient suffers sharp pain and a feeling of heaviness in the abdomen, at the location of which the doctor usually establishes the site of the pathological process.

But such a diagnosis is necessary only to ascertain the fact of poisoning, which is usually accompanied by other symptoms:

nausea and vomiting;
diarrhea;
flatulence;
general fatigue, drowsiness;
headache and dizziness;
fever up to 38 ° C in combination with chills;
increase in heart rate;
breathing disorder;
fainting and loss of consciousness;
sweating.

As seen from this list, intoxication of the body is a serious thing. But few people realize that in some cases even death threatens a person, because the causes of malaise are not always known. In this regard, first aid for food poisoning is important for life.

First aid

The effect of toxic substances on the body does not go unnoticed. And if the stomach has seized, vomiting and diarrhea have begun, then measures must be taken to prevent complications. By her own the pain will pass only in case strong immunity, which neutralizes pathogenic microbes and normalizes the human condition.

But toxicosis is caused not only by bacteria and viruses, so the first health care in case of food poisoning sent for cleaning digestive tract and excretion harmful substances:

Gastric lavage:

dilute 2 teaspoons of soda or a pinch of potassium permanganate in 2 liters of warm water;
drink in one gulp;
induce vomiting.

Bowel lavage with enema:

prescribed only by a doctor;
warm boiled water is poured through the anus;
waiting for the complete exit of fluid from the body;
repeat if necessary.

Plentiful drink:

warm boiled water;
saline solution (1 tsp rock salt per 1 liter of water);
sweet solution (2 tablespoons of sugar per 1 liter of water);
drink 3-3.5 liters per day.

Castor oil:

diluted 2 tbsp. oils in 1 tbsp. boiled water;
add lemon juice(from 1 slice);
drink a sip every 5 minutes.

If there are no symptoms of a nervous system disorder, then after washing take sorbents :

Activated carbon(4 tablets every 4 hours);
enterosgel and other drugs (forbidden for gastrointestinal ulcers).

First aid methods can not be called pleasant, but does anyone want to endure pain and twist from stomach cramps? In addition, timely cleansing of the body will prevent prolonged exposure toxins on internal organs and tissues, therefore it is worth home first aid kit always have activated charcoal, castor oil and potassium permanganate.

However, if the temperature rises to 38-39 ° C, loss of consciousness and bloating, you should immediately call an ambulance team, because similar signs indicate serious toxicity.

Treatment of poisoning with folk remedies

Some patients believe that first aid will solve the problem of poisoning. Certainly, acute symptoms leave, but harmful substances are still in the body and negatively affect metabolic processes. To deal with the disease completely, additional efforts will be required, and for this it is not at all necessary to drink medicines: folk treatment food poisoning offers a ton of easy recipes.

However, the patient will have to think carefully and find out the cause of the disease, because in each case different means are used.

fish poisoning

Doctors distinguish 2 types of fish poisoning: cholera-like and paralytic. If in the first case the symptoms are general character, then in the second, the effect on the nervous system is carried out up to paralysis and convulsions.

To deal with this form of the disease should be as follows:

Rinse the stomach and induce vomiting.
Brew chamomile (1 tsp per 1 tablespoon of boiling water), cool and put an enema.
Drink a large amount of hot liquid (tea, coffee, and even warmed wine is allowed).
Dilute 1 tbsp. anise vodka in a glass of water and drink in one gulp.
Warm the stomach first, and then the whole body (crawl under a warm blanket in clothes).

Meat poisoning

Unscrupulous sellers often wipe expired sausage special solution. But such a move does not add quality to the product! After a visual assessment, many buyers are happy to take the "updated" sausage, not even suspecting the danger.

And although other meat products (for example, lard) are difficult to lead to presentation in this way, however, numerous frosts and violations of storage conditions contribute to the development pathogenic bacteria in the product.

Usually the smell warns of bad condition meat, lard and sausages, but special chemical sprayers deceive the buyer's receptors. After tasting a couple of pieces of missing food, after 1-2 hours a person develops pain in the pit of the stomach, dizziness, nausea and vomiting.

Sometimes patients also complain of difficulty in breathing and heart failure, but such symptoms are not often observed. Gastric lavage soda solution and artificially induced vomiting are the first measures, and additionally folk remedies in case of food poisoning, it is recommended to warm the abdomen and the whole body, use castor oil and vegetable decoctions.

Chicory

If the roots of this plant are used as an additive to coffee, then the aerial part is used for poisoning:

Crush flowers and chicory grass, but do not immediately mix;
4 tbsp. each part falls asleep in a thermos;
Pour 1 liter of boiling water;
Insist 7-8 hours;
Drink 1 day for 2-3 sips every hour.

Wormwood and yarrow

For any disorder of the gastrointestinal tract, healers recommend bitter wormwood collected in May. Although the taste of the decoction will seem even disgusting to someone, the result is worth the effort.

Wormwood and yarrow are dried and crushed.
1 tsp raw materials fall asleep in a 0.5 jar.
Pour in boiling water and cover with a lid.
Insist for 1 hour.
Filter and drink during the day 5 times.

mushroom poisoning

Everyone has known about edible and inedible mushrooms since childhood, but often people make mistakes when picking! Such a mistake cost the lives of many mushroom pickers, and doctors call such poisoning the most dangerous. What to do if suddenly, after eating a treat, symptoms of toxicosis appear?

Be sure to induce vomiting.
Take a laxative if there is no diarrhea.

Make an enema based on chamomile:

1 tbsp herbs and flowers pour 1 tbsp. boiling water (cook according to the volume of the enema, but in a given proportion);
insist 1 hour;
strain and fill the enema;
perform the procedure 1 time, and if necessary - twice.
Rub the body and put a heating pad on the stomach.

The best way to prevent such poisoning, experts call the use of only familiar mushrooms. In addition, when boiling the product, it is worth adding an onion to the saucepan, in case of blackening of which it is recommended to refuse to eat this portion.

Dill

Traditional healers as a means of rehabilitation after mushroom poisoning are advised to brew ordinary dill. It will not be difficult to find a plant on the market, and the villagers will not even have to go to the market.

Prepare the drug according to this recipe:

Grind dry herbs and seeds into powder.
30 g of raw materials are poured into 0.5 l cold water.
Bring to a boil and simmer for 10 minutes.
Insist 1 hour.
After straining, drink 100 g three times a day.

Alcohol poisoning

Drinking alcohol knows that excess of the norm is fraught with nausea and vomiting. A person who is accustomed to frequent drinking of alcoholic beverages tolerates a long holiday more easily, but stores sometimes sell "scorched" products, from which symptoms are possible in the form of a disruption in the functioning of the nervous system, increased blood pressure, and even an alcoholic coma.

Induce vomiting.
Drink 2-3 cups of strong and hot tea with lemon.
Dilute 15 drops of ammonia in 50 g of water and drink in one gulp.
To accept cold shower.
Use activated charcoal (1 tablet per 10 kg of body weight).

V clinical practice there are cases of poisoning and methyl alcohol, the long-term effect of which on the body in best case will end with a decrease or loss of vision, and in the worst case, with a fatal outcome.

If a person inadvertently mixed up drinks (smells are similar), then a glass of ordinary vodka will act as an antidote. But the most correct option in such a situation would be to immediately consult a doctor, because you can’t joke with methanol.

Chemical poisoning

First aid for chemical poisoning depends on the toxic substance that has affected the person. Garden poisons require urgent gastric lavage, but with gasoline everything is more difficult: vomiting will only cause additional burns of the esophagus, so experts recommend taking vaseline or vegetable oil orally to neutralize the hydrocarbon mixture and go to the hospital.

The difficult situation is with acid and alkali poisoning. In most cases, gastric lavage will help, but if the toxic solution is very concentrated, then vomiting will only hurt. And what to do?

There are no hopeless situations! Such liquids are just chemical reagents, and their action will extinguish starch, raw egg and all the same vegetable oil. However, this method can only achieve temporary improvement, so you should not hesitate to call an ambulance.

Diet for poisoning

A weakened body does not perceive food well. Regular vomiting, loose stools and pain in the abdomen require a diet for food poisoning.

In addition, the patient himself does not really want to eat everything in a given period due to an aversion to food, but one cannot do without the supply of nutrients. How to make a diet?

Prohibited Products

First of all, it is necessary to exclude products that are harmful and difficult to digest, because the gastrointestinal tract is already under the influence of toxic substances:

meat products;
fatty, fried and smoked;
spicy and salty;
various semi-finished and instant products;
canned food;
flour products and sweets;
alcohol (other than alcohol tinctures prescribed by a doctor);
carbonated water;
ketchup and mayonnaise.

What can be consumed in case of poisoning?

Giving up your favorite foods doesn't mean that goodies are completely eliminated. Doctors not only allow, but also recommend drinking various compotes and teas, eating porridge cooked in water and low-fat broths.

The digestive system in case of poisoning will need dishes that do not require a lot of energy to digest:

rice, buckwheat, semolina;
mashed potatoes;
chicken bouillon;
boiled water;
dried fruits compote;
black tea without sugar.

Melissa

Melissa components effectively destroy pathogenic microbes and activate the synthesis of protective cells of the human body.

The drug is prepared according to this recipe:

Take 40 g of dried grass.
Pour 0.5 liters of boiling water.
Insist 30 minutes.
Drink for 1 day (4 times half a glass).

Mint

Increased gas emission (flatulence), pain syndrome and heartburn eliminates peppermint tea, which is sold in almost every pharmacy. But the plant also has a diuretic effect, so during the period of taking the medicine, they additionally drink a lot of fluid, otherwise dehydration cannot be avoided.

1 tbsp herbs pour 1 tbsp. boiling water.
Insist 15-20 minutes.
Drink 3 times a day instead of tea.

Ginger

The rich composition of ginger root is successfully used in medicine for various purposes, but in the case of poisoning, the plant normalizes intestinal activity, increases appetite and improves digestion in general.

Take 10 g of crushed root.
Pour 1 tbsp. boiling water.
Insist 30 minutes
Drink 1 tbsp. each hour.

Prevention

Toxicosis from poor-quality products disables a person for 2-3 days, and in severe cases, the patient will stay in the hospital for a week. To avoid such unpleasant disorder should follow the rules for the prevention of food poisoning and intestinal infections. And, above all, doctors recommend washing hands before eating and preparing meals, as well as keeping kitchen utensils clean.

According to the law of nature, toxic substances usually smell bad, so you should always smell the products. Expired canned food or sour soup are distinguished by a certain stench, which signals the growth of bacteria on the food substrate.

In addition, when buying packaged products in the store, you need to pay attention to the expiration date and storage conditions. If the jar or box is slightly damaged, then it is better to set it aside, because the violation of tightness increases the rate of food oxidation at times.

Some chefs cook for a week in advance, without even thinking about the danger of poisoning. Of course, storage in the refrigerator at a temperature of 3-5 ° C will prolong the suitability of food and save time, but doctors advise against eating three-day-old dishes.

In addition, you should strictly follow the recipes, boil and fry meat and fish well, because with a long heat treatment bacteria do not survive. Laboratory research prove that the quality of the product is negatively affected by freezing, and although it is impossible to do without it, but repeated repetition of this procedure will only hurt.

Specialty: general practitioner

Poisoning low-quality is quite simple. Streets big cities they are full of tempting fast food cafeterias, stalls with pies, grilled chicken, shawarma. Bulletin boards in the elevators of some buildings are decorated with leaflets with colorful photographs. fast food and phone numbers where all this can be ordered. It's hard not to be tempted to buy something ready-made instead of standing by the stove all evening. Meanwhile, it is easiest to get poisoned by such food.

Food poisoning is most often caused by microorganisms found in food. That is, food can be contaminated with bacteria (for example, streptococci, staphylococci, E. coli, botulism bacteria, etc.), viruses (enteroviruses), fungi. In the course of their life activity, pathogenic microorganisms secrete toxins, which poison our body.

The rate of onset of symptoms and their severity depends on which microorganism caused the intoxication. In some cases, a person becomes unwell after 2-5 hours, in others, signs of poisoning appear after 12 hours.

Symptoms:

Nausea and vomiting;
Diarrhea (with frequent urging);
Stomach ache;
Fever (37-38 °C);
Weakness, decreased arterial pressure, rapid pulse.

With intoxication caused by botulism bacteria, weakness is observed in all muscles, speech, vision and swallowing are disturbed, dry mouth and vomiting appear. A feature of botulism is muscle paralysis (starts from above).

In especially severe cases, there is loss of consciousness.

What to do:

Call an ambulance if:
1. Poisoned child, pregnant woman, old man or a patient who has chronic illness (diabetes, hepatitis, cirrhosis, oncology, AIDS, etc.).
2. Stool with blood in it.
3. Gastric lavage and other measures did not improve the condition.
4. Diarrhea and vomiting do not stop for 2 days.
5. Severe symptoms with loss of consciousness and signs of botulism, suspected mushroom poisoning.
Find out what poisoned the person: chemical(medicine), mushrooms or poor quality product. Botulism bacteria are most commonly found in foods home canning. Sometimes it helps to find out the cause of the poisoning by remembering the victim of the product that he consumed (the mere presentation of this product causes nausea, vomiting, stomach pain or diarrhea)
Carry out gastric lavage. It is necessary to give the patient at least 1 liter of water, preferably 1.5. Induce vomiting in a "restaurant way" (press on the root of the tongue). Do not delay in inducing vomiting between drinking water, because. if it is absorbed, the patient will become worse. It is necessary to wash the stomach until the vomit becomes absolutely clean (with one water).
If the victim is unconscious, gastric lavage cannot be performed independently, this will be done by an ambulance worker using a probe. Before the arrival of the brigade, it is necessary to turn the patient on one side so that he does not choke on vomiting.
Instead of water, you can use a slightly pink solution of potassium permanganate. This substance has an antiseptic effect. Preparation rules: monitor the color of the solution - it should be strictly slightly pink. With insufficient dissolution or excessive concentration of the solution, a severe burn of the gastric mucosa can occur. It is safer to dilute potassium permanganate well in a glass, then pour 3/4 into a 2 liter jar of water (watch out for color!).
Give the patient an adsorbent. Most often, coal is taken for this (up to 20 g, washed down with half a glass of water).
Restore the water-salt balance. To do this, you need to give the patient to drink a little, but often: non-carbonated mineral water or special drug from a pharmacy (for example, rehydron). You need to drink at least 2 liters of fluid per day.
In case of food poisoning, in no case should you use the anti-diarrheal drug imodium (loperamide). It can lead to the absorption of toxins into the blood and serious consequences.

To avoid the consequences of eating poor-quality food, you must:

Avoid ready-to-eat foods (especially for suspicious individuals in unverified places), do not look at tempting fast food signs. Memories of time spent in the bathroom after being poisoned helps build an "immunity" against buying prepared foods from such places.
Check expiration dates appearance and smell of the product before consumption.
Meat, fish, eggs and other products must be subjected to prolonged heat treatment.
Wash fruits and vegetables thoroughly.

Symptoms of food poisoning, what can be poisoned. What measures need to be taken urgently?

Products can be poisonous

Food poisoning is usually a sudden onset acute illness caused by the fact that various microorganisms or toxins have entered the body. It can occur in both adults and children.

Basic symptoms

You can get poisoned by poor quality food

How long does it take for poisoning to show up? The first symptoms become noticeable after 30-40 minutes. But this process can be delayed for several days, it entirely depends on the condition immune system people and general physical condition.
As noted above, food poisoning in humans can occur for several reasons, and the less it develops in almost the same way, and the symptoms are similar.
At the first stage poisoning of the organism as a whole occurs, on the second, the mucous membranes located in the stomach and intestines become inflamed. By the way, this is very dangerous, dehydration of the body occurs, and this can lead to the premature death of the sick person. This disease is especially difficult in children.
That is why it is very important to correctly diagnose in the first phase of the development of the disease.
Typical features include the following:

pain in the abdomen, often near the navel;
loss of balance (dizziness);
nausea and urge to vomit;
a sharp increase in body temperature;
diarrhea;
headache;
copious release of gases;
increased weakness;
convulsions, chills, rapid pulse, etc.

Nausea and vomiting that appeared in the first hours can be provoked Staphylococcus aureus. Severe cases are characterized by the following features:

blurred vision;
growth of lymph nodes;
weakness;
interruptions in work respiratory system;
weakening of the muscles.

Poisoning includes - botulism, salmonellosis and many others.

First aid

IMPORTANT! ONLY A DOCTOR CAN MAKE ACCURATE DIAGNOSIS!!!

In case of poisoning, you need to call a doctor!

In the first minutes, you need to call " ambulance". The fact is that some signs of intoxication are similar to the indications hypertensive crisis e.g. dizziness excessive sweating and self-help can only exacerbate the situation. So what to do in case of poisoning?
First aid for poisoning is provided after suspicions of food intoxication were confirmed, by the way, it can be massive, in other words, if during a family dinner there were unusable products on the table, then everyone who was at the table would most likely suffer.
In case of food poisoning, the first thing to do is to call the ambulance team. The arriving team will assess the situation and most likely will take all the victims after food poisoning to the infectious diseases hospital. There, everyone will be examined by a general practitioner and a gastroenterologist. All necessary analyzes will be collected. As a result, an accurate diagnosis will be made and a course of treatment will be prescribed, which will lead to a speedy recovery.
But before the arrival of the ambulance team, if there are signs of poisoning on the face, but there are no symptoms that indicate dangerous development events, it is perfectly acceptable to provide first aid. But those who provide it must understand that they provide it at their own peril and risk.

What to do in case of food poisoning:

Washing. To do this, you need to prepare a weak solution of potassium permanganate, you can add salt to it or baking soda. If one is not at hand, then warm water can be used. Thus, harmful microorganisms will be removed from the body. This process is cyclic in nature and must be repeated until clear water begins to come out of the stomach.
It is necessary to give a sick person medicines of the sorbent class, as a rule, it is activated charcoal.
The sick person needs to be provided with rest, if he is shivering, then it is necessary to warm him up, it is quite acceptable to use heating pads.

During food poisoning, dehydration occurs. These are the consequences of vomiting, diarrhea, so it is necessary to make sure that the sick person always has water nearby. This helps to compensate for the loss of water and will somewhat alleviate the patient's condition until the arrival of the ambulance team, which will take everything necessary actions when poisoned.
By the way, treatment at home can be carried out guided by the instructions of the attending physician.

IMPORTANT! THE COURSE OF TREATMENT IS PRESCRIBED BY A DOCTOR AND THEREFORE THE USE OF ANY DRUGS IS NOT ALLOWABLE, THIS SITUATION CAN ONLY WORSE!

What causes poisoning

In fact, diseases of this type are divided into two groups:

microbial;
non-microbial.

Most often, poisoning is caused by harmful bacteria and microorganisms:

staphylococci;
salmonella and many others.

These microorganisms enter the body with:

food that has been outside the refrigeration unit for more than two hours;
food prepared from unsuitable foodstuffs;
undercooked meat or fish;
poor quality eggs
products washed in unpurified water, or not washed at all;
with ice cubes frozen from unpurified water, by the way, this applies to many exotic countries;
unknown mushrooms or berries and other fruits.

And, of course, we must not forget that many sit down at the table without washing their hands after the street.
Food poisoning is one of those diseases that will manifest itself in the body quickly enough, the whole process can take several hours. The main reasons why it occurs are listed above.
Among food products, which most likely to cause poisoning- these are desserts with cream, sausages, pates, seafood, salads that were seasoned with butter or unsuitable butter, and many others. Consider the most common poisoning.

Stale fish is a source of poisoning

If, after an evening in a Japanese restaurant, a painful condition occurred, nausea and abdominal pain appeared, then poisoning most likely occurred. It can be called:

For the most part, these harmful microorganisms get into food if simple hygiene rules are not followed. In this case, all signs of food poisoning are on the face.
Under certain conditions, the fish itself can become poisonous. So, during spawning, in fish - pike, beluga, burbot caviar, become poisonous and buying it can be seriously poisoned.
Poisonings that look like allergies are not uncommon. If you eat some varieties of fish, your skin may turn red, your face will swell, and there will be a burning sensation in your mouth. This is due to the fact that fish contain substances such as histamine and others. How does he finish his action, and this is about 7 - 8 hours, after which everything unpleasant phenomena will pass. But to calm down, it makes sense to take anti-allergic medications and contact a doctor, it is possible that these are signs of a real allergy.

What you need to know to minimize the chance of fish poisoning?

you can not eat fish with flying scales and clouded eyes;
fish must be stored at minus one degree Celsius;
it is not necessary to thaw the fish if it will not be fried or boiled, otherwise the active release of toxins will begin.

IMPORTANT! FISH POISONING IS A SEVERE AND ACUTE DISEASE AND THE SUCCESSFUL NEEDS URGENT MEDICAL ASSISTANCE.

Poisoning with chicken meat, eggs, etc.

Spoiled chicken is a source of salmonellosis bacteria

This type of poisoning is caused by salmonella. She can live in meat up to 6 months, in eggs, about one year. Moreover, being in frozen meat, this bacterium not only lives, but also does not lose its ability to reproduce.

Salmonella dies when heated to 70 degrees, but it can survive in a piece of meat. The first signs of the onset of the disease include a sharp increase in temperature, a severe headache.

Cake poisoning

You can get poisoned by stale cake

Poisoning with confectionery products is not so much due to harmful microorganisms (staphylococcus), but because of the toxins that they produce. For the most part, it gets into finished products, from people who suffer from tonsillitis, various furunculosis, etc.
For this microorganism, milk and creams are, in fact, a breeding ground that promotes its reproduction. Staphylococcus produces an enterotoxin that causes poisoning. It does not change the taste or smell of confectionery products. Moreover, this toxin tolerates high temperatures and can tolerate temperatures of 100 degrees for 1 to 2 hours.
Food poisoning is characterized by the following symptoms:

high rate of onset of the disease - from 30 to 60 minutes;
continuous vomiting;
severe pain in the navel;
decrease in body temperature;
diarrhea, which can last from 1 to 3 days.
By the way, poisoning with confectionery products can lead to loss of creation and the appearance of convulsions throughout the body. We must always remember that this type of poisoning is often found in children and adults.

mushroom poisoning

Symptoms of mushroom poisoning

This topic deserves a separate discussion, there are cases when poisoning occurs either with improperly cooked or poisonous mushrooms.
In this case, you definitely need to call an ambulance, because sometimes the bill goes literally for minutes and folk ways treatments are of little help.

Mushroom poisoning is not caused by harmful microorganisms, but by toxins. For example, gyromitrin, aminohexadienoic acid and many others.

Prevention of poisoning

What measures should be taken to avoid poisoning? In fact, it is enough to follow a few rules and the likelihood of poisoning will be minimized. In particular, it is necessary:

utensils that are used in the preparation of food and from which it is then consumed
keep clean. the same applies to the stove, tables, dining table, etc.;
in order to cut the products it is necessary to use separate or specialized knives. That is, the knife that was used when cutting fish is unacceptable for cutting poultry or meat;
use fresh ingredients for cooking.
meat and fish products cannot be thawed in water;
when purchasing food in stores, it is necessary to check the terms of sale and preparation. these dates are indicated on the label and must be clearly legible;
food that has been warmed up must be consumed no later than two hours. Later it must be heated or boiled again;
do not store raw foods, such as meat and already cooked food, on the same shelf.
food containers must be tightly closed;
it is necessary to observe hygiene measures and be sure to wash your hands after visiting the toilet or when you return from the street;
the bucket in which the garbage is folded should be as often as possible and empty it as often as possible.

Video

How to help with food poisoning before the doctor arrives?

- this is a damage to the body due to the ingress of harmful substances or poisons into it. Penetration of toxins is possible through the mouth with food or water, the nasopharynx with air, as well as through skin. The disease state of the body can be very severe, so it is important to know the types of intoxication, the symptoms and the basics of first aid.

Poisoning - the penetration of harmful toxins into the body

Types of poisoning

Based on the pathogenic substance, which has become a provoking factor in the intoxication of the body, there are several main types of poisoning:

food;
defeat toxic substances and chemicals;
poisoning with alcohol, drugs, medicines;
alkaline substances and acids;
carbon monoxide or household gas;
self-poisoning (intoxication of the body with its own waste products - feces).

Depending on the ways of penetration into the body, the severity of the disease and the conditions of exposure to internal organs, intoxication has a specific classification.

According to the method of entry into the body:

oral - through the oral cavity;
percutaneous - through the skin;
parenteral - through injections intramuscularly, intravenously, subcutaneously;
biological - bites of insects, snakes, animals;
inhalation - through the respiratory tract;
cavity (penetration of toxins into the ear canal, genitals, anus).

Harmful substances can enter the body through an injection

According to the degree of impact on vital systems:

lungs;
medium;
strong;
extremely heavy.

According to symptoms:

acute - a single defeat by toxic substances, manifests itself sharply and brightly;
chronic - are observed as a result of a gradual accumulation of toxins in the body, often signs appear and then disappear.

Due to the development of intoxication:

household;
accidental (in children - medications)
production (pairs, poisons at large enterprises);
intentional (suicidal).

Types of poisoning are different clinical manifestations and characteristics of the impact on the human body. To determine the type of intoxication, it is important to know its symptoms and provide first aid in time.

Food poisoning

Food poisoning occurs as a result of eating contaminated or low-quality food.

Products at risk include:

meat and fish products;
milk, kefir, fermented baked milk, butter, sour cream, yogurt;
eggs;
cream cakes, biscuits.

Pathogenic microorganisms in products that have undergone improper heat treatment or storage, as a result of which they have deteriorated, are capable of provoking intoxication.

The first symptoms of food poisoning occur 2-4 hours after eating:

malaise and weakness appear;
begins to feel sick, frequent vomiting occurs;
diarrhea can be with blood impurities and thick greenish mucus;
pain or paroxysmal discomfort in the abdomen;
pallor of the skin.

Diarrhea occurs with food poisoning

With an increase in intoxication, a decrease in pressure is possible, a change in heart rate(the pulse becomes more frequent or less frequent), the temperature appears, the patient begins to be thirsty.

by the most dangerous species food intoxication is considered to be a poisoning of mushrooms (missing, poisonous, improperly stored) and botulism (an acute infection that pathogenically affects the nervous system).

Medicine poisoning

Causes of excessive intake medical preparations may be:

children's access to the first-aid kit (having reached the medicines, the child is able to eat multi-colored pills and provoke poisoning);
accidental overdose (non-compliance daily allowance, forgetfulness of the patient);
intentional poisoning (with the intent to commit suicide).

The first signs depend on the specific drug. If a person has gone too far with sleeping pills, a strong inhibition of the nervous system occurs, a spasm occurs respiratory tract and unconsciousness occurs.

Common symptoms drug poisoning are:

dizziness;
decrease or increase in blood pressure;
difficulty breathing;
drowsiness, weakness, malaise;
abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhea.

With drug poisoning, severe dizziness

In most cases, the patient is at risk of losing consciousness within an hour. It is important not to delay in providing an ambulance.

Fecal poisoning

Intoxication of the body occurs due to increased putrefactive processes due to constipation.

Symptoms:

headaches in the temporal part;
frequent nausea, often with vomiting;
pain in muscles and joints;
the appearance of fever;
weakness, fatigue, drowsiness;
loss of appetite.

Temperature rises with stool poisoning

At chronic constipation sleep may be disturbed, swelling appears, hair falls out, nails exfoliate. To prevent self-poisoning, it is important to exclude stool retention for more than 2 days.

Alcoholic, drug intoxication

The use of low-quality alcoholic beverages, their excessive amount can lead to severe poisoning. This also includes the defeat of ammonia.

Intoxication can be recognized by the following signs:

pain in the abdomen, diarrhea;
nausea, severe vomiting;
headaches and dizziness;
loss of orientation in space;
prostration.

Alcohol poisoning causes disorientation in space

In severe cases, the person loses consciousness. Paralysis of the respiratory tract is possible, resulting in death.

No less dangerous is drug poisoning. The first signs of intoxication are similar to alcohol damage, only before their manifestations attacks of aggression, overexcitation or euphoria are possible. Psychotropic substances adversely affect the central nervous system, which provokes anxiety, spasms of the respiratory tract, fainting.

Poisoning with poisons and chemicals

Symptoms appear within 20-50 minutes and are pronounced:

breathing becomes intermittent;
increased separation of saliva and sputum (cough develops);
the person sweats profusely;
gradually begins to cramp the lower limbs.

Chemical poisoning is characterized by leg cramps

It is important to immediately provide first aid to the patient. Otherwise high probability paralysis of the respiratory system and death.

Household or carbon monoxide poisoning

Conditions that can provoke the ingress of carbon monoxide into the body are:

production processes that are involved in the synthesis of organic compounds - paint poisoning, silicate glue, toxic detergents;
poor ventilation of the premises;
household gas leak in the house due to open dampers in the stoves.

Early clinical picture such poisoning manifests itself within an hour.

You can recognize it by signs such as:

feeling of tightness in the head;
dizziness, migraine, tinnitus;
increased heart rate.

Gradually, nausea and vomiting appear. If the irritating factor is not quickly eliminated and the person is not brought to Fresh air, breathing becomes difficult, it darkens in the eyes, the patient loses consciousness. With a strong toxic effect, convulsions and shortness of breath develop, and cardiac arrest is possible.

Intoxication with alkalis and acids

Caustic alkalis and acids are used in the chemical, textile, paper industries, in the manufacture of soap, artificial fibers. Hazardous compounds enter the body with vapors through the respiratory organs, mucous membranes (eyes), skin or in liquid form through the oral cavity.

The first signs of intoxication:

severe pain syndrome of the affected areas (in the mouth, on the lips, in the chest, in the stomach);
profuse and painful vomiting with blood;
swelling of the larynx;
painful shock.

Alkaline and acid poisoning causes swelling of the larynx

Alkalis and acids provoke chemical burn esophagus, nasopharynx, stomach, oral cavity. high risk suffocation and complications on the internal organs.

Stages of poisoning

Acute intoxication can occur in 2 main stages.

Toxigenic. It begins to develop immediately after the pathogen enters the body. The toxin begins to affect chemical compounds and destroy them, to which the body reacts violently. The toxigenic stage operates until the poison is absorbed into vital tissues.
Somatogenic. It begins after the harmful substance has already collapsed and provoked specific complications in the body.

Toxicogenic stage of poisoning - the entry of harmful substances into the body

The purpose of dividing intoxication into certain stages is the correct selection of treatment. In the toxicogenic form, all the forces of doctors go to the speedy removal of toxic substances from the body, while they have not yet been absorbed into the deeper cellular layers. If the somatogenic stage has come, the task of therapy is to restore the functional properties of those affected by the poison. internal organs.

Which doctor should I contact?

The specialist who makes the primary diagnosis is. The doctor collects an anamnesis based on the symptoms and complaints of the patient.

infectiologist;
resuscitator (in case of severe or extremely severe poisoning);
toxicologist (during radiation exposure or consumption of products with radionuclides).

With mild intoxication, an examination by a therapist is sufficient. If the patient is unconscious or in serious condition, you should not wait for a doctor, you need to call an ambulance and take the patient to intensive care.

Diagnostics

To find out the source of poisoning and make an accurate diagnosis, the patient is prescribed to undergo a series of studies.

The clinical picture is revealed. The doctor makes an examination and a survey, which makes it possible to determine the type of intoxication as much as possible by the first signs.
Instrumental research. With the help of a cardiogram, the state of the heart is clarified, and an encephalogram shows the activity of the brain. Determine the degree of damage to the internal organs of ultrasound organizations.
Laboratory tests. The quantitative and qualitative presence of toxic substances in the body is determined, as well as the severity of the effects of poisons on the kidneys, liver, intestines and other vital organs.

A complex approach in the diagnosis of poisoning allows not only to identify toxic substances, but also to determine the degree of damage to the body.

Cardiogram shows the state of the heart

Treatment

Poisoning by food, drugs, alcohol or chemicals requires immediate help. What to do at home and how they help in the ambulance, let's take a closer look.

Providing first aid at home

Any intoxication requires emergency first aid.

It is important not to hesitate and get your bearings on the spot in time:

In case of food poisoning, the victim should be given absorbent drugs (activated charcoal), gastric lavage brine or take a laxative.
With toxic damage to the respiratory system (gas, poisons, chemical vapors and acids) the patient must be protected from the irritant, provide fresh air. It is important to rinse the throat and mouth with a concentrated soda solution.
In case of mushroom poisoning, it is important to remove poisons from the stomach and intestines as soon as possible. If possible, do an enema, give enterosorbents and laxatives (you can saline solutions).
If a person has been poisoned by alcohol, it will help to bring him to his senses. ammonia. It is important to cleanse the stomach by washing with soda solution or plain water.
With the defeat of toxic substances of the mucous membrane of the eyes. It is necessary to wash the victim under running water for half an hour. At the end of the procedure, it is better to cover the eyes with a clean bandage.
If alkali or acid gets on the skin, immediately remove the pathogenic substance with a cotton pad. In case of alkaline poisoning, treat the affected area with vinegar. The acid is removed under running water.

It is important to provide on time first aid: call a medical team and while it is traveling, alleviate the condition of the victim and prevent the spread of toxins further through the body.

Activated charcoal is the first remedy for food poisoning

Emergency

Upon arrival at the victim, the ambulance team assesses the patient's condition and, depending on the cause of the poisoning, takes appropriate measures. First of all, it flushes the stomach (for food, drug, alcohol poisoning).

If a person has inhaled carbon monoxide:

administer an antidote required amount oxygen);
inject anticonvulsant drugs;
restore the work of the heart (introduction of glucosides).

In case of carbon monoxide poisoning, injections of special drugs are introduced.

In case of poisoning with alkalis and acids, physicians, after washing the stomach with a large amount plain water give the patient narcotic analgesics to prevent state of shock. Used in cardiac arrest indirect massage heart and artificial respiration.

After providing first aid, a team of specialists hospitalizes the victim in the hospital. The patient is observed in the infectious or toxicological department. If necessary, carry out resuscitation measures.

What do they eat when they are poisoned?

To improve the condition and speed up the recovery period, it is important to eat right.

vegetable puree soups, not fried and without meat;
steam cutlets from chicken or rabbit meat (possible from the 3rd day of the diet) -;
steamed fish meatballs;
biscuit cookies;
rice, buckwheat porridge, cooked on water;
fruits (non-acidic) and vegetables in a noticed or boiled form;
soufflé from dietary meat(chicken, beef, rabbit);
couple omelet.

In case of poisoning, you need to eat vegetable soup without meat

You can drink boiled warm water or mineral, but without gas. On the 3rd day after poisoning, it is allowed to take fruit jelly, chamomile tea with honey (1/2 tsp). Dairy products(low-fat yogurt, fermented baked milk, yogurt) is better to enter from the 6th day of the diet.

During the recovery period after intoxication, it is forbidden to drink alcohol, junk food(spicy, salty, smoked, sauces and seasonings, carbonated drinks, flour and sweet). This will save weakened organs from unnecessary stress.

Why is poisoning dangerous?

Penetrating into the human body, toxic substances have a detrimental effect on vital systems and disrupt the work of the latter.

As a result, the following complications may occur:

pathological changes in the heart and blood vessels - bradycardia or tachycardia, hypertension, arrhythmia;
deviations in nervous system- impaired consciousness, hallucinations, overexcitation, depression (may persist for several years);
allergic reactions that were not previously observed (a consequence of food poisoning) - rashes, redness of the skin (there are both adults and children).

Poisoning can cause changes in blood pressure

Severe poisoning is characterized by a violation of respiratory activity, as a result of which the blood supply to the brain slows down. Pulmonary edema and cardiac arrest are most often fatal.

Prevention

Keep adults and children away from different kind intoxication is possible if preventive measures are strictly observed.

Properly store food, do not eat suspicious food, unknown or rotten mushrooms, wash vegetables and fruits thoroughly before eating. Fish and meat products subject to high-quality heat treatment.
Do not abuse alcohol, do not try surrogate or ammonia in the form of a hangover.
Keep medicines out of the reach of children, follow the instructions and daily doses.
Adhere to safety rules when working with pesticides, acids and alkalis. Store toxic substances in special containers and rooms.
Monitor household gas. Turn off the faucet after cooking, check stoves and pipes regularly for leaks.

Cannot be eaten unknown species mushrooms

Observing simple rules safety, you can protect yourself and your loved ones from poisoning with toxic substances of various etiologies.

Poisoning of the body is a dangerous and painful condition in which there is a strong violation of all vital organs - breathing becomes difficult, pulmonary edema and cardiac arrest are possible. It is important to provide assistance to the victim in time, otherwise there is a risk of death. To prevent intoxication of the body, it is necessary to follow safety rules, both at home and at work.