Despite the active development of medicine, the problem of infectious, including bacterial, diseases is very relevant. Bacteria are found at every turn: in public transport, at work, at school. Incredible numbers inhabit doorknobs, money, computer mice, mobile phones. There are no places on our planet where these microorganisms would not be. They are found in salt waters of the Dead seas, in geysers, the temperature of which is more than 100ºС, in the waters of the ocean at a depth of 11 km, in the atmosphere at a height of 41 km, even in nuclear reactors.

Classification of bacteria

Bacteria are tiny creatures that can only be seen with a microscope, averaging 0.5-5 microns in size. A common feature of all bacteria is the absence of a nucleus, referring to prokaryotes.

There are several ways of their reproduction: binary fission, budding, thanks to exospores or fragments of mycelium. The asexual way of reproduction consists in the replication of DNA in the cell and its subsequent division in two.

Depending on the shape, bacteria are divided into:

• cocci - balls;
• rod-shaped;
• spirilla - twisted threads;
• vibrios are curved rods.

Fungal, viral and bacterial diseases, depending on the mechanism of transmission and the location of the pathogen, are divided into intestinal, blood, respiratory tract and outer covers.

The structure of bacteria and infections

The cytoplasm is the main part bacterial cell, in which metabolism occurs, i.e. synthesis of components, including those affecting its pathogenicity, from nutrients. The presence in the cytoplasm of enzymes, catalysts of a protein nature determines metabolism. It also contains the "nucleus" of the bacterium - the nucleoid, without a definite shape and externally unlimited by the membrane. hit various substances into the cell and the excretion of metabolic products occurs through the cytoplasmic membrane.

The cytoplasmic membrane is surrounded by a cell membrane, on which there may be a layer of mucus (capsule) or flagella, which contribute to the active movement of the bacterium in liquids.

Food for bacteria are a variety of substances: from simple, for example, carbon dioxide, ammonium ions, to complex organic compounds. The vital activity of bacteria is also influenced by the temperature and humidity of the environment, the presence or absence of oxygen. Many types of bacteria are able to form spores to survive in adverse conditions. bactericidal properties found wide application both in medicine and in industry have fever or the pressure ultraviolet radiation certain chemical compounds.

Properties of pathogenicity, virulence and invasiveness

Pathogenicity refers to the ability of a particular type of microorganism to cause bacterial infectious diseases. However, in the same species, its level can be in a wide range, in which case they speak of virulence - the degree of pathogenicity of the strain. The pathogenicity of microorganisms is due to toxins, which are the products of their vital activity. Many pathogenic bacteria incapable of reproduction in macroorganisms, however, they secrete the strongest exotoxins, which are the cause of the disease. Therefore, there is also the concept of invasiveness - the ability to spread in the macroorganism. Due to the properties described above, under certain conditions, highly pathogenic microorganisms may cause deadly diseases, but weakly pathogenic bacteria just be present in the body without causing any harm.

Consider some human bacterial diseases, the list of which is too large to describe everything in one article.

Intestinal infections

salmonellosis. About 700 species of serovars of the genus Salmonella can act as the causative agent. Infection can occur by water, contact-household or alimentary route. The reproduction of these bacteria, accompanied by the accumulation of toxins, is possible in various products nutrition and is preserved when they are insufficiently heat treated during cooking. Also, pets, birds, rodents, sick people can act as a source of infection.

The consequence of the action of toxins is an increase in the secretion of fluid into the intestine and an increase in its peristalsis, vomiting and diarrhea, which lead to dehydration. After passing the incubation period, which lasts from 2 hours to 3 days, the temperature rises, chills appear, headache, colicky pains in the abdomen, nausea, and after a few hours - frequent watery and fetid stools. These bacterial diseases last approximately 7 days.

In some cases, complications may occur in the form of acute renal failure, infectious-toxic shock, purulent-inflammatory diseases or thrombotic complications.

Typhoid fever and paratyphoid A and B. Their pathogens are S. paratyphi A, S. paratyphi B, Salmonella typhi. Ways of transmission - food, water, infected objects, source - a sick person. A feature of the disease is the summer-autumn seasonality.

The duration of the incubation period is 3 - 21 days, most often 8 - 14, after which there is a gradual increase in temperature up to 40ºС. Fever is accompanied by insomnia, headache, lack of appetite, blanching skin, roseolous rash, enlarged liver and spleen, bloating, stool retention, less often diarrhea. Arterial hypotension, bradycardia, delirium, lethargy also accompany the disease. Possible Complications- pneumonia, peritonitis, intestinal bleeding.

food poisoning. Its causative agents are conditionally pathogenic microorganisms. Pathogenic bacteria enter the body from food products that are either not subject to heat treatment or have undergone insufficient heat treatment. Most often it is dairy or meat products, confectionery.

The duration of the incubation period is from 30 minutes to a day. The infection manifests itself in the form of nausea, vomiting, watery stools up to 15 times a day, chills, abdominal pain, fever. More severe cases of the disease are accompanied by low blood pressure, tachycardia, convulsions, dry mucous membranes, oliguria, hypovolemic shock. The illness lasts from several hours to three days.

Dysentery. The causative agent of one of the most common intestinal infections is a bacterium of the genus Shigella. Microorganisms enter the body during the adoption of infected food, water, through household items and dirty hands. The source of infection is a sick person.

The incubation period can range from a few hours to a week, usually 2-3 days. The disease appears frequently liquid stool with impurities of mucus and blood, cramping pains in the left and lower abdomen, fever, dizziness, chills, headache. She is also accompanied arterial hypotension, tachycardia, bloating, palpation of the sigmoid colon. The duration of the disease depends on the severity: from 2-3 to 7 days or more.

Escherichiosis. This disease is also called traveler's diarrhea. It is caused by E. coli Escherichia coli enteroinvasive or enterotoxigenic strains.

In the first case incubation period lasts from 1 to 6 days. Signs of the disease are loose stools and cramping abdominal pain, less often tenesmus. Time of illness is 3-7 days with mild intoxication.

In the second case, the latent period can last up to 3 days, after which vomiting, frequent loose stools, intermittent fever and abdominal pain begin. Pathogenic bacteria affect children to a large extent early age. The disease is accompanied heat, fever, dyspepsia. Such bacterial diseases can be complicated by appendicitis, cholecystitis, cholangitis, meningitis, endocarditis, inflammatory diseases of the urinary tract.

campylobacteriosis. This is a common infection caused by the bacterium Campylobacter fetus jejuni, which is found in many pets. Occupational bacterial diseases of a person are also possible.

The incubation period lasts 1 - 6 days. The disease is accompanied by fever, gastroenteritis, severe intoxication, vomiting, profuse loose stools. V rare cases- generalized form of the disease.

Treatment and prevention of intestinal infections

As a rule, for effective treatment hospitalization of the patient is recommended, because most of these diseases can lead to complications, as well as to reduce the risk of spreading the infection. Treatment includes several main points.

At intestinal infection necessary strict observance sparing diet. List of allowed products: slowing down motor activity intestines and containing significant amounts of tannin - blueberries, bird cherry, strong tea, as well as mashed cereals, slimy soups, kissels, cottage cheese, crackers, steamed fish and meat dishes. In no case should you eat fried and fatty, raw vegetables and fruits.

In case of toxic infections, gastric lavage is mandatory in order to remove pathogens from the mucous membrane of the gastrointestinal tract. Detoxification and rehydration is carried out by oral administration of glucose-salt solutions to the body.

Treatment of bacterial bowel diseases necessarily involves the normalization of the stool. For this, the most commonly used agent is "Indomethocin", calcium preparations, various sorbents, the most affordable of which, Activated carbon. Since bacterial diseases are accompanied by dysbacteriosis, drugs are prescribed to normalize the intestinal microflora (Linex, Bifidumbacterin, etc.)

Concerning antibacterial agents, then, depending on the type of pathogen, antibiotics of the groups of monobactams, penicillins, cephalosporins, tetracyclines, chloramphenicols, carbapenems, aminoglycosides, polymyxins, quinolones, fluoroquinolones, nitrofurans, as well as mixed preparations of sulfonamides, can be used.

To prevent human bacterial diseases, the list of daily activities should contain the following items: personal hygiene, thorough heat treatment necessary food, washing vegetables, fruits before eating, using boiled or bottled water, short-term storage of perishable foods.

Respiratory tract infections

In the respiratory tract, bacterial and viral infections which are usually seasonal. Human bacterial and viral diseases differ primarily in localization. Viruses affect the entire body, while bacteria act locally. The most common viral diseases are SARS and influenza.

Bacterial diseases include the following respiratory tract infections:

Tonsillitis(tonsillitis) can be caused by both viruses and bacteria - mycoplasma, streptococcus, chlamydia (A. Haemolyticum, N. Gonorrhoeae, C. Diphtheriae). Accompanied by changes palatine tonsils, sore throat, chills, headache, vomiting.

Epiglottitis. The causative agents are the bacteria S. Pneumoniae, S. Pyogenes and S. Aureus. The disease is characterized by inflammation of the epiglottis, accompanied by narrowing of the larynx, rapid deterioration, sore throat, fever.

Due to the severe course of the disease, mandatory hospitalization of the patient is required.

Sinusitis- inflammation maxillary sinuses caused by bacteria that have entered the nasal cavity through the blood or from upper jaw. It is characterized at first by localized pain, which then spreads, turning into a "headache".

Pneumonia. This is a disease of the lungs, during which the alveoli and terminal bronchi are affected. Pathogenic bacteria - streptococci, staphylococci, Klebsiella pneumoniae, pneumococci, Haemophilus influenzae and Escherichia coli. The disease is accompanied by cough with sputum, fever, shortness of breath, chills, headaches and muscle pain, loss of appetite, increased fatigue, intoxication weakness.

Treatment and prevention of respiratory tract infections

In the treatment of infections, hospitalization of the patient is carried out only in cases of severe and neglected course of the disease. The main means are antibiotics, selected individually depending on the type of pathogen. Treatment of the nasopharynx can be done using local antiseptics ("Gexoral", "Septifril", "Stopangin", "Kameton", "Ingalipt"). Additionally, it is recommended to resort to inhalation, physiotherapy, breathing exercises, manual therapy, massage chest. Using combined funds with antiseptic and analgesic effect at the onset of the disease (drugs from medicinal plants, "TeraFlu", "Anti-Angina", "Strepsils", NovaSept) there is probably no need for further use of antibiotics.

Prevention of bacterial diseases of the respiratory system includes the following activities: walks on fresh air, breathing exercises, prophylactic inhalations, smoking cessation, the use of cotton-gauze dressings in contact with patients.

Infections of the outer integument

On human skin, which has certain properties that protect it from microorganisms, there is a huge amount of peacefully existing bacteria. If these properties are violated (excessive hydration, inflammatory diseases, injuries) micro-organisms can cause infection. Bacterial skin diseases also occur when pathogenic bacteria enter from the outside.

Impetigo. There are two types of disease: bullous, caused by staphylococci, and non-bullous, the causative agents of which are S. aulreuls and S. Pyogenes.

The disease manifests itself in the form of red spots that turn into vesicles and pustules, which are easily opened, forming thick yellowish-brown scales.

The bullous form is characterized by blisters 1-2 cm in size. When complicated, bacterial diseases cause glomerulonephritis.

Furuncles and carbuncles. The disease occurs when staphylococci penetrate deeply into the hair follicles. The infection forms an inflammatory conglomerate, from which pus subsequently appears. Typical locations for carbuncles are the face, legs, rear part neck.

Erysipelas and cellulite. These are infections affecting the skin and underlying tissues, the causative agents of which are streptococci of groups A, G, C. Compared with erysipelas, the location of cellulite is more superficial.

Typical localization of erysipelas - face, cellulite - calves. Both diseases are often preceded by trauma, skin damage. The surface of the skin is red, edematous, with uneven inflamed edges, sometimes vesicles and blisters. Associated features diseases - fever and chills.

Erysipelas and cellulitis can cause complications, manifested in the form of fasciitis, myositis, cavernous sinus thrombosis, meningitis, various abscesses.

Treatment and prevention of skin infections

It is recommended to treat human skin bacterial diseases with topical or general action depending on the severity and type of infection. Various antiseptics are also used. In some cases, their use continues long time, including healthy family members for prevention.

chief preventive measure, preventing the occurrence skin infections, is the observance of personal hygiene, the use of individual towels, as well as general increase immunity.

Animal infections

Mention should also be made of bacterial diseases of animals, transmitted to humans and are called zooanthroponoses. The source of infection are animals, both domestic and wild, from which you can become infected during hunting, as well as rodents.

We list the main bacterial diseases, the list of which includes about 100 infections: tetanus, botulism, pasteurellosis, colibacillosis, bubonic plague, glanders, melioidosis, ersiniosis, vibriosis, actinomycosis.

Microorganisms are constantly present in human life. There are, without which it is impossible normal functioning organism. But there are also threatening health and sometimes life. There are not very many of them, only 1% of all microflora bacteria, but in some cases such microbes, viruses or fungi can pose a real danger. Everyone can protect themselves from the disease, maintain and strengthen their health, for this you just need to make a little effort.

Opportunistic (not always dangerous) microbes

The totality of microorganisms living in the gastrointestinal tract, genitourinary tract and on the human skin is called microflora. This combination, along with useful ones, also includes harmful (pathogenic) bacteria. The harm or benefit caused depends on the number of pathogenic microbes in the human body. For example, E. coli is an integral part of the microflora, but in the presence of favorable conditions, it actively multiplies, releasing toxins that poison the body. The result is inflammatory processes in the intestines, kidneys, bladder and other troubles.

"Dual-faced" cells that behave in this way are called opportunistic pathogens. Streptococci, which make up almost half of the inhabitants, also belong to this category. oral cavity. Warm and humid "climate", the presence of large food supplies play into the hands of dangerous microbes. They settle along the entire length of the gastrointestinal tract, respiratory tract, but most a large number of streptococci lives on the surface of the skin. The results of their actions are:

• pustular diseases (boils, abscesses);
• sore throats;
• bronchitis;
• rheumatism;
• in a weakened body, even toxic shock is possible.

The attack of streptococci on the cells of the body does not go unnoticed by the immune system. But there is another danger here. strep infection causes an autoimmune response, i.e., the immune system perceives its own tissues as foreign and begins to fight them. The consequence may be serious illness heart, joints, kidneys.

Pathogenic bacteria of the Streptococcus family are responsible for:

• pneumonia, sepsis, meningitis in newborns;
• sepsis, mastitis, meningitis in parturients;
• peritonitis;
• caries (streptococcus ferments lactic acid, corroding tooth enamel).

However, not only fungi and streptococci constantly live in the oral cavity. Their neighbors are no less dangerous:

• pneumococci (bronchitis, pneumonia, pleurisy, middle ear disease, sinusitis);
• gingivalis bacteria (the main cause of periodontitis);
• treponema dentikola (periodontal disease).

And all this warm company» sharpens . To prevent such a "rampant crime" can only be timely brushing your teeth and washing your hands. Treat neglected diseases will be much more difficult.

Opportunistic microbes living on the skin

normal on the skin healthy person there is a huge number of useful and dangerous single-celled and various fungi. These microorganisms love "tropical" conditions. A warm and humid environment in the folds of the skin plus a lot of dead cells for nutrition - ideal conditions existence of skin bacteria. By the way, it is these tiny creatures that are responsible for all the unpleasant odors of our body. With a strong immune system and personal hygiene, these fungi and microbes are not dangerous to human health. Soap, water, healthy food– and many problems can be avoided.

1. Streptococci. Reduce immunity, contributing to the occurrence of serious infectious diseases. Cause chronic tonsillitis erysipelas, severe poisoning with toxins.
2. Staphylococci. With reduced immunity, they cause skin lesions - barley, boils, abscesses, carbuncles. If it enters the bloodstream, it can cause problems with bones, joints, heart, respiratory tract, brain, urinary system. In the gastrointestinal tract, the spread of staphylococci provokes enteritis and colitis.

deserve a separate discussion different kinds fungi that have found shelter in the same warm and humid places as other unicellular organisms - in skin folds and stomata hair follicle. Most often found fungal infections caused by fungi dermatophytes, molds and yeast-like fungi. Dermatophytes are able to absorb keratin contained in human hair and nails. Such fungi live on human skin, in the fur of animals, some constantly live in the soil cover. Any contact with a contaminated surface or organism can trigger the transmission of the infection. Hence the conclusion - clean hands are really a guarantee of health!

In addition, various types of fungi that have fallen on the skin, hair or mucous membranes of a person from the environment (sick animals or people, contaminated surfaces) are responsible for such unpleasant illnesses, how versicolor versicolor and seborrheic dermatitis.

Scary and mysterious viruses

When it comes to dangerous microbes, it immediately comes to mind scary viruses with which medicine scares us intensely. These tiny non-cellular particles (“conditionally living chemical compounds”) are really dangerous, and doctors are right in many ways. Viruses cause AIDS, hepatitis, influenza, rabies and other no less dangerous viral diseases.

Oddly enough, science still cannot determine the nature of viruses. They are not living beings, they cannot produce and process food on their own, but, when they get into the corresponding cell, they quickly integrate into DNA, begin to multiply and multiply (they are inherited along with the DNA of the cell).

Imagine a letter from important information. As long as the letter is on the way or lies in the mailbox (regular or electronic), the information does not manifest itself in any way. But as soon as you open the letter, the information begins to act actively, bringing with it changes, sometimes global ones.

The same is true with viruses. Outside the cell, they do not seem to exist, but unfold to the fullest, falling into favorable conditions. Mankind is incredibly lucky - viruses are very capricious in choosing a habitat. Any cage does not suit them, they only look for certain types cells. Otherwise, it would be impossible to fight them at all.

By the way, antibiotics are practically powerless against viruses. Only human immunity provides effective protection. Immune cells produce useful antibodies that kill viruses, and interferon that prevents them from multiplying.

There is another feature of viruses that baffles scientists. After the beginning of the decoding of the human genome, it turned out that a good half of it consists of incomprehensible garbage, which was later identified as fragments of viruses. Most of the viral pieces are quietly “sleeping” without affecting the situation, but there are separate fragments that answered the question that has tormented many generations of researchers.

As you know, the immune system does not spare "strangers", killing everything that it can reach. Why in this case immune cells women, expectant mothers, do not kill the spermatozoa of the future father? It turned out that viruses block the work of immune guards and allow conception to take place. In other words, humanity owes its existence to viruses!

deadly bacteria

In addition to conditionally pathogenic, there are really dangerous pathogenic bacteria that are not included in normal microflora person. These include the causative agents of typhoid, cholera, diphtheria, tetanus, tuberculosis, anthrax, etc. A very small amount of dangerous microorganisms is enough to make a person sick.

The mechanism of action of microbes is quite simple - getting into favorable conditions (and in the human body the conditions for many dangerous microbes are more than favorable), cells begin to actively multiply, accumulating their waste products in the environment. Toxins (poisons and toxic substances) have a devastating effect on health, leading to damage and complete destruction of body cells.

The most powerful are toxins secreted by tetanus and diphtheria bacilli, streptococci and staphylococci. These disease-causing bacteria release poison in the process of life, but there are other options. Tuberculosis bacillus, pathogens of cholera and anthrax, pneumococci manage to poison our existence even after their death - decomposing, they release the strongest toxins.

Until mankind developed methods of dealing with pathogens of dangerous diseases, epidemics of plague, typhoid, cholera killed millions of people. Large crowding in cities, some religious rites and the lack of basic hygiene skills led to the explosive spread of infections. The medicine of that time was not able to cope with the spread of diseases.

How to protect your health

The discovery of the fact that diseases can be carried by the smallest living organisms was the first step in humanity's fight against epidemics. Changed living conditions (the ability to maintain hygiene, receive healthy eating and timely prevention) eradicated many terrible diseases. So, plague, typhoid or cholera for many modern people only scary tales. Smallpox vaccinations, mandatory several decades ago, are given only to those who, by the nature of their work, may be exposed to this disease.

Entry into the human body dangerous pathogens does not necessarily lead to disease, some microbes are able to “sleep” for years, decades without causing harm. For example, the bacterium Helicobacter, which causes ulcers and erosions in the intestines, lives in the stomach of every second person, but not all of these people really get sick. Problems arise when the body weakens for one reason or another. There are reasons that cannot be changed elderly age or genetic predisposition), but often we ourselves deprive the body of immune defenses.

As you know, the disease is easier to prevent than to treat. Everyone should and can take precautions. The set of rules is familiar to us from childhood:

• wash your hands before eating and after visiting public places and toilet;
• do not use expired and suspicious products;
• expose heat treatment milk;
• do not come into contact with sick people and animals;
• lead healthy lifestyle life.

We habitually ignore the last point, but it is really important, because strong immunity depends on our lifestyle, which will not allow the disease to develop. Immune cells are able to neutralize the action of most pathogenic microbes, but for this they (immune cells) must be in sufficient quantity. And it already depends only on the person himself!

What are bacteria: types of bacteria, their classification

Bacteria are tiny microorganisms that have been around for thousands of years. It is impossible to see microbes with the naked eye, but we should not forget about their existence. There are a huge number of bacilli. The science of microbiology is engaged in their classification, study, varieties, features of structure and physiology.

Microorganisms are called differently, depending on their kind of actions and functions. Under a microscope, you can observe how these little creatures interact with each other. The first microorganisms were rather primitive in form, but their importance should by no means be underestimated. From the very beginning, bacilli have evolved, formed colonies, tried to survive in changing environments. climatic conditions. Different vibrios are able to exchange amino acids in order to grow and develop normally as a result.

Today it is difficult to say how many species of these microorganisms are on earth (this number exceeds a million), but the most famous and their names are familiar to almost every person. It doesn’t matter what microbes are and what they are called, they all have one advantage - they live in colonies, so it is much easier for them to adapt and survive.

First, let's figure out what microorganisms exist. The simplest classification is good and bad. In other words, those that are harmful to the human body, cause many diseases and those that are beneficial. Next, we will talk in detail about what are the main beneficial bacteria and give a description of them.

You can also classify microorganisms according to their shape, characteristics. Probably, many people remember that in school textbooks there was a special table with the image of various microorganisms, and next to it was the meaning and their role in nature. There are several types of bacteria:

• cocci - small balls that resemble a chain, as they are located one behind the other;
• rod-shaped;
• spirilla, spirochetes (have a convoluted shape);
• vibrios.

Bacteria of different shapes

We have already mentioned that one of the classifications divides microbes into species depending on their shape.

Bacteria coli also have some features. For example, there are types of rod-shaped with pointed poles, with thickened, with rounded or with straight ends. As a rule, rod-shaped microbes are very different and are always in chaos, they do not line up in a chain (with the exception of streptobacilli), they do not attach to each other (except for diplobacilli).

To microorganisms of spherical forms, microbiologists include streptococci, staphylococci, diplococci, gonococci. It can be pairs or long chains of balls.

Curved bacilli are spirilla, spirochetes. They are always active but do not produce spores. Spirilla is safe for people and animals. You can distinguish spirilla from spirochetes if you pay attention to the number of curls, they are less convoluted, have special flagella on the limbs.

Types of pathogenic bacteria

For example, a group of microorganisms called cocci, and in more detail streptococci and staphylococci cause real purulent diseases (furunculosis, streptococcal tonsillitis).

Anaerobes live and develop perfectly without oxygen; for some types of these microorganisms, oxygen generally becomes deadly. Aerobic microbes need oxygen to survive.

Archaea are almost colorless unicellular organisms.

Pathogenic bacteria should be avoided because they cause infections, gram-negative microorganisms are considered resistant to antibodies. There is a lot of information about soil, putrefactive microorganisms which are harmful and beneficial.

In general, spirilla are not dangerous, but some species can cause sodoku.

Varieties of beneficial bacteria

Even schoolchildren know that bacilli are useful and harmful. People know some names by ear (staphylococcus, streptococcus, plague bacillus). These are harmful creatures that interfere not only external environment but also to man. There are microscopic bacilli that cause food poisoning.

Be sure to know useful information about lactic acid, food, probiotic microorganisms. For example, probiotics, in other words good organisms, are often used in medical purposes. You ask: for what? They do not allow harmful bacteria to multiply inside a person, strengthen the protective functions of the intestine, and have a good effect on the human immune system.

Bifidobacteria are also very beneficial for the intestines. Lactic acid vibrios include about 25 species. V human body they are available in large quantities, but are not dangerous. On the contrary, they protect gastrointestinal tract from putrefactive and other microbes.

Speaking of good ones, one cannot fail to mention the huge species of streptomycetes. They are known to those who took chloramphenicol, erythromycin and similar drugs.

There are microorganisms such as Azotobacter. They live in the soil for many years, have a beneficial effect on the soil, stimulate the growth of plants, cleanse the earth of heavy metals. They are irreplaceable in medicine, agriculture, medicine, food industry.

Types of bacterial variability

By their nature, microbes are very fickle, they die quickly, they can be spontaneous, induced. We will not go into details about the variability of bacteria, since this information is of more interest to those who are interested in microbiology and all its branches.

Types of bacteria for septic tanks

Residents of private homes understand the urgent need to treat wastewater, as well as cesspools. Today, drains can be quickly and efficiently cleaned with the help of special bacteria for septic tanks. For a person, this is a huge relief, since cleaning the sewer is not a pleasant thing.

We have already clarified where the biological type of wastewater treatment is used, and now let's talk about the system itself. Bacteria for septic tanks are grown in laboratories, they kill bad smell drains, disinfect drainage wells, cesspools, reduce the volume Wastewater. There are three types of bacteria that are used for septic tanks:

• aerobic;
• anaerobic;
• live (bioactivators).

Very often people use combined cleaning methods. Strictly follow the instructions on the preparation, make sure that the water level contributes to the normal survival of bacteria. Also, remember to use the drain at least once every two weeks so that the bacteria have something to eat, otherwise they will die. Don't forget that chlorine from cleaning powders and liquids kills bacteria.

The most popular bacteria are Dr. Robik, Septifos, Waste Treat.

Types of bacteria in urine

In theory, bacteria in the urine should not be, but after various activities and situations, tiny microorganisms settle where they please: in the vagina, in the nose, in water, and so on. If the bacteria were found during the tests, this means that the person is suffering from diseases of the kidneys, bladder or ureters. There are several ways in which microorganisms enter the urine. Before treatment, it is very important to investigate and accurately determine the type of bacteria and the route of entry. This can be determined by biological urine culture, when the bacteria are placed in a favorable habitat. Next, the reaction of bacteria to various antibiotics is checked.

We wish you to always stay healthy. Take care of yourself, wash your hands regularly, protect your body from harmful bacteria!

Human diseases caused by bacteria

In the human body, pathogenic bacteria feed, multiply rapidly and poison the body with the products of their vital activity.

Bacteria cause typhus, cholera, diphtheria, tetanus, tuberculosis, tonsillitis, meningitis, glanders, anthrax, brucellosis and other diseases.

One of these diseases a person can become infected when communicating with the patient through the smallest droplets of saliva when talking, coughing and sneezing, others - when eating food or water, which got pathogenic bacteria.

Unsanitary conditions, dirt, large crowding of people, non-compliance with the rules of personal hygiene create favorable conditions for the rapid reproduction and spread of pathogenic bacteria. This can cause an epidemic, that is, a mass disease of people.

When infected tuberculosis bacillus a person gets sick tuberculosis: in the lungs, kidneys, bones and some other organs, small tubercles develop, prone to decay. Tuberculosis is a disease that can last for years.

Tuberculosis bacillus in the lungs

Plague- one of the most serious illnesses- summon plague sticks. Plague is the most fleeting disease. Sometimes only a few hours pass from the first felt signs of illness to death.

The devastating plague epidemics in antiquity were the most terrible disaster. There were cases when entire cities and villages died out from the plague.

Associated with pathogenic streptococci and staphylococci purulent diseases - for example, furunculosis, streptococcal tonsillitis.

Pathogenic bacteria also cause diseases in animals and plants.

In animals, bacteria cause diseases such as glanders, anthrax, brucellosis. Humans can also become infected with these diseases, so, for example, in areas where livestock is sick with brucellosis, raw milk should not be eaten.

About \(300\) species of bacteria are known to cause various diseases plants. They cause great damage to crop and field cultivation, causing wilting, rotting of stems, leaf spot, etc.

Measures to combat pathogenic bacteria

Exists special events to prevent infectious diseases caused by pathogenic bacteria. Established strict medical control over water sources and food products. At waterworks, water is purified in special sedimentation tanks, passing it through filters, chlorinated, ozonized.

Patients receive drugs that kill disease-causing bacteria. To destroy bacteria in the room where the infectious patient is located, disinfection is carried out, i.e. spraying or fumigation chemicals causing bacteria to die.

pathogens pathogenic microorganisms

(pathogenic microorganisms), viruses, rickettsia, bacteria, microscopic pathogenic fungi, protozoa, causing various infectious diseases when they enter the human and animal body. Viruses cause influenza, measles, scarlet fever, poliomyelitis, hepatitis, AIDS, etc.; rickettsia- typhus. Among bacteria strepto- and staphylococci are the cause purulent processes, sepsis (blood poisoning); meningococci affect meninges; sticks - diphtheria, dysentery, tuberculosis, typhoid - the causative agents of the corresponding diseases. Pathogenic fungi cause a group of diseases called mycoses. Among the simplest pathogens are malarial plasmodium, lamblia, Trichomonas, amoeba.

.(Source: "Biology. Modern Illustrated Encyclopedia." Editor-in-Chief A.P. Gorkin; M.: Rosmen, 2006.)

See what "pathogenic microorganisms" are in other dictionaries:

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Bacteria, yeast and other microscopic organisms whose cells are surrounded by a mucous capsule that protects them from adverse external influences. Some pathogenic capsular microorganisms, for example, pneumococci, losing ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary

Aggregate different groups microorganisms whose natural habitat is the soil. P. m. play important role in the cycle of substances (See. Cycle of substances) in nature, soil formation and the formation of soil fertility. P. m. ... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

Bacteria, yeast and other microscopic organisms whose cells are surrounded by a mucous capsule that protects them from adverse external influences. Some pathogenic capsular microorganisms, eg. pneumococci, losing the ability to ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

Bacteria, yeasts and molds, the cells of which are surrounded by a mucous capsule, consisting mainly of polysaccharides and protecting the cell from adverse external influences. Thick capsules are found in Azotobacter, Leuconostoc, ... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia- poisonous substances and means of infection intended for warfare. Probably no other form of warfare was so resented as this, even in ancient times. CHEMICAL WARNING MEANS Collier Encyclopedia