Baby infectious diseases is a group of infections that people usually get in childhood, and after the disease remains strong immunity, so repeated cases of infection are extremely rare.

This article will look at common childhood infections such as chickenpox (chickenpox), measles, rubella, mumps (mumps), whooping cough, and parvovirus infection. Many of them occur with a rash on the skin, fever and worsening general condition child, however, in most cases end happily. Only in rare cases possible severe forms illnesses and complications. In adults, "childhood infections" are more likely to be severe and with complications.

All childhood infections are incubation period- the time interval between infection and the appearance of the first symptoms. The infectious period is the period during which the child remains contagious to others.

Chickenpox (chickenpox)

Incubation period: 1-3 weeks.

infectious period: the patient is most contagious 1-2 days before the onset of the rash, but infectious period continues until the crusts from the last bubbles on the skin disappear.

Symptoms. The first signs of chickenpox are a skin rash, general malaise and a slight fever. The rash looks like red spots that will turn into fluid-filled blisters within a day or two. Gradually they dry out, becoming covered with crusts, which then fall off. Spots first appear on the chest, back, head, or neck, and then spread throughout the body. Scars may remain in their place, but only in case of a severe infection. Rash elements are added on the child's body for several days.

What to do?

As a rule, the treatment of a child with chickenpox is carried out at home. It is worth adhering to the following recommendations:

• Give your child plentiful drink.
• Take paracetamol or ibuprofen to relieve fever and discomfort.
• Itching can be relieved by taking a bath, wearing loose clothing, or using calamine lotion.
• Try not to let your child scratch or pick the blisters, as this increases the risk of scarring. This is very difficult for the child, so praise and support him more often. Try to distract your child from itching, for example by watching TV. Notify the school or Kindergarten that your child is sick if there is a risk of infection for other children.
• Do not let your child come into contact with women who are pregnant or trying to get pregnant. If your child has been in contact with a pregnant woman who soon becomes ill, tell her about the chickenpox (and advise her to see a doctor). For women who have never had chickenpox, contracting the disease during pregnancy can lead to miscarriage, or the baby may be born with chickenpox.

Measles

Incubation period: 7 - 12 days, on average 10 days.

infectious period: begins about 4 days before the rash appears and ends 4 days after it disappears.

Symptoms. At first, measles is like a severe cold, with cough, watery eyes, and pain in the eyes.

Gradually, the child will become worse, the temperature will begin to rise. The rash appears on the third or fourth day. The spots are slightly convex and have a red color. The spots may coalesce but do not itch. The rash starts behind the ears and spreads to the face and neck and then all over the body. The illness usually lasts about a week.

Measles is much more serious than chickenpox, rubella, or mumps. There is a vaccine to prevent the disease. Serious complications include pneumonia and death.

What to do?

• Your child should get plenty of rest and drink plenty of fluids (warm drinks will help ease a cough).
• Use paracetamol or ibuprofen to relieve fever and discomfort.
• Apply Vaseline around your lips to protect your skin.
• If your child's eyelids are crusted, gently rinse them with warm water.
• If your child is having trouble breathing, coughing a lot, or looks sleepy, see a doctor right away.

Mumps (mumps)

Incubation period: 14 - 25 days, on average - 17 days.

infectious period: begins a few days before the first symptoms of the disease and continues until the swelling subsides, usually within 9-10 days.

Symptoms.General malaise and fever. Pain and swelling salivary glands, which leads to a rounding of the face, the appearance of a visible swelling in front of the ear and under the chin. As a rule, swelling begins on one side, moving (but not always) to the other. There is pain when chewing food.

The swelling on the face should go away in about a week. In rare cases, mumps can affect the testicles in boys. This happens more often in adult men with mumps. If you think your son's testicles have become swollen or painful, see your doctor.

What to do?

• Give your child paracetamol or ibuprofen for pain relief. Read the right dosage on the package.
• Give your child plenty of fluids, but not fruit juices, as they cause salivation, which can make the pain worse.
• See a doctor if your child is suffering from stomach pain and vomiting, or if he develops a rash that looks like small purple or red spots or bruises.

Parvovirus B19 infection (erythema infectiosum)

Incubation period: 1 - 20 days.

infectious period: a few days before the rash appears (after the rash appears, children are not contagious).

Symptoms. The disease begins with fever and discharge from the nose. A bright red rash appears on the cheeks, like a trace from a slap in the face. Over the next two to four days, the rash spreads to the trunk and limbs. Children with blood disorders, such as spherocytosis or sickle cell disease, may become more anemic (anemic). In this case, you should immediately seek medical help.

What to do?

• Your child should get plenty of rest and drink plenty of fluids.
• Take paracetamol or ibuprofen to relieve fever and discomfort.
• Pregnant women or women trying to get pregnant should see a doctor as soon as possible if they come into contact with an infection or develop a rash.

Rubella (rubella measles)

Incubation period: 15 - 20 days.

infectious period: starts one week before the skin rash and lasts for 5 days from the onset of the rash.

Symptoms. At first, the symptoms are similar to a mild cold. After 1-2 days, a rash appears, first on the face, then on the body. The spots are flat (on pale skin they are pale pink). Lymph nodes in the back of the neck may swell. Typically, your child will not feel unwell. Sometimes rubella can be difficult to diagnose.

What to do? Give your child plenty to drink. Avoid contact between your child and a pregnant woman. If this happens, tell her about it, as she needs to see a doctor.

Whooping cough

Incubation period: 6 - 20 days.

infectious period: approximately within 25-30 days from the moment of the disease, patients are especially contagious at the onset of the disease. If with early stage diseases, antibiotics are prescribed, this helps to eliminate the symptoms and limit the contagious period to 5 days.

Symptoms like a cold, and also a cough that gradually gets worse. 2 weeks later start severe attacks cough. Because of these attacks, the child becomes weak, during an attack it is difficult for him to breathe.

Young children (up to six months) suffer the disease much harder, they may develop sleep apnea - temporary stop breathing. During attacks, cyanosis of the lips and face is observed. Your child may choke, vomit. Coughing fits can last for several weeks and up to three months.

Due to the severity of manifestations, the prevention of whooping cough is very important, for which there is a vaccine.

What to do?

• See a doctor if your child has a cough that does not go away, but only gets worse, coughing fits become longer and more frequent.
• It is important for the benefit of other children to know if your child has whooping cough. Talk to your doctor about how to care for your child. Avoid contact with young children, as they are most susceptible to severe complications.

Which doctor should I contact if I suspect a childhood infection?

First of all, you should call a pediatrician at home to put correct diagnosis, and also recorded a case of the disease in medical card child and passed the message to the epidemic service. In severe cases, you may need the help of an infectious disease specialist. If the doctor suggests hospitalization, you can find an infectious diseases hospital yourself by reading reviews about it.

Childhood diseases

a group of diseases that occur predominantly or exclusively in childhood and are associated with developmental characteristics child's body. Intensive growth and development of the child determine the anatomical and physiological characteristics of his body and the originality of the pathology. Even diseases that occur mainly in adults have a peculiar course in children, which also depends on the age of the child. In the development of the child medical practice two periods are distinguished - intrauterine and extrauterine, which, in turn, is conditionally divided into the following periods: newborns (first 18-24 days), infancy (up to 1 year), early childhood (from 1 to 3 years), preschool ( from 3 to 7 years old), junior school (from 7 to 12 years old), senior school (from 12 to 17 years old) and teenage (15-17 years old). For everybody age period specific groups of diseases.

During the neonatal period (see Newborn child), the body adapts to new living conditions. Functional Systems his body is in a state of unstable equilibrium, which is easily disturbed. During this period, changes in the child’s body are detected associated with impaired fetal development in the prenatal period (fetal asphyxia of the fetus; mother’s disease: Listeriosis, Toxoplasmosis, Rubella, Influenza, etc.; the impact on her body of some chemical substances, such as alcohol, radiant energy, etc.). From the first days after birth, malformations, prematurity, the consequences of birth trauma (intracranial hemorrhages, etc.), hemolytic disease of the newborn, as well as some hereditary diseases, appear. High sensitivity newborns to coccal and viral infections causes frequent occurrence they have purulent-septic diseases skin and navel, acute viral and bacterial respiratory diseases.

The rapid increase in body weight of the child in infancy(see. Baby) and intensive metabolism determine the significant need for the child in food (per 1 kg body weight of a child in terms of calories is 2-2.5 times more than an adult). Thus, the load on the functionally imperfect digestive system of the child is sharply increased, which causes frequent development in children of this age gastrointestinal diseases(Dyspepsia), as well as diseases of the gastrointestinal tract caused by bacteria and viruses (Dysentery, colienteritis, viral diarrhea), and chronic eating disorders (Children's Dystrophy), especially if its regimen is violated. Improper feeding, insufficient use of air and sun can lead to the development of Rickets a. Due to the child's great need for oxygen, the functional load on his respiratory organs is increased (the number of breaths per minute and the amount of air passed are relatively greater than in adults), the tenderness and vulnerability of the mucous membranes of the respiratory organs cause them frequent illnesses. At this age, pneumonia of bacterial and viral origin is not uncommon. In early childhood and preschool age there is an increase in the incidence of acute childhood infections: measles, whooping cough, chicken pox, scarlet fever (see Scarlet fever), diphtheria (See Diphtheria), and tuberculosis. This is due to a decrease in the titer of antibodies (see Immunity) received by the child from the mother, as well as the increasing contact of children with peers and others. Diseases in the development of which allergy plays an important role are becoming more frequent ( bronchial asthma, rheumatism, eczema, nephritis, etc.). In younger children school age along with sharp infectious diseases disorders of internal secretion are observed, the incidence of rheumatism, heart disease and nervous system. In senior school and adolescence during puberty, disorders of internal secretion, anomalies of the genital area can be detected. More common are psychoneuroses, rheumatism, disorders of cardio-vascular system, in particular vascular dystonia; possible exacerbation of tuberculosis.

Prevention D. b .: Antenatal protection of the fetus, warning birth trauma, careful care of newborns, correct mode nutrition and hardening, the fight against infectious diseases ( preventive vaccinations against tuberculosis, smallpox, diphtheria, measles, etc.); ensuring normal physical development(physical education, sports, hardening of the body from an early age).

Lit.: Belousov V. A., Textbook of childhood diseases, M., 1963; Tour A.F., Propaedeutics of childhood diseases, 5th ed., L., 1967.

R. N. Ryleeva, M. Ya. Studenikin.

Great Soviet Encyclopedia. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia. 1969-1978 .

See what "Childhood diseases" are in other dictionaries:

CHILDHOOD DISEASES- CHILDHOOD DISEASES. Thanks to a number of anatomo fiziol. features of the child's body, its functions. instability and pronounced plasticity, the occurrence, course and outcome of D. b. often present such peculiar features that they fully justify ...

See Pediatrics… Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

See Pediatrics. * * * CHILD DISEASES CHILD DISEASES, see Pediatrics (see PEDIATRICS) ... encyclopedic Dictionary

See Pediatrics… Natural science. encyclopedic Dictionary

A disease is a process resulting from exposure to an organism of a harmful (emergency) stimulus of the external or internal environment, characterized by a decrease in the adaptability of a living organism to external environment with simultaneous ... ... Wikipedia

CHILDREN'S PARALLIES- CHILDREN'S PARALLIES. Contents: Cerebral palsy. Etiology ................. 818 Pathologist, anatomy and pathogenesis ..... 816 Forms cerebral palsy...... 818 A. Cases with a predominant lesion pyramidal pathways........ 818 B. Cases with ... Big Medical Encyclopedia

Children's hospices in Russia and the world- Hospice is basic structure palliative medicine to help seriously ill people terminal state(when organ damage is irreversible), who have days and months to live rather than years. Palliative… … Encyclopedia of Newsmakers

CHILDREN INFECTIONS- a group of infections. diseases occurring preim. in children. Common feature all infections. diseases, the ability to be transmitted from an infected organism to a healthy one and, under certain conditions, to take on a mass (epidemic) distribution. Source ... ... Russian Pedagogical Encyclopedia

Children's infections- a group of diseases that occur mainly in children and can be transmitted from an infected organism to a healthy one and, under certain conditions, take on a massive (epidemic) distribution. The source of infection can be not only ... ... Pedagogical terminological dictionary

No matter how parents try to protect the baby, various childhood illnesses are common and haunt almost all children. Almost anyone can get sick adult disease, some pathologies are found only in children, there are rare or congenital problems, but today we will talk about the most common childhood diseases.

Immunity in a child begins to form even in utero, the process continues until adolescence. On the different stages development immune system children are more susceptible to certain diseases.

Periods of development of the immune system:

1. From birth to the 28th day of life - the baby's body is reliably protected by maternal antibodies. But his immune system is on initial stage formation, therefore, even in the maternity hospital, babies often pick up viral and bacterial diseases.
2. 3-6 months - maternal antibodies are gradually destroyed, primary immunity prevails. Frequent colds, respiratory diseases, inflammatory processes in the respiratory organs, viral and intestinal infections- the main problem of this period, diseases are often severe, can be repeated many times, because immune memory not yet formed. At this age, the first allergic reactions begin to appear.
3. 2-3 years - primary immunity still prevails in the body, the production of antibodies is in an immature state. For changing viral infections bacterial diseases come, and helminthic invasions often occur.
4. 6-7 years - a sufficient amount of antibodies accumulate in the memory of the immune system, flu and colds bother the child less often. But the risk of developing allergies, problems with the gastrointestinal tract increases, and the first signs of obesity may appear.
5. Pubertal age - hormonal changes, active growth, decrease lymphoid organs leads to frequent exacerbation chronic pathologies. Most often there are problems with the digestive, cardiac system, many adolescents begin to form bad habits which adversely affects the immune system.

Stronger immunity is observed in children who were breastfed immediately after birth; artificial babies always get sick more often than breastfed babies.

Infectious pathologies

At the age of 1-5 months various viral diseases are rarely diagnosed in children, because during this period they, in fact, live off the mother's immunity. But after six months, the risk of infectious diseases increases sharply, teething aggravates the situation.

List of the most common bacterial and viral infections:

1. Chickenpox, measles, mumps, rubella, scarlet fever, diphtheria - few people managed to raise a child and not face at least one of these pathologies, since these viral diseases are transmitted by airborne droplets. The only plus is that children get sick with these diseases once in a lifetime, reinfection it is extremely rare, and already in adults.
2. Influenza, SARS - these diseases are diagnosed in children most often, on average, a child suffers them 4-8 times a year. The main pathogens are parainfluenza, adenoviruses, enteroviruses, they constantly mutate, the body does not have time to develop strong immunity.
3. Intestinal infections - among childhood diseases, they take second place after the common cold, they are caused by rotaviruses, enteroviruses, salmonella, E. and dysentery bacilli, amoebas.
4. Whooping cough is a bacterial disease, infection occurs through close contact with a sick person. The disease occurs infrequently, because children are made DTP vaccination, but immunity after vaccination lasts only 5-10 years.
5. Scarlet fever - streptococcal bacterial infection, is accompanied by various severe complications, but after recovery, stable immunity is formed.
6. Meningococcal infection is caused by bacteria. The disease is severe, affects the organs respiratory system, brain, heart, joints, eyes.
7. Pneumococcal infection - can provoke the development of colds, sepsis, meningitis, pneumonia, sinusitis, otitis, endocarditis. This problem is one of common causes deaths in children under 2 years of age.
8. Acute otitis media - most often the inflammatory process affects the middle ear, the pathology develops due to anatomical features structure of the organ of hearing in children. The disease is recurrent, can cause hearing and speech impairment.

Popular diagnostic methods - scraping and fecal analysis can reveal a small number of types of worms. If you suspect that the child has helminths, it is necessary to make a PCR diagnosis.

Diseases of the digestive system

Non-compliance with the diet, hobby junk food, fast food, carbonated drinks - all this leads to the fact that diseases of the gastrointestinal tract are rapidly getting younger, more and more often they are diagnosed in children.

The main diseases of the gastrointestinal tract in children

• Reflux - inflammation of the esophagus frequent pain in the abdomen, eructations with an unpleasant odor;
• gastritis - the disease almost always becomes chronic, if left untreated, an ulcer develops;
• biliary dyskinesia - often causes the formation of stones;
• diarrhea, constipation, flatulence, bloating - all of these problems can be signs various diseases bodies digestive system need to undergo a thorough diagnosis.

On the background malnutrition Obesity also arises - this problem is quite dangerous. You must understand that each overweight increases the load on the heart, blood vessels, organs of the musculoskeletal system, all this negatively affects the health of the child.

If you find it difficult to adjust your diet on your own, contact a nutritionist. Sometimes excess weight appears in the background wrong exchange substances, in such cases, consultation of a pediatric endocrinologist is required.

Diseases of the musculoskeletal system

Sprains, bruises, chips, fractures - all these problems in children are often due to inattention, increased activity and curiosity. But the treatment of such problems is simple and understandable, it is more difficult to deal with congenital or severe pathologies.

The most common diseases

1. Hip dysplasia - the disease is diagnosed in every fifth newborn, develops against the background of underdevelopment bone tissue. The main symptoms are asymmetrical folds on the legs, incomplete dilution of the limbs in hip joint, a characteristic click when breeding legs. At the initial stage, the disease is well treated with massage, physiotherapy methods, with running forms the child has to wear uncomfortable spacers, splints, splints for several months, sometimes surgery is required.
2. Scoliosis is a congenital or acquired lateral curvature of the spine, most often occurs in junior schoolchildren and teenagers.
3. Rickets - against the background of a violation of metabolic processes in the body, a deficiency of vitamin D occurs, which leads to deformation of the limbs, a change in the shape of the skull and chest, there are problems with the growth of teeth.
4. Flat feet - diagnosed in 40% of preschoolers. The disease develops against the background of rickets, due to increased loads on the spine and legs, prolonged wear wrong shoes.
5. Torticollis - the disease occurs in infants, against the background of pathology, changes occur in the skeleton, muscles, nerves cervical spine, one shoulder blade rises, the head leans to the side.
6. cerebral palsy - serious illness, develops in violation of intrauterine development of the fetus, against the background of birth injuries, with brain damage at the age of up to a year.

Most problems with musculoskeletal system difficult to treat, the later you start therapy, the longer it will take to restore all functions.

For timely detection of pathology, visit pediatric orthopedist at least three times during the first year of life, and then every six months.

Other diseases in children

all sorts of pathological processes can occur in any organ of the child's body, only regular preventive examination specialists will help to identify violations in time.

List of childhood diseases

• organ diseases urinary system- cystitis, pyelonephritis, urethritis;
• diseases of the respiratory system - laryngitis, tracheitis, bronchitis;
• dental problems - caries, stomatitis;
• diseases of ENT organs - otitis media, tonsillitis, sinusitis, sinusitis, adenoids;
• Allergies are most common in children individual intolerance certain food, allergies to pollen, animals, dust, drugs, severe reactions may occur after insect bites.

Most of these problems arise due to hypothermia, weakened immunity, improper treatment colds.

Conclusion

All children, unfortunately, get sick: some less often, some more often. The main danger of childhood diseases is that they often turn into a chronic state, occur with complications. The only way reduce the risk of serious illnesses - regularly strengthen the immune system.

Childhood infections are infectious diseases that occur mainly in childhood, but they can also develop in adults.

MEASLES

Definition. Measles is an acute infectious disease caused by RNA viruses from the Paramyxoviridae family. The measles virus, in addition, is the causative agent of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis, a fatal childhood slow infection that occurs with severe brain damage. Virions of all paramyxoviruses (measles viruses, mumps, parainfluenza and respiratory syncytal infection) contain an F-protein (“fusion factor”), due to which the cytoplasmic membranes of infected cells fuse and form giant multinuclear structures (syncytium). The measles virus has a pronounced immunosuppressive effect. The source of infection is a sick person. The main mechanism of infection is aerogenic (airborne transmission of the pathogen).

Classification. All manifestations of measles should be divided into two groups:

1. uncomplicated measles (it proceeds like an acute respiratory viral infection with a rash on the skin and mucous membranes). Measles in vaccinated people usually occurs in mild form and is called mitigated measles.

2. complicated measles (complications of measles). Measles bronchopneumonia is the most important among the complications of measles. In addition, enterocolitis, noma (wet gangrene of the soft tissues of the face), destructive stomatitis, necrotic tonsillitis, false croup(stenosis of the larynx due to severe edema of the subglottic space and spasm of the muscles of the larynx).

There are four periods during measles:

1. incubation period ( clinical manifestations diseases are absent during this period).

2. the prodromal (catarrhal) period is accompanied by the development of acute catarrh of the upper respiratory tract and the appearance of a rash on the mucous membrane of the cheeks (measles enanthema of the prodromal period). The rash is called Koplik spots (Belsky-Filatov-Koplik) and is represented by a few small whitish-gray spots.

3. peak period (period skin rashes) is characterized by the appearance of an abundant bright red maculopapular rash on the skin (measles exanthema of the peak period). The elements of the rash are small, but, merging with each other, they form extensive foci of reddening of the skin. In typical cases, the rash occurs within three days(rash dynamics): on the first day, the elements of the rash cover the skin of the head and neck, on the second day - the torso and upper limbs, on the third day - lower extremities. The rash lasts for three days and disappears in the same sequence (from top to bottom). During this period, a pronounced general reaction of intoxication develops.

4. in the period of convalescence (the period of pigmentation), the elements of the rash, disappearing, leave behind subtle transient pigmentation and pityriasis peeling of the skin.

Pneumonia in measles can occur in two forms: giant cell interstitial pneumonia and bronchopneumonia. Interstitial pneumonia (early measles pneumonia) develops during the catarrhal period or in the first half of the peak period, proceeds easily, is caused by the measles virus. Bronchopneumonia (late measles pneumonia) usually occurs in the second half of the peak period and during convalescence, is severe and is caused primarily by bacterial flora. A characteristic morphological sign of measles bronchopneumonia is destructive panbronchitis (necrotic changes develop in all layers of the walls of the affected bronchi) with the subsequent formation of bronchiectasis.

POLIO

Definition. Poliomyelitis is an infectious disease caused by an RNA virus from the family Picornaviridae (genus Enterovirus). Sources of infection are virus carriers and sick people. The main mechanisms of infection are fecal-oral and aerogenic (airborne transmission of the pathogen).

Classification. There are three forms of the disease:

1. visceral form (manifested most often by enteritis and acute catarrh of the upper respiratory tract).

2. meningeal form - a lesion of the meninges without a clinically pronounced involvement in the process of the substance of the brain and spinal cord.

3. The paralytic form is accompanied by the development of paralysis, primarily the muscles of the lower extremities and deltoid muscles. In the paralytic form, the substance of the spinal cord and / or the brain is affected. The most common form of paralytic poliomyelitis is spinal form- damage to the anterior horns of the spinal cord; the most severe, often fatal - bulbar form - damage to the medulla oblongata (bulbus - medulla oblongata).

There are four periods during paralytic poliomyelitis:

1. The pre-paralytic period is characterized by changes typical of the visceral and meningeal forms.

2. paralytic period - the period of formation of paralysis. Persistent paralysis occurs when at least 75% of the neurons of the motor center die.

3. recovery period - the period of repair of the resulting damage to the tissue of the central nervous system.

4. period of residual (residual) changes (persistent paralysis, skeletal muscle atrophy).

DIPHTHERIA

Definition. Diphtheria is an infectious disease caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae. The main factor of aggression of this microorganism is exotoxin. In diphtheria, the pathogen is located at the entrance gate (affected skin or mucous membranes), so diphtheria is called a local infection. The penetration of corynebacteria into the blood and the development of a generalized process (sepsis) is extremely rare. Sources of infection are bacteria carriers and sick people. The main mechanism of infection is aerogenic (airborne transmission).

Classification. Forms of diphtheria are classified according to the location of the entrance gate of infection: diphtheria of the pharynx (the most common form), diphtheria of the upper respiratory tract (larynx, trachea, bronchi), diphtheria of the nose, diphtheria of the eyes, diphtheria of the skin (diphtheria of wounds; for example, diphtheria of the umbilical wound in newborns) and genital diphtheria (for example, postpartum diphtheria endometritis).

There are four forms of pharyngeal diphtheria:

1. catarrhal form, in which there are no fibrinous films typical of diphtheria in the pharynx. Manifested by catarrhal angina. The diagnosis of diphtheria in this case can only be made on the basis of bacteriological examination.

2. localized form - grayish fibrinous films (diphtheroid inflammation) do not extend beyond the palatine tonsils.

3. common form - the films cover not only the palatine tonsils, but also neighboring areas of the mucous membrane of the pharynx and oral cavity.

4. toxic form - severe diphtheria of the pharynx, the main clinical and morphological sign of which is swelling of the soft tissues of the pharynx, pharynx, oral cavity, skin of the face, neck and upper body.

In the toxic form, various visceropathies occur (lesions internal organs). The main target organs in this case are the heart (myocarditis) and structures of the peripheral nervous system (neuritis, ganglionitis). Myocarditis occurs in two forms: interstitial (less severe) and alternative (more severe). There are two pathogenetic variants of acute heart failure in the toxic form of diphtheria: early and late heart paralysis. Early heart failure is called heart failure, which has developed against the background of myocarditis, especially alternative. Late heart failure acute insufficiency cardiac activity, which develops as a result of damage to the nerves of the heart.

Diphtheria of the larynx, trachea, bronchi is accompanied by the development fibrinous inflammation and the formation of spontaneously exfoliating fibrinous-necrotic films, which can block the lumen of the respiratory tract and cause asphyxia (true croup).

MENINGOCOCC INFECTION

Definition. Meningococcal disease is an infectious disease caused by the bacteria Neisseria meningitidis. These microorganisms cause the formation of a purulent exudate of a grayish-white color. Sources of infection are bacteria carriers and sick people. The mechanism of infection is aerogenic (airborne transmission of the pathogen).

Classification. Forms of meningococcal infection are divided into two groups: localized and generalized. Localized meningococcal infections include meningococcal nasopharyngitis, and generalized infections include meningococcal meningitis, meningoencephalitis, and sepsis.

1. Meningococcal nasopharyngitis is a form of ARBI (acute respiratory bacterial infection). At the same time, acute catarrh of the upper respiratory tract develops with a predominant lesion of the mucous membrane of the nasopharynx. Changes characteristic of meningococcal nasopharyngitis include graininess of the posterior pharyngeal wall (the result of hyperplasia of the lymphoid follicles) and the presence of copious grayish-white mucopurulent exudate covering the posterior pharyngeal wall.

2. Meningococcal meningitis is characterized by the development of purulent convexital leptomeningitis (convexital meningitis - meningitis with a predominant lesion of the shells of the cranial vault). The presence of a fibrinous component in the purulent exudate can lead to the persistence of the exudate and its organization. When organizing exudate, growing in soft shell coarse fibrous connective tissue can cause obliteration of the CSF outflow tract and lead to the development of hydrocephalus (hydrocephalus).

3. Meningococcal sepsis (meningococcemia, meningococcemia) is characterized primarily by damage to the walls of blood vessels (vasculitis) under the influence of a pathogen in the blood. Damage to the walls of blood vessels leads to the development of hemorrhagic syndrome, the main manifestations of which are a hemorrhagic rash on the skin (dark red star-shaped spots of various sizes, mainly localized on the buttocks and thighs) and bilateral hemorrhage in the adrenal glands with the development of vascular collapse (Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome). ).

SCARLET FEVER

Definition. Scarlet fever (from Italian scarlatto - scarlet) is one of the forms of infection with Streptococcus pyogenes (group A beta-hemolytic streptococcus), which occurs with damage to the pharynx and the appearance of a characteristic rash on the skin. Bright hyperemia of the pharynx and rash are due to the action of erythrogenic streptococcus toxin. Sources of infection - bacteria carriers and patients with scarlet fever or streptococcal tonsillitis. The main mechanism of infection is aerogenic (airborne transmission of the pathogen). The entrance gate of infection is most often the pharynx; with a different localization of the entrance gate (damaged skin, endometrium, lungs), scarlet fever is called extrabuccal.

Pathological anatomy. Changes in the entrance gate (primary scarlet fever), lymphangitis and regional lymphadenitis are generally referred to as the primary scarlet fever complex. In the pharynx, there is a bright hyperemia (“flaming pharynx”), tonsillitis (acute tonsillitis) develops in the form of catarrhal, purulent or necrotic. In the first three days of illness, the tongue is covered with a thick white coating, from the 4th day it is cleared and becomes red-crimson with enlarged papillae (“crimson tongue”). Scarlatinal exanthema appears already at the end of the 1st day of illness (or on the 2nd day, rarely later), is a numerous bright red roseola with a diameter of 1-2 mm. The appearance of the face is characteristic: bright red cheeks, a pale nasolabial triangle (Filatov's triangle) and a scanty roseolous rash in the forehead and temples. The rash lasts an average of 3 days and gradually disappears. By the end of the 1st week of the disease, peeling of the skin begins: pityriasis on the face and neck, lamellar - on the trunk and limbs.

Complications of scarlet fever include purulent (up to septicopyemia) and allergic (glomerulonephritis, arthritis) processes. Allergic lesions are complications of the late ("second") period of scarlet fever.

There are a number of diseases that are best treated in childhood. As adults, people tolerate these diseases worse, complications can suddenly begin. If you have not yet been ill with something from our list, then we advise you to be careful, maintain immunity. After all, it is weak immunity cannot resist viruses. Be healthy!

Traditional childhood diseases include measles, rubella, mumps (or mumps), chicken pox(or chickenpox) and scarlet fever

Childhood diseases are airborne and highly contagious. You can literally walk down the corridor for a person who is sick, inhale the virus, and go to bed after the incubation period. It usually lasts 7-21 days. During this period, the person is usually not contagious to others.
For diseases that in question, some common features are:
- acute course with a sudden rise in temperature to 38-40 (even the attending physician will take this for the flu);
- headache;
- general malaise;
- drowsiness;
- moderate or long incubation period;
- rash different kind(except pigs).
According to WHO, childhood infections are especially dangerous for pregnant women if they get sick. future mom, then the baby will probably have birth defects. In adulthood, such diseases are more difficult to tolerate, often with the development of complications such as pneumonia, nephritis, and rheumatic processes. Let's talk more about each disease. If you notice similar signs consult a doctor, he will prescribe the appropriate treatment.

Chickenpox

The disease is caused by one of the herpes viruses. You can become infected through direct contact or staying in one small room. Walk outside more often, chickenpox does not live long on fresh air! The virus is unstable in the external environment, so the final disinfection after the patient is not carried out. A person with chickenpox becomes contagious two days before the rash appears, and remains contagious for the first 5 to 7 days after the rash appears. The virus enters the human body through the mucous membranes of the nose, mouth and pharynx. The virus resides for life in the spinal ganglia, the nuclei of the cranial nerves, which are associated with the areas of the skin most affected by primary infection. Reactivation of the virus occurs in conditions of weakened immunity in the form of herpes zoster.

Measles

About the same symptoms are characteristic as with chickenpox. However, the patient is also tormented by a dry cough, runny nose with copious mucous or purulent discharge. After 3-5 days, the fever becomes less pronounced, and the patient feels better. However, after a day, intoxication increases again and the patient's body temperature again becomes high. During a repeated deterioration in well-being, white spots with a reddish border appear on the buccal mucosa. The period of rash begins, it is characterized by the appearance of maculopapular exanthema. Then gradually the state of health returns to normal. Special care during measles require oral cavity and eyes. The patient should be protected from bright sunlight and artificial light, as photophobia often develops during illness. As a result past illness stable lifelong immunity is formed.

Rubella

Light form rubella usually does not require hospitalization. Its manifestation is similar to the symptoms common cold and include headaches, redness of the eyes. characteristic symptom is a rash in the form of flat pink spots that appear primarily on the face, and then passes to the body and limbs. It usually disappears within a few days. In some cases, more often in adults, there is inflammation in the joints, accompanied by arthralgia.

Piggy

The disease is caused by paramyxovirus. It is transmitted by airborne droplets, but cases and domestic infection. The main sign of mumps is inflammation of the parotid salivary glands, sometimes the submandibular and sublingual glands. Swelling appears in their projection, palpation causes pain to the patient. This usually lasts for several days, but in adults, swelling can persist for about two weeks. Most often, when a virus that causes mumps enters the blood, glandular organs are affected: the pancreas (acute pancreatitis), testicles in men (orchitis), ovaries in women (oophoritis). Most serious complications mumps in men is priapism and infertility. When the virus enters the brain, meningitis may develop. In rare cases, people who have had mumps develop hearing loss or total deafness.

Scarlet fever

The causative agent is group A streptococcus (S. pyogenes), which also causes other streptococcal infections- angina, chronic tonsillitis, rheumatism, acute glomerulonephritis and others. You can become infected through food, public transport. First, the temperature rises sharply, the throat hurts, pustules appear in the mouth. Then a small, itchy rash begins, which covers almost the entire body in a few hours. Important feature scarlet fever - thickening of the rash in the form of dark red stripes on skin folds in places of natural folds - in the inguinal folds, armpits, elbow bends. The skin feels very dry and feels like sandpaper. After 3-5 days, the skin turns pale and severe peeling begins, especially pronounced on the palms of the child: the skin is removed from them like gloves.