Metabolism – main mechanism vital activity of the body.

Its violation leads to major disorders in the functionality of organs, and the causes are both heredity and various diseases.

Any organism exists due to the exchange of energy, the exchange between the chemical components of the body and external environment.

This process can be divided into two types:

• assimilation, i.e. synthesis of new components and their absorption;
• dissimilation, i.e. decay and decomposition of useful substances.

The process involves proteins, fats, carbohydrates, they all perform a specific function. Proteins are building material, and carbohydrates and fats regulate energy balance.

All enzymes interact to improve cellular composition, and vitamins and minerals. Metabolism takes place at the molecular, cellular level or at the level of the whole organism. If the metabolism is harmonious and chemical processes are successful, then the cells are supplied with useful components and the body is healthy.

If the metabolism worsens, then the immune, nervous, cardiovascular and gastrointestinal systems fail. Disturbances in the metabolism of amino acids, carbohydrates, organic acids or lysosomal abnormalities represent metabolic disorders.

Causes of metabolic disorders

Metabolic disorders are often associated with hereditary factor, but may be the result of organic diseases.

Causes of metabolic disorders:

• problems with the thyroid gland (see);
• pituitary gland (see);
• disruption of the adrenal glands;
• insufficient functioning of the gonads;
• lack of oxygen;
• stress;
• general fasting.

Poor nutrition is the main cause of metabolic disorders. Fasting or overeating, poor nutrition leads to an imbalance between energy consumed and expended, nervous system stops controlling and regulating metabolism.

The tone of areas of the brain, mainly the hypothalamus, changes significantly. It is the hypothalamus that regulates the processes of fat accumulation and structure in the body, and energy production.

As a rule, metabolic disorders are associated with the fat component, and fats are not sufficiently processed in the liver. The amount of cholesterol and lipoproteins in the blood increases (see), which leads to vascular damage. As a result, illness or disease may occur.

Due to violation fat metabolism Problems arise with the immune system, and the body in general becomes weakened. To normalize the metabolic process, you should limit your fat intake, mainly consuming omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, which are found in olive, rapeseed, etc.

Consumption of significant amounts of saturated solid fats and omega-6 oils ( sunflower oil) interfere with the activation of the desaturase enzyme and produce harmful hormones, as well as prostaglandins. This subsequently leads to cancer, poor circulation, allergies, etc.

Great value lifestyle plays a role in metabolism - nutrition, diet, emotional state and sleep, tendency to stress, physical activity.

Symptoms of metabolic disorders

Metabolic disorders in women and men are usually manifested by the following symptoms, which should alert you. Externally, the condition of the skin and complexion, the structure of nails and hair changes, excess weight appears or, on the contrary, a sharp weight loss is observed.

Signs of metabolic disorders:

• deterioration of the skin of the hands and face;
• unhealthy skin color;
• destruction of tooth enamel;
• violation of the structure of hair and nails;
• shortness of breath, sweating;
• swelling;
• change in body weight;
• stool disorder.

It is not recommended to solve issues related to metabolism on your own. Doctor consultation and full diagnostics the body will help to establish the true cause of the metabolic disorder. Since metabolic disorders can cause many diseases, it is better to initial stage carry out treatment and prevention.

Women want to be slim and often go on diets. Prolonged fasting and not enough balanced diet may cause metabolic disorders.

Diseases associated with metabolic disorders

Metabolic disorders complicate the patency of blood vessels, as cholesterol and lipoproteins accumulate in them. As a result, vegetative-vascular diseases appear and heart function is disrupted.

Slags accumulate, i.e. free radicals that can provoke oncological diseases. Intoxication of the body due to metabolic disorders negatively affects the functioning of the liver, kidneys and intestines.

Delayed bowel movements can lead to chronic diseases gastrointestinal tract, inflammatory processes of the intestines and biliary tract. The consequences of metabolic disorders are often obesity, damage to bones and muscles.

Diseases associated with metabolic disorders - (delay mental development), albinism (insufficient formation of melanin), alkaptonuria, hypercholesterolemia (excess cholesterol).

Treatment of metabolic disorders

To treat metabolic disorders, doctors primarily focus on normalizing nutrition, intensifying and increasing physical activity.

To stabilize the patient's condition, oxygen is required, since it activates metabolic processes in tissues. To improve salt and water metabolism, it is recommended to consume vitamins and minerals.

This is especially important for older people, as cells age and lose their ability to absorb nutrients. Periodic cleansing of the body helps improve the functioning of internal organs. Possible fasting days with a fruit or protein diet.

Mandatory content in the diet of foods rich in fiber, animal fats and protein foods. It is recommended to eat fresh fruits and vegetables, sea ​​fish, veal, cod liver, egg yolk and fermented milk products.

Proper nutrition calculated in calories - best solution prevention of obesity and metabolic disorders. Recovery from diseases associated with metabolism includes not only the selection of diet and proper nutrition, but is also based on hormone therapy.

Diagnostics makes it possible to establish the cause of metabolic disorders, and treatment is aimed at eliminating this cause, i.e. organic disease.

Consequences

If you do not pay attention to the treatment of metabolic disorders, serious diseases appear. Insulin production is impaired and may develop diabetes mellitus.

As a result of the accumulation of cholesterol, blood vessels become fragile, and the risk of cardiovascular diseases, hypertension, heart attack, and stroke increases. Obesity, as a result of metabolic disorders, and decreased potency in men, diseases of the nervous system, internal secretion organs and digestive system. The structure of the nails changes, hair falls out, and the skin quickly fades.

Metabolism is an important mechanism for the functioning of the body, so its normalization improves the general and psycho-emotional state of the body.

Which doctor should I contact for treatment?

If, after reading this article, you suspect that you have symptoms characteristic of this disease, then you should

CLASSIFICATION, SYNDROMES OF METABOLISM DISORDERS

The classification of metabolic diseases is based on pre principlehaving pathology and the main etiological factor. In an animal’s body, numerous metabolic reactions are closely interconnected, therefore, in any disease, all types of metabolism are disrupted, but one or two of them predominate.

For example, in osteodystrophy and rickets, the pathology of mineral metabolism predominates, but in these diseases there are significant disturbances in protein metabolism. Ketosis in dairy cows is accompanied by a pronounced disturbance of carbohydrate-fat metabolism, but with a prolonged course, systemic bone dystrophy occurs.

Taking into account the causes and nature of the prevailing pathology, all diseases associated with metabolic disorders are divided into four groups.

First group includes diseases that occur with a predominance of pathology of carbohydrate-fat and protein metabolism. This group includes obesity, nutritional dystrophy, ketosis, and myoglobinuria.

Second group combines diseases that occur with a predominant violation of mineral metabolism. These include: nutritional osteodystrophy, secondary osteodystrophy, enzootic osteodystrophy, urinary disease, secondary osteodystrophy syndrome in bulls, hypomagnesemia.

Third group constitute diseases caused by a deficiency or excess of microelements. They are called microelementoses. These include: cobalt deficiency, manganese deficiency, fluorine deficiency, fluorine excess, boron excess, molybdenum excess, nickel excess.

To the fourth group include hypovitaminosis resulting from deficiency of retinol, calciferol, tocopherol, ascorbic acid, phylloquinone, thiamine, riboflavin, nicotinic acid, pyridoxine, cyanocobalamin, etc.

Syndromes.Main syndromes for diseases associated with metabolic disorders, are: syndrome of slow growth and development of young animals, decreased productivity and reproductive function, birth of inferior offspring, damage to the skin and coat (hair), damage to the skeleton, damage to the liver and other organs. Failure to thrive syndrome in young animals is caused by a lack of basic nutrients and biologically active substances in the body and is manifested by a low increase in live weight, delayed maturation of the body, and a predisposition to infectious and other diseases.

Causes of decreased productivity syndrome and reproductive function, the birth of a defective offspring is insufficient or excessive consumption of nutritional and biological active substances, accumulation of intermediate metabolic products in the body. It is manifested by low milk, meat and other productivity of animals, prolongation of the inter-calving period, “quiet” hunting, excessive walking, barrenness and infertility of the broodstock, and the birth of weakened, physiologically inferior offspring. In males, a decrease in spermatogenesis and sexual activity is noted.

Skin and coat syndrome noted in all forms of metabolic disorders. This syndrome is characterized by a decrease in skin turgor, its folding, peeling of the epidermis, possible parakeratosis, dullness of the hair, loss of hair, feathers (alopecia), split hair, dullness of the glaze of the hooves.

Bone lesion syndrome is caused mainly by a violation of mineral, protein and vitamin metabolism and is manifested by signs of “licking”, softening or hardening of the bones, lysosomes of the last caudal vertebrae, ribs, thickening of the joints, and characteristic changes in biochemical blood parameters.

Syndrome of liver and other organ damage due to the negative effect on their cells of high concentrations of ketone bodies, lipid peroxidation products, ammonia, uric acid and other intermediate metabolic products. With this syndrome, enlargement and tenderness of the liver, deafness, splitting of heart sounds, arrhythmias, deviations from the norm in biochemical parameters of blood, urine, and milk are noted.

In addition to the indicated syndromes, in diseases of this group, symptom complexes are observed that are characteristic of damage to the nervous system, blood system, and immune system.

NUTRITIONAL DYSTROPHY -DYSTROPHIAALIMENTARISA

It is characterized by general exhaustion, metabolic disorders, dystrophic and atrophic processes in parenchymal and other organs.

Etiology. The main cause of wasting is the lack of nutrients in animal diets. Contributing cause emaciation is the overexploitation of working animals.

Pathogenesis. IN The body of starving animals first of all depletes carbohydrate reserves, mainly in the liver. Depletion of the liver with glshogen leads to excitation of its chemoreceptors. Irritation is transmitted to the central nervous system, from there along afferent nervous (mainly sympathetic) pathways to adipose tissue. Under the influence of adrenaline, norepinephrine, as well as glucocorticoids, neutral fats and fatty acids begin to enter the bloodstream in increasing quantities from fat depots (subcutaneous, perirenal fat, omentum). Lipemia promotes increased use of fat by organs and tissues as the main source of energy with overeducation interstitial toxic products - ketone bodies, butyric acid, etc. In addition, the abundance of chylomicrons in the blood leads to fatty infiltration of the liver, turning into fatty degeneration which can result in cirrhosis. Oppression of the most important functions of the body occurs. So, dysfunction gastrointestinal tract manifested by hyposecretion, a decrease in the enzymatic processes of digestion and absorption of feed nutrients. As a result, proteins are broken down to the stage of albumosis or peptones, carbohydrates into dextrins, which are poorly absorbed by the intestinal epithelium and are excreted along with feces, which aggravates their deficiency.

Short-term insufficient feeding does not have a significant effect on the reproductive function of females and males. Long-term underfeeding is accompanied by a decrease in the secretion of pituitary gonadotropin, as a result of which in males there is a decrease in testosterone formation and spermatogenesis is suppressed. In females, the reproductive cycle is disrupted, the weight of the uterus decreases, atrophic changes occur in the ovaries, and follicle maturation worsens.

Symptoms. Depending on the weight loss of the animal, nutritional dystrophy is conventionally divided into three stages. The first stage is characterized by a loss of body weight by 15-20%, the second by 20-30% and the third by more than 30%. With a weight loss of up to 40% or more, the death of the animal usually occurs.

In the first stage of clinical symptoms the most characteristic are a decrease in fatness, productivity and performance. It can be considered as pathological condition, completely normalizing after eliminating the causes and providing the animals with a nutritious diet.

In the second and third stages of the disease, morphofunctional changes occur in organs and tissues. Emaciation, mucous membranes are anemic, dry with a bluish tint. The hair is tousled and dull. Sheep have thinning wool and areas of baldness (alopecia) appear. The growth of young animals stops or stops completely. Secretion and motility of the gastrointestinal tract are reduced, defecation is difficult, breathing is slow, body temperature is lowered, and heart sounds are weakened. With a loss of more than 30% of body weight (third stage), animals lose the ability to move, lie down, and cannot get up on their own. Appetite is absent or sharply reduced, peristalsis of the forestomach, stomach and intestines is slow, feces are dry, the tone of the anus is relaxed. Body temperature is low, breathing is slow, heart sounds are weak.

At all stages of the disease, a decrease in blood hemoglobin, the number of red blood cells, white blood cells (leukopenia), sugar (hypoglycemia), and total serum protein (hypoproteinemia) is noted. In the first stage of the disease, ketonemia and ketonuria are established. In the second and third stages of the disease, urine is of low relative density and acidic.

Current andforecast. The course is usually long-lasting. When transferring animals to complete diets and appropriate treatment in the first and second stages of the disease, the outcome is usually favorable. In the third stage, when deep, irreversible processes develop in organs and tissues, the death of the animal often occurs.

Pathomorphological changes. Atrophy and dystrophy of muscles and organs, in subcutaneous tissue, omentum, mesentery, epicardium, fatty capsule of the kidneys, yellowish gelatinous infiltrate. In the abdominal and pleural cavities accumulation of up to 2-4 liters of yellowish transudate. In the liver there is fatty infiltration and degeneration, cirrhosis is possible, most often atrophic. Amyloid deposition in the kidneys and spleen, development of glomerulonephritis.

Diagnosis. The diagnosis is based on anamnestic data, poor feeding, and characteristic clinical signs.

Treatment. Aimed at the gradual restoration of the body’s most important vital functions, normalization of metabolism, nutrition and productivity. For horses, large cattle, sheep and other herbivores are given legume, legume-cereal hay good quality, oats, barley turf, compound feed, cake, meal, green feed, potatoes, carrots, beets, milk (for young animals); for pigs - mash of boiled potatoes, bran, grain dirt, mixed feed, grass flour, skim milk, combined silage, green feed; carnivores - meat, liver, fish, cottage cheese, meat soups, porridges. Some of the animal feed is given in malted or yeasted form, the grain is sprouted, and the root crops are crushed. Prescribe fresh fish oil, ABA, PABA. To restore motility of the gastrointestinal tract and increase its secretory function, Carlsbad salt is given, small doses of magnesium sulfate or sodium sulfate (70-80 g), and bitterness are prescribed. Hydrolysine L-103, amino-peptide-2 and other protein preparations are administered parenterally. Glucose is prescribed intravenously or subcutaneously at a dose of 0.3-0.5 g per 1 kg of animal weight in the form of 5-20% solutions. Vitamin preparations are administered orally or intramuscularly.

Prevention. When animal fatness decreases, the rate of energy and protein nutrition is increased by 10-15% until it is restored. If there is a shortage of feed, use nitrogen-containing non-protein products, feed yeast, twig feed, processed wood waste, leather industry by-products, animal fat, sunflower processing waste, grass meal, algae and other non-traditional feeds.

OBESITY -ADIPOSITAS

Excessive fat deposition in subcutaneous tissue and other body tissues associated with metabolic disorders. Distinguish exogenous, or nutritional, and endogenous(endocrine) obesity. The disease occurs mainly in sows, boars, dogs, cats, as well as dry cows and other animals. In particular, this disease occurs in 40-50% of pigs, up to 25% in cats and up to 30% in dogs.

Etiology. The causes of nutritional obesity are excess energy feeding, free access of animals to well-eaten concentrated feeds, silage, haylage, kitchen waste, etc. The cause of obesity in sows and boars is the same type of abundant, highly concentrated feeding.

Nutritional Obesity in dogs is observed when animal fats are added to the main diet, large amounts of fatty meat, offal, and confectionery are given. An unfavorable factor is rare, uneven abundant feeding. In such cases, fats taken with food do not have time to undergo normal metabolic processes and are deposited in large quantities as reserve fat in the body. Excessive deposition of fat in the body is facilitated by low energy consumption in conditions of insufficient mobility under room conditions.

Reasons endocrine obesity are hypothyroidism, hypogonadism, hypo- or hyperfunction of the hypothalamus and pituitary gland (hypothalamic-pituitary obesity), hyperinsulism, and central nervous system disorders. Endocrine obesity develops due to insufficient production of fat-mobilizing hormones - corticotropin, TSH, T 4, T 3, growth hormone, adrenaline, glucagon. The genetic factor plays a certain role in the development of nutritional and endocrine obesity.

It is known that with the same amount of feed consumption, some animals become obese, while others do not.

Pathogenesis. The essence of nutritional obesity lies in the inadequate influx of energy substances in the form of fats and carbohydrates with their consumption. The intake of carbohydrates and fats significantly exceeds their consumption for the body’s energy needs. As a result of this, excess fat formed is deposited in the omentum, subcutaneous tissue and other tissues.

The development of obesity in hypothyroidism is caused by a decrease in basal metabolism and lipolysis due to a lack of thyroid hormones and a decrease in the compensatory mechanisms of the hypothalamic-pituitary system. The connection between hyperinsulism and obesity is explained by the fact that with excess insulin, lipolysis is inhibited, fat is poorly consumed and accumulates in tissues. Hypothalamic-pituitary obesity is associated with dysfunction of the so-called “saturation” center (the “satiety* center”) located in the ventral medial nuclei of the hypothalamus. Damage to these centers leads to hyperphagia - excessive feed consumption and the development of obesity. The development of obesity is also caused by ovarian hypofunction, growth hormone (GH) deficiency, and castration of animals.

With obesity, intermediate metabolic products of fats, carbohydrates, and proteins accumulate in the blood and tissues, cholesterol is deposited on the walls of blood vessels, and atherosclerosis and arteriosclerosis develop. Excessive fat deposition in the liver leads to fatty degeneration. Obesity is accompanied by the deposition of fat in mammary gland, morphofunctional changes in the fetoplacental system - sharp swelling of the chorion, loosening of its fibrous structures; epithelial desquamation and others morphological changes in the fetoplacental complex in obese sows is accompanied by a sharp decrease in the level of blood progesterone, estradiol, ostriol. The stillbirth rate of offspring increases significantly, the weight of piglets at birth decreases, and their physiological inferiority is noted. In obese animals, the maturation of eggs is delayed, the sexual cycle is disrupted, and the intercalving period in cows is prolonged.

Obesity in dry cows is a predisposing factor for the development of ketosis, and in dogs and other animals - diabetes mellitus. It leads to dysfunction cardiovascular system, respiratory organs, kidneys, etc.

Symptoms Obesity is characterized overweight body by 10-30% or more, angularity disappears, roundness acquires. Fat deposits are found at the root of the tail, in the knee area, abdomen and other parts of the body. The ischial tuberosity and vertebrae are not noticeable. In dogs and cats, the ribs and spine are difficult to palpate, the abdominal girdle is not noticeable, and there may be a “split” of the back. The reaction to external irritations in animals decreases, they are less active, inactive, lie down more, milk production decreases, hypo- or agalactia sets in, and sexual activity decreases. Sows and other suckler females do not feed their offspring well, as a result of which the young become weak and die.

Obesity is accompanied by barrenness and infertility of the breeding stock, the occurrence of ketosis, hepatosis, myocardosis and other diseases in cows.

In obese animals, the content of total lipids, phospholipids, cholesterol, triglycerides, very low density lipoproteins, insulin, androgens in females and estrogens in males in the blood serum significantly increases, the concentration of T 3 and T 4, thyrotropin, growth hormone decreases, hyperproteinemia occurs due to increased globulin level with a decrease in albumin.

Pathomorphological changes. Excessive fat deposition in the subcutaneous tissue, mesentery, perinephric tissue, and epicardium. Areas of fatty infiltration are found in the liver, kidneys, heart muscle, ovaries and other organs. Granular degeneration of the uterine epithelium and the presence of fine-droplet vacuolization are observed.

In the mammary gland, morphological changes are characterized by the death of parenchyma and its replacement with connective tissue.

Diagnosis. Determined by clinical signs. Endocrine obesity is diagnosed by long-term observation of animals, determined hormone levels in the blood thyroid gland, pituitary gland, etc.

Treatment. Treatment of endogenous obesity is aimed at eliminating the underlying causes of the disease. For example, for hypofunction of the thyroid gland, thyroidin, triiodothyroidine hydrochloride is prescribed. For obesity associated with decreased ovarian function, folliculin, sinestrol, progesterone, etc. are used. To improve lipid metabolism in the liver, lipotropic drugs and B vitamins are prescribed. For the treatment of alimentary obesity

There have been attempts to use appetite suppressants that act on the “satiety” center of the hypothalamus, but they have not found widespread use in veterinary medicine.

Prevention. They do not allow overfeeding of animals, monitor their rationed feeding, organize separate housing and feeding of dry cows and other groups of animals. If obese animals appear in the herd, it is necessary to reduce the feeding rate and keep them on it until their body condition is restored. normal condition. In herds with a high previous level of feeding and the presence of animals with signs of obesity, its prevention is achieved by keeping animals on diets with a 15-20% reduction in energy feeding. It is necessary to monitor the energy value of dog diets. Foreign researchers recommend calculating it using the formula: kcal = 144 + (62.23 x M), where M is the dog’s body weight in kg. For example, the energy value of the diet for a dog weighing 20 kg will be: 144 + (62.23 x 20) = 1388 kcal. N.V. Zubko (1987) recommends taking 250 or 220 kJ of metabolic energy per 1 kg of dog’s body weight. Moreover, if the dog’s body weight is from 20 to 30 kg, take 250 kJ, and if the dog’s body weight is over 30 kg, take 220 kJ per 1 kg of animal weight. With this calculation, a dog weighing 20 kg requires 5000 kJ or 1193 kcal (1 J + 0.2388 calories or 1 kcal = 4,19 kJ).

The criterion for monitoring the energy content of the diets of indoor animals is their fatness. Signs of obesity, coinciding with an increase in feed consumption, indicate excess energy nutrition and indicate the need to reduce the amount of high-energy feed fed.

It is advisable to feed animals prone to obesity often in small portions. With fractional feeding, the consumed energy substances have time to be used by the body for energy needs and are not stored as fat in the fat depot and other organs.

It is necessary to carry out regular, active exercise.

KETOSIS -KETOSIS

A disease of ruminant animals, accompanied by the accumulation of ketone bodies in the body, damage to the pituitary-adrenal system, thyroid, parathyroid glands, liver, heart, kidneys and other organs.

Ketosis occurs in dairy cows, pregnant ewes, buffaloes and other animals. The appearance of the disease in ruminants is due to the peculiarity of rumen digestion; in monogastric animals, the occurrence of ketosis as a disease is disputed.

Ketosis of cows. The disease was previously described under various names: acetonemia, toxemia of dairy cows, protein intoxication, etc. Currently, the disease is called Ketosis. Ketosis should not be called acetonemia (ketonemia, ketonuria), since an increase in ketone bodies in the blood and their appearance in large quantities in the urine is one of the signs of ketosis, which is most pronounced at the onset of the disease. Ketonemia (ketonuria) can occur with severe diabetes mellitus, inflammatory processes in the body, fasting and some other primary diseases, but the pathogenesis of their increase in the blood and urine is different than with ketosis.

Mostly cows with a productivity level of 4000 kg of milk and above suffer from ketosis. It is the most common disease in high-yield dairy farming.

Etiology. Ketosis in cows is a disease of a polyetiological nature, in the occurrence of which the determining role is played by: a) energy deficiency during the phase of intensive lactation; b) protein overfeeding; c) eating feed containing a lot of butyric acid. The disease is most pronounced in the first 6-10 weeks after calving, when large energy expenditures are required

for the formation of milk.

Ketosis mainly occurs in farms with a highly concentrated type of feeding, where the cows’ diets lack long-stem hay. Some authors believe that more than 50% of all highly productive cows develop Ketosis due to an energy deficiency in diets, since the formation of milk requires a lot of glucose (about 45 g per 1 kg). At the peak of lactation, the need for glucose in cows increases 2-3 times.

At high productivity, animals consume more concentrated feed, which leads to a violation of the ratio of VFAs in the rumen contents towards an increase in butyric acid, a decrease in propionic acid and an increase in the concentration of ammonia. In turn, when animals consume a large amount of protein, energy consumption increases, since 5450 Kcal are used per 1 kg of nitrogen excreted in urine in the form of urea. A vicious circle arises: they try to satisfy the greater need for nutrients in highly productive cows by feeding an increased amount of concentrated feed , and this leads to additional energy costs, its deficiency and the development of ketosis.

Highly concentrated diets, along with excess protein, were depleted in vitamins and microelements. In experiments, with an increase in hay in the diets of cows by 30-37% and a decrease in concentrates from 35-53% to 21-35%, the cases of ketosis decreased by 2.5 times.

Many researchers associate the occurrence of ketosis with excess intake of butyric and acetic acids from feed (silage, haylage, etc.). Butyric acid is a precursor to the formation of ketone bodies. When the TCA cycle is inhibited, aceto-acetyl-CoA and ketone bodies are formed from acetic acid (acetyl-CoA). Ketosis in cows can occur in in that case, if daily rations contain more than 800 g raw or 600 g digestible fat. Excess feed fat leads to the formation of large amounts of butyric acid and ketone bodies.

Significant factors contributing to the occurrence of ketosis are obesity, physical inactivity, lack of insolation and aeration.

Pathogenesis. The predisposition of ruminants to the disease Ketosis is due to the peculiarity of rumen digestion, the intake of carbohydrates into the body not in the form of glucose, but in the form of volatile fatty acids, the ability to absorb large amounts of ammonia into the blood. As a result of bacterial fermentation in the rumen, the sugar and starch of the feed are broken down almost completely, fiber - by more than half. The products of carbohydrate breakdown are volatile fatty acids (VFA): acetic, propionic, butyric, etc. These acids can be formed in some quantities in the rumen during the process of protein breakdown and synthesis. At optimal structure diet in the rumen contents, the ratio of VFAs is as follows: 65% acetic, 20% propionic and 15% butyric acid; when feeding conditions change, this ratio changes. In ruminants, the need for glucose is covered by 10% due to its absorption from the gastrointestinal tract, and the remaining 90% is covered by gluconeogenesis. Although for ruminants gluconeogenesis is the main pathway for the formation of glucose in the body, among VFAs only propionic acid has a glucogenic effect. Acetic acid is not glucogenic, and its introduction into the rumen does not cause an increase in blood glucose. With insufficient intake of propionate into the body and excessive influx of butyrate and acetate, ketonogenesis increases. The second prerequisite for the accumulation of ketone bodies in the body of ruminant animals is the possibility of a large amount of ammonia entering the blood from the forestomach, which inhibits the reactions of the tricarboxylic acid cycle by binding alpha-ketoglutaric acid. The lack of energy in the diets of cows during the intensive lactation phase is accompanied by a deficiency of propionate and glucose in the body, inhibition of sorrel regeneration acetic acid, reactions of the tricarboxylic cycle, forming a large amount of acetyl-CoA, and then acetoacetyl-CoA. With glucose deficiency, glucogenesis increases due mainly to lipids, which in turn leads to the formation of a significant amount of free fatty acids, from which ketone bodies are easily formed.

Keeping animals on diets with an excess of concentrated feed (protein) leads to disruption of rumen digestion, changes in the pH of rumen contents, an imbalance of VFAs, and the entry into the blood of large amounts of butyric acid, ammonia, and ketogenic amino acids with an insufficient influx of glucoplastic substances. Excess ammonia leads to dysfunction of the central nervous system, endocrine organs, liver, heart and, as mentioned above, interrupts the reactions of the tricarboxylic acid cycle and suppresses the process of generating oxaloacetic acid.

Protein overfeeding leads to the enrichment of the body with ketogenic amino acids (leucine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan, lysine), during the conversion of which free acetoacetic acid is formed.

When excess butyric acid enters the body with poor-quality feed, beta-hydroxybutyric acid, acetoacetic acid and acetone are formed from it during the disposal process.

Ketogenesis also increases when a large amount of acetic acid is supplied with food. A certain amount of glucogenic substances is required for its disposal and use for milk fat and other needs. When they are deficient, the reaction of the tricarboxylic acid cycle is inhibited and ketone bodies are formed from acetic acid.

As for obesity as a predisposing factor, here in animals with a high genetic potential for productivity in the phase of intensive lactation, the lack of energy in the diet is covered by the supply of fat, the use of which produces ketone bodies. When an excess amount of ketone bodies accumulates in the body and their prolonged action, the central nervous system, neuroendocrine system of the hypothalamus, pituitary gland and adrenal cortex, thyroid, parathyroid glands, ovaries, liver, heart, kidneys and other organs are involved in the pathological process, and they develop dystrophic changes, their functions are disrupted.

Renewing the cells of our body, activity everyday affairs, creative activity and much more become possible due to the fact that every second various chemical reactions occur in our body, energy is released and new molecules necessary for normal life are formed. The combination of all these reactions is called metabolism.

Although, by and large, metabolism is a single whole, for convenience, experts have divided this concept into several components. So currently we are talking about the exchange:

• energy,
• proteins,
• fats,
• carbohydrates,
• water and minerals.

Following this division, let's look at the symptoms of metabolic disorders in more detail.

Protein metabolism

Proteins are among the most complex structural elements human body. They are necessary to ensure normal breathing, digestion, neutralization toxic substances, normal functioning of the immune system and many other functions, for example:

1. Participation in chemical reactions as catalysts. Currently, more than 3 thousand enzymes are known, which by their nature are protein compounds.
2. Transport function. With the help of the hemoglobin protein, every cell in our body receives oxygen, lipoproteins help “package” and transport fat, etc.
3. Protecting the body from infection. Immune system would not be able to effectively cope with the tasks assigned to it if there were no antibodies, which are also protein compounds.
4. Stop bleeding. Fibrin, the fibrinogen that is essential for blood clot formation and subsequent thrombus formation, is also a protein.
5. Contraction of muscles, providing the ability to carry out movements. This is possible thanks to the presence in each muscle cell contractile proteins - actin and myosin.
6. Frame and structure. Proteins are included in the framework cell walls, hair, nails, and protein molecules are made up of proteins; they are included in the composition of tendons, ligaments, and provide the elasticity and strength of the skin.
7. Ensuring the functioning of the body as a whole. Numerous hormones that regulate various processes and the functioning of individual organs are also proteins.
8. Anti-edematous function. Albumin proteins protect the body from the appearance of so-called hunger edema.
9. Energy supply. As you know, the breakdown of 1 g of protein provides energy of 4 kilocalories.

Symptoms of protein metabolism disorders

One of the manifestations of protein metabolism disorders in the body is a decrease in bone mineral density, or osteoporosis.

Excess protein in the body can manifest itself as the following symptoms:

• bowel disorders (constipation, diarrhea),
• loss of appetite, lack of it,
• hyperproteinemia ( increased amount proteins in blood plasma),
• development of kidney diseases (they have to excrete an increased amount of protein breakdown products),
• development (to utilize excess protein, calcium is needed, which the body takes from bones),
• deposition of salts (for example, due to impaired nucleic acid metabolism).

Most often, excess protein is associated with increased consumption, when the diet mainly consists of protein foods.
Symptoms of protein deficiency are:

• swelling,
• general and muscle weakness,
• decreased immunity, manifested in the fact that a person more often suffers from various bacterial and viral infections,
• drowsiness,
• weight loss to the point of exhaustion and dystrophy,
• increased levels of ketone bodies (),
• in children: decreased intelligence, delayed growth and development, possible death.

Most often: kwashiorkore, nutritional dystrophy, as well as with an unbalanced diet.

What tests need to be taken to check protein metabolism?

In order to get an idea of ​​protein metabolism, the following types of tests are usually prescribed:

1. Proteinogram ( total protein, the amount of albumin, globulin, their ratio).
2. Kidneys: determination of creatinine level, uric acid, residual nitrogen.
3. Liver: urea level, thymol test.

Metabolism of fats (lipids)

Lipids represent a large group of compounds, including fats themselves, as well as fat-like substances. These include:

• triglycerides,
• cholesterol,
• saturated and unsaturated fatty acids,
• phospholipids,
• lipoproteins,
• sterols,
• glycolipids, etc.

In our body, lipids have the following functions:

1. Mechanical protection against damage. Adipose tissue protects vital organs from damage, softening possible blows.
2. Energy. 1 g of broken down fat provides 9 kilocalories.
3. Thermal insulation. Adipose tissue conducts heat rather poorly, so it protects internal organs from hypothermia.
4. Warming. Brown fat, which is mostly found in infants, is capable of generating heat itself and preventing hypothermia to some extent.
5. Promote absorption fat-soluble vitamins.
6. Adipose tissue is, in a sense, an endocrine organ that produces female hormones. For example, if a woman's body fat is less than 15% of her body weight, then her menstrual cycle or reproductive function may be disrupted.
7. As compounds with proteins (for example, lipoproteins) they are part of the membranes of body cells.
8. Cholesterol is important for education steroid hormones, which are produced by the adrenal glands.
9. Phospholipids and glycolipids interfere with development.

Symptoms of lipid metabolism disorders

Excess lipids may present with the following symptoms:

• hypercholesterolemia (excess cholesterol in the blood),
• hyperlipoproteinemia (increased levels of low-density lipoproteins in the blood, which contribute to the development of atherosclerosis),
• symptoms of atherosclerosis of the brain, arteries abdominal cavity(“abdominal toad”), heart (myocardial infarction), increased blood pressure,
• obesity and related complications.

Most often, excess lipids are associated with increased dietary intake, genetically determined diseases (for example, congenital hyperlipidoproteinemia), endocrine pathology(, diabetes mellitus).
Symptoms of lipid deficiency are as follows:

• exhaustion,
• development of deficiency of fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E, K with corresponding symptoms,
• and reproductive function,
• deficiency of essential unsaturated fatty acids, as a result of which the formation of biologically active substances is disrupted, which is accompanied by the following symptoms: hair loss, eczema, inflammatory diseases skin, kidney damage.

Most often, lipid deficiency occurs during fasting, unbalanced nutrition, as well as congenital genetic diseases and pathologies of the digestive system.

What tests need to be taken to check lipid metabolism?

When lipid metabolism in the body is disrupted, a person develops atherosclerosis.

Standard tests to determine the nature of lipid metabolism are:

• determining the level of total cholesterol in the blood,
• lipoproteinogram (HDL, LDL, DPONP, TSH).

Carbohydrate metabolism

Like proteins and lipids, carbohydrates are among the most important chemical compounds. In the human body they perform the following main functions:

1. Providing energy.
2. Structural.
3. Protective.
4. Take part in the synthesis of DNA and RNA.
5. Participate in the regulation of protein and fat metabolism.
6. Provides energy to the brain.
7. Other functions: are components of many enzymes, transport proteins, etc.

Symptoms of carbohydrate metabolism disorders

With an excess of carbohydrates the following are observed:

• increased blood glucose levels,
• obesity.

An increase in glucose levels occurs in cases such as:

• eating large amounts of sweets (usually lasts for several hours after consumption),
• increased glucose tolerance (glucose levels remain elevated for a longer time after eating sweets),
• diabetes mellitus

Symptoms of carbohydrate deficiency are:

• disturbances in protein and lipid metabolism, development of ketoacidosis,
• hypoglycemia,
• drowsiness,
• tremor of the limbs,
• weight loss.

Most often, carbohydrate deficiency is observed during fasting, genetic defects, and insulin overdose in diabetes mellitus.

What tests need to be taken to check carbohydrate metabolism?

• Blood sugar test.
• Urine test for sugar.
• Blood test for glycosylated hemoglobin.
• Glucose tolerance test.

Metabolic disorders of other substances

A disturbance in the metabolism of minerals and vitamins will be manifested by a corresponding picture of excess or deficiency of the corresponding substances, for example:

• iron deficiency -
• lack of vitamin D - rickets,
• – development of endemic goiter, etc.
• Disorders of pigment metabolism most often manifest themselves as jaundice (the pigment is bilirubin) and symptoms of porphyria.
• With an excess of water, edema occurs, and its deficiency is characterized by thirst, gradual inhibition of all body functions and subsequent death.

Metabolism is one of the main indicators of the health of the entire body, and if it is normal, a person generally feels healthy, that is, he is alert, active, does not suffer and does not have gastrointestinal problems. However, if metabolism is disrupted, it creates an imbalance in all systems of the body, and a person's health deteriorates at all levels.

What does a metabolic disorder threaten the body with?

The concept of “metabolism” includes several types of metabolism: fat (lipid), carbohydrate, protein, water-salt, tissue and others. Violation of any type of metabolism entails problems in the body.

Thus, a violation of lipid metabolism takes the body’s weight out of control, and at the cellular level the production and use of cholesterol fails. As a result, the so-called bad cholesterol, which leads to increased blood pressure, the development of atherosclerosis and other serious problems.

If violated water-salt metabolism, then stones form in the organs, and salts are deposited in the joints. Arthritis and gout are metabolic diseases of this type. Violation of the water-salt balance most quickly affects the appearance: the skin becomes dry and dull, shows early signs aging, swelling forms under the eyes.

Improper tissue metabolism leads to aging of the body, and mineral metabolism leads to mineral imbalance and many diseases. In other words, the problem of metabolism is systemic problem organism, which must also be solved in a complex manner.

Signs of metabolic disorders

When metabolism is disrupted in the body, the interaction and transformation of various compounds changes, an excess of intermediate metabolic products accumulates, and their excessive or incomplete release occurs. All this entails various diseases of the body systems.

There are many signs of metabolic disorders, and they depend on the characteristics of the body. However, there are several symptoms that clearly indicate one degree or another of imbalance.

Weight and appearance may be normal, but blood tests may show low hemoglobin, an abundance of salts and cholesterol. This clearly signals that the body has problems at the cellular level, which, in the absence of proper measures, can lead to metabolic syndrome and pre-diabetes.

Metabolic syndrome is already a clear manifestation of metabolic disorders with excess weight, high blood pressure, cholesterol and glucose. However, even before the blossoming of metabolic syndrome, a person experiences many signs of abnormal metabolism: weakness, even after sleep, reluctance to do anything, causeless headaches, the appearance of rashes and redness on the skin, acne, brittle nails, hair loss, intestinal problems.

Laziness and apathy, which they usually try to fight with the help of willpower and all sorts of things. psychological techniques, are nothing more than a sign of a violation of normal metabolic processes in the body. A person simply does not have enough energy for anything other than life.

So if you don’t want to do anything, you should first look at your metabolism, and only then look for psychological reasons.

Protein metabolism

Protein metabolism performs many functions in the body. Protein participates in chemical reactions and performs transport function, protects against infections, stops bleeding, contracts muscles, enters the frame of cell walls.

Symptoms of protein metabolism disorders in the body:

• decreased or lack of appetite;
• bowel dysfunction (constipation or diarrhea);
• increased protein in blood plasma;
• renal failure;
• osteoporosis;
• the appearance of gout and salt deposition;
• decreased immunity and frequent viral and bacterial infections;
• lethargy, drowsiness, general and muscle weakness;
• leads to weight loss up to dystrophy;
• in children and development, intelligence decreases.

Tests to check protein metabolism

To find out the state of protein metabolism, the following tests are necessary:
• proteinogram (for total protein, amount and ratio of albumin and globulins);
• liver check (urea level and thymol test);
• kidney check (creatinine, residual nitrogen and uric acid levels).

Lipid (fat) metabolism

The functions of lipids in the body are no less diverse. Adipose tissue protects organs from damage and hypothermia, produces female hormones, absorbs fat-soluble vitamins and carries out many other processes in the body.

If lipid metabolism is disrupted, the following symptoms are observed:

• in the blood;
• development of atherosclerosis of the brain, abdominal cavity, heart;
• increased blood pressure;
• obesity with complications;
• deficiency of fat-soluble vitamins and essential unsaturated fatty acids;

• hair loss, kidney damage, skin inflammation.

Standard tests to check lipid metabolism:

• for total cholesterol;
• lipoproteinogram.

Carbohydrate metabolism

Carbohydrates provide the body with energy, perform protective and structural functions, participate in the synthesis of DNA and RNA, regulate fat and protein metabolism, provide the brain with energy.

Signs of carbohydrate metabolism disorders:

• obesity or;
• increased glucose levels and development of ketoacidosis;
• hypoglycemia;
• drowsiness and general weakness;
• dyspnea;
• tremor of the limbs.

Tests to check carbohydrate metabolism include blood and urine sugar tests, a glucose tolerance test, and a glycated hemoglobin test.

If the balance of vitamins and minerals is disturbed, iron deficiency will manifest itself in the form of anemia, vitamin D deficiency in the form of rickets, and iodine deficiency in the form of endemic goiter. With a lack of water, all body functions are inhibited, and with excess, edema appears.

If pigment metabolism is disrupted, symptoms of porphyria or jaundice are detected.

To determine a metabolic disorder, it is enough to analyze the changes that have occurred in the body. Increase or sharp decline body weight, periodic “sore throat”, unquenchable feeling of thirst or hunger, increased irritability and hysterics, irregular periods, causeless tears and a tendency to depression, trembling hands or chin, puffiness of the face, appearance acne, hair loss on the head and increased hair growth on the face and hands, destruction of tooth enamel, poor wound healing, bruising, capillary fragility, hyperpigmentation, early gray hair, spots on the nails, as well as layered and brittle nails - all this indicates improper metabolism.

If you discover one or more signs, you need to contact an endocrinologist, get tested and start treatment. Violation of exchange for early stage very easy to adjust. Changing your lifestyle and diet will be one of the mandatory treatment methods.