Hitler's rise to power is a detailed history. Creation of the Nazi Party. Elections and Hitler's rise to power

On January 30, 1933, against the backdrop of an acute economic and political crisis in Germany, National Socialist leader Adolf Hitler became Reich Chancellor. This decision was made by the country's President Paul von Hindenburg. The 43-year-old politician received the right to form a new government, which he promised to make a coalition.

Hitler expressed the most radical ideas in the Weimar Republic (as the German state was called in 1919-1933). He believed that he personified the will of the people, although before coming to power, his party was supported by approximately a third of voters. The Reich Chancellor was an ardent opponent of democracy, parliamentarism and communism.

Hindenburg was promised to “restrain” the new head of government, but he showed himself to be an uncompromising political player in the first weeks after coming to power. In a country with deep democratic traditions, Hitler established a dictatorial regime, eliminating all political competitors.

Having established himself in Germany, in 1936 the Fuhrer began expanding in the international arena. After the annexation of the territories adjacent to Germany in September 1939, he unleashed a war that, according to various estimates, claimed the lives of 50 to 80 million people.

"Gift" to Hitler

The corporal's political career began in 1919, when he joined the German Workers' Party (the predecessor of Hitler's National Socialist German Workers' Party - NSDAP). It took the young politician only two years to become the authoritarian leader of the organization.

In November 1923, Hitler became the inspiration for the famous “Beer Hall Putsch,” an attempt to overthrow the “traitors in Berlin.” In 1924, the politician was sentenced to five years for high treason, but he was released from the Bavarian Landsberg prison after nine months.

After the Beer Hall Putsch, the Nazi Party was in a difficult situation. In the elections in December 1924, only 3% of voters voted for the NSDAP, four years later - 2.3%. In the second half of the 1920s, the Weimar Republic experienced economic growth, and Germans preferred to vote for moderate forces.

“The economic crisis of 1929-1933 was a real gift for Hitler. German industrial production collapsed by 40%. It was a real disaster. It was during this period that there was an explosive growth in the popularity of the NSDAP,” said Konstantin Sofronov, a researcher at the Institute of General History of the Russian Academy of Sciences, in an interview with RT.

Hitler sought to win the sympathy of all segments of society, but the emphasis was on rural residents, since they were the majority. In speeches to the peasants, the Fuhrer ridiculed the urban elite and the bourgeoisie.

In the cities, the NSDAP tried to create a cell in almost every large factory. At the same time, Hitler conducted negotiations in industrial circles, taking advantage of the desire of big capital to find stability and new markets. In the mid-1920s, he was supported by tycoons such as Gustav Krupp, Robert Bosch, Fritz Thyssen, and Alfred Hugenberg.

In addition, part of the German military elite sympathized with Hitler. Revanchist sentiments dominated among the senior officers. However, before 1933, a significant proportion of officers and veterans were loyal to the World War I hero President Hindenburg.

Populist and demagogue

Hitler's propaganda was based on the idea that the German people were oppressed due to the terms of the Versailles Peace Treaty. The document signed in 1919 deprived Germany of its “ancestral lands”. The country lost Alsace and Lorraine, rich in coal and steel, as well as a number of territories in the east. In addition, the victorious powers imposed a huge indemnity on Berlin and limited the possibilities for building up military power.

Hitler convinced the Germans of the meaninglessness of the democratic structure of the Weimar Republic. He constantly reminded society of the humiliation after the First World War and demanded the abolition of the parliamentary system and the capitalist system. The Fuhrer also emphasized the uniqueness of the German nation and spoke about the need to “unify” Germany, meaning the return of territories and colonies lost under the Treaty of Versailles.

“Hitler came up with banal ideas, without trying to explain what specific measures he was willing to take to make the lives of Germans better. He was confused about his own promises without even noticing it. Hitler was a demagogue and a populist, and his slogans were full of undisguised extremism,” explained Sofronov.

According to the political scientist, the Nazi leader learned to play on feelings of social injustice and superiority of the Germans over other nations. To ordinary people such a simplified approach of the leader of the NSDAP was flattering to reality and was more understandable than the propaganda of leftist forces.

By 1932, the number of NSDAP grew from 75 thousand to 1.5 million people, and in February 1933 the number of party ticket holders reached 12 million. In the early parliamentary elections of 1930, the NSDAP won 18.3% of the votes, in the Reichstag elections in November 1932 - 33.1%.

Police raid in Berlin, 1932
Bundesarchiv

In 1932, Hitler decided to take part in the presidential campaign. Thus, the Fuhrer challenged Hindenburg, the most authoritative politician of the Weimar Republic. The head of state won only in the second round, gaining 53% of the votes. Hitler was preferred by 36.8% of voters.

By 1933, Hitler had enormous influence on the socio-political life of Germany. However, the results of the parliamentary and presidential votes indicated that the leader of the NSDAP still remained the second figure in the state: he did not have the overwhelming majority of voters on his side.

“Formally, Hitler was nobody”

Experts interviewed by RT believe that until 1933, the authorities of the Weimar Republic could eliminate competition from Hitler relatively painlessly. However, a fatal role was played by the lack of consolidation in the democratic camp of Germany and the underestimation of the danger posed by the leader of the National Socialists.

The economic crisis of 1929–1933 plunged the Weimar Republic into political chaos. Whoever was in power could not curb unemployment and poverty and was forced to resign.

The situation in the country was also aggravated by the split in the left forces. The Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) and the Communist Party (KPD) were in a bitter confrontation. Coordinating his actions with Moscow, communist leader Ernst Thälmann refused any cooperation with the Social Democrats, whom he contemptuously called “social fascists.”

At the same time, the KPD sometimes behaved paradoxically: in certain situations it made a deal with the NSDAP, believing that Hitler’s rise to power should “accelerate the proletarian revolution.” Thus, in November 1932, the NSDAP and the KPD organized a joint strike of transport workers. Then Joseph Goebbels spoke on the same podium with representatives of the communists.

“The communists also supported some parliamentary actions of the National Socialists, focusing on the instructions of Moscow and the Comintern. However, I would not exaggerate the contribution of the KPD to the rise of the NSDAP. Completely different factors played an incomparably larger role,” the doctor stated in an interview with RT political sciences RSUH Natalya Rostislavleva, director of the Russian-German educational and scientific center.

Konstantin Sofronov recalled that until February 1932, Hitler, a native of Austria-Hungary, was in principle deprived of the opportunity to vote and be elected. In April 1925, the Fuhrer refused an Austrian passport and for almost seven years tried unsuccessfully to obtain German citizenship.

On February 25, 1932, the Minister of the Interior of Braunschweig, Dietrich Klagas (member of the NSDAP), appointed Hitler to the post of attaché of this state at the representative office in Berlin. Since the leader of the NSDAP took a position in the civil service, the state was obliged to issue him a passport as a German citizen.

“From a formal point of view, Hitler, given his criminal record and lack of citizenship, was a nobody. The authorities of the Weimar Republic had many tools to curb the leader of the NSDAP. Suffice it to say that he demanded the destruction of the foundations of the constitutional system. In the end, Hitler could simply have been physically eliminated,” Sofronov noted.

However, as the expert argues, Hitler’s triumph was led to a monstrous underestimation of his capabilities on the part of all political forces. According to Sofronov, a situation developed in Germany where the authorities responded to the insolence and impudence of the NSDAP with half-hearted measures until January 1933.

"Bohemian Corporal"

He began to advance to the post of Reich Chancellor in mid-1932 through behind-the-scenes negotiations with statesmen close to Hindenburg, in particular through Franz von Papen, who was the head of government from June 1 to November 17, 1932.

On January 9, 1933, von Papen persuaded the 86-year-old head of state to accept Hitler’s conditions, although Hindenburg had previously categorically refused to cooperate with the “Bohemian corporal.” It is believed that the field marshal agreed to the Fuhrer's candidacy in exchange for von Papen's promise to “contain” his aggressive ardor. To achieve this, von Papen had to take the post of vice-chancellor in the future coalition government under Hitler.

Reich Chancellor Adolf Hitler and Reich President Paul von Hindenburg, March 21, 1933
Bundesarchiv

Before his appointment, the leader of the NSDAP held successful negotiations with the current Reich Chancellor Kurt von Schleicher, who was the link between the political and military elites.

The Fuhrer also made a deal with the capitalists, whom he, speaking to the people, promised to destroy. The conductor of Hitler's interests in financial and industrial circles was media tycoon Alfred Hugenberg, chairman of the German National People's Party. The leader of the NSDAP promised to allocate him two ministerial portfolios.

On January 27, 1932, in Düsseldorf, Hitler spoke to 300 representatives of large German businesses. The economic course announced by Hitler in general terms suited the business elite of the Weimar Republic.

“Naturally, when communicating with capitalists, the Fuhrer’s rhetoric was completely different than when communicating with workers. There was no talk of any classless society or nationalization of enterprises. Hitler assured businesses that he would preserve the capitalist system and provide the tycoons with large government orders, coupled with a powerless workforce in the form of political prisoners,” Rostislavleva emphasized.

According to Sofronov, the oligarchs of that time supported Hitler, since he was “an opponent of communism and an ardent anti-Semite.”

“The industrialists hoped to take over the assets owned by the Jews. At the same time, the attitude towards Hitler was quite arrogant. He was perceived as an upstart and a tool thanks to which Germany could find long-awaited stability,” said RT’s interlocutor.

"There will be no mercy"

Having received the post of Reich Chancellor, Hitler kept his promise to form a coalition government. Von Papen became vice-chancellor, Hugenberg was given the portfolios of Minister of Economics and Minister of Agriculture.

Members of the NSDAP received only two ministerial posts - Wilhelm Frick was appointed head of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, and Hermann Goering became minister without portfolio. The cabinet of ministers included mainly representatives of conservative forces. Hitler insisted that Jewish and Communist candidates be excluded from the start.

On January 30, 1933, Hitler vowed to work for the “rebirth of the German nation.” On the same day, he proclaimed a course for “racial cleansing” of society, which involved discrimination against all “non-Aryan” peoples, primarily Jews and Gypsies.

Already on February 1, the Reich Chancellor obtained permission from Hindenburg to announce another early parliamentary election. At that time, the NSDAP did not have an overwhelming majority in the Reichstag: sympathy for the SPD and KPD was still very strong. To discredit the left forces, the assault troops (military wing of the NSDAP - SA) organized the arson of the Reichstag building, blaming the Dutch communist Marinus van der Lubbe.

Fire brigade in the burned Reichstag, 1933
globallookpress.com
Scherl

Hitler declared that he would not allow a “communist uprising” and began massive repressions against leftist forces. In March 1933, several thousand communists and the head of the KPD, Ernst Thälmann, who was executed in Buchenwald in August 1944, were arrested.

“There will be no mercy: whoever stands in our way will be destroyed. The German people will not understand softness. Every communist functionary will be shot wherever he is caught. The communist deputies should be hanged that very night. Everyone who is in any way connected with the communists should be arrested. Now the Social Democrats with the Reichsbanner (a faction controlled by the SPD. - RT) there will be no more mercy,” Hitler said.

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In August 1933, Hitler established a one-party system. On February 28, the activities of the KPD were banned, on June 22 - the SPD, and in June-July all right-wing parties dissolved themselves. The construction of the Nazi state in Germany was completed with the death of Hindenburg (August 2, 1934) - by his decree, Hitler combined the post of president with the head of government.

“Hitler quickly established a regime favorable to him and returned the country to the world stage. The end of the economic crisis helped him in this, first of all. Therefore, many turned a blind eye to the outrages of the stormtroopers and the violence in the Fuhrer’s politics. Of course, there were those who disagreed, but the moment to present a united front had already passed,” Rostislavleva said in an interview with RT.

In her opinion, the interweaving of many factors led to Hitler’s triumph, creating a truly unique precedent in world history. The neutral position of the United States and the contradictions between the European powers and the USSR played an important role. Great Britain, France and the United States were ready to make concessions to the Fuhrer, believing that he was a “lesser evil” than Stalin, and at the same time an outpost on the path of the “red plague”.

“The end to this dispute has not yet been set. But in our time we can say that Hitler's rise was made possible by an underestimation of the danger he posed from internal German forces, the West and Moscow. The leader of the NSDAP was not taken seriously, believing that in response to concessions he would allow himself to be used for other people’s purposes,” Rostislavleva concluded.

Almost 70 years have passed since Adolf Hitler committed suicide. However, his colorful political figure still arouses interest among historians who want to understand how a modest young artist without an academic education was able to lead the German nation into a state of mass psychosis and become an ideologist and initiator of the bloodiest crimes in world history. So what were the reasons for Hitler's rise to power, how did this process take place and what preceded this event?

The beginning of a political biography

The future Fuhrer of the German nation was born in 1889. The beginning of his political career can be considered 1919, when Hitler left the army and joined the German Workers' Party. Just six months later, during a party meeting, he proposed renaming this organization the NSDAP and proclaimed his 25-point organization. His ideas resonated with the residents of Munich. It is therefore not surprising that at the end of the first party congress, held in 1923, stormtroopers marched through the city, in which more than 5,000 people took part. Thus began the story of Hitler's rise to power.

Activities of the NSDAP in the period from 1923 to 1933

The next significant event in the history of the National Socialists was the so-called Beer Hall Putsch, during which a three-thousand-strong column of stormtroopers led by Hitler tried to seize the building of the Ministry of Defense. They were repelled by a police detachment, and the leaders of the riots were tried. In particular, Hitler was sentenced to 5 years in prison. However, he spent only a few months in prison and paid a fine of 200 marks in gold. Once free, Hitler developed a stormy thanks to his efforts in the elections of 1930, and then 1932, his party received larger number seats in parliament, becoming a significant political force. Thus, they were created political conditions making it possible for Hitler to come to power. Germany during this period was in the grip of the crisis that broke out in Europe in 1929.

Economic reasons for Hitler's rise to power

According to historians, the NSDAP, which lasted about 10 years, played a major role in the political successes of the NSDAP. It hit us very hard and created a 7.5 million-strong army of unemployed people. Suffice it to say that almost 350,000 workers took part in the strike of miners in the city of Ruhr in 1931. In such conditions, the role of the German Communist Party increased, which caused concern among the financial elite and large industrialists, who relied on the NSDAP as the only power capable of resisting the communists.

Appointment to the post of head of the cabinet of ministers

At the beginning, President Hindenburg received a large bribe from German magnates who demanded the appointment of the head of the NSDAP to the post of Reich Chancellor. The old soldier, who lived his life saving every pfennig, could not resist, and already on January 30, Hitler occupied one of the most important posts in Germany. In addition, there were rumors that there was blackmail related to the financial fraud of Hindenburg's son. But the appointment to the post of head of the cabinet of ministers did not mean Hitler’s coming to power, since only the Reichstag could pass laws, and at that time the National Socialists did not have required quantity mandates.

Massacre of Communists and the Night of the Long Knives

Just a few weeks after Hitler's appointment, the Reichstag building was set on fire. As a result, the Communist Party was accused of preparing to seize power in the country, and President Hindenburg signed a decree granting the cabinet of ministers emergency powers.

Having received carte blanche, Hitler ordered the arrest of about 4,000 Communist Party activists and forced the announcement of new elections to the Reichstag, in which his party got almost 44% of the votes. The next force capable of complicating Hitler's rise to power were the assault troops, led by Ernst Rehm. To neutralize this organization, the Nazis staged a pogrom, which later became known as the “Night of the Long Knives.” Almost a thousand people became victims of massacres, including most of the SA leaders.

Referendum

On August 2, 1934, President Hindenburg died. This event accelerated Hitler's rise to power, as he managed to replace the early elections with a referendum. When it was held on August 19, 1934, voters were asked to answer just one question, which read as follows: “Do you agree that the posts of president and chancellor be combined?” After the votes were counted, it turned out that the majority of voters supported the proposed reform state power. As a result, the post of president was abolished.

Fuhrer and Reich Chancellor

According to most researchers, the year Hitler came to power was 1934. After all, after the referendum on August 19, he became not only the head of the cabinet, but also the Supreme Commander-in-Chief, to whom the army had to personally swear allegiance. Moreover, for the first time in the history of the country he was awarded the title of Fuhrer and Reich Chancellor. At the same time, some historians believe that when Hitler’s rise to power is considered, the date January 30, 1933 is more important, since it was from then on that he and the party he led were able to exert a significant influence on the domestic and foreign policy of Germany. Be that as it may, a dictator appeared in Europe, as a result of whose actions millions of people on three continents were killed.

Germany. Hitler's rise to power: consequences for domestic politics and economics (1934-1939)

In the first years after the establishment of dictatorship in the country, a new ideology began to take root in the consciousness of its citizens, based on three pillars: revanchism, anti-Semitism and belief in the exclusivity of the German nation. Very soon, Germany, in which Hitler’s rise to power was predetermined, among other things, by foreign policy reasons, began to experience economic growth. The number of unemployed fell sharply, large-scale reforms were launched in the industrial sector, and various actions were carried out aimed at improving social status poor Germans. At the same time, any dissent was nipped in the bud, including through mass repressions, which were often sincerely supported by law-abiding burghers, happy that the government was isolating or even destroying Jews or communists who, as they believed, were interfering with the formation of Greater Germany. By the way, the outstanding oratorical abilities of Goebbels and the Fuhrer himself played a significant role in this. In general, when you watch “Double-Headed Eagle. Hitler's Coming to Power" is a film by Lutz Becker, almost entirely based on newsreel footage filmed from the beginning of the November revolution in Germany to the book auto-da-fé - you understand how easy it is to manipulate public consciousness. However, it is puzzling that we're talking about not about a few hundred or even thousands of religious fanatics, but about a nation of many millions, which has always been considered one of the most enlightened in Europe.

The rise to power of Hitler, briefly described above, is one of the textbook examples of how a dictator came to power democratically, plunging the planet into the chaos of a world war.

When the Third Reich collapsed, the Germans repented and were surprised at their naivety: how could they succumb to the witchcraft spells of this demon-tempter? What mystery lies behind Hitler's sudden rise to power? What kind of sorcerers cast spells on him?

His image, combining incredible cruelty with devilish charisma, seems extraordinary because he committed crimes on an unprecedented scale. If you imagine him in the guise of the head of a family or a minor employee, then this hypocrisy of a sadist, devoid of any scale, will only cause disgust.

If history had not placed at the disposal of the Fuhrer a whole people who were confused and made him their mouthpiece, Adolf Hitler, a plebeian half-educated, unsympathetic type who, slurping, devoured vegetarian soup and cakes, would have eked out a miserable existence as a born misanthrope and loser.

“In heavy boots and a leather coat and with this strange mustache,” this is how one of his future comrades saw him, “he looked like a waiter in a station restaurant. His starched collar, pinned with a safety pin made of fake gold, had completely lost its shape. He wiped his face with it , which used to be a handkerchief."

At the beginning of his political career, Hitler preferred belted raincoats, like those worn by private detectives in films of the 20s. He introduced himself to his mistress Eva Braun as Herr Wolf, Mr. Wolf - he liked to surround himself with an aura of mystery and did not call his name, but his party pseudonym. There was something feminine in his manner of eating, raising a cup to his lips, and drinking coffee. Over the years, his facial features became harsher, and a somewhat arrogant and firm expression appeared. He mastered the art of shaking hands with special meaning. I learned to look people in the eye and, as it were, deeply - few people can do this. An unblinking gaze suppresses insecure people. A smile, a gesture, a pose - everything was practiced in front of a mirror.

Theater tricks

Each of Hitler's speeches was built like a theatrical production. The march of stormtroopers, the carrying of banners, military music - all this prepared the crowd. Hitler appeared at a moment when the crowd was already becoming impatient. He spoke his first words in a calm tenor, quietly, sometimes after a minute pause. In the 20s there was no electrical amplification of the voice, and he had to scream. He tried to speak as much as possible in a low voice. He was waiting for the reaction of the audience, shouts that helped him feel the atmosphere of the crowd and tune in to it. After about 15 minutes, it was as if the devil had possessed him.

“Everything that came before is destroyed,” Hitler shouted at rallies. “Everything that once seemed great has been trampled underfoot. We see one mistake after another, failure after failure, disaster after disaster. Timidity, lethargy, hopelessness - that's what we see. Millions of people lost their savings, millions were left without work. But the people responsible for our misfortunes are still at the helm! We will destroy them! You must believe me. With skeptics it is impossible to conquer the world; with them it is impossible to storm either the heavens or the state.

The rallies with his participation were distinguished by a special sensual atmosphere. He delivered speeches that brought listeners to ecstasy. It is no coincidence that Hitler believed that the crowd embodied the feminine principle. It was not the woman who aroused his erotic feelings, but the crowd, obedient to his words. He once called Germany his "only bride." He addressed himself mainly to women. They were the main participants in his rallies. And the whole action is emphasized masculine - drums, marches, banners and men in uniform and boots. His voice enchanted women.

As a matter of fact, he uttered continuous platitudes, but in these moments of complete fusion they acquired the power of prophecy. Sometimes he closed his eyes and covered his face with clenched fists, overwhelmed by high-intensity emotions. As he left the podium, Hitler felt a strange combination of intoxication and stupor. Hitler was completely dependent on the reaction of the crowd. If someone expressed disagreement, he lost the thread, got confused, stopped speaking and left. Without the crowd's enthusiasm, he wilted. He was deprived of natural courage, suffered painfully from failures and instantly capitulated. Defeat caused him confusion and despair. As soon as he finished his performance, he immediately left. He did not allow a discussion to begin and did not answer questions so as not to disrupt the psychological mood.

Munich history professor Karl Alexander von Müller recalled: “He passed very close to me. Harsh and pale face, a cold fire blazing in the eyes, which seem to be looking for an enemy in order to crush him. Does the crowd give him this mystical power? Or does he radiate this power that is transmitted to the crowd? The middle class, depressed and in decline, lifted him up. But he is not one of them. He appeared from somewhere out of deep darkness."

Fear as the main motive

Hitler's success lay in the fact that the crowd in Germany at that time was tuned in to the same wavelength as him. Hitler proceeded from the fact that everyone who came to listen to him just felt small, lonely, no one the right person who is unable to cope with his problems. And suddenly he finds himself among many like-minded people, and he is captured by the heady feeling of belonging to a powerful force. Hitler's success was not so much political as psychological.

He caught the mood of the people. I learned to manage the emotions of confused and embittered people who have not accepted the changes in their lives and in the life of the country. The Fuhrer personified the dreams and fantasies of the Germans, he expressed their deepest desires and hopes.

The Germans lived no worse than other Europeans. But the Germans failed to cope with the freedom they received after the collapse of the empire. Freedom required independence in views and decisions. The Germans were confused and convinced that all the troubles were due to democracy imposed by the West, anti-national liberalism and the power of plutocrats (nowadays they would say oligarchs). Not having the habit of independence in actions and thoughts, they were at a loss without instructions from above. They longed for reliable, strong power that would save them from uncertainty, from the need to determine their own lives. Hitler not only convinced those present of his fantastic abilities, but also became confident in them. He returned to the Germans, who painfully experienced the collapse of the empire, the feeling of belonging to a great power and the feeling that the master had returned to the country. A shameless demagogue, he promised that he would take on all the problems, and order would finally reign if only those who were in the way were destroyed...

He was brought to power

Hitler's rise to power was not, as is commonly believed, a logical consequence of the entire German history, Prussian militarism, and so on. The idea that the Germans themselves chose the Fuhrer is also erroneous. The Nazis had the largest faction in the Reichstag, but they did not represent the majority of Germans. At the end of 1932, interest in the Fuhrer had already begun to decline. The peak of popularity has passed. In the next elections, even fewer voters would have voted for the Nazis, and Adolf Hitler would have remained the loud leader of the opposition party. But a number influential people, guided by their own interests, helped him climb to the top. Otherwise he would never have come to power.

The National Socialists gathered everyone who was dissatisfied with the republic. The Republic was perceived as the embodiment of cultural decay and moral bankruptcy. Blame for economic problems attributed to the parliamentary structure, responsibility for the troubles was placed on the democrats.

There was no unity among people of democratic beliefs. All any significant figures were at odds with each other. The split among the democrats, their almost mystical inability to consolidate, and their inability to discern and evaluate the real enemy turned out to be fatal for the fate of democracy in the country. It was not possible to create a bloc of moderate, responsible parties that support the constitution, and thereby repel extremists. Party or personal likes and dislikes prevailed over national interests.

One German writer, who was destined to die in a concentration camp, wrote in disappointment on the eve of the National Socialists coming to power: “What should I do? Fight for the republic? For which one? For this one? But she herself doesn’t want that.” Many believed that the republic was rotten and there was no point in trying to improve it. Let it fall apart, and in its place something new, bright and beautiful will appear. The left mockingly watched Hitler and said that, perhaps, it even makes sense to give the Fuhrer power for a short time, so that he would quickly show his incompetence and fail miserably. Hitler's opponents fought each other and cleared the way for him. And they had the opportunity to stop him. The fight against the Nazis would have been bloody. But this is probably better than 12 years of Nazi dictatorship.

Hitler destroyed Germany

Literally the next day after the Nazis came to power, everything changed. A tough regime quickly took shape, in which not only resistance to power, but also the expression of doubts about its correctness was like death. Those who disagreed disappeared, but the number of those who agreed multiplied before our eyes. Even if they did not share the views of the leader, they felt a desire to obey. A unique feature of national socialism is the abundance of obedient executors, ready to carry out any order. There was only one party left in the country, and the people enthusiastically voted for it.

When Germany elected Adolf Hitler as its leader in January 1933, the fate of the country was sealed. Germany abandoned capitalism, parliamentary democracy and went its own special way. A special path led the country to the Third Reich, world war and complete disaster. Hitler himself believed in his greatness and infallibility. The adulation of the army of officials and the sweet flattery of propaganda only strengthened the Fuhrer’s confidence that the fate of Germany was in his hands and he alone was capable of achieving victory in the future grandiose battle. He considered himself chosen by Providence to lead the country and the world. The bulk of the Germans were convinced that Hitler was succeeding and were ready to carry out any of his orders.

Exactly 85 years ago, Adolf Hitler came to power in Germany. More precisely, on January 30, 1933, the head of the NSDAP was brought to power. The United States stood behind the Nazis. Great Britain and France, and the goal of this operation was to start a war in Europe and destroy the USSR. The whole process of dragging Hitler into power is described in two of my books and

I bring to your attention an article from a resource reader Vladislav Terpigin from Moscow, which provides a brief analysis of this Western special operation.

Hitler and the NSDAP did not win the elections, receiving a majority of the German votes. On the contrary, when it became clear that the people of Germany would not give 51% of the votes to the Nazis, another mechanism was used to push Hitler into the post of chancellor.

Political giveaways of Weimar Germany or the story of how Adolf Hitler came to power after “winning” the elections

January 30, 1933 is forever inscribed in the history of mankind in black colors. A little more than 6 years will pass and Germany will unleash the bloodiest war of all time. But now we will not talk about this, but about how this could have happened, about how Adolf Hitler gained power. It is these questions that have left many blank spots in history, providing its experts with food for research. But the situation is exactly the opposite, woe is it - historians to this day continue to rewrite the same set of myths and fables from book to book, turning a blind eye to many obvious things. Although if you look closely, you can see consistent steps towards surrendering power to the Nazis.

In popular historiography, the myth is widely circulated that Hitler came to power as a result of fair and democratic elections and was nothing more than the salvation of Germany from the chaos into which it plunged after the First World War. Is this true? Let's find out!

To understand the complexity of the political situation in Germany on the eve of the Nazis coming to power, it is worth noting that in 1932, between July and November, the Germans elected their federal Parliament, the Reichstag, twice. The main competition for power took place among the Social Democratic, National Socialist and communist parties. The Social Democrats, who consider themselves the ruling party and the founders of the Weimar Republic, saw a decline in support in society with the onset of the economic recession. Unprecedented financial support from the West brought the NSDAP out of the marginal political spectrum of Germany. The results of Hitler's party fluctuated greatly and reached their peak in the summer of 1932. So, in the elections on July 31, the NSDAP gained the support of 37.3% of Germans, which of course is not even a simple majority.

Contrary to hopes, the formal victory in the elections did not allow Hitler to reach the heights of power. Franz von Papen retained his post as chancellor. We will return to this iconic character in the history of the Nazis’ rise to power, but for now let’s delve a little into the history of the issue under consideration. Weimar Germany, although with some stretch, can be called a parliamentary republic. According to its constitution, adopted in 1919, significant powers were concentrated in the hands of the head of government. The Reich Chancellor was appointed by the president of the country from among the ruling parliamentary majority. A similar order existed until March 1930, when the ruling coalition of Social Democrats led by Hermann Müller, in conditions of worsening economic crisis mired in inter-party disputes over budget issues and taxes. Heinrich Brüning, who replaced Müller, was a minority chancellor, and with his policy, “relying on the confidence of the president,” paved the way for the establishment of a dictatorship in Germany. The role of parliament in making decisions of national importance was curtailed. This is how, “under the guise” of the economic crisis, one of the combination’s first moves was made to surrender power to the Nazis.

But back in 1932, the July elections to the Reichstag put von Papen's cabinet in a difficult position. The Nazi faction put an end to almost any government initiative; attempts to form a coalition without the Nazis were nipped in the bud by the reluctance to make any concessions. As a result, in September 1932, von Papen came up with nothing better than to dissolve parliament and call new elections. The threat of even further strengthening the position of the NSDAP did not bother anyone, because it was just another move in political giveaways. The Nazis greeted the dissolution of the Reichstag and the calling of new elections with great enthusiasm, believing that the seizure of power was just a stone's throw away. Hitler opened wide election campaign in the hope of now finally becoming a parliamentary majority. But the election results received on November 6, 1932 were disappointing. The NSDAP collapsed, losing the support of 2 million voters, having already received 33.1% of the vote. Hitler's hopes for the chancellorship were fading before our eyes. And it would seem that the current situation opens up the opportunity to completely remove the Nazis from power by forming a coalition of left-wing parties that have achieved impressive success in the elections. Instead, Papen creates even more confusion in the political situation and resigns. But the prospect of a quiet “political retirement” did not suit Papen, and attempts to bring the begun combination to the original goal, namely the rise of Adolf Hitler to power, continued.

It's time to get to know this German politician a little more. The future chancellor was born on October 29, 1879 in small town Werl in northern Germany. In 1905, he successfully married the daughter of Europe's largest ceramics manufacturer. In 1913, he was appointed to the post of military attaché in the United States, from where, however, he was soon expelled “for espionage and subversive activities.” He continued his military service at the headquarters of the German group in the Middle East, where he became closely acquainted with the son of the future president of Weimar Germany, Paul von Hindenburg. After demobilization in 1918, he entered politics, where he achieved considerable success. In 1921-1932 he headed the largest faction of the center in the Prussian Parliament. He widely supported the election of Hindenburg as president, thanks to which he received his trust and later, in the early summer of 1932, the position of chancellor. Chancellor Kurt von Schleicher, who replaced Papen in early December, did not abandon hopes of forming a new broad coalition. Hitler received an offer to join the new government as vice-chancellor. His public refusal caused a split within the NSDAP. Increasingly, voices began to be heard criticizing Hitler for his refusal to join the coalition government, except in the role of its head. On December 8, 1932, the head of the party organization Gregor Strasser, an ardent supporter of joining the coalition, was forced to resign. Hitler acted quickly to avoid a split in the party, fired Strasser's known supporters and personally appealed to the undecided. In a short whirlwind tour of the country, Hitler held talks with groups of party functionaries, convincing them of the correctness of his position. Why was Hitler so confident that he was right? Was it because he knew for sure that the forces that introduced him into the German political system with the goal of bringing him to power would not abandon the matter halfway?

And as we now know, he was absolutely right. At the beginning of the new year 1933, Franz von Papen returned to the political scene. This time he is conducting behind-the-scenes negotiations with Hitler regarding his chancellorship. The negotiations, kindly organized by the future Foreign Minister Ribbentrop at his country villa, would soon be crowned with success. Although, as a few witnesses would later say, less than two weeks before Hitler's appointment, Papen considered such a prospect very unlikely, due to the fact that this decision would not be approved by Hindenburg. A series of such behind-the-scenes meetings will follow, at which Hitler will again and again reduce his appetite regarding the party composition of the new cabinet. And on January 28, 1933, von Papen announced that after a long conversation with Hindenburg, he considered Hitler’s chancellorship possible. Official appointment Adolf Hitler's appointment as chancellor will take place on January 30. The final conditions were simple: Hitler becomes prime minister, bringing with him only two ministers from the NSDAP, while von Papen himself is content with the modest position of his “deputy.”

But the happiness did not last long; in the summer of 1934, on the night of the long knives, von Papen’s office was captured and searched by the Gestapo. During the search, the vice-chancellor's press adviser was shot dead. Von Papen himself found himself virtually under house arrest for three days. This was followed by an appointment as Ambassador of the Third Reich to Austria, where von Papen assiduously promoted Hitler's interests. After the annexation of Austria (Anschluss), the former chancellor's diplomatic career included Turkey, where he tried with no less diligence to prevent it from entering the war against Germany. After the collapse of Nazism in May 1945, he was arrested and a year later appeared before the Nuremberg Tribunal and was... acquitted!

The myth of the “honest and democratic” rise of the Nazis to power is finally shattered by the fact that even in the next elections to the Reichstag in March 1933, under conditions of strict censorship and the banning of a number of political parties, the NSDAP received just over 43% of the votes! Thus, the Nazis did not have any overwhelming support from the population, which some historians so zealously insist on. Hitler's rise to power is nothing more than a brilliantly played game of giveaway, which we have seen more than once in history, including in our country

Hitler's rise to power

On January 30, 1933, 86-year-old President Hindenburg appointed the head of the NSDAP, Adolf Hitler, Reich Chancellor of Germany. That same day, the superbly organized stormtroopers concentrated on their assembly points. In the evening, with lighted torches, they walked past the presidential palace, in one window of which stood Hindenburg, and in the other, Hitler.

According to official figures, 25,000 people took part in the torchlight procession. It lasted for several hours. This was the beginning of the 12-year Reich.

February 18, 1932 Hitler becomes a German citizen. While still an Austrian, the future Fuhrer fought on the side of Germany in the First World War, for which he even received the Iron Cross, First Class. Having lost his Austrian citizenship after the war - because he was hiding from the Austrian authorities in Bavaria, Hitler for many years lived without citizenship at all, which did not prevent him from becoming the leader of the National Socialist Party of Germany (NSDAP) in 1921. And if back in 1930 he flatly refused the opportunity to obtain German citizenship “not directly”, but through party support, then in the winter of 1932 he did exactly this: the state government, located in Braunschweig and full of Hitler’s party friends, chose him for the post of State Councilor, which automatically means permission to obtain German citizenship. Why such a drastic change in moral principles? In March 1932, elections for the President of the Reich are coming up, and the National Socialists, represented by Goebbels, are nominating the 43-year-old party leader.

The first round of elections, held on March 13, does not bring any of the candidates the required absolute majority, although the Social Democratic candidate Paul von Hindenburg, with his 49.6 percent, is only 170 thousand votes short of victory. Hitler gets "second place" with a significant margin of 30.1 percent, although he is significantly ahead of the German communist candidate Ernst Thälmann with 13.2 percent.

German poster: “One people, one Reich, one Fuhrer!”

The second round of elections, held on April 10, although bringing victory to Hindenburg, still improves the results of the National Socialists by six percentage points. After Hitler’s failure in these elections, time seems to play into the hands of the National Socialists: victories in subsequent state elections (Prussia, Berlin, Wittenberg, but not Hamburg!) significantly strengthen the position of the party, but do not bring it a preponderance of forces in the government, and elections in The Reichstag on July 31, 1932 ends with the victory of Hitler's party (37.4 percent against 21.6 percent received by the Socialists and 14.5 percent by the Communists), but not yet a personal victory for Hitler. President von Hindenburg is ready, that is, forced, to offer Hitler the post of vice-chancellor, the Fuhrer's party comrades are also ready for this compromise, but Hitler himself demands the post of chancellor for himself.

On January 30, 1933, a newly minted German citizen gains absolute power in the German state.

Hitler left the Landsberg fortress on December 20, 1924. He had a plan of action. At first, cleanse the NSDAP of “factionalists,” introduce iron discipline and the principle of “Führerism,” that is, autocracy, then strengthen its army, the SA, and destroy the rebellious spirit there.

Already on February 27, Hitler made a speech in the Bürgerbräukeller (all Western historians refer to it), where he directly stated: “I alone lead the Movement and am personally responsible for it. And again, I alone am responsible for everything that happens in the Movement... Either the enemy will walk over our corpses, or we will walk over his...”

Accordingly, at the same time, Hitler carried out another “rotation” of personnel. However, at first he could not get rid of his most strong opponents- Strasser and Rehm. Although he began to push them into the background immediately.

The purge of the party ended with Hitler creating his own “party court” in 1926 - the Investigative and Arbitration Committee. Its chairman, Walter Buch, fought against “sedition” in the ranks of the NSDAP until 1945.

However, at that time, Hitler’s party could not count on success at all. The situation in Germany gradually stabilized. Inflation has declined. Unemployment has decreased. Industrialists managed to modernize the German economy. French troops left the Ruhr. Stresemann's government managed to conclude some agreements with the West.

The pinnacle of Hitler's success during this period was the first party congress in August 1927 in Nuremberg. In 1927–1928, that is, five or six years before coming to power, heading a still relatively weak party, Hitler created a “shadow government” in the NSDAP - political department II.

Goebbels was the head of the propaganda department from 1928. An equally important “invention” of Hitler were local Gauleiters, that is, Nazi bosses in individual lands. Huge Gauleiter headquarters replaced after 1933 the administrative bodies created in Weimar Germany.

In 1930–1933 In Germany there was a fierce struggle for votes. One election followed another. Pumped up with money from the German reaction, the Nazis were striving for power with all their might. In 1933 they wanted to get it from President Hindenburg. But to do this, they had to create the appearance of support for the NSDAP party among broad sections of the population. Otherwise, Hitler would not have seen the post of chancellor. For Hindenburg had his favorites - von Papen, Schleicher: it was with their help that it was “most convenient” for him to rule the 70 million German people.

Hitler never received an absolute majority of votes in an election. And an important obstacle on his way were the extremely strong parties of the working class - the Social Democratic and Communist. In 1930, the Social Democrats won 8,577,000 votes, the Communists 4,592,000, and the Nazis 6,409,000. In the elections of June 1932, the Nazis reached their peak: they received 13,745,000 ballots. In December the situation was as follows: the Social Democrats received 7,248,000 votes, the Communists strengthened their positions - 5,980,000 votes, the Nazis - 11,737,000 votes. In other words, the advantage was always on the side of the workers' parties. The number of ballots cast for Hitler and his party, even at the apogee of their career, did not exceed 37.3 percent.

Already on January 30, 1933, a discussion took place on measures directed against the German Communist Party. The next day, Hitler spoke on the radio. “Give us a four-year sentence. Our task is to fight against communism.”

Hitler fully took into account the effect of surprise. He not only did not allow the anti-Nazi forces to unite and consolidate, he literally stunned them, took them by surprise and very soon completely defeated them. This was the Nazis' first blitzkrieg on their own territory.

February 1 – dissolution of the Reichstag. New elections are scheduled for March 5. A ban on all open-air communist rallies (they were, of course, not given halls).

On February 2, the presidential order “On the Protection of the German People” was issued, effectively banning meetings and newspapers criticizing Nazism. Unofficial authorization of “preventive arrests” without appropriate legal sanctions. Dissolution of city and municipal parliaments in Prussia.

February 7 – Goering’s “Shooting Decree”, permission for the police to use weapons. The SA, SS and Steel Helmet are brought in to help the police. Two weeks later, armed detachments of the SA, SS, and “Steel Helmet” came to Goering’s disposal as auxiliary police.

February 27 – Reichstag fire. On the night of February 28, approximately ten thousand communists, social democrats, and people of progressive views were arrested. The Communist Party and some Social Democratic organizations are prohibited.

February 28 – presidential order “On the protection of the people and the state.” In fact, a declaration of a state of emergency with all the ensuing consequences.

At the beginning of March, Thälmann was arrested, the militant organization of the Social Democrats, the Reichsbanner (Iron Front), was banned, first in Thuringia, and by the end of the month in all German states.

On March 21, a presidential decree “On Betrayal” was issued, directed against statements that harm “the well-being of the Reich and the reputation of the government,” and “extraordinary courts” were created. Concentration camps are mentioned for the first time. By the end of the year, over 100 of them will be created.

At the end of March, the law on the death penalty is published. Introduced death penalty by hanging.

March 31 – the first law on the deprivation of rights to individual lands. Dissolution of state parliaments (except the Prussian parliament).

April 7 – second law on deprivation of land rights. The return of all titles and orders abolished in 1919. The Law on the Status of Officials, the return of their previous rights. Persons “unreliable” and “non-Aryan origin” were excluded from the corps of officials.

May 2 – appointment of “imperial governors” subordinate to Hitler (in most cases former Gauleiters) in certain lands.

May 7 – “purge” among writers and artists. Publication of “blacklists” of “not (truly) German writers.” Confiscation of their books in stores and libraries. The number of banned books is 12,409, and the number of banned authors is 141.

June 22 – ban on the Social Democratic Party, arrests of the remaining functionaries of this party.

From June 27 to July 14 – self-dissolution of all parties that have not yet been banned. Prohibition of creating new parties. The actual establishment of a one-party system. Law depriving all emigrants of German citizenship. The Hitler salute becomes mandatory for civil servants.

August 1 – renunciation of the right to pardon in Prussia. Immediate execution of sentences. Introduction of the guillotine.

August 25 – a list of persons deprived of citizenship is published, among them are communists, socialists, liberals, and representatives of the intelligentsia.

September 22 – Law on “imperial cultural guilds” - states of writers, artists, musicians. An actual ban on the publication, performance, and exhibition of works by all those who are not members of the chamber.

November 12 – elections to the Reichstag under a one-party system. Referendum on Germany's withdrawal from the League of Nations.

November 24 – the law “On the detention of repeat offenders after they have served their sentence.” By “recidivists” we mean political prisoners.

December 1 – the law “on ensuring the unity of the party and the state.” Personal union between party Fuhrers and major government functionaries.

December 16 - mandatory permission from the authorities for parties and trade unions (extremely powerful during the Weimar Republic), democratic institutions and rights are completely forgotten: freedom of the press, freedom of conscience, freedom of movement, freedom of strikes, meetings, demonstrations. Finally, creative freedom. From a rule of law state, Germany has turned into a country of total lawlessness. Any citizen, for any slander, without any legal sanctions, could be put in a concentration camp and kept there forever. The “lands” (regions) in Germany, which had great rights, were completely deprived of them.

In order to get the support of big capital, even before 1933, Hitler said: “Do you really think I’m so crazy that I want to destroy the German large industry? Entrepreneurs at the expense business qualities won a leading position. And on the basis of selection, which proves their pure race (!), they have the right to supremacy.” During the same year of 1933, Hitler gradually prepared to subjugate both industry and finance and make them an appendage of his military-authoritarian state.

The military plans that he hid at the first stage, the stage of the “national revolution”, even from close circle, dictated their own laws - it was necessary to arm Germany to the teeth as soon as possible. And this required extremely intense and focused work, investment of capital in certain industries, and the creation of conditions for economic “autarky” (self-sufficiency).

The capitalist economy, already in the first third of the 20th century, was striving to establish widely ramified world connections, to divide labor, etc.

The fact remains: Hitler wanted to control the economy, and thereby gradually curtailed the rights of owners and introduced something like state capitalism.

On March 16, 1933, that is, a month and a half after coming to power, Schacht was appointed chairman of the Reichsbank of Germany. “His” man will now be in charge of finances, finding gigantic sums to finance the war economy. In 1945, the same Schacht sat in the dock in Nuremberg, although he retired before the war.

On July 15, the General Council of the German Economy is convened: 17 large industrialists, farmers, bankers, representatives of trading firms and NSDAP apparatchiks issue a law on “mandatory mergers of enterprises” in cartels. Some enterprises are “joined”, in other words, absorbed by larger concerns. This was followed by: Goering’s “four-year plan”, the creation of the super-powerful state concern “Hermann Goering-Werke”, the transfer of the entire economy to a war footing, and at the end of Hitler’s reign, the transfer of large military orders to Himmler’s department, which had millions of prisoners, and therefore , free labor force. Of course, we must not forget that large monopolies profited immensely under Hitler - in the early years at the expense of “arized” enterprises (expropriated firms in which Jewish capital participated), and later at the expense of factories, banks, raw materials and other valuables seized from other countries .

By the summer of 1934, Hitler faced serious opposition within his party. The “old fighters” of the SA assault troops, led by E. Rehm, demanded more radical social reforms, called for a “second revolution” and insisted on the need to strengthen their role in the army. German generals spoke out against such radicalism and the SA's claims to leadership of the army. Hitler, who needed the support of the army and himself feared the uncontrollability of the stormtroopers, opposed his former comrades. Having accused Rehm of preparing to assassinate the Fuhrer, on June 30, 1934, he organized a bloody massacre (“the night of the long knives”), during which several hundred SA leaders were killed, including Rehm. Strasser, von Kahr, former Reich Chancellor General Schleicher and other figures were physically destroyed. Hitler acquired absolute power over Germany.

Soon, army officers swore allegiance not to the constitution or the country, but to Hitler personally. Germany's Chief Justice declared that "the law and the constitution are the will of our Fuhrer."

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