The origin, development, forms and structure of the human body are concerned with the science of anatomy. Anatomy studies how external forms and body proportions, and individual organs, their structure and microscopic structure. Anatomy is closely related to the science of vital functions body and organs – physiology.

General information about the structure of the human body

The entire human body is covered with skin, which protects organs and organ systems from exposure environment, maintains and regulates a certain body temperature. Under the skin there is a layer of fat that protects the body and internal organs from mechanical damage and retains heat during the cold season. Beneath the fat layer are muscles and bones, which are attached to the muscles by tendons. Inside the human body there are two cavities: the thoracic and abdominal, separated by the diaphragm. In the chest cavity there is a heart with a system large vessels, lungs and esophagus. In the abdominal region under the diaphragm are the stomach, liver, spleen, pancreas and gallbladder. On back wall abdominal region, on both sides of the spine are the kidneys. Below is a thin and large intestine, appendix, bladder, in men - seminal vesicle, prostate and Cooper glands, and in women - ovaries and uterus.

In the thickness of the body on the back wall there is a spine, which is a bone tube consisting of vertebrae. Inside the bone tube is spinal cord. Upper section The spinal cord is connected to the skull, inside the skull is the brain.

Parts of the human body and internal organs are divided into external morphological characteristics of body parts and internal components.

External morphological characteristics of body parts

External morphological characteristics of body parts include those organs and parts of the body that are visible to the naked eye. These include:

• Skin
• Hairline
• Head: from above – fronto-parietal part, crown, parieto-occipital part; on the side - temples, ears, cheeks, cheekbones; front – face (forehead, eyebrows, eyes, nose, mouth, chin); back - back of the head
• Neck: throat, Adam's apple
• Torso: torso - chest, ribs, mammary glands, abdomen, perineum; back – shoulder blades, spine, lower back, pelvis, buttocks, sacrum, coccyx
• Arms: shoulder girdle, shoulder, upper part arms, elbow, forearm, hand
• Legs: thigh, knee, shin, foot.

Figure 1 shows the names of the main body parts on the front side of the body, and Figure 2 shows the names on the back side of the body.

Internal organs

Internal organs include the brain and spinal cord, pituitary gland, tongue, pharynx, tonsils, adenoids, larynx, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, esophagus, trachea, bronchi, lungs, mammary glands, liver, gall bladder, spleen, pancreas, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, appendix, kidneys, adrenal glands, ureters, bladder, urethra, heart. You can read more about the internal organs in the article “”.

Organ systems of the human body

In the human body, all organs are combined into systems that perform specific functions. To main systems human body include:

• Nervous system: central, somatic, vegetative, sensory nervous system
• Respiratory system: respiratory tract(nasal cavity, nasal and oral pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi) and respiratory organs (lungs).
• Hematopoietic organ system
• Cardiovascular system, ensuring blood circulation in the heart and blood vessels
• Digestive system which is responsible for processing food in the mouth, stomach and intestines
• Genitourinary system, which removes metabolic products from the body, is responsible for reproductive function body
• Endocrine system, regulating processes in the body with the help of hormones.
• Musculoskeletal system: skeletal system(skull bones, spine, chest, bones shoulder girdle, pelvis, bones of the upper and lower extremities) and muscular system(muscles of the head, neck, torso, upper and lower extremities).
• Lymphatic system
• Immune system: central authorities immune system(red bone marrow and thymus), peripheral organs immune system (spleen and lymph nodes).
• Integumentary system: leather.
• Sense system

You can read more about organ systems in the article “

Today we have a doubly important topic: we study English and study ourselves. Imagine the situation: on a trip abroad, you suddenly feel unwell, and there is no translator nearby. Knowing the names of body parts in English, no more or less, can save your health, or even your life: you will be able to communicate with medical personnel, and get adequate help.

Without pretending to be a complete reference book on G. Gray's anatomy, we will give only the names of the main parts of the body and its organs (although it is known that the human skeleton alone consists of more than 200 bones, and each has its own name):

Yes, the topic is responsible and serious. But to prevent our article from coming out too dry, let’s add a fresh touch of English slang to it. Here are the 10 most popular colloquial idioms dedicated to body parts (the slang, although witty, is merciless, the main thing is not to be surprised by anything):

1. Muffin top - “muffin top”

Folds of fat around the waist that protrude from too-tight skirts and trousers like a puffy, out-of-shape muffin top. They are especially typical for lovers of low-rise jeans, which not only do not hide, but even emphasize extra pounds.

2. Saddle bags - “saddle bags”

Originally, saddlebags or saddlebags were bags or bales that hung on the horse's sides on either side of the saddle. IN in this context we're talking about about excessively lush hips: in Russian everyday life we ​​creatively call such hips “breeches”.

3. Bat wings or bingo wings - “bat wings”, “Bingo wings”

Flabby, hanging muscles of the forearm (usually in older people), which sway with vigorous movements of the arms, reminding some idle pranksters of wings bat. What does Bingo have to do with it? This is a traditional game played in nursing homes, and the winners cheer and wave their arms to show bingo wings.

4. Moobs (man boobs) - “male breasts”

Combination of words man(“male”) and boobs(sl. " female breast"). This “body part” appears when men are overweight.

5. Spare tire/tyre, donut - “spare tire” around the waist

S pare tire["spɛː ˈtʌɪə] (AmE) or spare tire(BrE) refers to the roll of fat around the waist, similar to an inflated car tire. This same “body part” is called donut, “donut” (and in Russian it is called “a lifebuoy at the waist”).

6. Beer belly, pot belly - “beer belly”, “potty belly”

An expression that has become international. Such a tummy, however, can be formed not only from the abuse of beer, but also from a passion for sweets. Pot belly (pot- “pot”) is another definition of this “prominent” part of the body.

7. Love handles - “sides”

We are talking about fatty deposits in the pelvic area at the back (slightly higher than saddle bags). Word love everyone knows the word handles means “handles, handles”; think up the translation yourself.

8. Chubby cheeks - plump cheeks

Chubby means "full, plump, well-fed." Chubby cheeks, especially in children, can be very cute, right?

9. Stovepipe legs - full legs

Idiom stovepipe[ˈstəʊvpʌɪp] legs describes massive, plump legs resembling chimney pipes ( stovepipe- “chimney, chimney”).

Surfaces and edges of the human body. In many sections of body parts, surfaces and edges are also considered. For example, the shoulder has anterior, posterior, medial and lateral surfaces. The forearm is divided into anterior and posterior surfaces, as well as lateral and medial edges.

Areas of the human body(Fig. 1.4-1.5).Each part of the body is divided into areas. Within the head there are: frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, infraorbital, buccal, parotid-masticatory, zygomatic, chin areas, mouth, nose, orbit.

Within the neck, in the anterior section, three regions are distinguished: anterior, sternoclavicular-mastoid and lateral.

On the body there are: chest area, abdominal area, back area, crotch area.

Within the upper limb there are: deltoid region, shoulder, elbow, forearm, hand.

Within the lower limb are: the gluteal region, thigh, knee, lower leg and foot.

Areas of the human body regiones corporis, separated from each other by boundaries drawn along clearly visible external landmarks. These landmarks are presented in Fig. 1.4 and 1.5 A, B and Table 1.3

Rice. 1.4. Head and neck areas:

regiones capitis: 1 - regio frontalis; 2 - regio parietalis; 3 - regio occipitalis; 4 - regio temporalis; 5 - regio auricularis; 6 - regio mastoidea; 7 - regio facialis;regiones cervicales: 8 - regio cervicalis anterior; 9 - regio sterno-cleidomastoidea; 10 - regio cervicalis lateralis; 11 - regio cervicalis posterior.

Rice. 1.5. Areas of the human body; A – front view; B – rear view:

regiones thoracicae anteriores et laterales: 12 – regio presternalis; 13 – regio pectoralis; 14 – regio axillaris;regiones abdominales: 15–regio hypochondriaca; 16 – regio epigastrica; 17 – regio lateralis; 18 – regio umbilicalis; 19 – regio inguinalis; 20 – regio pubica;regiones dorsales: 21 – regio vertebralis; 22 – regio sacralis; 23 – regio scapularis; 4 – regio infrascapularis; 25 – regio lumbalis;regiones membri superioris: 26 –regio deltoidea; 27 – regio brachialis; 28 – regio cubitalis; 29 – regio antebrachia; 30 – regio manus;regiones membri inferioris: 31 –regio glutealis; 32 – regio coxae; 33 – regio femoris; 34 – regio genus; 35 – regio cruris; 36 – regiopedis.

Heads, shoulders, knees and... lacrimal caruncle?

We are used to thinking that we know everything or almost everything about ourselves. But in human body There are a huge number of body parts whose names we don’t even know. And now you have the opportunity for the first time to call a spade a spade and get to know the nameless parts of yourself.

Additionally, you will be able to impress people with your amazing knowledge of anatomy and physiology. And from now on it will be much easier for you to communicate with doctors (believe me, they also like to call things by their proper names).

Body part called glabella

Well hello, dear reader - meet Glabella! This is the place above the bridge of the nose and between the eyebrows. Its name goes back to the Latin "glabellus", which means "hairless", but even the most beautiful people planets may have problems with hairiness in this part of the body. But wait... If Frida Kahlo can sport a unibrow and still become one of the world's greatest artists, then why should mere mortals care about some glabella hairiness? Perhaps you just need to invest in some good tweezers - and the problem is solved.

By the way, the glabella can be useful: if you pinch the skin on it with your fingers and it does not smooth out, this is a sign of dehydration. This simple test could one day save your life.

In anatomy, along with the study of the structure of organs, their position is determined: the parts of the body in which the organs are located, the relative position of the organs, their projection onto the surface of the body (the boundaries of the organs) and other topographic data. These data are necessary when examining patients; they, in particular, make it possible to judge the localization of pathological processes.

The human body has the following parts: head, neck, torso, upper And lower limbs. The torso is divided into chest and abdomen; its back surface is called the back. Inside the body there are two body cavities separated by a diaphragm - the thoracic and abdominal, or abdominal cavity. Lower section abdominal cavity isolated as the pelvic cavity.

The head is divided into two sections: facial and brain. Each upper limb consists of the shoulder, forearm and hand, and lower limb- from the thigh, lower leg and foot.

Body parts are usually divided into regions. To define the boundaries of areas, as well as the boundaries internal organs Conventional projection lines are drawn on the surface of the body through various landmarks (bones or parts thereof, pits, holes, etc.). For example, knowledge of the abdominal areas is of great practical importance. Using two horizontal lines (one of them connects the lowest points of the tenth ribs, and the other - the anterior superior iliac spines), the abdomen is divided into three sections: the upper - epigastrium, middle - stomach and lower - hypogastrium. By means of two vertical lines drawn along the outer edge of the rectus abdominis muscles, each of these sections is divided into three areas (Fig. 21). In the epigastrium, the right and left hypochondrial regions and the epigastric region (epigastric region) are distinguished; in the womb - the right and left lateral areas of the abdomen and umbilical region, in the hypogastrium - the right and left groin areas and the pubic area.

To determine the boundaries (projection) of the organs of the thoracic cavity and some abdominal organs, vertical lines conventionally drawn on the surface of the body are used (see Fig. 21). These lines include the parasternal line (drawn along the edge of the sternum), midclavicular (through the middle of the clavicle), anterior, middle and posterior axillary lines (respectively through the anterior edge, middle and posterior edge of the axillary fossa), scapular (through bottom corner scapula), paravertebral (on the side of the spine), etc.

In anatomy, all organs, organ systems, and body parts have common names. Certain terms are also used to indicate the position of various anatomical formations, their shape, size, etc. The list of all anatomical terms constitutes the anatomical nomenclature. There is an International Anatomical Nomenclature in Latin (some of the terms are in Greek) and Russian anatomical nomenclature.

The international anatomical nomenclature currently in use was adopted at the VI International Congress of Anatomists in 1955 in Paris and is called the Paris Nomenclature (PNA). Additions to it were made at subsequent international congresses of anatomists. The Russian anatomical nomenclature was compiled in relation to the international one and approved by the VIII All-Union Congress of Anatomists, Histologists and Embryologists.

Latin and Russian anatomical nomenclatures include large number general terms used to describe various anatomical formations. These terms include terms that characterize the location and direction of body parts and organs. In this case, the human body is viewed in a vertical position with arms down and palms facing forward. Conventionally, mutually perpendicular planes are drawn through the body (Fig. 22): horizontal, frontal and sagittal. Horizontal the plane lies parallel to the horizon and divides the body into upper and lower parts. Frontal the plane is drawn in a vertical direction parallel to the surface of the forehead (frons - forehead); this plane divides the body into anterior and posterior sections. Sagittal plane (sagitta - arrow) - also vertical, but divides the body in the anteroposterior direction into right and left parts. The sagittal plane passing through the middle of the body and dividing it into symmetrical right and left halves is called the median plane.

In addition to the planes, three mutually perpendicular axes are also drawn through the human body: vertical (top to bottom), frontal or transverse (from left to right), and sagittal (from front to back).

The main terms characterizing the location and direction of organs, their parts and parts of the body are the following: upper - superior and lower - inferior; proximal - proximalis (lying closer to the place where the limb departs from the body) and distal - distalis (lying further from this place); front - anterior and rear - posterior; ventral - ventralis (lying closer to the front surface of the body, venter - stomach) and dorsal - dorsalis (lying closer to the back surface of the body, dorsum - back); right - dexter and left - sinister; medial - medialis (lying closer to the median plane) and lateral - lateralis (lying further from it); internal - internus and external - externus; superficial - superficial and deep - profundus.

Anatomical nomenclature also contains many common terms to designate similar parts of different organs. Such terms include: body - corpus, process - processus, tubercle - tuber, head - caput, neck - collum, diaphysis - diaphysis (middle I part tubular bone), epiphysis - epiphysis (end of the tubular bone), hole - foramen, groove - sulcus, fossa - fossa, etc.