Chapter 9 The Large Intestine Purpose: Going to the Bathroom Properly different kind oddities. There is Capgras syndrome, in which a person believes that his mother (or sister, or close friend) has been replaced by a doppelgänger. There is

Large intestine Heartburn, diarrhea with mucus and blood, constipation, signs of impotence, general weakness, craving for a sedentary lifestyle, chronic hemorrhoids, feces come out in the form of nuts, the exit of undigested rough food, body temperature is elevated for a long time. Initial

Large Intestine The large intestine consists of: the caecum with appendix, the ascending colon, the transverse colon, the descending colon, and the rectum, which terminates in

Colon. Pain Relief Behind the small intestine is the large intestine. It is located in the abdominal cavity and partly in the small pelvis. Its length in different people ranges from 1 to 1.65 m. The large intestine consists of a caecum with an appendix (vermiform appendix),

The large intestine also produces digestive juice in the form of a cloudy colorless liquid with a pH of 8.5-9, 98% of it is water, 2% is a dry residue with organic and inorganic substances - salts.

Among organic matter- enzymes, some of which pass from the small intestine, and some are produced by the glands of the large intestine. Among them are the following enzymes: lipase, nuclease, peptidases, cathepsin, alkaline phosphatase, amylase, tripeptidase, aminopeptidase, carboxypeptidase, cathepsins, phosphatases, phosphorylases and others. However, compared to small intestine enzymes, the activity of large intestine enzymes is 20 to 25 times lower.

About the participants of digestion in the large intestine - "probiotics"

In the process of digestion in the large intestine, obligate (mandatory) microorganisms are actively involved - obligate- anaerobic bacteria(bifidumbacteria - 90% of the entire intestinal microflora) and facultative anaerobic bacteria (streptococci, Escherichia coli, lactic acid bacteria). Another name for these microorganisms is "probiotics", i.e. "necessary for life". They are concentrated in the proximal colon and terminal ileum.

The percentage of normal intestinal microflora of the total body weight should be about 5% - 3 - 5 kg. Normally, there are about 250 billion microorganisms per 1 g of the contents of the large intestine.

The role of lacto - and bifidobacteria in the body is extremely important:

• render various influences on the work of the intestines: they increase the secretion of digestive juice, retain fluid, etc .;
• take part in the process of splitting fiber, food chyme residues;
• they ensure the quality of mineral and protein metabolism;
• support the body's resistance (from the Latin "resistentia" - resistance, opposition);
• have antimutagenic and anticarcinogenic properties.

A balanced diet balances the processes of decay and fermentation. Fermentation in the intestine creates an acidic environment that prevents putrefaction. If the balance is upset, there are disturbances in the process of digestion.

Unfortunately, unnatural, refined foods, excessive food intake, various drugs (especially antibiotics), do not the right combination products, deteriorating ecology, stressful situations and other factors change the composition of the microflora when the content of putrefactive bacteria

In the overall process of digestion in the large intestine, separate processes of splitting nutrients into simpler compounds can be distinguished, where the normal intestinal microflora takes an active part.

Fiber breakdown

The nutrients that ensure the growth of the colon microflora are vegetable fiber, which is not digested by digestive enzymes in the human body. Enzymes synthesized in the large intestine break down fiber into acetic acid, glucose and other products. Acids and glucose are absorbed into the blood, gaseous products - hydrogen, carbon dioxide, methane - are excreted from the intestine, stimulating the motor activity of the intestine.

The intestinal microflora produces volatile fatty acids (butyric, acetic, propionic) as end products, which provide additional energy (6-9% of the total energy of the body) and serve as nutrition for the cells of the intestinal mucosa.

Breakdown of intermediate products of fats, proteins and carbohydrates to monomers

Under the action of putrefactive bacteria in the large intestine, unabsorbed products of protein digestion are destroyed. As a result, compounds that are toxic to the body (skatole, indole) are synthesized, then they are absorbed into the blood and lose their toxic properties in the liver.

The microflora of the large intestine also ferments carbohydrates to acetic and lactic acid and alcohol.

Synthesis of vitamins, enzymes, amino acids in the colon

Microorganisms of the large intestine, eating waste, synthesize vitamins of groups B, D, PP, K, E, biotin, folic and pantothenic acid, amino acids, some enzymes and other necessary substances.

As a result life cycle bifidobacteria produce acids that inhibit the reproduction of pathogenic and putrefactive bacteria, preventing their penetration into upper divisions intestines.

Absorption in the large intestine

Water is absorbed in the large intestine (according to some authors, from 50 to 90%), salts and monomers (fatty acids, amino acids, glycerol, monosaccharides, etc.).

Formation of feces

The large intestine forms stool, which is about a third made up of bacteria. As a result of wave-like movements (pendulum-like, peristaltic, tonic contractions) of the colon, fecal masses reach the rectum, where two sphincters are located at the outlet - internal and external.

Fecal masses consist of insoluble salts, epithelium, various pigments, fiber, mucus, microorganisms (up to 30%), etc.

If the diet is mixed, four kilograms of food masses enter the large intestine from the small intestine per day, while 150-250 g of feces are produced. Adherents of vegetarianism have more fecal masses due to the significant amount of ballast substances in food. It can also be noted that the intestines work better in vegetarians, and poisonous foods often do not reach the liver, as they are absorbed by pectins, fiber and other fibers.

Thus, the formation of fecal masses is the final stage digestion in the large intestine and in the body as a whole.

What processes take place in the large intestine

The small intestine is responsible for digestion and absorption of food. After that, the colon begins to work. She is responsible for that part of the food that the small intestine could not digest. This raises the question, what processes occur in the large intestine? Let's tell.

The role of microflora in the intestine

There are about 500 species in the large intestine. different bacteria. They are divided into three main types, which include:

• bacteroids and bifidobacteria. Their number is at least 90%;
• enterococci, lactobacilli and escherichia. Their volume in the microflora is about 9%;
• yeast, staphylococci and clostridia. This is a conditionally pathogenic flora, the volume of which, when normal condition does not exceed one percent.

The impact of microflora is aimed at:

• activation of immune function and confrontation between microbes;
• splitting the result of metabolic processes, as a result of which proteins, fats and carbohydrates are released;
• synthesis of vitamins, hormones and other elements;
• digestion of food and increased activity of the digestive tract.

Antimicrobial elements that are produced by the mucous membrane are responsible for the functionality of natural stabilizers in the intestinal flora. They are called lysozyme and lactoferrin.

During normal contraction, the chyme is pushed through. This affects the degree of occupancy of the large intestine with microbes. When the work of the intestinal canal is disturbed, this indicates the development of dysbacteriosis, a change in the composition of the flora, an excess in the number of harmful bacteria.

Violation of the microflora occurs for some reasons in the form of:

• frequent colds and allergic reactions;
• taking hormonal and anti-inflammatory drugs;
• cancer, HIV, AIDS;
• age-related physiological changes;
• various infections in the intestinal canal;
• hard work at work.

It is sometimes impossible to prevent these factors. But other measures can be taken to improve the condition of the colon.

in digestion

The function of the intestines is completely dependent on the incoming substances. Among these components, vegetable fiber is distinguished. Its effect is aimed at the breakdown of acetic acid and glucose into enzymes, which then enter the blood fluid.

The motility of the large intestine begins to work when methane, carbon dioxide and hydrogen enter it. Fatty acids in the form of acetic, butyric, propionic acids give the body about 10% of energy, and also nourish the intestinal walls.

That is why experts in violation of the intestinal microflora and its work advise patients to introduce foods that contain a lot of fiber into the diet. It softens stools and prevents constipation.

Synthesis in the large intestine

Microbes that absorb waste secrete vitamins of various groups, acids and other enzymes. With a favorable microflora, a section of the colon breaks down and synthesizes useful active elements, and also activates the processes that are responsible for generating energy and warming the body. Beneficial flora is suppressed by pathogenic microbes, thereby ensuring the positive activity of the immune function and other systems of the human body.

The deactivation of enzymes that have come from the small intestine is observed as a result of the activity of microbes.

Food, which includes a lot of carbohydrates, leads to the fermentation of protein compounds. This phenomenon leads to the formation of toxic components and gases. These substances, when the protein decomposes, enter the composition of the blood fluid and pass through the liver. The extermination of toxic components occurs under the influence of sulfuric and glucuronic acid.

That is why doctors advise introducing an equal ratio of proteins and carbohydrates into the diet, which will balance the processes of fermentation and decay. When there is a discrepancy in these processes, various problems in the digestive system appear.

The process of digestion in the large intestine is the final stage, where the absorption of important elements occurs, the accumulation of contents and their formation in feces.

Absorption of substances from the intestine and the formation of feces

Water particles are also absorbed in the large intestine. This is one of the basic conditions of this body. When nutrients are absorbed in the large intestine, this is not yet its main role. Basically, this area is responsible for the processing of enzymes from glucose and amino acids.

If a person is completely healthy, then the small intestine plays the main role in absorption. Everything that is not digested with gastric juice enters the large intestine.

Digestion in the large intestine ends with the formation of feces. The composition of faeces includes salts of an insoluble nature, pigments, epithelium, mucus, useful and harmful microbes, and also fiber residues that have departed from the intestinal walls.

Digestion in the large intestine is completed by the colon. It makes wave-like movements, as a result of which the feces move towards the rectum and are placed in the internal and external sphincter.

If a person follows balanced diet, then a section of the small intestine passes into the large intestine approximately four kilograms of chyme per day. From this volume, about two hundred grams of feces are obtained.

Digestion in the colon occurs as a result of the intake of enzymes that are formed in the stomach and pancreas. Due to this enzyme composition, food is decomposed. If these components are not enough, then the food is poorly absorbed into the intestinal walls. Thus, undigested particles are observed in feces.

People who eat exclusively plant foods excrete much more feces. That is, in vegetarians, the digestive tract functions much better. The thing is that toxic components are absorbed by dietary fiber, due to which they do not reach the liver and do not clog it. This means that poisons enter the bloodstream in smaller quantities.

The processes occurring in the large intestine are responsible not only for the high-quality processing of food products, but also for the synthesis of vitamins and minerals, immune functionality and timely excretion of feces. When there is a failure in at least one of the sections, not only the digestive canal begins to suffer, but all systems as a whole.

The intestines can work in emergency mode for a long time. But each time his condition is getting worse. Various symptoms begin to appear that signal the manifestation of diseases. As a result of this process, some of the vitamins, minerals, proteins and carbohydrates are not absorbed by the body.

To prevent such a phenomenon, you need to contact a specialist in a timely manner. It is also worth taking care of proper nutrition. The diet should include fiber, protein and carbohydrates in equal amounts. When compiling a menu, the emphasis is on the right combination of products. Fermented milk products and preparations with pro- and prebiotics will help to solve the problem with microflora.

The structure and purpose of the large intestine

The large intestine (intestinum crassum) is a continuation of the small intestine and acts as the lower part of the digestive tract. The final stage of digestion takes place in the large intestine.

Organ structure

The initial section of the intestine is localized in the right iliac region (ileocecal valve), 4–5 cm above the middle of the inguinal ligament, located in the abdominal region and the pelvic cavity. On the left side and below, the large intestine borders on the loops of the ileum, in front - on the loops of the small intestine.

The length of the large intestine is 1.5 meters, the circumference is 4–8 cm, which narrows at the entrance to the rectum, the wall thickness is 2–3 mm (at the rectum it reaches 8 mm). The inner surface of the intestine is smooth, the wall consists of a serous, muscular layer, a mucous membrane, which does not have villi, is covered with a cylindrical epithelium.

Sections of the large intestine:

• The cecum with appendix (appendix);
• Colonic, which consists of the following parts: sigmoid, ascending, transverse, descending;
• Rectum.

All sections of the large intestine are separated from each other by valves that ensure the movement of the food bolus in only one direction.

The blood supply to the large intestine occurs with the help of the superior and inferior mesenteric arteries, rectal veins. Innervation (supply of the organ with nerve endings) of the intestine is carried out through the upper and lower mesenteric sections and branches of the celiac plexus.

Lymph outflow occurs in the lymph nodes, which are located along the vessels: in the sigmoid, colon (left, middle and right), upper rectal, post-intestinal, appendicular, pre-celebral, lower and superior mesenteric.

The role of microflora

400–500 species of microorganisms live in the large intestine (30–40 billion bacteria are present in 1 gram of feces); under normal functioning conditions, they destroy opportunistic microflora (“bad” bacteria).

The waste products of "beneficial" bacteria stimulate the immune system, protect the body from the formation of diseases (including cancer), regulate the action of the autonomic nervous system, and inhibit the growth and development of harmful bacteria. In order for the microflora to perform its functions to the fullest, there must be a slightly acidic environment and dietary fiber in the intestinal tract.

Enzymes

Most of the incoming food is digested in the small intestine, while fiber and pectin are processed in the large intestine. Hydrolysis (processing) occurs due to the juice of the colon, microorganisms and enzymes of the chyme (liquid or semi-liquid content, consists of partially digested food, gastric and intestinal juices).

Outside of irritation, the juice is released in a small amount, with local exposure, its production is enhanced by 8-10 times. It consists of a liquid and dense (rejected intestinal epitheliocytes and mucous lumps) component, has an alkaline reaction. The juice mainly contains the following enzymes:

• Nuclease (breaks down nucleic acids);
• Amylase (breaks down starch);
• Cathepsin (dissolves protein);
• Lipase (breaks down, separates fats into fractions);
• Peptidase (breaks down protein fractions).

The intestine intensively absorbs water (up to 4–6 liters per day), chyme gradually turns into feces, and 150–250 g of water is formed per day. feces.

Functions of the large intestine

The most important functions of the large intestine are:

• Digestive - processing the food bolus with enzymes. Enzymes extract water and nutrients from food (the process of reabsorption);
• Muscular - increases (peristalsis increases when a new portion of food arrives) or decreases (at rest) the frequency muscle contractions to promote food masses;
• Reservoir - accumulation and retention of feces, gases;
• Suction - useful and nutrients are absorbed in the ascending, blind and descending sections of the colon, from where they are carried to all organs through the lymphatic and blood channels;
• Protective - the mucous membrane protects the organ from destruction by digestive enzymes;
• The large intestine removes toxic substances from the body;
• Evacuation - removal of feces.

Colon diseases:

Other bowel diseases and their treatment can be found here.

Processes that take place in the large intestine.

Food enters the large intestine almost completely digested, with the exception of plant fiber. In this section of the digestive tract, intensive absorption of water from the intestinal cavity occurs. Remains of food are compacted, stick together with mucus and form feces. In an adult, an average of one mg of feces is formed and excreted from the body per day. The glands of the large intestine produce a small amount of alkaline secretion, poor in enzymes, but containing a lot of mucus.

For colonic motility the following types of movements are characteristic:

· pendulum- provide mixing of chyme, which accelerates the absorption of water;

· peristaltic- contribute to the promotion of chyme in the distal direction;

· antiperistaltic- move the contents of the intestine in a retrograde direction, which also accelerates the absorption of water;

· propulsive- provide the promotion of chyme over a long distance - from the transverse colon to the sigmoid and rectum; food intake accelerates the occurrence of propulsive contractions;

· tonic- other abbreviations are superimposed on them.

Movements are made very slowly, which leads to a long stay of food in this section of the gastrointestinal tract.

Motility is mainly regulated by local reflexes carried out by the neurons of the intestinal wall. Mechanical irritation of the intestinal mucosa with food masses causes an increase in peristalsis. Eating plant foods containing fiber not only increases the amount of feces formed due to undigested plant fibers, but also accelerates the movement of food masses through the intestines, irritating the mucous membrane.

The role of the microflora of the colon

The human large intestine, unlike other parts of the digestive tract, is abundantly populated by microorganisms. The content of microbes in the colon is 12 per 1 ml of contents. About 90% of the microflora of the colon is obligate anaerobic bifidobacteria and bacteroids. Found in lesser numbers lactic acid bacteria, coli, streptococci.

Colon microorganisms perform a number of important functions.:

· Enzymes produced by bacteria can partially break down plant fibers undigested in the overlying sections of the digestive tract - cellulose, pectins, lignins.

The microflora of the large intestine synthesizes vitamins K and group B(B 1, B 6, B 12), which can be absorbed in the large intestine in small quantities.

Microorganisms are also involved in enzyme inactivation digestive juices.

The most important function of the microflora of the large intestine is the ability to protect the body from pathogenic bacteria entering the digestive tract. Normal microflora prevents the reproduction of pathogenic microorganisms in the intestine and their entry into the internal environment of the body. Violation of the normal composition of the microflora of the colon with prolonged use of antibacterial drugs is accompanied by the active reproduction of pathogenic microbes and leads to a decrease in the immune defense of the body.

Defecation - the release of the colon from feces due to the contraction of its smooth muscles and relaxation internal and external sphincters. internal sphincter formed by smooth involuntary muscles. external sphincter formed by the striated muscles of the perineum. Its activity is arbitrarily regulated by the influence of the cortex on the motor neurons of the spinal cord that innervate the external sphincter.

The urge to defecate occurs when the walls of the colon are stretched and the mechanoreceptors located in them are excited. Defecation is facilitated by an increase in intra-abdominal pressure that occurs when the abdominal muscles contract, lowering the diaphragm and pelvic floor. The regulation of the act of defecation occurs due to local reflexes, the action of the ANS and motor neurons of the sacral spinal cord, when damaged, the sphincters relax, and arbitrary removal of feces becomes impossible. If the spinal cord is damaged above the sacral regions, the involuntary component of the reflex is preserved, but the ability to perform a voluntary act of defecation is lost.

GIA 2014 Digestion Texts. Processes occurring in the human large intestine

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PROCESSES OCCURING IN THE HUMAN COLON INTESTINE

in __________(D) and are removed from the body.

THE PROCESS OF DIGESTION IN THE HUMAN MOUTH

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DIGESTION IN THE HUMAN SMALL INTESTINE

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in the human body is responsible for the exchange of __________ (B). In the small intestine, enzymatic reactions are carried out in a weakly __________ (G) environment.

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FOOD CONVERSION IN THE HUMAN DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

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a colorless liquid containing mucus, enzymes and a small amount of __________ (B). Enzymes in the stomach break down __________ (B). They are active only at 38

39 ° C and in __________ (G). Mucus protects the walls of the stomach from mechanical damage.

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DIGESTION IN THE HUMAN STOMACH

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beginning of the 20th century? Name any three glands.

The role of microflora

• frequent SARS, allergies;

Involvement of plant fiber

Suction

Formation of fecal matter

What happens in the large intestine

Colon

The large intestine is the final part of the human digestive tract, but its functions are very important, so we will analyze them in more detail.

The beginning of the large intestine is considered to be the caecum, on the border of which with the ascending section the small intestine “flows” into the large intestine. It ends with the external opening of the anus. The total length of the large intestine in humans is approximately 2 m.

The diameter of the various sections of the large intestine is not the same, from 7–8 cm in the caecum and ascending section to 3–4 cm in the sigmoid.

The large intestine is divided into two parts: the colon and the rectum. The wall of the colon is made up of four layers. From the inside, the intestine is covered with a mucous membrane, it protects the intestinal wall and promotes the promotion of the contents. Next is a layer of adipose tissue (submucosa), in which the blood and lymphatic vessels pass. Then there is the muscular layer. It consists of two layers: inner circular and outer longitudinal. Due to these muscle layers, mixing and promotion of intestinal contents towards the exit occurs. The serous membrane covers the outside of the large intestine.

The thickness of the walls of the colon in its various sections is not the same: in the right half it is only 1-2 mm, and in the sigmoid colon - 5 mm.

I will dwell on the most important functions of the large intestine.

Suction. Reabsorption processes predominate in the large intestine. Glucose, vitamins and amino acids produced by the bacteria of the intestinal cavity, up to 95% of water and electrolytes are absorbed here. So, about 2 kg of food slurry (chyme) passes from the small intestine into the large intestine daily, of which 200–300 g of feces remain after absorption.

Evacuation. The large intestine accumulates and retains feces until they are excreted. Although the feces move slowly through the large intestine (intestinal contents pass through the small intestine (5 m) in 4-5 hours, in the large intestine (2 m) in 12-18 hours), nevertheless they should not linger anywhere. The absence of a stool within 24-32 hours should be considered as constipation, which means self-poisoning. For those products that normally should be excreted through the large intestine to the outside are now excreted in a roundabout way: they are absorbed into the blood, and are excreted from it through the lungs, kidneys, and skin.

Coated tongue, bad breath, sudden headaches, dizziness, lethargy, drowsiness, heaviness in the lower abdomen, bloating, pain and rumbling, loss of appetite, withdrawal, irritability, gloomy thoughts, insufficient stools are all signs of constipation.

excretory. The large intestine has the ability to secrete digestive juices with a small amount of enzymes into the lumen. Salts, alcohol and other substances can be released from the blood into the intestinal lumen, which sometimes cause irritation of the mucous membrane and the development of diseases associated with it. This is the same mechanism of irritating action on the mucous membrane of the colon salty and spicy food. As a rule, hemorrhoids are always aggravated after eating herring, smoking, dishes seasoned with vinegar.

The role of microflora in the large intestine. More than 400–500 different types of bacteria live here. According to some reports, a person excretes about 17 trillion microbes with feces per day! A natural question arises: why are there so many of them?

It turns out that the normal microflora of the large intestine not only participates in the final link of the digestive processes and has a protective function in the intestine, but also produces a number of important vitamins, amino acids, enzymes, hormones and other nutrients from dietary fiber. Dietary fiber is a plant material that is indigestible by the body: cellulose, pectin, lingin, etc. Therefore, the activity of microflora gives us a significant increase in our nutrition. Under the condition of a normally functioning intestine, microorganisms are able to suppress and destroy a wide variety of pathogenic and putrefactive microbes.

E. coli synthesize 9 different vitamins: B1, B2, B6, B12, K, biotin, pantheonic, nicotinic and folic acids. They also have enzymatic properties, decomposing food substances in the same way as digestive enzymes, synthesize acetylcholine, and promote the absorption of iron by the body; microbial waste products have a regulating effect on the autonomic nervous system, and also stimulate our immune system.

For the normal functioning of microorganisms, a certain environment is necessary - a slightly acidic environment and dietary fiber. If the food is different, more protein and starchy, then the environment becomes rotting, and completely different microorganisms multiply in it, which poison the body with their vital activity, undermine health.

Heat generation in the large intestine. I will consider another function of the large intestine, recently discovered by modern science, but known to the ancient sages.

The large intestine is a kind of "furnace", which heats not only all the organs of the abdominal cavity, but also (through the blood) the entire body. After all, the submucosal layer of the intestine is the largest receptacle for blood vessels, and therefore blood.

The mechanism of action of the "stove" is as follows: with the growth of any organism, a large amount of energy is released into the environment. So, it turned out that chicken eggs warm up themselves, and the role of the hen is to maintain a certain temperature of this heating.

Microorganisms that live in the large intestine also, during their development, release energy in the form of heat, which warms the venous blood and adjacent internal organs. Therefore, it is not for nothing that so many microorganisms are formed during the day!

Energy-forming function of the large intestine. Around any living being, a glow is formed - an aura, which indicates the presence in the body of a plasma state of matter, or bioplasma.

Microbes also have a bioplasma that charges the water and electrolytes that are absorbed in the large intestine. And electrolytes, as you know, are one of the best batteries and energy carriers. These energy-rich electrolytes, together with the blood and lymph flow, are carried throughout the body and give their high energy potential to all body cells, constantly recharging them, as well as recharging the body's own plasma body through a system of acupuncture channels.

Thus, along with the small intestine, in which splitting abilities are strong, they are additionally enhanced by the plasma energy of the large intestine, which contributes to powerful digestive processes in the abdominal cavity.

The process of digestion in the large intestine

The small intestine almost completely digests and absorbs food. Digestion in the large intestine begins after the arrival of fragments that the small intestine has not digested. The work of the large intestine is that here the remnants of chyme (a lump of partially digested food and gastric juice) acquire a more solid state by releasing water. Here there is a breakdown of molecules, for example, fiber (its small intestine is not able to break down), with the help of digestive juice and bacterial flora. The main function of the colon is to convert food fragments into a semi-solid state for further excretion from the body.

Important processes of digestion occur in the large intestine, and their failure is fraught with a significant complication of human health.

The role of microflora

In this part of the gastrointestinal tract, there is a considerable proportion of microbes that form a "microbial community". Flora is divided into 3 classes:

• the first group (main) - bacteroids and bifidobacteria (approximately 90%);
• the second group (accompanying) - enterococci, lactobacilli and escherichia (approximately 10%);
• the third group (residual) - yeast, staphylococci, clostridia and others (about 1%).

The standard human flora performs a number of functions:

• colonization resistance - activation of the immune system, intermicrobial confrontation;
• detoxification - splitting the results of the process of metabolism of proteins, fats, carbohydrates;
• synthetic function - obtaining vitamins, hormones and other elements;
• digestive function - increased activity of the gastrointestinal tract.

The functions of natural stabilizers of the intestinal flora are performed by antimicrobial elements produced by the mucosa (lysozyme, lactoferrin). Normal contraction, pushing the chyme, has an effect on the degree of filling with microorganisms of a particular section of the gastrointestinal tract, keeping their distribution in the proximal direction. Disturbances in the motor activity of the intestine contribute to the appearance of dysbacteriosis (a change in the composition of microorganisms, when pathogenic bacteria increase due to the disappearance of beneficial ones).

The imbalance of microflora can be associated with the following factors:

• frequent SARS, allergies;
• taking hormonal drugs, anti-inflammatory drugs (Paracetamol, Ibuprofen, Aspirin) or narcotic drugs;
• oncological diseases, HIV, AIDS;
• age-related physiological changes;
• infectious diseases of the intestine;
• work in heavy industry.

Involvement of plant fiber

How the colon works depends on the substances that enter the body. Among the substances that ensure the process of multiplication of the microflora of the large intestine, it is worth highlighting vegetable fiber. The body is not able to digest it, but it is broken down by enzymes into acetic acid and glucose, which then pass into the blood. Excitation of motor activity is due to the release of methane, carbon dioxide and hydrogen. Fatty acids (acetic, butyric, propionic acids) give the body up to 10% of the total energy, and the end-stage products that feed the walls of the mucous membrane are produced by the flora.

The microflora of the colon is involved in the formation of a number of useful substances necessary for the human body.

The process of synthesis in the large intestine

Microorganisms, absorbing waste, produce vitamins of several groups, biotin, amino acids, acids (folic, pantothenic), and other enzymes. With a positive flora, many useful biologically active elements are broken down and synthesized here, as well as the processes responsible for energy production and body warming are activated. Through beneficial flora, pathogens are suppressed, and positive activity of the immune system and body systems is ensured. Deactivation of enzymes from the small intestine occurs due to microorganisms.

food with high content carbohydrates contributes to the development of fermentation of proteins with decay, which leads to the formation of toxic substances and gases. The components during the decomposition of the protein are absorbed into the blood and reach the liver, where they are destroyed with the participation of sulfuric and glucuronic acids. A diet that harmoniously contains carbohydrates and proteins balances fermentation and putrefaction. If there are discrepancies in these processes, digestive disorders and malfunctions in other body systems occur. Digestion in the large intestine comes to the final stage by absorption, the contents accumulate here and fecal masses are formed. Varieties of contraction of the large intestine and its regulation occur in much the same way that the small intestine works.

Suction

Water absorption is one of the basic functions of the large intestine. Under standard conditions, the role of absorption of nutrients in the large intestine is small, because the small intestine has done most of the process, but here the absorption is partly prolonged due to the juices that got along with the food fragments. And only the absorption of amino acids and glucose occurs in small quantities.

Interestingly, it is into the large intestine that “nutritional enemas” are introduced in case of severe pathologies associated with impaired digestion, since more than one necessary component for human life is absorbed in this section.

Formation of fecal matter

The composition of the feces includes insoluble salts, a variety of pigments, epithelium, mucus, microorganisms, fiber, and their formation occurs in the large intestine. With undulating movements of the colon, feces reach the rectum, where the internal and external sphincter are located. If you eat a balanced diet, the small intestine passes about 4 kilograms of chyme into the large intestine in 24 hours. From this amount, approximately 150-250 grams of feces are obtained.

For supporters of a nutrition system that excludes the use of meat of any animals, a little more fecal matter is formed due to the greater proportion of ballast in the food consumed. It should be noted that in vegans (people who eat plant foods), the gastrointestinal system functions better, and toxic products are absorbed by dietary fiber, so they do not reach the liver. Therefore, the formation of fecal matter is the final step in the digestion of food.

Colon: diseases and treatments for major diseases of the colon

The large intestine is a very important organ in the structure of the human digestive tract. That is why it is constantly exposed to the influence of negative factors that provoke violations in its normal functioning. Diseases of the large intestine today occupy one of the most "honorable" places among all diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. According to medical research, chronic colitis every eighth inhabitant of our country is ill, and about 100 thousand people die every year from colon cancer worldwide.

The issue of diseases of the large intestine, their prevention and treatment is the main topic for discussion at any gastroenterological conference. And there is nothing strange in this. Pathological processes of the distal intestinal tract are a serious problem in terms of treatment. They need obligatory diet therapy and the use of modern expensive methods. A huge number of diseases of the colon can be cured only by surgical intervention, after which the patient has to recover for a long time.

What is the thick gastrointestinal tract? Organ structure

The last section of the human gastrointestinal tract is the large intestine, which is a complex of intestinal structures 1-2.5 meters long and 4 to 6 cm in diameter. The walls of this intestinal fragment contain three longitudinal muscle cords that begin near the appendix and end at anus. In the process of evolution, the large intestine has lost its villi, since absorption practically stops here.

The large intestine has a rather complex structure and consists of the following elements:

• caecum with appendix - appendix;
• ascending colon of the large intestine;
• transverse rim;
• descending colon segment of the intestine;
• sigma;
• rectum with anus.

The lumen of the large intestine is the habitat of a huge number of microorganisms, which together form normal microflora large intestine. Beneficial microbes process food residues and take part in the formation of amino acids, vitamins, enzyme complexes. Any quantitative changes and disturbances in the balance of the intestinal microflora directly affects the state of the whole organism and leads to disorders of its vital functions.

Organ functions

The colon plays very important role in the life of the human body, as it performs several functions at the same time:

• the large intestine is the place where the process of processing food is completed and the remnants of useful substances and water are released from them;
• in the initial sections of the large intestine, the process of diffusion of water and nutrients is completed, which are then sent through the blood and lymphatic vessels to the cells of the body;
• in this section of the gastrointestinal tract, the final stage of the formation of feces occurs;
• in the walls of the large intestine there are a huge number of lymph nodes that absorb harmful substances and microorganisms, thereby protecting the body from possible diseases;
• The large intestine is responsible for removing feces.

Violations in the functioning of the large intestine entail serious consequences that adversely affect the work of all organs and systems of a person, significantly worsening the quality of his life.

The most common diseases

Currently, more than five dozen diseases of the large intestine are known. These pathologies are a very delicate topic that is not customary to make public. In this regard, people are often silent about their problems and try to get rid of the disease on their own. It is important to remember that most often diseases of the colon should be treated at the earliest stages of the development of the pathological process, since all of them are fraught with serious complications, sometimes life-threatening.

Motility disorder

Normally, the muscular layer of the large intestine is almost constantly in motion, which contributes to the filling of the organ with feces and their excretion. This process is controlled at the level of the brain and spinal cord. In case of disorders of one of the regulatory mechanisms, dysmotility occurs, which in practice has several forms:

• Colon dyskinesia is a common organ motility disorder, in which both strengthening and weakening of its function can be observed. In the first scenario, patients will complain of loose stools with undigested food, which is accompanied by an active fermentation process. With a weakening of motor function, patients will experience bloating, flatulence, pain in the navel, lack of stool for several days.
• Intestinal obstruction is a complex pathological condition in which the movement of feces through the intestines partially or completely stops. The disease is characterized by an increase in the phenomena of bloating of the colon with a protrusion of the anterior abdominal wall, intense pain in the abdomen of a spastic nature and the appearance of signs of peritonitis. At the first suspicion of intestinal obstruction, you should immediately consult a doctor.

Neoplasms

Cancer or neoplasms in the large intestine is a collective concept, in the structure of which several tumor processes are distinguished, which differ in their localization, the nature of neoplastic growth and the aggressiveness of the pathological process. Tumors most often occur in the caecum, transverse rim and rectum. There are several reasons for this growth: genetic predisposition, poor nutrition, chronic intoxication with chemicals, sedentary image life, radiation and much more.

Colon cancer is a multisymptomatic disease. At the forefront of such patients are complaints of diffuse pain in the abdomen, general malaise, impaired motor function of the intestine, and aversion to food. As the disease progresses, the sick person loses weight, develops ascites and bloating of the anterior abdominal wall, anemia, and intestinal bleeding or obstruction. Cancer needs to be treated operational method with subsequent courses of chemotherapy and radiotherapy.

Inflammation

In medical practice, inflammation of the colon is called colitis. The disease can take on an acute and chronic course, be ulcerative, as well as spastic:

• Spastic colitis develops predominantly in individuals who are malnourished or have had surgical interventions on the abdominal organs. The disease is manifested by spastic pains, which are localized mainly in the lower abdomen, as well as a tendency to constipation. The feces of such a patient looks like hard lumps. Patients also complain of general malaise, loss of working capacity and weakness.
• Infectious colitis occurs as a result of damage to the colon wall by pathogens. The disease is accompanied by an increase general temperature, pulling pains in the abdomen, frequent liquid stool with a fetid odor and an increase in signs of intoxication.
• Ulcerative colitis - inflammatory disease, during which ulcers and erosions form on the inner wall of the colon. At the same time, streaks of blood begin to appear in the feces. Patients also report the appearance aching pains predominantly in the left abdomen, stool disorders, and in more advanced cases - the release of a trickle of blood after feces up to 200 ml.

suction problems

The large intestine primarily absorbs water. Most of the nutrients from food were absorbed by the villi of the small intestine under the influence of enzymes and bile. Absorption problems are not separate disease, but a generalizing symptom that accompanies many pathological processes in the distal gastrointestinal tract. Such disorders accompany colitis, cancer, intestinal obstruction and other diseases.

Diarrhea

Diarrhea or diarrhea is a pathological condition that occurs as a result of accelerated contraction of the walls of the large intestine and is manifested by the appearance of liquid, frequent stool. Such disorders can be triggered by both infectious and non-infectious diseases of the colon. The most common cause is poor nutrition and stress. In most clinical cases, diarrhea is accompanied by pain and frequent productive urge to defecate. Treatment of diarrhea depends on its causative factor and can be carried out both at home and in a hospital ( running cases infectious nature).

Constipation

Normally, the intestines should get rid of feces daily, and the absence of stool for three days is considered to be constipation. Slow and difficult defecation develops as a result of not proper nutrition when a person excludes fruits and vegetables, cereals, dairy products from his diet, and focuses on eating bakery products. The appearance of constipation may also be associated with intestinal atony or disturbances in the composition of its normal microflora.

irritable bowel syndrome

Irritable bowel syndrome is a complex concept. This disease occurs in almost every fifth inhabitant of our planet and affects the large intestine of young people. Doctors have not yet been able to determine the exact causes of the disease, but it is assumed that it occurs against the background of severe stress, irregular working hours and poor nutrition.

With irritable bowel syndrome, patients turn to a specialist with complaints of discomfort and pain in the umbilical zone, frequent imperative urges in the morning, changes in the stool, the presence of a huge amount of mucus in the feces, poor appetite, nausea, general malaise. Fortunately, the disease responds well medical correction Therefore, with timely access to specialists, a sick person has the opportunity to quickly get rid of the problems that concern him.

Intussusception

Invagination or penetration of one part of the colon into the cavity of another occurs mainly in the smallest patients. In adulthood, this disease is rarely diagnosed. In most cases, it accompanies cancerous tumors or intestinal polyposis. With intussusception of the colon, patients experience periodic attacks severe pain, delayed passage of gases and feces, vomiting without relief, diarrhea mixed with blood and an increase in body temperature up to 400 C.

Intussusception is one of the diseases that are treated exclusively by surgery. If the patient is not provided with qualified assistance, the symptoms of the disease will increase, and peritonitis will join the pathological process, as a result of which the person will die within 3 days.

Crohn's disease

Crohn's disease is an autoimmune inflammation of the large intestine, which is manifested by disturbances in its functioning with the development of complications from other organs and systems. The pathological process covers not only the large intestine, but also the small intestine, stomach and even the esophagus. As a result of a non-specific inflammatory process, zones of leukocyte infiltration form on the intestinal mucosa, which eventually transform into ulcers and erosions. The patient begins to complain of cramping abdominal pain, flatulence, rapid weight loss and bloody diarrhea.

The disease occurs against the background of numerous complications and lesions of other organs. Patients may experience intestinal obstruction, adhesive disease, intestinal perforation, and acute internal bleeding. People with Crohn's disease often complain of dermatoses, joint pain, decreased immunity, anemia, and loss of working capacity. The pathological process progresses quite quickly, so if alarming symptoms appear, you should not postpone a visit to specialists.

Features of pain syndrome in pathologies of the large intestine

Main Feature pain syndrome in diseases of the large intestine is its polymorphism, that is, diversity in manifestations, localization and intensity. The pains provoked by the pathologies of this section of the gastrointestinal tract are localized in different parts of the abdominal cavity or small pelvis. They can take on any character: from aching pain to intense spastic colic.

Pain syndrome in diseases of the colon often depends on food intake and occurs 2-3 hours after it. In this case, the pain spreads to the entire region of the abdominal cavity or is localized locally in one of its sections:

• right iliac region - diseases of the caecum and appendix;
• left iliac region- diseases of the sigmoid colon;
• lower abdomen and perineum - rectum;
• umbilical zone - the colon of the large intestine.

Sometimes pain in the abdominal cavity can be mistakenly regarded as manifestations of diseases of the colon, while in fact they are signs of damage to other organs and systems of the body. For example, in myocardial infarction, pain often radiates to the right or upper abdomen, kidney disease may be accompanied by pain in the iliac regions, and the like.

Causes of diseases of the colon

Almost all diseases of the colon are polyetiological in nature and are caused by several factors at once. Among the main reasons pathological conditions body should be distinguished:

• genetically determined predisposition;
• infectious agents;
• stress factor;
• long-term use of medicines from the group of antibiotics, cytostatics, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs);
• autoimmune pathological processes;
• allergic reactions;
• wrong and not balanced diet;
• accompanying illnesses;
• metabolic disorders;
• sedentary and physical inactivity lifestyle;
• bad habits: smoking and alcohol abuse.

Statistical studies have confirmed that the vast majority of pathological conditions of the large intestine are based on an inflammatory process (not necessarily of an infectious origin), which affects the mucous membranes and leads to a violation of the functionality of the organ.

Clinical picture

Very often, a sick person misses the moment when he had the first symptoms of disorders of the large intestine. In most clinical cases, they are expressed by discomfort in the abdominal cavity, so the patient does not betray them much attention, perceiving them as a banal indigestion.

Over time, the pathological process progresses, and its symptoms become more pronounced and vivid. Patients experience pain in different parts of the abdomen of varying intensity, problems with stools, bloating, peristalsis disorders, and the like. Alarming signs of diseases, which indicate the transition of the disease to active phase, is the presence in the feces of a sick person of mucus, blood or pus.

Almost all diseases of the large intestine are accompanied by a violation of the natural process of absorption of nutrients. Such pathological changes in the functioning of the organ there will be beriberi, a sharp weight loss, the appearance of general malaise and weakness in a sick person. In the development of acute painful conditions, symptoms come to the fore that indicate the presence of diseases in the patient, which are accompanied by a local inflammatory reaction of the peritoneum to the pathological process or peritonitis.

What will help determine the disease?

Modern medical practice has a huge arsenal of techniques that allow you to accurately determine the nature, localization and degree of development of diseases in the colon.

Laboratory and instrumental types of research allow confirming the diagnosis of a certain ailment, including:

1. Laboratory examination of blood and feces.
2. Ultrasound of the abdominal organs, which allows you to determine the presence of swelling of the loops of the colon, pathological neoplasms, metastases, inflamed areas of the intestine and much more.
3. Irrigoscopy - x-ray examination large intestine by introducing a barium mixture into it, which is used in relation to tumors, developmental anomalies, adhesive diseases, colitis, and the like.
4. Colonoscopy - endoscopic technique determination of diseases of the colon, during which it is possible to determine the presence of diverticulosis, cancerous tumors or polyps in the lumen of the organ.
5. If neoplasms, Crohn's disease, organ damage by tuberculosis are suspected, the doctor decides on the need for a biopsy study of taken samples of intestinal tissue from the areas affected by the pathological process.

Which doctor should I contact?

When the first alarming symptoms from the large intestine appear, it is recommended to visit a doctor. This can be done by making an appointment with a gastroenterologist or proctologist at a polyclinic at the place of residence. A gastroenterologist is a doctor whose work is related to the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of gastrointestinal diseases, while a proctologist is a narrower specialist that deals with problems of the rectum. If a person is not sure of the nature of the origin of pathological symptoms, then it is better for him to visit a therapist who, if necessary, will refer the patient to the right doctor.

Any pathological manifestations of the work of the colon are an indication for the treatment of a sick person to an experienced specialist for early diagnosis of diseases and their timely correction.

Since the lion's share of diseases of the large intestine needs surgical correction, patients with specific complaints that indicate the surgical nature of the disease should be in without fail sent for examination to a surgeon and an oncologist, to exclude the possibility of developing a neoplastic process in them.

Modern approaches to treatment

Treatment of diseases of the colon in practice is implemented through the use of conservative treatment regimens or surgical correction. The choice of method of treatment of diseases depends on the nature of the disease, the degree of its neglect, the presence of complications and individual characteristics the patient's body. An important place in the treatment of pathologies of the large intestine is occupied by drug therapy. Most often, doctors use antibacterial agents, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, antispasmodics, sulfonamides.

Conservative therapy of diseases of the large intestine pursues several goals at once: elimination of foci of inflammation, restoration of damaged areas of the mucous membrane, normalization of organ functions and elimination of pain. Treatment of the colon must be necessarily complex. That is why, in addition to medicines, doctors prescribe courses of physiotherapy, therapeutic exercises, and diet therapy to their patients.

AT recent times An increasing number of patients are looking for alternative methods of treating diseases of the colon, among which herbal medicine is especially popular. Indeed, the treatment of pathological processes in the large intestine with herbs allows you to achieve a stable remission or completely cure colitis, eliminate motor disorders, get rid of diarrhea or constipation.

Surgical treatment is an extreme measure, which is resorted to when conservative therapy has not brought the desired results or turned out to be completely ineffective. Colon tumors, polyps and diverticula are also surgically removed. By using surgical techniques doctors have the ability to remove inflamed parts of the intestine, for example, the appendix, drain abscesses, and eliminate the manifestations of peritonitis.

Diet

In case of intestinal diseases, the processes of absorption of vital organic compounds are disrupted, so the diet for such disorders should be as balanced as possible and sufficiently high in calories. In the diet, you should increase the amount of protein foods of animal origin, while eating often and fractionally, up to 6 times a day, so as not to create an unnecessary burden on the affected intestines.

Diet for diseases of the colon should include:

• fat-free soups with boiled vegetables and vermicelli;
• porridge with a little oil;
• lean meat, steamed in chopped form;
• dairy products in large quantities;
• black bread, dry cookies;
• baked apples, puddings, berries;
• rosehip decoction, warm spring water.

• white fresh bread, pastries, cakes and sweets;
• fatty broths, rich soups;
• smoked sausages, fried fatty meat, barbecue;
• mushrooms;
• lard, vegetable oil;
• strong tea, carbonated drinks, coffee, alcohol.

Prevention

Prevention of diseases of the distal colon should be addressed with early childhood. It is important to follow the rules of rational and proper nutrition, to exclude foods with allergenic properties, fried and fatty foods from the daily menu.

Only early prevention of the development of disorders of the digestive tract, a balanced diet and respect for one's body will help a person avoid the occurrence of serious pathological conditions in the future and lead a full-fledged lifestyle.

Prevention of diseases of the large intestine is:

• healthy lifestyle;
• prevention of stressful situations;
• preventing constipation;
• timely treatment of diseases;
• regular visits to the doctor with preventive visits;
• normalization of the daily routine, good sleep;
• moderate physical activity;
• control over the state of the intestinal microflora.

Violations in the work of the large intestine not only affect the general well-being of a person, but also significantly worsen the quality of his life. Such diseases are chronic in nature and prone to seasonal exacerbations. They are very difficult to treat with medication and require complex approaches to treatment.

It is important to remember that digestive disorders are always easier to prevent than to get rid of their consequences later. Only a careful attitude to one's health will help each potential patient of the gastroenterological department of the hospital to avoid such ailments and prevent the development of their complications.

8 things you should know about the colon

The penultimate section of the digestive system is the large intestine, which is located in the abdominal cavity and covers the pelvic area. Its length averages 1.5 meters, and the shape and location may vary depending on age.

The main functions of the colon are to absorb water, store waste, keep the body hydrated, and absorb important vitamins such as vitamin K. Therefore, it is very important for your overall health to take care of your colon. In this article, we propose to consider eight things about the large intestine that everyone should know.

Be careful with irritable bowel syndrome

Irritable bowel syndrome is a very common condition for modern life. This is a functional disease associated with a disorder of intestinal motility and digestion of food. It is a common condition, especially among women, characterized by diarrhea, bloating, and constipation. These symptoms may last for several months. Therefore, it is very important to consult a doctor at the first sign.

• Incorrect functioning of the colon is the cause of diarrhea…

When the large intestine does not function properly, trying to absorb the nutrients and fluids that enter our body, it can cause diarrhea. In order for the walls of the colon to work better, we suggest eating rice, applesauce, bananas and toast.

Poor bowel function is also the cause of constipation. Basically, it usually happens through low activity bowels for a few days, but constipation does not necessarily always occur. Therefore, it is very important to consume enough fiber and drink plenty of water if you have frequent constipation.

Be careful with hemorrhoids

Hemorrhoids are the most common proctological disease that causes a lot of problems for a person. One of the very first manifestations of hemorrhoids is a feeling of discomfort in the anus, which eventually develops into pain.

Hemorrhoids are pathologically enlarged hemorrhoids that are prone to inflammation, bleeding and prolapse from the anus. This is an inflammation of the veins and arteries of the rectum or other places close to it.

Although we may feel a bit awkward when it comes to hemorrhoids, it is still very important to be careful with hemorrhoids. It is better to consult a doctor at the first manifestations of the disease and follow a diet that should be rich in fiber.

Be careful with colon cancer

Colon cancer is one of the most common diseases in several countries. Like any other type of cancer, it is cancer, which is characterized by the appearance of malignant cells. In the place where the waste is located and different types bacteria, cancer can very easily develop.

However, this type of disease is easy to identify. In order to detect colon cancer as early as possible, it is recommended to have regular check-ups medical examination. The first thing your doctor should do is determine if hidden blood in feces. This simple and painless test will help you get rid of this malignant disease, and the causes of anxiety at the same time.

Don't be fooled

AT last years it has become fashionable to treat or cleanse the large intestine. However, one must be very careful. These procedures do not lead to the correct functioning of the intestines and they are also very undesirable for your organs.

To cleanse the colon natural way It is best to eat foods that are high in fiber. That is, bran, mushrooms, wholemeal bread, buckwheat, barley porridge, beets, carrots, cabbage. The fibers of such food are able to remove toxins and poisons from the body, cleansing it from the inside.

Eat healthy food

There is no need to talk about the fact that health depends on the state of the intestine. In order to enjoy good overall health and proper functioning of the large intestine, it is very important to remember that the establishment of the gastrointestinal tract is painstaking, requires strict adherence to the rules of complete and regular nutrition.

You will have to give up bakery products, snacks between meals, and fiber should become the main component of nutrition. Thus, if you follow our advice and that of your doctor, we will ensure that the colon performs its basic functions in the best possible way.

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