Functions of state security bodies. State security bodies of the USSR and Russia: from the Cheka to the FSB (7 photos)

As we know, any country is a vast organization that provides an adequate standard of living to its population. Thus, the well-being of a country directly affects the quality of life of its inhabitants. The latter, in turn, are obliged to ensure the protection of their state. This fact people realized back in ancient times what the creation of armies entailed. Its representatives have always had honor and popularity in society.

However, in addition to the usual military formations, each power had security agencies that fought against the intelligence activities of other countries on their territory. Such organizations in most cases carried out their activities in the shadows in order to hide their methods and methods of work from prying eyes. Nevertheless, today the existence and functioning of many state security structures is not surprising, since they exist in almost every country.

As for Russia, our state also has a special agency called the Federal Security Service, or FSB. What this organization does, its structure and functions will be discussed later in the article.

Department structure

The Law “On the FSB” largely gives an understanding of the structure of the service presented in the article. This question is extremely interesting today. After all, the structure shows the priority of certain areas of the service’s activities. Thus, today the system includes following controls, services and departments of the FSB:

directly the department's apparatus;
counterintelligence services and protection of the constitutional order of the Russian Federation;
economic security service;
border, personnel service and own safety;
investigation department;
Department of Military Counterintelligence.

There are also other, more minor units that are part of the FSB. What each structural department does can be understood by analyzing regulatory framework and other official information about the service.

Special units

FSB employees perform completely different tasks when working in various structural units of the service. However, there are units that have specific goals. Such a formation is the FSB Special Purpose Center. It consists of two departments: “A” (“Alpha”) and “B” (“Vympel”). Units carry out special tasks. For example, Alpha is an organization created to fight terrorism, free hostages and solve other problems. important tasks. Alpha fighters often perform missions in Chechnya, Dagestan, etc.

As for the Vympel unit, it is one of the most classified today. The number, command and personnel of the management are unknown. The activities of the organization are also shrouded in mystery. Its functioning can only be judged by rumors, according to which Vympel is used for activities abroad.

Features of staffing

Any government department selects its employees carefully. In this case, FSB officers come to serve in the agency as military personnel or as civilian personnel. At the same time, the department welcomes people who already have an education in certain areas activities. In addition, there is a special academy of the Federal Security Service Russian Federation. In this educational institution prepare representatives of officer corps for certain divisions of the department.

Conclusion

So, we tried to analyze the features of such a structure as the FSB. What this body does, the features of its system and personnel composition were also described in the article. We can only hope that in the future the department will only improve its work, since its activities are directly related to the security of Russia.

In 1917, Vladimir Lenin created the Cheka from the remnants of the Tsarist secret police. This new organization, which eventually became the KGB, was involved in a wide range of tasks, including intelligence, counterintelligence and isolation Soviet Union from Western goods, news and ideas. In 1991, the USSR collapsed, leading to the fragmentation of the Committee into many organizations, the largest of which is the FSB.

The All-Russian Extraordinary Commission (VChK) was created on December 7, 1917 as an organ of the “dictatorship of the proletariat.” The main task of the commission was to fight counter-revolution and sabotage. The agency also performed the functions of intelligence, counterintelligence and political investigation. Since 1921, the tasks of the Cheka included the elimination of homelessness and neglect among children.

Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR Vladimir Lenin called the Cheka "a devastating weapon against countless conspiracies, countless attempts on Soviet power by people who were infinitely stronger than us."
The people called the commission “the emergency”, and its employees - “chekists”. The first Soviet state security agency was headed by Felix Dzerzhinsky. Under new structure The building of the former mayor of Petrograd, located at Gorokhovaya, 2, was allocated.

In February 1918, Cheka employees received the right to shoot criminals on the spot without trial or investigation in accordance with the decree “The Fatherland is in Danger!”

Capital punishment was allowed to be applied against “enemy agents, speculators, thugs, hooligans, counter-revolutionary agitators, German spies,” and later “all persons involved in White Guard organizations, conspiracies and rebellions.”

End civil war and the decline of the wave of peasant uprisings made the continued existence of the expanded repressive apparatus, whose activities had practically no legal restrictions, meaningless. Therefore, by 1921, the party was faced with the question of reforming the organization.

On February 6, 1922, the Cheka was finally abolished, and its powers were transferred to the State Political Administration, which later received the name United (OGPU). As Lenin emphasized: “... the abolition of the Cheka and the creation of the GPU does not simply mean changing the name of the bodies, but consists of changing the nature of the entire activity of the body during the period of peaceful construction of the state in a new situation...”.

The chairman of the department until July 20, 1926 was Felix Dzerzhinsky; after his death, this post was taken by the former People's Commissar of Finance Vyacheslav Menzhinsky.
The main task of the new body was the same fight against counter-revolution in all its manifestations. Subordinate to the OGPU were special units of troops necessary to suppress public unrest and combat banditry.

In addition, the department was entrusted with the following functions:

Protection of railway and waterways;
- fight against smuggling and border crossing by Soviet citizens);
- implementation of special assignments of the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars.

On May 9, 1924, the powers of the OGPU were significantly expanded. The police and criminal investigation authorities began to report to the department. Thus began the process of merging state security agencies with internal affairs agencies.

On July 10, 1934, the People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs of the USSR (NKVD) was formed. The People's Commissariat was an all-Union one, and the OGPU was included in it in the form structural unit called the Main Directorate of State Security (GUGB). The fundamental innovation was that the judicial board of the OGPU was abolished: the new department should not have judicial functions. The new People's Commissariat was headed by Genrikh Yagoda.

The NKVD's area of responsibility included political investigation and the right to pass sentences out of court, the penal system, foreign intelligence, border troops, and counterintelligence in the army. In 1935, the functions of the NKVD included regulation traffic(GAI), and in 1937 NKVD departments were created for transport, including sea and river ports.

On March 28, 1937, Yagoda was arrested by the NKVD; during a search of his home, according to the protocol, pornographic photographs, Trotskyist literature and a rubber dildo were found. Due to “anti-state” activities, the Politburo of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks expelled Yagoda from the party. Nikolai Yezhov was appointed the new head of the NKVD.

In 1937, the NKVD “troikas” appeared. Their commission three people handed down thousands of sentences in absentia to “enemies of the people”, based on materials from the authorities, and sometimes simply on lists. A feature of this process was the absence of protocols and the minimum number of documents on the basis of which a decision was made on the guilt of the defendant. The troika's verdict was not subject to appeal.

During the year the “troikas” worked, 767,397 people were convicted, of which 386,798 people were sentenced to death. The victims most often were kulaks - wealthy peasants who did not want to voluntarily give up their property to the collective farm.

On April 10, 1939, Yezhov was arrested in the office of Georgy Malenkov. Subsequently, the former head of the NKVD admitted to homosexual orientation and preparing a coup. Third people's commissar Lavrentiy Beria became Internal Affairs Minister.

On February 3, 1941, the NKVD was divided into two people's commissariats - the People's Commissariat for State Security (NKGB) and the People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs (NKVD).

This was done with the aim of improving the intelligence and operational work of state security agencies and distributing the increased volume of work of the NKVD of the USSR.

The NKGB was assigned the following tasks:

Conducting intelligence work abroad;
- the fight against subversive, espionage, and terrorist activities of foreign intelligence services within the USSR;
- prompt development and liquidation of the remnants of anti-Soviet and counter-revolutionary parties -
- formations among various layers of the population of the USSR, in the system of industry, transport, communications, agriculture;
- protection of party and government leaders.

The NKVD was entrusted with the tasks of ensuring state security. Military and prison units, police, and fire protection remained under the jurisdiction of this department.

On July 4, 1941, in connection with the outbreak of war, it was decided to merge the NKGB and NKVD into one department in order to reduce bureaucracy.

The re-creation of the NKGB of the USSR took place in April 1943. The main task of the committee was reconnaissance and sabotage activities behind German lines. As we moved west, the importance of working in countries increased Eastern Europe, where the NKGB was engaged in the “liquidation of anti-Soviet elements.”

In 1946, all people's commissariats were renamed into ministries, and accordingly, the NKGB became the USSR Ministry of State Security. At the same time, Viktor Abakumov became Minister of State Security. With his arrival, the transition of the functions of the Ministry of Internal Affairs to the jurisdiction of the MGB began. In 1947–1952, internal troops, police, border troops and other units were transferred to the department (camp and construction departments, fire protection, convoy troops, courier communications).

After Stalin's death in 1953, Nikita Khrushchev removed Beria and organized a campaign against the illegal repression of the NKVD. Subsequently, several thousand of those unjustly convicted were rehabilitated.

On March 13, 1954, the State Security Committee (KGB) was created by separating departments, services and departments related to state security issues from the MGB. Compared to its predecessors, new organ had more low status: was not a ministry within the government, but a committee under the government. The KGB chairman was a member of the CPSU Central Committee, but he was not a member of the highest authority - the Politburo. This was explained by the fact that the party elite wanted to protect themselves from the emergence of a new Beria - a man capable of removing her from power in order to implement his own political projects.

The area of responsibility of the new body included: foreign intelligence, counterintelligence, operational-search activities, protecting the state border of the USSR, protecting the leaders of the CPSU and the government, organizing and ensuring government communications, as well as the fight against nationalism, dissent, crime and anti-Soviet activities.

Almost immediately after its formation, the KGB carried out a large-scale staff reduction in connection with the beginning of the process of de-Stalinization of society and the state. From 1953 to 1955, state security agencies were reduced by 52%.

In the 1970s, the KGB intensified its fight against dissent and the dissident movement. However, the department's actions have become more subtle and disguised. Such means were actively used psychological pressure as surveillance, public shaming, disruption professional career, preventive conversations, forced travel abroad, forced confinement in psychiatric clinics, political trials, slander, lies and compromising evidence, various provocations and intimidation. At the same time, there were also lists of “those not allowed to travel abroad” - those who were denied permission to travel abroad.

A new “invention” of the special services was the so-called “exile beyond the 101st kilometer”: politically unreliable citizens were evicted outside of Moscow and St. Petersburg. Under close attention During this period, the KGB primarily controlled representatives of the creative intelligentsia - figures of literature, art and science - who, due to their social status and international authority, could cause the most widespread damage to the reputation of the Soviet state and the Communist Party.

On December 3, 1991, USSR President Mikhail Gorbachev signed the law “On the reorganization of state security agencies.” On the basis of the document, the KGB of the USSR was abolished and for the transition period, the Inter-Republican Security Service and the Central Intelligence Service of the USSR (currently the Foreign Intelligence Service of the Russian Federation) were created on its basis.

After the abolition of the KGB, the process of creating new state security bodies took about three years. During this time, the departments of the disbanded committee moved from one department to another.

On December 21, 1993, Boris Yeltsin signed a decree on the creation of the Federal Counterintelligence Service of the Russian Federation (FSK). The director of the new body from December 1993 to March 1994 was Nikolai Golushko, and from March 1994 to June 1995 this post was held by Sergei Stepashin.

Currently, the FSB cooperates with 142 intelligence services, law enforcement agencies and border structures of 86 states. Offices of official representatives of the Service bodies operate in 45 countries.

In general, the activities of the FSB bodies are carried out in the following main areas:

Counterintelligence activities;
- fight against terrorism;
- protection of the constitutional order;
- fight against special dangerous forms crime;
- intelligence activities;
- border activities;
- provision information security; fight against corruption.

The FSB was headed by:
in 1995–1996 M. I. Barsukov;
in 1996–1998 N. D. Kovalev;
in 1998–1999 V.V. Putin;
in 1999–2008 N. P. Patrushev;
since May 2008 - A.V. Bortnikov.

Structure of the FSB of Russia:
- Office of the National Anti-Terrorism Committee;
- Counterintelligence Service;
- Service for the protection of the constitutional order and the fight against terrorism;
- Economic Security Service;
- Service for operational information and international relations;
- Organizational and personnel work service;
- Operations support service;
- Border Service;
- Scientific and technical service;
- Control service;
- Investigation Department;
- Centers, management;
- directorates (departments) of the FSB of Russia for individual regions and constituent entities of the Russian Federation (territorial security agencies);
- border departments (departments, detachments) of the FSB of Russia ( border authorities);
- other directorates (departments) of the FSB of Russia that exercise certain powers of this body or ensure the activities of FSB bodies (other security bodies);
- aviation, railway, motor transport divisions, centers special training, special purpose units, enterprises, educational institutions, research, expert, forensic, military medical and military construction units, sanatoriums and other institutions and units designed to support the activities of the federal security service.

The Law of the Russian Federation of March 5, 1992 No. 2446-1 “On Security” established legal basis ensuring the security of the individual, society and the state, determined the security system and its functions, established the procedure for organizing, controlling and supervising their activities.

In accordance with the Law of the Russian Federation * On Security, “security” means the state of vital security important interests individuals, society and state from internal and external threats. Vital interests are a set of needs, the satisfaction of which reliably ensures the existence and opportunities for the progressive development of the individual, society and state.

The main objects of security include: the individual - his rights and freedoms; society - its material and spiritual values; the state - its constitutional system, sovereignty and territorial integrity.

The main subject of security is the state, which exercises functions in this area through the legislative, executive and judicial authorities.

The state, in accordance with current legislation, ensures the safety of every citizen on the territory of the Russian Federation. Citizens of the Russian Federation located outside its borders are guaranteed protection and patronage by the state.

Citizens, public and other organizations and associations are considered subjects of security, have the rights and responsibilities to participate in ensuring security in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation, the legislation of the republics within the Russian Federation, regulations of state authorities and administration of territories, regions, cities of federal significance, autonomous region and autonomous okrugs adopted within the limits of their competence in this area. The state provides legal and social protection citizens, public and other organizations and associations providing assistance in ensuring security in accordance with the Law of the Russian Federation “On Security” (Article 2).

Safety is achieved by carrying out a unified public policy in the field of security, a system of economic measures of a comic, political and organizational nature. To create and maintain the required level of security for security facilities, a system of legal norms is being developed to regulate relations in the field of security.

The security system is formed by legislative, executive and judicial authorities, state, public and other organizations and associations, citizens taking part in ensuring security in accordance with the law, as well as legislation regulating relations in the field of security.

The creation of security bodies not established by the Law of the Russian Federation “On Security” is not allowed (Article 8).

Main functions of the security system:

Identification and forecasting of internal and external threats to the vital interests of security facilities;

Implementation of a set of operational and long-term measures to prevent and neutralize them;

Creation and maintenance of security forces and means in readiness;

Management of security forces and means in everyday conditions and in emergency situations;

Implementation of a system of measures to restore the normal functioning of security facilities in regions affected by the emergency;

Participation in security activities outside the Russian Federation in accordance with international treaties and agreements concluded or recognized by Russia.

General management of state security bodies is exercised by the President of the Russian Federation, who heads the Security Council of the Russian Federation; controls and coordinates the activities of government security agencies and makes the necessary operational decisions.

The Government of the Russian Federation, within its competence, provides leadership to federal executive authorities, organizes and controls the implementation of federal programs for protecting the vital interests of security facilities.

To directly perform the functions of ensuring the security of the individual, society and the state, state security bodies are formed in the executive power system in accordance with the law. 1 The Security Council of the Russian Federation is a constitutional body that prepares decisions of the President of the Russian Federation on issues of ensuring the protection of the vital interests of the individual, society and the state from internal and external threats, and the implementation of a unified state policy in the field of security. The Security Council of the Russian Federation is formed by the President of the Russian Federation in accordance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation and the Law of the Russian Federation “On Security”:

The main tasks of the Security Council of the Russian Federation are:

Determining the vital interests of society and the state, identifying internal and external threats to security facilities;

Development of the main directions of the strategy for ensuring the security of the Russian Federation and organization of training for federal targeted programs its provision;

Preparation of proposals to the President of the Russian Federation on the introduction, extension or cancellation of a state of emergency and operational decisions to prevent emergency situations and organize their liquidation;

The Security Council of the Russian Federation includes a chairman, a secretary, permanent members and members of the Security Council. The Chairman of the Security Council of the Russian Federation is ex officio the President of the Russian Federation. Organizational, technical and information support for the activities of the Security Council of the Russian Federation is carried out by its apparatus, headed by the Secretary of the Security Council of the Russian Federation.

For the purpose of more in-depth preparation of issues submitted to meetings of the Security Council of the Russian Federation, interdepartmental commissions have been created on certain areas of its activity. These include interdepartmental commissions on public safety, environmental safety; constitutional security; security in the economic sphere; military security and a number of others.

The personal composition of each commission is approved by the Secretary of the Security Council of the Russian Federation on the proposal of the heads of federal government bodies, the officials of which are included in its composition. Depending on the content of the issue under consideration, the Security Council of the Russian Federation may invite other persons to participate in the meeting as consultants.

The current situation in this area and its forecast actualize the problem of completing the formation of a unified state system of countering terrorism in our country. A number of important elements of the national system of combating terrorism in Russia began to take shape already in the 1990s. This process included the creation of mechanisms for managing anti-terrorism activities at the federal level, the formation of coordination bodies for subjects of anti-terrorism activities, the development of basic forms of participation of executive authorities in the fight against terrorism, etc. However, in modern conditions, previously taken measures to counter terrorism are not enough : in a number of cases they were inconsistent and did not sufficiently reflect the need to take into account changes in the system of terrorism itself.

The previously stated content of Art. 2 and 8 of the Law of the Russian Federation “On Security” allows all state bodies of legislative, executive and judicial power to be included in the security system. It should be borne in mind that the course does not cover all authorities involved in ensuring security, but only those for which this area of activity is a priority. These include:

Bodies of the Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation;

Foreign intelligence agencies;

Federal state security agencies.

12.2. Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation

The bodies of the Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation (hereinafter referred to as the FSB of Russia) are considered an integral part of the security forces of the Russian Federation and, within the limits of the powers granted to them, ensure the security of the individual, society and the state. The activities of the federal security service bodies are managed by the President of the Russian Federation and the Government of the Russian Federation.

The legal basis for the activities of the FSB bodies of Russia is the Constitution of the Russian Federation, Federal Law of April 3, 1995 No. 40-FZ “On the Federal Security Service,” other federal laws and other regulatory legal acts of federal government bodies. The activities of the Russian FSB bodies are also carried out in accordance with international treaties of the Russian Federation.

According to Federal law“On the Federal Security Service” the activities of security agencies are carried out on the basis of the principles:

Legality;

Respect and observance of human and civil rights and freedoms;

Humanism;

* unity of the system of federal security service bodies and centralization of their management;

Conspiracy, a combination of public and secret methods and means of activity.

The bodies of the FSB of Russia represent a single centralized system, which includes:

1) FSB of RUSSIA;

2) directorates (departments) of the FSB of Russia for individual regions and constituent entities of the Russian Federation (territorial security agencies);

3) directorates (departments) of the FSB of Russia in the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, other troops and military formations, as well as their control bodies (security agencies in the troops);

4) departments (departments, detachments) of the FSB of Russia for the border service (border agencies). Subordinate to border authorities

there are border troops;

5) other directorates (departments) performing separate powers of the FSB of Russia and border troops (other security agencies); )

6) aviation units, special training centers, enterprises, educational, research, medical, expert and other institutions and units that support the activities of the FSB of Russia (Fig. 12.1)!

Territorial security agencies, security agencies in the military, border agencies, and other security agencies are directly subordinate to units that directly implement the main areas of activity of the FSB of Russia, management and support functions.

According to Decree of the President of the Russian Federation dated August 11, 2003 E No. 960 “Issues of the Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation,” the leadership of the FSB of Russia and the units directly included in its structure constitute the central apparatus of the FSB of Russia.

The FSB of Russia is headed by a director with the rights of a federal minister, appointed to the position by the President of the Russian Federation. The position of director of the FSB of Russia corresponds to the military rank of “army general.”

Director of the FSB of Russia: manages the bodies of the FSB of Russia; informs the President of the Russian Federation and the Government of the Russian Federation and, on their instructions, the authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation about threats to the security of Russia; makes decisions on the creation of territorial security bodies and security bodies in the troops; enrolls citizens in the prescribed manner military service in the bodies of the FSB of Russia and exercises other powers in accordance with federal laws. The FSB of Russia has established the positions of two first deputy directors - heads of services.

The structure of the FSB of RUSSIA includes eight services: border; counterintelligence; on the protection of the constitutional order and the fight against terrorism; economic security; analysis, forecasts and strategic planning; organizational and personnel work and department for ensuring the activities of the FSB of Russia; test. The services include departments, directorates and divisions in the relevant areas of activity of the services.

A board is formed in the FSB of Russia, the number and composition of which is approved by the director of the FSB of Russia. At its meetings, the board considers the most important issues of the activities of the FSB of Russia. The decisions of the board are formalized by order of the director of the FSB, Russia. In case of disagreements between the director and the board, the first one implements his decision and reports the disagreements to the President of the Russian Federation. Members of the board can also communicate their opinion to the President of the Russian Federation.

Foreign intelligence agencies, in accordance with the Law of the Russian Federation “On Security,” are included in the system of security organs.

Foreign intelligence agencies in accordance with the Federal Law of January 10, 1996. No. 5-FZ “On Foreign Intelligence” carry out intelligence activities by obtaining and processing information about real and potential opportunities, actions, plans and intentions of foreign states, organizations and individuals affecting the vitally important interests of the Russian Federation; providing assistance in the implementation of measures taken in the interests of the security of the Russian Federation.

Intelligence activities are carried out by the Foreign Intelligence Service and divisions within the structures of other federal executive authorities. The implementation of intelligence activities within the limits of their powers is entrusted to the units and bodies of foreign intelligence:

Foreign intelligence services of the Russian Federation - in the political, economic, military-strategic, scientific, technical and environmental spheres, in the field of encryption, classified and other types of special communications using radio-electronic communications outside the Russian Federation, as well as in ensuring the security of institutions and citizens of the Russian Federation abroad and who, by the nature of their activities, have access to information constituting a state secret;

Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation - in the military, military-political, military-technical, military-economic and environmental spheres;

Border agencies of the FSB of Russia - in the field of protection of the State border of the Russian Federation, its exclusive economic zone and continental shelf.

The intelligence activities of the FSB of Russia are carried out in cooperation with foreign intelligence agencies, to which part of the functions of the abolished Federal Agency for Communications and Information under the President of the Russian Federation on the use of radio-electronic means to obtain intelligence information has been transferred. 1,

General management of foreign intelligence agencies is exercised by the President of the Russian Federation. A special place in the system of intelligence agencies is occupied by the director of the Foreign Intelligence Service of the Russian Federation (hereinafter referred to as the Russian Foreign Intelligence Service), which is a kind of the highest level of the foreign intelligence system.

The Federal Security Service (FSB) of Russia celebrates its 20th anniversary. April 3, 1995 Russian President Boris Yeltsin signed the law “On the Federal Security Service Bodies in the Russian Federation.” In accordance with the document, the Federal Counterintelligence Service (FSK) was transformed into the Federal Security Service.

In 2014, terrorist crimes were committed 2.6 times less than in 2013. Last year, the Service stopped the activities of 52 career employees and 290 agents of foreign intelligence services; during the same period, it was possible to prevent damage to the state from corruption in the amount of about 142 billion rubles

AiF.ru talks about the FSB and its predecessors who stood guard state interests USSR.

Cheka (1917-1922)

Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR Vladimir Lenin called the Cheka “a devastating weapon against countless conspiracies, countless attempts on Soviet power by people who were infinitely stronger than us.”

The people called the commission “the emergency”, and its employees - “chekists”. Headed the first Soviet state security agency Felix Dzerzhinsky. The building of the former mayor of Petrograd, located at Gorokhovaya, 2, was allocated for the new structure.

In February 1918, Cheka employees received the right to shoot criminals on the spot without trial or investigation in accordance with the decree “The Fatherland is in Danger!”

The end of the civil war and the decline of the wave of peasant uprisings made the further existence of the expanded repressive apparatus, whose activities had practically no legal restrictions, meaningless. Therefore, by 1921, the party was faced with the question of reforming the organization.

OGPU (1923-1934)

The chairman of the department until July 20, 1926 was Felix Dzerzhinsky; after his death, this post was taken by the former People's Commissar of Finance Vyacheslav Menzhinsky.

The main task of the new body was the same fight against counter-revolution in all its manifestations. Subordinate to the OGPU were special units of troops necessary to suppress public unrest and combat banditry.

In addition, the department was entrusted with the following functions:

protection of railways and waterways;
fight against smuggling and border crossing by Soviet citizens);
carrying out special assignments of the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars.

NKVD (1934-1943)

On July 10, 1934, the People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs of the USSR (NKVD) was formed. The People's Commissariat was an all-Union one, and the OGPU was included in it in the form of a structural unit called the Main Directorate of State Security (GUGB). The fundamental innovation was that the judicial board of the OGPU was abolished: the new department should not have judicial functions. The new People's Commissariat headed Genrikh Yagoda.

The NKVD's area of responsibility included political investigation and the right to pass sentences out of court, the penal system, foreign intelligence, border troops, and counterintelligence in the army. In 1935, the functions of the NKVD included traffic regulation (GAI), and in 1937 NKVD departments for transport, including sea and river ports, were created.

On March 28, 1937, Yagoda was arrested by the NKVD; during a search of his home, according to the protocol, pornographic photographs, Trotskyist literature and a rubber dildo were found. Due to “anti-state” activities, the Politburo of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks expelled Yagoda from the party. The new head of the NKVD was appointed Nikolai Yezhov.

In 1937, the NKVD “troikas” appeared. A commission of three people handed down thousands of sentences in absentia to “enemies of the people”, based on materials from the authorities, and sometimes simply from lists. A feature of this process was the absence of protocols and the minimum number of documents on the basis of which a decision was made on the guilt of the defendant. The troika's verdict was not subject to appeal.

During the year of work by the troikas, 767,397 people were convicted, of which 386,798 people were sentenced to death. The victims most often were kulaks - wealthy peasants who did not want to voluntarily give up their property to the collective farm.

On April 10, 1939, Yezhov was arrested in his office Georgy Malenkov. Subsequently, the former head of the NKVD admitted to homosexual orientation and preparing a coup. Became the third People's Commissar of Internal Affairs Lavrenty Beria.

NKGB - MGB (1943-1954)

On February 3, 1941, the NKVD was divided into two people's commissariats - the People's Commissariat for State Security (NKGB) and the People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs (NKVD).

This was done with the aim of improving the intelligence and operational work of state security agencies and distributing the increased volume of work of the NKVD of the USSR.

The NKGB was assigned the following tasks:

conducting intelligence work abroad;
the fight against subversive, espionage, and terrorist activities of foreign intelligence services within the USSR;
prompt development and elimination of the remnants of anti-Soviet parties and counter-revolutionary formations among various layers of the population of the USSR, in the system of industry, transport, communications, and agriculture;
protection of party and government leaders.

The NKVD was entrusted with the tasks of ensuring state security. Military and prison units, police, and fire protection remained under the jurisdiction of this department.

On July 4, 1941, in connection with the outbreak of war, it was decided to merge the NKGB and NKVD into one department in order to reduce bureaucracy.

The re-creation of the NKGB of the USSR took place in April 1943. The main task of the committee was reconnaissance and sabotage activities behind German lines. As we moved west, the importance of work in the countries of Eastern Europe increased, where the NKGB was engaged in the “liquidation of anti-Soviet elements.”

In 1946, all people's commissariats were renamed into ministries, and accordingly, the NKGB became the USSR Ministry of State Security. At the same time he became the Minister of State Security Victor Abakumov. With his arrival, the transition of the functions of the Ministry of Internal Affairs to the jurisdiction of the MGB began. In 1947-1952, internal troops, police, border troops and other units were transferred to the department (camp and construction departments, fire protection, escort troops, and courier communications remained within the Ministry of Internal Affairs).

After death Stalin in 1953 Nikita Khrushchev shifted Beria and organized a campaign against illegal repression by the NKVD. Subsequently, several thousand of those unjustly convicted were rehabilitated.

KGB (1954-1991)

On March 13, 1954, the State Security Committee (KGB) was created by separating departments, services and departments related to state security issues from the MGB. Compared to its predecessors, the new body had a lower status: it was not a ministry within the government, but a committee under the government. The KGB chairman was a member of the CPSU Central Committee, but he was not a member of the highest authority - the Politburo. This was explained by the fact that the party elite wanted to protect themselves from the emergence of a new Beria - a man capable of removing her from power in order to implement his own political projects.

In the 1970s, the KGB intensified its fight against dissent and the dissident movement. However, the department's actions have become more subtle and disguised. Such means of psychological pressure as surveillance, public condemnation, undermining a professional career, preventive conversations, forced travel abroad, forced confinement in psychiatric clinics, political trials, slander, lies and compromising evidence, various provocations and intimidation were actively used. At the same time, there were also lists of “those not allowed to travel abroad”—those who were denied permission to travel abroad.

A new “invention” of the special services was the so-called “exile beyond the 101st kilometer”: politically unreliable citizens were evicted outside of Moscow and St. Petersburg. Under the close attention of the KGB during this period were primarily representatives of the creative intelligentsia - figures of literature, art and science - who, due to their social status and international authority, could cause the most widespread damage to the reputation of the Soviet state and the Communist Party.

In the 90s, changes in society and the system public administration USSR, caused by the processes of perestroika and glasnost, led to the need to revise the foundations and principles of the activities of state security bodies.

From 1954 to 1958, the leadership of the KGB was carried out by I. A. Serov.

From 1958 to 1961 - A. N. Shelepin.

From 1961 to 1967 - V. E. Semichastny.

From 1967 to 1982 - Yu. V. Andropov.

From May to December 1982 - V. V. Fedorchuk.

From 1982 to 1988 - V. M. Chebrikov.

From August to November 1991 - V. V. Bakatin.

December 3, 1991 President of the USSR Mikhail Gorbachev signed the law “On the reorganization of state security bodies.” Based on the document, the KGB of the USSR was abolished and, for the transition period, the Inter-Republican Security Service and the Central Intelligence Service of the USSR (currently the Foreign Intelligence Service of the Russian Federation) were created on its basis.

FSB

December 21, 1993 Boris Yeltsin signed a decree on the creation of the Federal Counterintelligence Service of the Russian Federation (FSK). The director of the new body from December 1993 to March 1994 was Nikolay Golushko, and from March 1994 to June 1995 this post was held by Sergey Stepashin.

In general, the activities of the FSB bodies are carried out in the following main areas:

counterintelligence activities;
fight against terrorism;
protection of the constitutional order;
combating particularly dangerous forms of crime;
intelligence activities;
border activities;
ensuring information security; fight against corruption.

The FSB was headed by:

in 1995-1996 M. I. Barsukov;

in 1996-1998 N. D. Kovalev;

in 1998-1999 V.V. Putin;

in 1999-2008 N. P. Patrushev;

since May 2008 - A. V. Bortnikov.

Structure of the FSB of Russia:

STATE SECURITY BODIES

important component law enforcement system of the state, special law enforcement agencies whose main activities are aimed at suppressing and solving crimes against the existing state (constitutional) system, external and internal security of the state. In the competence of O.g.b. may also include functions of an intelligence and information nature, security of higher government bodies, provision of government communications, security state borders. In democratic states O.g.b. are fighting such criminal offenses as terrorism, high treason, espionage, sabotage, attacks on the lives of government officials, violent seizure of power and armed rebellion. In non-democratic (authoritarian, totalitarian) states, the activities of the O.G.B. is directed both against the above-mentioned criminal offenses (often acquiring a “political” character) and against the completely peaceful social activity of political opponents of the regime (dissidents).

In democratic states O.g.b. must act in accordance with the principle of legality and under the control of authorized government bodies (courts, prosecutors, parliament). For authoritarian countries, the usual practice is almost complete lack of control over the activities of the OGB. (usually subordinate only to the head of the regime), and often a kind of “immunity” from legal liability for acts committed by employees of the O.G.B. unlawful acts (kidnappings, torture, extrajudicial executions and murders, including on the territory of other states).

History of O.g.b. dates back many centuries, their prototype was already present in a number of ancient states. Moreover, the appearance of O.g.b. usually preceded the creation of regular bodies to combat ordinary crimes. In France, for example, O.g.b. (“secret police”) appeared almost two centuries earlier than the criminal police.

In the Soviet state O.g.b. - The All-Russian Extraordinary Commission (VChK) was created a few weeks after October Revolution according to the resolution of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR dated December 7 (20), 1917. The Cheka was officially entrusted with the suppression and liquidation of counter-revolution and sabotage and bringing saboteurs and counter-revolutionaries to trial by the Military Revolutionary Tribunal, developing measures to combat them, as well as the fight against profiteering, malfeasance and etc.

In 1922, instead of the Cheka, the State Political Directorate (GPU) was created under the People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs (NKVD). The GPU was entrusted with the task of preventing, uncovering and suppressing “hostile activities of anti-Soviet elements”, protecting “ state secrets, the fight against espionage, against the hostile activities of foreign intelligence services and counter-revolutionary centers "abroad, as well as against smuggling. The GPU had special units of troops at its disposal. Its activities focused on solving political and anti-state crimes. The GPU bodies received the right to conduct investigative actions and inquiries , preliminary investigation and administrative measures.

In 1923, “in order to unite the revolutionary efforts of the union republics to combat political and economic counter-revolution, espionage and banditry,” the United State Political Administration was established under the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR

(OGPU). The leadership of the GPU of the union republics was entrusted to the union administration. special departments military districts, transport departments of political departments. special departments of fronts and armies; organization of border protection of the USSR. Supervision over the activities of the OGPU was entrusted to the Prosecutor of the USSR Armed Forces.

In 1932, security agencies were included in the OGPU system public order(police). At the same time, a judicial board was formed within the OGPU, in connection with which the executive functions of management were supplemented by judicial ones. The centralization of the security system was completed in 1934 with the creation of the united NKVD of the USSR, which included the OGPU. The Judicial Collegium is liquidated, and a Special Meeting is created - a body that, in an administrative (extrajudicial) manner, could apply exile, deportation and imprisonment in “corrective labor” camps as a punishment. The NKVD of the USSR was entrusted with the functions of protecting public order, state security, and state borders. The NKVD headed the system of correctional labor institutions; its structure included the Main Directorate of Camps (GULAG), created back in 1930.

In February 1941, the united NKVD was divided into the NKVD of the USSR and the People's Commissariat for State Security of the USSR (NKGB). In July 1941, the People's Commissariats were united into a single NKVD of the USSR. in April 1943 they were divided again. In March 1946, the NKVD of the USSR and the NKGB of the USSR were renamed respectively into the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR (MVD) and the Ministry of State Security of the USSR (MGB), which in March 1953. merged into the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs. In March 1954 O.G.B. were allocated to independent organization- State Security Committee (KGB) under the Council of Ministers of the USSR. In November 1991, the KGB of the USSR was transformed into the Inter-Republican Security Service (MSB). The Central Intelligence Service of the USSR and the Committee for the Protection of State Borders of the USSR.

In December 1991, the Ministry of Security of the Russian Federation was created. Intelligence functions have been transferred to the Foreign Intelligence Service. A number of other functions (border security, government communications, security of the highest authorities) that previously belonged to the KGB were also transferred to independent bodies. In December 1993, the Ministry of Security was abolished and the Federal Counter-Terrorism Service was formed in its place.

intelligence service of the Russian Federation (FSK RF). In November 1994, an Investigation Department was created within the FSK in order to increase the effectiveness of the fight against crime. In April 1995, the Federal Counterintelligence Service of the Russian Federation was renamed the Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation (FSB RF).

In accordance with the Federal Law of the Russian Federation dated April 3, 1995 No. 40-FZ “On the Bodies of the Federal Security Service in the Russian Federation,” the FSB bodies are a single centralized system, which includes: a) the FSB of the Russian Federation; b) directorates (departments) of the FSB of the Russian Federation for individual regions and constituent entities of the Russian Federation (territorial security agencies); c) directorates (departments) of the FSB of the Russian Federation in the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, troops and other military formations, as well as in their control bodies (security agencies in the troops). Territorial security bodies and security bodies in the troops are directly subordinate to the FSB of the Russian Federation (unlike, for example, the internal affairs bodies, which are under double subordination: the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation and local authorities). The FSB of the Russian Federation is headed by the Director of the FSB of the Russian Federation with the rights of a federal minister, appointed solely by the President of the Russian Federation...

The law establishes as the principles of activity of the O.G.B. legality, respect and observance of human and civil rights and freedoms, humanism. the unity of the system of FSB bodies and the centralization of their management, as well as secrecy, a combination of open and covert methods and means of activity. Control over the activities of the O.G.B. is entrusted to the prosecutor's office and the court, where, in particular, any person can appeal the actions of the O.G.B. based on violation of their rights and freedoms.

The law defined the main areas of activity of the FSB bodies as: a) counterintelligence activities: b) the fight against crime;

c) intelligence activities. Other directions can only be established by the Federal Law of the Russian Federation.

The counterintelligence activities of the FSB consist of identifying, preventing, and suppressing intelligence and other activities of intelligence services and other organizations. foreign countries, and also individuals aimed at harming the security of the Russian Federation. As part of the fight against crime, the FSB bodies carry out operational investigative activities to identify, prevent, suppress and disclose espionage, terrorist activities organized by

crime, corruption, illegal arms and drug trafficking? funds, smuggling and other crimes, the investigation and preliminary investigation of which are assigned by law to and jurisdiction, as well as to identify, prevent, suppress and disclose the activities of illegal armed groups, criminal groups, individuals and public associations that pose their goal is to forcefully change the constitutional system of the Russian Federation. At the same time, the O.G.B. legislation of the Russian Federation. The FSB carries out intelligence activities in cooperation with the Foreign Intelligence Service of the Russian Federation (SVRRF).

O.g.b. staffed by military and civilian personnel. Special, increased requirements are imposed on employees of the FSB of the Russian Federation:

they can only be citizens of the Russian Federation who, based on their personal and business qualities, age, education and health status, are capable of fulfilling the duties assigned to them.

Dodonov V.N.

Encyclopedia of Lawyer. 2005 .

See what “STATE SECURITY BODIES” is in other dictionaries:

STATE SECURITY BODIES, part of the state's law enforcement system (see STATE); government bodies, whose activities are aimed at suppressing and solving crimes against political system, external and... Encyclopedic Dictionary

An integral part of the state apparatus of any country, providing professional protection of the existing state system, territorial integrity and integrity of the country, countering sabotage by foreign... ... Political science. Dictionary.

Legal dictionary

Noun, number of synonyms: 9 Cheka (1) state security (16) gpu (1) ... Dictionary of synonyms

State security bodies- 7(20) Dec. In 1917, by decision of the Council of People's Commissars, the All-Russian Federation was created. emergency commission to combat counter-revolution. and sabotage (VChK) as an organ of the dictatorship of the proletariat for the protection of the state. Security Sov. rep. 24 Feb 1918 Cheka organized in Ekat. First prev. M.I. Efremov... ... Ural Historical Encyclopedia

state security agencies- an important part of the state’s law enforcement system; special bodies whose main activities are aimed at suppressing and solving crimes against the existing state (constitutional) system, external and internal... ... Large legal dictionary

STATE SECURITY BODIES- - state structures whose main goal is to ensure the security of the state. O.g.b. are designed to protect the state from internal and external enemies and thereby prevent social conflicts. How much is this... Encyclopedic Dictionary of Psychology and Pedagogy

In the Soviet state in 1917 91. In December 1917 the Council People's Commissars created the All-Russian Extraordinary Commission for Combating Counter-Revolution, Profiteering and Sabotage (VChK) with great powers, mainly of a repressive nature. WITH… … Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

STATE SECURITY BODIES in the Soviet state in 1917 91. In December 1917, the Council of People's Commissars created the All-Russian Extraordinary Commission for Combating Counter-Revolution and Sabotage (VChK). In 1922 it was transformed into the State Political... ...Russian history

Designed to govern the state different levels. They are usually divided into central, regional and local. In the Russian Federation, the main central authorities include: Head of State, President of the Russian Federation;... ... Wikipedia

Books

State security bodies of the USSR in the Second World War. In 3 volumes, 6 books. Volume 3. Book 1. The collapse of the Blitzkrieg, . Sold without dust jacket. This publication is the next volume of the eight-volume collection of documents "State Security Bodies of the USSR in the Great Patriotic War", released in...